So, the types of lightning will be considered in order, from the most common linear lightning to the rarest sprites. Each type of lightning is given one or more photos that help to understand what is actually such a zipper.

L. inea Lightning (Cloud-Earth)

How to get such a zipper? Yes, it is very simple - everything that is required is a pair of hundreds of cubic air kilometers, sufficient for the formation of a lightning height and a powerful thermal engine - well, for example, the Earth. Ready? Now take the air and consistently start heating it. When he starts to rise, then the heated air is cooled with each meter, gradually becoming colder and colder. Water condenses into increasingly large drops, forming thunderstorm clouds. Remember those dark clouds above the horizon, at the sight of which poultry silence and stop the trees tooling? So, this is the thunderstorm clouds that give rise to lightning and thunder.

Scientists believe that lightning is formed as a result of the distribution of electrons in the cloud, the top of the cloud is usually charged, and the cloud is positively charged, and negatively from. As a result, we obtain a very powerful capacitor, which can be discharged from time to time as a result of the hopping conversion of conventional plasma air (this is due to the increasingly strong ionization of atmospheric layers close to the thunderstorm clouds). The plasma forms peculiar channels, which, when connecting to the ground, and serve as an excellent conductor for electricity. The clouds are constantly discharged through these channels, and we see the external manifestations of these atmospheric phenomena.

By the way, the air temperature at the site of charge (zipper) reaches 30 thousand degrees, and the speed of lightning spread is 200 thousand kilometers per hour. In general, several lightning quite had enough for the power supply of a small city for several months.

And such zippers are. They are formed as a result of an accumulating electrostatic charge on the top of the highest object on Earth, which makes it quite "attractive" for lightning. Such lightning are formed as a result of "penetration" of the air layer between the vertex of the charged object and the lower part of the thunderstorm clouds.

The higher the object, the greater the likelihood that lightning will hit it. So the truth is spoken - you should not hide from the rain under high trees.

Yes, zippers can "share" and individual clouds, affecting each other electrical charges. It's simple - since the upper part of the cloud is charged positively, and the bottom - negatively, nearby thunderstorm clouds can shoot each other with electrical charges.

A rather frequent phenomenon is a lightning breaking one cloud, and a much more rare phenomena is lightning, which comes from one cloud to another.

This zipper does not hit the ground, it spreads in the horizontal plane across the sky. Sometimes such lightning can spread in a clean sky, based on one thunderstorm clouds. Such lightning are very powerful and very dangerous.

This lightning looks like a few lightning, walking in parallel to each other. There is no riddle in education - if a strong wind blows, it can expand the channels from the plasma, which we wrote above, and as a result, such a differentiated zipper is formed.

It is very, very rare lightning, exists, yes, but how it is formed - so far you can only guess. Scientists suggest that dotted lightning is formed as a result of the rapid cooling of some areas of the lightning track, which turns the usual zipper into dotted. As you can see, such an explanation clearly needs refinement and addition.

Until now, we only said that it happens below the clouds, or at their level. But it turns out that some types of lightning are above the clouds. They were known since the appearance of reactive aviation, but they were photographed and removed on the video, these zippers were only in 1994. Most of all, they look like jellyfish, right? The height of the formation of such lightning is about 100 kilometers. So far, it is not very clear what they represent.

Here is a photo and even video of unique sprites. Very nice.

Some people argue that ball lightning does not happen. Others place video ball lightning on YouTube and prove that all this is a reality. In general, scientists are still firmly confident in the existence of ball lightning, and the most famous proof of their reality is a photo taken by a Japanese student.

This is, in principle, not lightning, but simply the phenomenon of the glow discharge at the end of various sharp objects. Holy Elma's lights were known in antiquity, now they are described in detail and imprisoned on the film.

These are very beautiful zippers that appear when the volcanic eruption. Probably, the gas-dust charged dome, punching several layers of the atmosphere at once, causes perturbations, because he himself bes a rather significant charge. It looks all this very beautiful, but urgent. Scientists do not yet know exactly why such lightning is formed, and there are several theories at once, one of which is presented above.

Here are some interesting facts about zippers that are not so often published:

* Typical lightning lasts about a quarter of a second and consists of 3-4 digits.

* Average thunderstorm travels at a speed of 40 km per hour.

* Rod 1800 thunderstorms right now in the world.

* In the American Empire State Building of Lightning strikes an average of 23 times a year.

* Lightning airplanes fall on average once every 5-10 thousand flight hours.

* The probability of being killed zipper is 1 to 2,000,000. The same chances of each of us die from the fall from the bed.

* The probability of seeing the ball lightning at least once in life is 1 to 10,000.

* People in whom Lightning came, were considered marked by God. And if they died, they allegedly got straight to heaven. In the antiquity of the victims of Lightning was buried at the place of death.

What should I do when zipper approach?

In the House

* Close all windows and doors.
* Turn off all electrical appliances from the sockets. Do not touch them, including phone numbers, during a thunderstorm.
* Do not fit to baths, cranes and sinks, because metal pipes can carry out electricity.
* If ball lightning flew into the room, try to get out and close the door on the other side. If not managed - at least unlock on the spot.

On the street

* Try to go to the house or in the car. In the car do not touch the metal parts. The car should not be parked under the tree: Suddenly Zipper will hit it and the tree will fall right on you.
* If there is no shelter, go out to open space and, bent, hurt to the ground. But just it is impossible to go to bed!
* It is better to hide in the forest under low bushes. Never stand under a separate tree.
* Avoid towers, fences, high trees, telephone and electrical wires, bus stops.
* Stay away from bicycles, mangals, other metal objects.
* Do not come to the lake, river or other reservoirs.
* Remove with yourself all metallic.
* Do not stand in the crowd.
* If you are in an open place and suddenly feel that the hair stood on the end, or hear a strange noise emanating from the items (this means that Zipper is about to hit!), Make ahead, putting hands on your knees (but not to earth). The legs should be together, the heels are pressed to each other (if the legs do not come into contact, the discharge will pass through the body).
* If the thunderstorm found you in the boat and you no longer have time to sailing, get enough to the bottom of the boat, connect your legs and cover your head and ears.

Ball lightning - a unique natural phenomenon: the nature of the occurrence; physical properties; characteristic

To date, the only and main problem in the study of this phenomenon is the lack of ability to recreate such lightning under scientific laboratories.

Therefore, most assumptions about the physical nature of the spherical electric bunch in the atmosphere remain theoretical.

The first who suggested the nature of the ball lightning was the Russian physicist Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa. According to his teachings, this kind of lightning occurs during the discharge between the thunderstorm clouds and the earth on the electromagnetic axis, according to which it drifts.

In addition to Kapitsa, a number of physicists were nominated by theory, the core and frame structure of the discharge or the ionic origin of the ball lightning.

Many skeptics argued that this is just a visual deception or short-term hallucinations, and the very phenomenon of nature does not exist. Currently, modern equipment and equipment have not yet fixed the radio wave necessary to create a lightning.

How the ball lightning is formed

It is formed, as a rule, during a strong thunderstorm, however, more than once, they also noticed during sunny weather. A ball lightning occurs suddenly and in a single case. It may appear from the clouds, due to trees or other items and buildings. Ball lightning with ease overcomes obstacles on its path, including enters closed spaces. There are cases when such a type of lightning occurs from the TV, the aircraft cabins, sockets, in closed rooms ... At the same time, it can pass items on their path, passing through them.

Repeatedly the occurrence of an electric bunch was recorded in the same places. The process of movement or migration of lightning takes place mainly horizontally and at a height of about a meter above the earth. Sound accompaniment is also noted in the form of a crunch, cod and pisch, which leads to interference in the radio.

According to the descriptions of eyewitnesses of this phenomenon, two types of lightning are distinguished:

Characteristics

Until now is unknown the origin of such a zipper. There are versions that the electrical discharge occurs or on the surface of the zipper, or comes out of the cumulative volume.

Scientists have not yet known the physico-chemical composition, thanks to which such a phenomenon of nature can easily overcome the doorways, windows, small gaps, and re-acquire the original sizes and shape. In this regard, hypothetical assumptions on the structure of gas were nominated, but such gas according to the laws of physics would have to take off into the air under the influence of internal heat.

• Ball lightning size is usually 10 - 20 centimeters.
• The color of the glow, as a rule, can be blue, white or orange. However, the witnesses of this phenomenon report that the constant color was not observed and he always changed.
• Shape of ball lightning in most cases spherical.
• The duration of existence was estimated not more than 30 seconds.
• The temperature was not finally investigated, but according to experts, it is up to 1000 degrees Celsius.

Not knowing the nature of the origin of this natural phenomenon, it is difficult to make assumptions about how ball lightning moves. According to one of the theories, the movement of such a form of an electric discharge may occur due to the strength of the wind, the action of electromagnetic oscillations or the strength of attraction.

Than dangerous ball lightning

Despite the many different hypotheses about the nature of the emergence and characteristics of this phenomenon of nature, it is necessary to take into account that the interaction with the ball lightning is extremely dangerous, since the ball filled with a large discharge can not only cause injury, but also kill. The explosion can lead to tragic consequences.

• The first rule that must be observed when meeting with a fiery ball is not to panic, do not run, do not make fast and sharp movements.
• It is necessary to slowly go from the trajectory of the movement of the ball, while keeping the distance from it and not turn the back.
• When a ball lightning appears in a closed room, the first thing to do is try to carefully open the window in order to create a draft.
• In addition to the above rules, it is strictly prohibited to throw any items into a plasma ball, as this can lead to a fatal explosion.

So in the Lugansk zipper area of \u200b\u200bthe size of the golf ball killed the driver, and in Pyatigorsk a man, trying to dismiss the glowing ball, received strong rogues of the hands. In Buryatia, Lightning dropped through the roof and exploded in the house. The explosion was such a force that the windows and doors were knocked out, the walls were damaged, and the hosts of the household were injured and received contusion.

Video: 10 facts about ball lightning

In this video presented to your attention the facts about the most mysterious and amazing natural phenomenon

Purpose: develop the horizons and creativity, familiarize them with interesting facts.

Classroom plan

I. Introductory word.

II. How to make rain? Discussion of the situation.

III. Presentation of theoretical material.

IV. Final word.

Classroom time

I. Introductory word

Where does the rain come from? Thanks to what processes, water from the surface of the oceans, the seas and lakes turns out to be in the sky and shed rain? Let's look at how rain is formed.

II. How to make rain? Discussion of the situation.

The formation of rain due to the process of water cycle in nature. In science, it is called a "hydrological cycle". What is his essence? The sun heats the ground surface strong enough to begin the process of evaporation of water from everywhere, where it is, - with puddle, rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc.

III. Presentation of theoretical material.

Due to the evaporation of the water molecule rise high into the air, forming clouds and clouds. The wind takes them in the sky for many kilometers aside. Water molecules are combined, gradually forming more and more severe structures. In the end, a drop is formed, which has already been severe enough. Because of this, the drop flies down. When these drops are much, it rains. It may be light, a little stratching, and maybe a strong shower.

A very important feature of the cycle of water in nature is that as a result of the evaporation of the sea and the oceans lose more water than getting during precipitation. On the land, the other vice versa is the amount of water waters much more during precipitation than its loss during evaporation. This natural mechanism allows you to maintain a strictly defined balance between the ratio of the amount of water in the seas and on land, which is important for the continuous process of water cycle and equal amounts of precipitation throughout the globe.

So there is a cycle of water in nature, which is necessary for the development of life on Earth. And the rain is one of the stages of the water cycle.

Rainbow as a physical phenomenon

The rainbow is one of those unusual optical phenomena that nature is sometimes pleased with the person. For a long time, people tried to explain the emergence of the rainbow. Science has significantly approached an understanding of the process of occurrence of a phenomenon, when in the middle of the XVII century, the Czech scientist Mark Marzi found that the light beam is heterogeneous in its structure. A little later Isaac Newton studied and explained the dispersion phenomenon of light waves. As it is now known, the light beam is refracted at the border of two transparent environments having different density.

Instruction

As installed Newton, the white light beam is obtained as a result of the interaction of rays of different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, blue, purple. Each color is characterized by a certain wavelength and frequency of oscillations. At the border of transparent media, the speed and length of light waves change, the frequency of oscillation remains the same. Each color has its own refractive facilitation. Less than all of the previous direction, the beam of red is spoken, a little more orange, then yellow, etc. The largest refractive factor has a purple beam. If you install a glass prism on the path of the light beam, it will not only be rejected, but also camshed over several rays of different colors.

And now about the rainbow. In nature, the role of a glass prism is performed by rainy drops faced with sun rays when passing through the atmosphere. Since water density is more air density, the light beam on the border of two environments is refracted and decomposed into the components. Further, the color rays are moving already inside the drop before the collision with its opposite wall, which is also the boundary of the two media, and, moreover, has mirror properties. Most of the light flux after the secondary refraction will continue to move in the air around the rain. Some part of it will reflect on the rear wall of the drop and will be released in the air after the secondary refraction on its front surface.

This process occurs immediately in a variety of droplets. To see the rainbow, the observer should stand back to the sun and face to the wall of the rain. The spectral rays leave the rain droplets at different angles. Only one beam falls from each drop in the eye of the observer. Rays emerging from neighboring drops merge, forming a color arc. Thus, the rays of red in the eye of the observer fall into the eye of the observer, from those below - orange, etc. The violet rays are slower. Violet strip will be lower. A rainbow in the form of a semicircle can be seen when the sun is at an angle of no more than 42 ° relative to the horizon. The higher the sun rises, the smaller the sizes of the rainbow.

In fact, the described process is somewhat more complicated. The light beam inside the drop is reflected many times. In this case, there is not one color arc, and two - the rainbow of the first and second order. The outer arc of the first order rainbow is painted in red, internal - in purple. At the rainbow of the second order, on the contrary. It looks usually much paler than the first, since with repeated reflections, the intensity of the light flux decreases.

Lightning as a physical phenomenon

Lightning is A giant electric spark discharge between the clouds or between the clouds and the earth's surface is a few kilometers long, a diameter of tens of centimeters and a duration of tenths of a second. Lightning accompanied by thunder. In addition to linear lightning, occasionally there is a ball lightning.

First you need to find out the features of "behavior" of this natural phenomenon. As known, lightning - This is an electrical discharge, which rushes from the sky to the ground. Having met any obstacles on their way, lightning faces them. Thus, very often lightning strikes high trees, telegraph poles, high-rise buildings, not protected by a threshold. Therefore, if you are within the city, do not even try to hide under the crowns of trees and do not learn to the walls of high buildings. That is, you need to remember the main rule: lightning strikes what is above all.

Television antennas that are in large quantities are located on the roofs of residential buildings, perfectly "attract" zipper. Therefore, if you are in the house, do not turn on any electrical appliances, including TV. Light is also desirable to turn off, since the wiring is not less susceptible to shock. lightning.

If zipper found you in the forest or field, then you need to remember the first rule and not lean to trees or pillars. It is advisable to straighten to the ground and do not rise to the end thunderstorms. Of course, if you are in the field where you are the highest item, the risk is most likely. Therefore, it will be useful to find a ravine or just a nisine, which will be your refuge.

So it is possible to conclude that if, being in my own apartment, you will hear threshing rollers and feel the approach of thunderstorms - do not feel fate, do not go out and wait for this natural phenomenon at home

Causes of the appearance of lightning

Thunder discharges ( lightning) - This is the most common source of powerful electromagnetic fields of natural origin. Lightning is a variety of gas discharge with a very long spark length. The total length of the zipper channel reaches several kilometers, and a significant part of this channel is located inside the thunderstorm cloud. Lightning The reason for the occurrence of lightning is the formation of a large volumetric electric charge.

Ordinary source of lightning There are thunderstorm cue-rain clouds carrying the accumulation of positive and negative electrical charges in the upper and lower parts of the cloud and the electrical fields of increasing tension around this cloud. The formation of such volume charges of various polarity in the cloud (polarization of the cloud) is associated with condensation due to cooling water vapors of ascending flows of warm air on positive and negative ions (condensation centers) and the separation of charged moisture droplets in the cloud under the action of intensive ascending thermal air flows. Due to the fact that in the cloud, several isolated charges of charges are formed in the cloud (in the lower part of the cloud, predominantly charges of negative polarity are accumulated).

Thunder - Sound phenomenon in the atmosphere accompanying the discharge of lightning. Thunder is air fluctuations under the influence of a very rapid increase in pressure on the path of lightning, due to heating of approximately 30,000 ° C. Thunder grows arise due to the fact that lightning has a significant length, and the sound from different parts reaching the ear of the observer is not at the same time. The occurrence of risks also contribute to the reflection of sound from the clouds and the refraction of sound waves propagating along various paths. In addition, the discharge itself does not occur instantly, but continues for a while.

The volume of grommet rolls can reach 120 decibels.

Distance to thunderstorms

Measuring the time passed between flash lightning and thunder impact, you can approximately determine the distance on which the thunderstorm is located. The speed of light is several orders of magnitude higher than the sound speed; It can be neglected and considering only the speed of sound, which is 300-360 meters per second at air temperature from -50 ° C to + 50 ° C. Multiplying the time between the outbreak of lightning and the thunder strike in seconds for this value, one can judge the proximity of the thunderstorm. Three seconds of time between the flash and sound correspond to about one kilometer of the distance. Matching several similar dimensions, one can judge whether the thunderstorm approaches the observer (the interval between the zipper and thunder is reduced) or deleted (the interval increases). It should be borne in mind that lightning has a significant length (up to several kilometers), and, noting the first heard sounds of thunder, we determine the distance to the nearest lightning point. As a rule, the thunder is heard at a distance of 15-20 kilometers, so if the observer sees lightning, but does not hear thunder, then the thunderstorm is at a distance of more than 20 kilometers.

IV. Final word.

Guys, I hope that you will now know about the rain, rainbow, lightning and thunder not only as natural phenomena, but also physical. And about other physical phenomena: polar radiance, echo, waves on the sea, volcanoes and geysers, earthquakes, we will talk in the next cool clock.