Central Asia is an extensive region that does not have access to the ocean. All sources include Countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Many are here of Mongolia, part of China, Punjab, Kashmir and North. A specific feature of the region Central Asia is an intram-moisture position with mountains in the outskirts that protect it around the perimeter.

Central Asia includes deserted and semi-desert plains, highlands and plateaus. Limited:

in the east, the southern part of Big Hinghan and Thaihanshan Range,
in the south - the longitudinal tectonic depression of the Upper Inde and Brahmaputra (Tsangpo),
in the West and the North, the border of Central Asia corresponds to the mountain ranges of East Kazakhstan, Altai, Western and East Sayan.

The Central Asia Square is from 5 to 6 million square meters from 5 to 6 million sq.m. Central Asia population is Mongolian peoples, Chinese, Uigur, Tibetans, etc. The relief of Central Asia is distinguished by significant high-altitude marks, and two main tiers are distinguished. On the lower tier (500-1500 m relative to the sea level ) located desert Gobi, Alashhan, Ordos, Dzungskaya and Tarim Plains . Upper tier is a Tibetan highlands, middle heights on which up to 4-4.5 thousand m. . And the highest points of the Mount Tien Shan, Karakorum, Kunluna reach 6-7 thousand m.

Central Asia is unevenly populated. Mastered by people mostly valleys of rivers and intermountion gorges, where there is water. In the north, areas with a favorable climate have a large area, there and the area of \u200b\u200bthe lodged lands (Kazakhstanskaya virgin). But in general, within the region, large areas do not have a permanent population at all. The cause of all lack of water.

Scientists believe that the first state of nomads in this region created Scythians. Although who were these Scythians - still arguing. If you believe scientists, Scythian tribes lived in a state of fragmentation. They created a power called Hunna (209 T.N.E - 93 N.E), which was the first empire of nomadic peoples of the world.

Central Asia. Climate

In winter, anticyclones prevailed in Central Asia, and the incentive atmospheric pressure with the predominance of arid air masses, which came from the ocean, but lost moisture on such an extended path. The climate is sharply continental, dry, temperature fluctuations are significant both during the season and during the day. The average temperatures of January on the plains -10 to -25 ° C, July from 20 to 25 ° C). The annual amount of precipitation on the plains in separate places is sometimes less evaporation. The greatest precipitation falls in summer. In the ridges of precipitation more than on the plains. For Central Asia, strong winds and sunny days are characterized (240-270 per year).

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Vegetation

For the most part of the Central Asian plains, elevated vegetation cover, vegetation deserted and semi-deserted, its species composition is poor. Shrubs prevail. Significant Square, Solonchakov, Last Sands, are generally or almost deprived of vegetable cover.

At Tibetan Highlands, vegetation is often represented by grinding shisks, and in the hollows, which are covered from cold winds, breads, kobrezia, remyoria, mint, tichard.

In the north of the semi-desert and deserts pass into the steppe. On the northern slopes of the mountains, areas of coniferous forests of ate, fir, larchs appear. According to the valleys of many transit rivers (Tarim, Hotan, Axa, Conguery), in the deserts and in the foothill oasises - strips of tugai forests with a predominance of a discharge poplar, sucker and sea buckthorn. On the shores of the reservoirs - cane and reeds thickets.

Animal world. The most common from large animals of Central Asia hoofs, i.e. Horses, camels, rams, etc. There are also many rodents. In the Deserts of the North-West China and Mongolia there are Kulana, Przhevalsky, Gazelle, Hare, Surki, Tushkanchiki, Food, Glovers, Shapes, and others. On Tibetan Highlands - Wild Yak, Kulana, Orongo and Hell's Antelope , Surki, Streets, etc. From predators, wolf, fox, korsak, etc. are common from predators.

Distributed on the territory of North Mongolia: on Hangai, in the northern part of the Mongolian Altai, in the Amur region, Japan. The solid zone is not here. Spread fir, fir. In the eastern part of the zone, cryptium, thuja, is added to these species. In the Amur Dai larch. On Hokkaido - Spruce Hockey, Spruce Ayanskaya, Fir Sakhalin, Japanese pine, Tis Far Eastern. In the undergrowth, there are often evergreen herbs and shrubs, including bamboo.

Mixed forests.

Distributed in the Amur region, manchuria. The Manchu Flora includes a lot of relict species of arcotrotic flora. Here in the intertons, which did not reach the glacier formed specific shelters for plants. The floor flora is thermal-loving modern. Now more cold-resistant species are mixed up, the undergrings are mostly relic. In the first tier of these forests, representatives of modern Japanese and Chinese flora: Korean cedar, blonde fir, soliste, larch Alginskaya, Spruce Ayanskaya, Oak Mongolian, walnut, cannger, Linden Amur, Manchu, Maples, greenstound, bearded, ash mounted. In the undergrowth lilac Amur, Krushshi Ussuri, currant manchurskaya, Rowan, blackfold, Rhododendron, Aralia Amur, grapes, hops, lemongrass.

Wide forests.

There are found in Northeast China (almost destroyed), Japan (here they are preserved better). In these forests are common oaks and beech, many maple (about 20 species), ash of Manchurian, walnut, chestnuts, limes, cherries, birch, magnolia. Prior to the start of active anthropogenic effects, the local Chinese flora has numbered 260 types of trees because it is a very ancient land of Sushi.

Steppe and forest-steppe.

To date, this plant formation has not been preserved. In Mongolia and China, the steppe rains. Of the plants are characterized by noodles, coils, southwesters, tonkonog, the semi-stabiliar Karagan (relative of acacia), wormwood. Currently, wheat, corn, Gaown, beans, sesame are cultivated here. In China, in conditions of irrigation agriculture, rice, vegetables, watermelons, melons are grown.

Semi-desert and desert.

Mongolia, China. The species composition is poor. Saksaul, Tamarisk, Ostrogal, Ephedra, Karagan, Jusgun.

Subtropics. Evergreen monsoon forests.

There are in the east of China to the south of Yangtze, on the southern Isles of Japan. There are: Oaks, evergreen Camellia (ancestor of tea), camphor tree, myrth, cryptomeria (coniferous), shrub Gamingarpus. In the undergrowth evergreen plants: bamboo, azalea, burning, magnolia.

Girkan forests.

The Girkan region is located between the northern slopes of Elbesk and Caspian. Lush subtropical forests consisted mainly of broad-willed deciduous rocks. In the undergrowth, an admixture of evergreen plants. By type, these forests resemble COLHIDE. Currently, a significant part of the territory is covered with gardens from grenades, walnuts, pistachios.

Evergreen tight forests and shrubs.

Distributed on the coast of Malaya Asia, in Levante (Syria, Lebanon, Israel). It is found only on the highlighted slopes of the mountains. There is McWis, which is poorer European. Dominates Kermes and shrub oak, Palestinian pistachio, horn tree. In addition, there are juniper, myrth, heather, wild olives. In more dry areas of Frigan and Shiblyak. Derizhetyevo dominate, rosehip, coarse, bearing, jasmine.

High resistance.

Mediterranean vegetation up to 600-800 m. Coniferous-wide forests at the bottom with a chestnut, maple, cypress, oak leaf falling, at the top with the fir of Killish and pine black up to 2000 m. Above - xerophytic vegetation belt, often pillow-shaped: rose adhesive, jetty , Barbaris Cretan.

Subtropical steppes.

Meet Central Turkey (Anatolian Plateau). It is dominated from the plaintiffs, the Kickl, the spring is blooming the Ethimers bulbous and tuber. From herbs - Alpine Mattle.

Friganoid formations of highland xerophytes.

Their homeland front -hasian highland. Basically, they meet spiny semi-stabilizers of the pillow-shaped form and a height of no more than 1 m: Akantolymon, Ostrodal, Juniper.

Semi-desert and desert.

It is occupied by the internal basins of the Iranian Highland, Lut, Cheat Kevir. Their main feature of the dominance of Soleanok (Galophytes). In almost every hollow, the soils contain their set of salts and, as a result, spoken plant species grow.

Tibetan flora.

In Genesis, she is closer to the Himalayan and Chinese flora. Basically, here we grow semi-stitching of a pillow-shaped form for example, a cargana, from herbs - a rigid Tibetan School.

Equatorial-tropical belt. All equatorial forests.

Moisturizing coefficient here is more 2. Dry season for no more than 2 months. Distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, in Western gates, in the south of Vietnam, at the mouth of Mekong, Thailand. Wet Equatorial (tropical) forests The most ancient plant formation on land.

Their main features:

Multi-quality (at least 5 tiers). Trees of the first tier reach a height of 50-60 m. At the Malay archipelago, such as such trees about 2000 species, incl. On JAVA 500.
A huge variety of species. Typichna Polyomnant Forest Structure. At 1 hectare of the rainforest, there are up to 40 driving the trees of the 1st tier.
Trees have straight trunks, a diameter usually more than 2 m crowns are small. They increase when the plant reaches its tier. High trees have disc closures (counterphorts). Leaf plates of trees are mostly large, color - dark green. This vegetation evergreen.
A large number of lian and epiphytes. Liana are like herbs and trees. For example, Palma Rattan reaches a length of 300 m.

The II Palm Tier, there are about 300 species here: Sagovaya, Sugar, Ark, Palmyra, Cariotta, etc.

III tier: tree ferns, their height is usually up to 5 m or more, wild bananas, pandanuses, bamboo.

In the lower tiers there is an insectivorous plant of Rafflesia.

Fallpad tropical forests (monsoon or mixed).

Along with the evergreen plants there are deciduous (mainly in the upper tier). Plants: ENGA, Tick Tree, Salol Tree (Semi. Dipterpian), Satin Tree, Red and White Sandal and others. This is the territory of the part of the indoor and indochy with the seminal climate type.

Shrub parallers and savanna.

Flapset dean, small areas in the south of Indochina. This is a tropical savanna. In herbacious cover, highly elevation prevails mainly of cereals, 1.5 m high and more. Grass: Borodach, Alang-Alang, Wild Sugar Cane. Trees: Banyan or Indian fig tree or tree forest, palm trees (palmyra), acacia umbrella.

Desert.

This is the territory of Arabia and Tara. Business card Palm tree, found in oases (Arabs this tree is a tree of life). Outside oasis, ephedra, osted, sprinkle, sprinkle. On saline soils of Solyanka, edible lichen manna heavenly. In the valleys of rivers Tamarisk, Euphrates poplar.

(according to E.M. Zubashchenko)

Author Mafusale Amelshkin asked a question in the section Climate, weather, time zones

natural zones of Europe and Asia. (you need to create a table) and got the best answer

Answer from Helga [Guru]
Natural zones of Europe
Natural zones in Europe have a subshir strike. On O-Wah Sev. Arctic deserts are dominated by the Arctic desert, on the plains from the north to the south, tundra, timber tundra, forests (taezhni, mixed and broadly), forest-steppe, steppes are replaced; South. Europe is subtropical Mediterranean forests and shrubs, in the south-east - semi-desert. In the high mountains (Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, etc.) consistently replace the high-rise belts: forests, meadows and (above) landscapes of the prival-looking belt.
Natural zones of Asia
In Asia, all natural zones are present - from the tundra and the Arctic deserts on the Islands of the Arctic and along the coast of the Northern Ocean to the Tropical Forests in the south. Huge northern spaces are taiga, steppes are replaced by her south.
The deserts are common in the inner areas of the AZZH (the most extensive and harsh desert of the gobi moderate belt) and on the Arabian P-Oves.
In the subtropics of Western Asia, Mediterranean vegetation is presented, in the tropics of East Asia - tropical monsoon forests, on the P-Ove Malacca and the places of the Equator of Islands - Equatorial forests.
see here in detail! (Spaces remove) H T T P: // KO SM OP AR K. C O M / MAT ERI KI / PRIRODNIE-ZONI-AZII

Answer from Alexey Sokolov[guru]
kutuzov's rove ... Tables to him some))

Answer from Vlad Qiyanchenko[guru]
On the territory of Eurasia, with its significant differences in the latitudinal position, presented the largest number of geographical belts. In the Arctic belt, the zone of the arctic deserts with the subzones of icy and rocky deserts and a cold-oiled type of mountain landscape are common. In the subarctic belt, the tundra and forest tundra zones are distinguished, in the mountains there is a tundrow-cold-sustained set of high-altitude belts, the stabular tundrols are widely developed in the east. In a moderate belt, the latitudinal zone change (forest area with taiga, mixed and large forest subzones, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert, desert) are typical for the continental sector. In the sharply continental sector of Eurasia, where the area occupied by mountains significantly increases, the latitudinal zonality is manifested mainly in the spectra of the altitude lower. In transitional and oceanic sectors, the effects of oceans determine the change in zonal boundaries. For example, on the Eastern European (Russian) plain zone replaced from the North-West to the south-east. The tropical belt is expressed in Arabia and the desert of the TAR, which is represented by the zones of tropical semi-deserts and deserts. Eastern, in tropical latitudes, the northern subequatorial belt is spread with zones of changeable subequatorial forests (mainly on the on-floor slopes) and savannah (mainly in the inner parts of the indoor and indochina). In the mountains of this belt, exhaust and forest-steppe spectra of high-altitude explanation are developed. In the Equatorial belt (South-West Ceylon, South Malacca and the Philippines, the Large Stern Islands) are represented by wet equatorial forests. Forest and savannah landscapes of the southern subequatorial belt predominate on the small probe islands. The economic activity of people has changed the natural landscape of lowland plains of South and East Asia, Oasisov Central, Central and West Asia, southern coasts of Europe. The territory of most of Europe has undergone radical transformations, a significant part of Asia is mastered. Modern cultural landscape prevails on the territory of most of Europe, the plains of Sunlyao, the Great Chinese, Indo-Gangskaya, Indochytai Peninsula, Java Islands and the Japanese archipelago.
Eurasia - Arena of the Ancient Civilizations. The era of the Great Geographical Discoveries of Travel was random, episodic and most often related to trade and missionary activities. North and East of Europe was mastered by Normans and Slavs, anterior Asia - Arabs and Byzantines, Central Areas of Asia - nomadic peoples, South, Southeast and East Asia - residents of India, China.

Large continents, diverse climates, complex orography determine the wealth of natural zones. On its territory, natural zones of 5-geographic belts: moderate, subtropical, tropical, subequatorial and equatorial.

Moderate belt is limited in the area, occupies partially Central Asia, East and Northeast China, Hokkaido Island. Radiation balance 30-55 kcal / cm 2 per year. Climatic conditions in the continental and oceanic sectors are different. The contrasts in moisture are especially great: more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls on the coast, their amount is reduced to 100 mm deeply. Accordingly, landscape features are diverse. Taiga, mixed and large forest zones are characteristic of the oceanic sector; Incontinental busy desert zones, semi-desert, steppes and forest-steppes.

Taiga zone is found in northeast China, where dominated larch Daurgian and pine ordinary. More extensive arrays of coniferous forests on the island of Hokkaido. It is dominated here eh Hokkaida and fir Sakhalinthey are mixed up yel Ayanskaya, Pine Japanese, Tiss Far Eastern,in the undergrowth bamboo, herbs. Soils are podzolic, in the lowlands of peat-marsh.

The zone of mixed forests is mainly in the territory of Northeast China. The glaciation in the fourthly period was not here, so here they found asylum representatives of the arrangement of the flora. Mixed forests are replete with endemics and relics. This is the so-called Manchu Flora, very rich in species. As part of forests - korean cedar, fir blot, larch Olginskaya, Spruce Ayanskaya, Oak Mongolian, Walnut Manchursky, Maple Zelensky and bearded. In undergrowth lilac Amur, Ussuri Krushinsky, Manychur currant, rowan blackfold, aralia, Rhododendrons. From Lian: A mursk Grapes, Lemongrass, hops. In the soils, the dark color in varying degrees of apodoline forests are prevailing and serozia.

The zone of large forests is adjacent from the south to mixed. The forests are mainly cut down, the remaining arrays consist of maple, linden, elm, ash, walnut. Forests in Japan are better preserved, where the beech and oak are dominated, maple is widely represented (up to 20 species), ash, Manchurian, local kind of walnut, as well as chestnuts, limes, cherries, birch, magnolia. Zonal Type of Soil - Forest Burzemes.

The prairie zone is standing out on the plains of Northeast China. Unlike North American Prairies, Asian gets less precipitation (500-600 mm). However, the presence of marzlot stains that fit in the summer, additionally moisturize the soil. The formations of highly harvested prairie are developing, often intermitted with oak palpathics. Currently, natural vegetation is completely destroyed. Fertile meadow black soils (up to 9% humus) are plagued and busy under the sowing of ordinary (Gaalian), legumes, corn, rice, vegetables, watermelons.

In the continental sector of the moderate belt, aridity features are pronounced: the internal parts of Central Asia are especially arid, where the desert and semi-deserts dominate. Large plots are devoid of life and represent the perfect desert. Where vegetation is, it is cleaned and represented by psammofitis (sandclaibes) and halophytes (solenbami). These are various types of saltworn, wormwood, shrubs tamariksa, Jusgun, Ephedra, Saksaul. The deserts are developed serous, in semi-deserts - burze (less than 1% humus).

Hoofs and rodents. Among the hoofs - dugorby camel, Kulana, Antelope ( dzerien, Jaran, Przhevalsky), in the mountains - goats and rams. From rodents - Susliki, Tushkanchiki, voles.

The steppes zone occupies the basins of Western Jungaria, the northern sections of Mongolia (up to 41-42 ° C.Sh.) And the foothills of Big Hingane. Precipitation up to 250 mm. Low-altered dry steppes predominate, in which there is no solid vegetation cover - low-spirited naughty, the incense, tonkonog, caragans, wormwood. Chestnut soil; divided into dark and light-chestnuts. In case of artificial irrigation, dark chestnuts give high crops of wheat, beans, corn, Gaian. Light chestnuts for agriculture are not used, they developed distant cattle breeding.

The subtropical belt stretches from Asia Minor to Japanese islands. Radiation balance of 55-70 kcal / cm 2 per year. It is characterized by the sector of landscapes. In the largest continental sector, desert, semi-desert and steppes are distinguished. In the West in the Mediterranean climate, the zone of evergreens of severe forests and shrubs is developed, in the Pacific sector - the zone of monsoon mixed forests. Natural zonality is complicated by vertical ability.

The zone of evergreen crucial forests and shrubs in Asia enters a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast of Malaya Asia and Arabia. The climate is more continental here than in Europe, the annual amplitudes of temperatures are greater, precipitation falls less. Vegetation has vividly pronounced xerophytic features. The forests were almost no preserved, the formation of shrubs came to replace them. McWis prevails, depleted in species compared to European. Dominant in it is shrub Oak Kermesova. In Levante, a horn tree is admired to it, pistachio Palestinian, and in Malaya Asia - juniper red, myrth, heather, wild olives. On the arid coastal slopes McWis is inferior to the Frigan and the Siblyak, as well as leafy shrubs - Derizhetyev, Rosehip, Becklecom, Jasmine. Brown soils are replaced by chestnuts.

Shrub formations rise to the mountains up to 600-800 m, coniferous-decide forests grow above ( pine black, pihti Kiliykaya. Kiparis, Oak, Maple). Since 2000 m, xerophytic vegetation prevails, having a sachet-shaped shape (soft, barbaris Cretsky, rosa sticky).

In the continental sector of the subtropical belt, which occupies the orange highlands, the area of \u200b\u200bthe desert and semi-deserts prevails. The pitual structure of Nagori is the reason for the fact that natural zones have the form of concentric circles. In the central part of the Nagrai are desert. They are framed by semi-deserts, then the mountain steppes and shrub gear.

The largest areas are deserts and semi-deserts - on Iranian Highlands. More than 30% of its territory covers saline, devoid of vegetation, the stony and sandy deserts occupy a significant place. Zonal soils are deserted serous and burze.

The animal world is quite diverse. From hoofs - cane-Oroar Goat, Mouflon, Wild Donkey ONGR, from predators - caracal, striped hyena. Rodents - Susliki, Tushkanchiki, Surki.

The steppe zone is confined to the foothill, in which the hollow and kitty formations alternate. In the spring, ephemers are developing and some cereals burning by the summer. On the slopes of the mountains of the steppe are replaced by shrub parels. The overseas highlands are the birthplace of the friganoid formation of Nagornic xerophytes - prickly semi-stabilizers of the pillow-shaped form with a height of less than 1 m. The most typical views of the Akantolimon, astragal, juniper.

Tibetan Highlands, thanks to enormous relative heights (more than 4000 m), is characterized by the vegetation of alpine steppes, semi-deserts and deserts.

The zone of monsoon evergreen mixed forests is typical for the Pacific sector of the subtropical belt. It covers the southern regions of East China and the Japanese islands. Natural vegetation gave way to tea plantations, citrus, cotton, rice. The forests retreated into the gorge on steep cliffs, in the mountains. Lavra, Mirats, Camellia are dominated by the Hoody girkarpus, kunning. Forest arrays in Japan are better preserved. The evergreen types of oak, camphor laurel, Japanese pine, cypresses, cryptomeria, thui are dominated. In a rich undergrowth Bamboo, Gardenia, Magnolia, Azalea.

Aborozhem and yellow-beered predominate (from 5 to 10% humus). But fertility is low, since the soil is poor by calcium, magnesium, nitrogen.

The animal world has been preserved only in the mountains. Among rare animals - lemurs (Fat Lori), petty predator asian cyweste, from empty - tapir. Ornithofaun is rich: Pheasants, one type of parrots, geese, ducks, cranes, herons, pelicans.

The tropical belt occupies the southern part of Arabia, the south of Iranian Highlands, the desert of Tar. Radiation balance 70-75 kcal / cm 2 per year. During the year, trade house circulation, high temperatures, large daily fluctuations. Precipitation less than 100 mm during evaporation of Z000 mm. In such conditions, the deserts and semi-desert zones are formed. Large spaces occupy bulk sands and fruitless rocky deserts (Hummads). Vegetation consists of ephemers, rigid semi-stakes and cereals (wormwood, astragal, aloe, softening, ephedra). Meet edible lichen "Manna Heavenly"(Edible Linakor). Palm palm trees grow in oases. Soil cover is poorly developed, it is absent on large spaces.

In the mountainous areas on the winding slopes grow dragons Trees, Commons Acacia, Ladanosny trees ( mirra, Boswellia). juniper.

Fauna is diverse: wolf, jackal, foxeneck, striped hyena, from hoofs - sandy Gazel, Mountain goat. Rodents - Tushkanchiki, gerbil. Birds - eagles, vultures, cores.

The subequatorial belt covers the Indoostan Peninsula, Indochina, the North of the Philippine Islands. Radiation balance from 65 to 80 kcal / cm 2 per year. Differences in moisture led to the formation of several natural zones here: sub-screen forests, seasonal-wet monsoon forests, shrub headed and savannah.

The zone of sub-screen forests - along Western coasts of Indoostan, Indochina, the northern tips of the Filipino Archipelago and the lower Ganges-Brahmaputra, where more than 2000 mm of precipitation drops. Forests are distinguished by a variety of species composition, multi-tier, hardly placed. For them are typical dipterocarpuses, St Creek, Albia, Ficks, palm trees, bamboo. Most soft woods. Trees give valuable by-products: tannic substances, resin, rosin, rubber.

Zonal soil - red-yellow ferrallitic with low fertility. Tea plantations, coffee trees, rubberos, spices, bananas, mango, citrus fruits.

The zone of seasonally wet monsoon forests is timed to the eastern outskirts of the Industan and Indochina, where precipitation is not more than 1000 mm. Falls-evergreen forests are multi-tiered, the shadows in them are a lot of lian and epiphytes. Grow valuables: tick, Sal, Sandal, Dalbergia. Monsoon forests were very damaged from cutting down.

With a decrease in the amount of precipitation to 800-600 mm, monsoon forests are replaced by the zone of shrub heads and savannas, the largest areas of which are confined to deanic plateau and the inner sections of the Indochina Peninsula. Wood vegetation is inferior to the formations of highly old cereals: bearded, alang-Alanga, wild sugar cane. In the summer, Savannah green, yellowing yellow. Single palm trees banyans And acacia diversify the landscape.

Red-color differences are dominated in soils: red, red-brown, red-brown soils. They are poor humus, are subject to erosion, but are widely used in agriculture. Stable crops only with irrigation. Rice is cultivated, cotton, seed crops.

The animal world was rich, now very exterminated: rhinos, bulls (Gayal), antelope, deer, hyena, red wolves, Shakals, leopards. In the forests there are a lot of monkeys and semi-eaves (Laurie). Peacocks, wild chickens, parrots, thrills, pheasants, starlats.

Equatorial belt occupies almost the entire Malay Archipelago, South of the Philippine Islands, Malacca Peninsula and South West Sri Lanka. Constantly high temperatures, abundant and uniform moisturizing (more than 3000 mm), constantly high humidity (80-85%). The radiation balance is lower than in the tropics - 60-65 kcal / cm 2 per year, which is associated with great cloudiness.

The zone of equatorial forests (guili) is dominant. Floristically is the richest forest on the globe (over 45 thousand visits). The species composition of woody breed reaches 5 thousand (in Europe only 200 species). Forests are multi-tier, richly represented by lianas and epiphytes. Palms about 300 species: palmyra, Sugar, Ark, Sagovaya, Cariot, Palma Liana Rotan. Numerous tree fern, bamboo, pandanuses. On the coast of Mangra from aviation, Rizoforov, Palm Nippa. Zonal soils are leached and disgraced latheites. For mountains are characterized by vertical belt. A typical hyiley at altitudes 1000-1200 m is replaced by mountain gylery, less height, but more wet and thick. Above - Fall Formations. On the vertices, low-spirited shrubs alternate with stains of meadow vegetation.

The animal world is rich and diverse. Preserved: Orangutan, as well as Gibbon Monkeys, Macaki. From predators - tiger, leopard, sunny bear, wild elephant. There were tapiirs, tupayi, Shanzstokey, from Reptile - volatile dragons, lizards, giant Komodsky Varan.(3-4 m). From snakes - Pythons (netting to 8-10 m), viper, wood snakes. In crocodile rivers gavial.

Gile forests are preserved on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. On the cleared lands grow Gevei, spices, tea, mango, breadwinner.

Natural zones plains. In various parts of Central Asia, the amount of total solar radiation is different: in the north less (100 kcal / cm.kv), in the south more (160 kcal / cm.kv). The uneven distribution of temperature and moisture contributes to the formation of climatic belts, and within them natural zones. The presence on the territory of the Central Asian high mountains and the change in temperature and humidity depending on the height contributed to the formation of high-altitude lower.

Middle Asia is located in the southern part of moderate and in the northern, arid part of the subtropical belt. In a temperate climatic belt, there is a steppe, semi-desert and desert zone, in the subtropical belt - a zone of sub-tropical deserts.

The steppe zone includes the northern part of the Turgay plateau, the northern and central part of the Kazakh small-scale.

In the north of the steppe zone, chernozem is common, in the south - dark brown soils. Steppe vegetation make up a low-spirited secay, macaw, flax, alfalfa, buttercupcapacity roofing, etc. From animals in the steppe zone, rodents are most common. The steppe zone is currently almost completely disassemble and turned into sowing grounds.

The semi-desert zone includes the southern part of the Turgay Plateau, a large southern part of the Kazakh small-scale area. Here more sun, climate in summer dry and hot, winter cold. Here rubbish soils are common, their layer is less powerful, compared with the black soil, humoring them less. The lack of moisture prevents the intensive development of agriculture. In some places there is a salinization of the soil. Main plants Semi-desert zone: Bournan, Chernobor, White Swan.

The desert zone covers the Turan lowland and the Balkhash plains. In Central Asia, mostly sandy, stony, clay deserts are common. The formation of the deserts contributed high temperatures, a small amount of precipitation, no rivers. The vegetation is rare, her mass is small, in a short time, without having time to grow, dries, without having a humus. Basically, desert sandy, gray-brown, clay, stony soils and serozia are dominated here. Serozia with irrigation give a good harvest. In lowlands there are saline and solonts.

Vegetable cover consists mainly of Saksaul, amber, sandy acacia, Solinok, wormwood. Kulans live here from animals; from spider-shaped - scorpions, phalanges; From the reptiles - Gecko, Varana, Blow, Cobra, Euy. The vegetable and animal world of the desert is adapted to anhydrous conditions. Roots of plants are long, needle leaves or are missing at all. Animals live in nonorah or hide in the sands, some lead a nightlife or fall into hibernation for the entire summer period.

Natural zones of subtropical belt. This belt includes the Turkmen-Chorasan Mountains and the Amrack Valley. Here was a dry subtropical climate. The soil is serous, on the slopes of the mountains grow up the shrubs, archowers, pistachios. In the valleys developed agriculture.

The desert belt is located at the foot and on the slopes of the Central Kyzylkama, in the foothills of Copetdag and Sultan-Uvais.

The semi-desert belt includes foothill adira with an absolute height from 500 to 1200 m. Their relief is uneven, mainly the serous soils are mostly common, which gropes are growing mainly, bulky, bulbous.

The steppe belt is developed in the mountains at a height of 1200 to 2000 m. The average annual temperature in the steppe zone is 3-4 ° lower than on Adyra, the precipitates fall in spring, winter and autumn, the soils are serial and brown, rich in humus. Here they grow with such ephemers like a crawling, wormwood drinking, kid, cornflower, huysuit (Lagochos intoxicating).

The forest steppe and forest belt includes terrain at an altitude of 2000-2700 m above the ocean. Mountain-forest brown soils are common here. Vegetable cover consists of trees and shrubs, in some places the content of humus reaches 12%. The precipitation falls from 800 to 1000-1200 mm per year. The precipitates are mainly falling out in the fall, in winter, in the spring, occasionally - in the summer. There are four types of Archie, walnut, pistachio, cl ± n, rosehip and other plants.

The belt of subalpine and alpine meadows includes high-mountain meadows located at an altitude of 2700 m and above. These lands are used only as pastures for the Gissar breed of sheep.

Subalpine meadows include terrain at an altitude of 2700-2800 to 3000-3200 m. Light brown and light brown soil are developed here. The main plants are cereal and forming turf. From the trees grow by Uryuk, Archa, Rowan, from herbs - Prangos, Kuzia, Esparzet meadow, Ticachak, Geran, Adonis (Goritsvet Turkestan), etc.

Alpine meadows are located at an altitude of 3200 m and above over the ocean level. It is dominated by dark brown, brown soils. Cerophytic plants are widespread. Sids fall out throughout the year. Arlaut, Azerikbash, Source, Mintik Bully, and others grow out of vegetation.

The belt of snow and glaciers (nival) covers the highest parts of the mountains covered with eternal snow and glaciers.