Theory for preparing for block No. 4 of the EGE on biology: with estimat and variety of organic world.

Multicolot fabrication

Multicolve animals - descendants of the ancient simplest. Their body consists of a large number of cells. Cell groups differ in structure and functions.

Cells of multicellular animals are combined into tissues and organs performing various functions in a holistic body. True, this is not observed in all multicellular. The lower representatives of this fabric fabric and organs are still in the formation stage.

For multicellular animals is characteristic individual development - Processes of complex transformations originating from the origin of the individual before its life.

The multicellular is more fully compared to single-cellular adapted to different environmental conditions. Consequently, the occurrence of multicellular animals is a qualitatively new stage in the development of the animal world on Earth. Multicolve organisms are combined into a large harness, including over 20 types of animals.

Sponge Type

Sponge- type of occasional animals.

Currently described about 8,000 species. Although the vast majority of sponges live in the seas, freshwater representatives (for example, Badyagi) are met in the inner waters of all continents besides Antarctica.

Classification

Lime Sponges (Calcarea, or Calcispongia)

The skeleton is made from the needles of carbon dioxide, which can be four-axle, triaxial or uniaxial. Exceptionally sea, mainly shallow-water slight sponges. They can be constructed by asconoid, synocoid or leiko-like type. Typical representatives are LEUSOLENIA, SYCON, LEUCONIA.

Glass Sponges (Hyalospongia)

Sea predominantly deep-sea sponges up to 50 cm high. The body is tubular, bag-shaped, sometimes as a glass. Almost exclusively single forms of synoid type. The flint needles, the slanting skeleton are extremely diverse, the basis of three-axis. It is often soldered by the ends, forming a lattice of different complexity. The characteristic feature of the glass sponges is the weak development of the mesoglya and the fusion of cell elements in syncytial structures. Typical genus Eupleclla. In some species of this kind, the body is cylindrical, up to 1 m in height, the needles at the base, sticking into the ground, reach 3 m lengths.

Ordinary Sponges (Demospongia)

This class belongs to most modern sponges. Skeleton flint, spongin or combination of both. This includes a detachment of four-beam sponges, the skeleton of which is composed of four-axle needles with an admixture of uniaxial. Characteristic representatives: Fragular large geody, brightly colored orange-red sea oranges (Tethya), luxury bright cork sponges, drilling sponges and many others. The second detachment of the Demospongia class is the creamer sponges. The skeleton includes spongin as the only component of the skeleton or in different ratios with flint needles.

Structure

The shape of the body of sponges is different: similar to the bowl, tree, etc. At the same time, all the sponges have a central cavity with a sufficiently large hole (mouth), through which water comes out. The sponge sucks water through smaller holes (tube) in its body.

The figure shows three options for the structure of the aquifer of the sponges. In the first case, water is sucked into the total major cavity through narrow side channels. In this common cavity of the water, nutrients are filtered (microorganisms, organic residues; some sponges of predators and are capable of capturing animals). Calving food and water current are performed by cells shown in the figure in red. Figure in the second and third case, the sponge has a more complex structure. There is a system of channels and small cavities, the inner walls of which are formed cells that are responsible for food. The first version of the structure of the body of the sponge is called ascona.second - sicone, the third - leicon.

Cells depicted in red are called hoanocytes. They have a cylindrical shape, a flavor facing the chamber cavity. Also they have the so-called plasmatic collar. who are delayed food particles. Hoanocyte flagelts pushed water in one direction.

Food

Sponges feed by filtering water. They suck water through the pores located over the entire wall of the body in the central cavity. The central cavity is lined with collar cells, which have a ring of a sucks surrounding a flavor. The burning movement creates a current holding the water flowing through the central cavity into the hole in the upper part of the sponge called to weaken. Since water passes through the collar cells, food is captured by rings. Further, food is digested in food vacuoles or amoeboid cells in the middle layer of the wall. The flow of water also provides constant oxygen supply and removes nitrogenous waste. Water comes out of a sponge through a large hole in the top of the body called we can cooled.

Reproduction

The sponges have both sexual and powerful reproduction. Sponges can be eggs and nipples. Egging sponges are usually separators, and in the second case there are often hermaphrodites. However, the case is known for changing her sex with a sponge for a year.

The body of sponges height from 1.5 mm to 1 m consists of a two-layer porous wall surrounding the central cavity. Between the layers of the wall is a jetty Mesoglya, which contains cells of different kinds. Sponges lead a fixed lifestyle, attached by their base to the substrate. Only mouth and pores are capable of lying a little. Under the action of flagellaic cells - choenocytes, lining the inner surface of sponges, water with suspended food particles is pumped through the pores into the inner cavity. Here, various organic substances, as well as bacteria and plankton, are captured by homeocytes. Metabolism products come out with water outward through a wide mouth. Some sponges are pouring through themselves the day to one and a half tons of water.

Most of the sponges hermaphrodites. The reproduction is sexual and cull. The kidneys formed on the body are usually not separated from the parent body, which leads to the appearance of colonies of the most bizarre form. In the interim process, the spermatozoa fertilizes the egg; From the egg there is a larva, a while floating in water, and then attaching to the bottom. Most sponges live from a few weeks to two years; The horse sponge can live up to 50 years and more. The sponges are very well developed the ability to regenerate tissues: even if the sponge is cut into pieces, then a new sponge will grow out of each piece after a while.

Skeleton of sponges is developing in Mesogle. It consists of a fibrillar protein of collagen or organic substance spongugin and millions of microscopic needles (spikula) formed by silica or carbon dioxide. The structure of the skeleton serves as the main sign of the classification of sponges. About 5,000 species of sponges found mostly in the seas from the surface to a depth of 8 km are divided into three classes: Lime sponges (calcium carbonate skeleton), Ordinary sponges (Skeleton from one- or four-axis needles of silica, less often from Spongugin), glass or Six high sponges (silica skeleton from sixoshic needles). Common sponges include more than 95% of all species.

Lime sponges are known from Precambria, Glass - from Devon. Currently, most researchers, following Ivan Mesnikov, are considered a hypothetical animal as ancestor - phagocitel. This is evidenced by the structure of the larvae of sponges, close to the most archaic animals from the grate of phagocitte-shaped -

Sponges are so much similar to other multicellular animals that for a long time they were considered by representatives of the special group of "zoophytes", that is, animal plants. Indeed, they lead an attached lifestyle, are unable to perform active motion, they have no nervous system and sense organs. In addition, their individual representatives may have a green color, since algae will settle in their cells.

Approximately 9 thousand species of these amazing creatures common in seas and fresh reservoirs are known.

For the first time, the structure and processes of the life of sponges explored R. E. Grant, who proposed the scientific name of this group of animals.

Features of the structure of sponges.Among the sponges there are single forms, but most of the species form a colony, the dimensions of which can reach 2 m. Sponge colonies with their form can resemble bushes, cortical growths, lumps, etc., converting various surfaces. Coloring is also diverse - yellow, brown, white, red, purple or green.

There is evidence that there are giant sponges on the surface of containers with spent nuclear fuel buried on the seabed.

In fresh water bodies there are various types badag. Their colonies are often formed around the objects immersed in water. In standing reservoirs, they have a shape of a busta, in flow - similar to the cortical fouling. Colonous coloring - gray or dirty green.

Blood-shaped sponge body (Fig. 58, 1). With its lower part, animals are attached to underwater subjects. With the help of special video filming, it is established that some sponges can be moved due to the amoeboid cells. But even the fastest of them per day do not overcome the distance of more than 1 mm.

On the opposite - the upper - end of the body of the sponge is from-vest. But this is not a mouth. If you put a dry mascara with sponges in the aquarium with sponges, then its particles will first go to the body of the sponge, then through the tubules in the walls of the body they will fall inside and, in the end, they will take out a hole at the upper end of the body.

Thus, this hole is not for the absorption of food, but for taking the water from the body of water with its undigested residues.

The body of sponges consists of cells of different types. But they do not form fabrics. Each cell functions independently.

Outer layer The bodies of sponges are forming cells resembling the cells of the cover epithelium of other multi-cell animals. Among the cells of the outer layer are those that have the time. With these pores, the channel system begins, permeating the walls of the body. The holes of these tubules are surrounded by cells capable of cutting and close them. The tubules spend water with food particles to the inner cavity. This cavity is usually extended by special cells with flavors, the foundation of which is surrounded by a film gate (Fig. 58, 2). Such cells form inner layer. In many sponges, they are located inside the walls of the body, forming flagella chambers. The work of flavors ensures the movement of water through the system of the tubules and the inner cavity.

Between the outer and inner layers of the cells is interclakein which there are different types of cells. Some of them form inner skeleton of sponges.

Another type of cells - amoboid. These cells with the help of false legs are captured by food particles that are digested in their py-suming vacuoles. Moving along the body of the sponge, the amoboid cells distribute nutrients. Material from site.

In large vacuoles of singular cells of many types of sponges living on small depths with sufficient lighting, special types of cyanobacteria are inserted. These prokaryotes can be up to 50% of the mass of the sponge cells. They supply oxygen and synthesized or-ganic substances, and carbon dioxide gas and protection from enemies are obtained from animals.

The structure of sponges is characteristic of such signs:

  • they do not have real tissues, but only cells of different types;
  • the body of a glassworm is usually fixedly attached to underwater subjects;
  • in the body walls there is a system of tubuages, inside the cavity, which communicates with the environment of the hole on the top of the body;
  • the movement of water through the body of sponges provides collar cells with flavors;
  • in the walls of the body there is a skeleton from inorganic or organic substances;

On this page, material on the themes:

  • Features of the structure of the sponge type

  • Sponge type essay

  • Features of the internal structure of the sponge cell

  • Between the outer and inner layers of cells in the body of sponges is

  • Infusoria Shoe Features of the structure and processes of vital activity

Questions about this material:

Appeal

Exercise 1.

Option I. 1) My friend is fray ... dedicate to the souls ... red gusts! 2) From me, my father's brother is a cute worship do not forget. 3) Show me the helmet Ivan. 4) Poet Home Opened About Pushchin My first visited. 5) Play, Put about friends! 6) Where was you son? 7) The last cloud of rushing storms are one of you ... smiling on clear lazuries.

Option II. 1) not ... Comrade blind and deaf. Keep comrade powder dry. 2) Go, not spending words, on the red bonfire. Millions of the brothers here are millions of sisters! 3) Briefly and straight to work and battles my big mom is my republic. 4) Slav ... those hammer and verse of the earth of youth! 5) Proletarians are shaking off to the last fight ... Slaves sprout back and knees. Army proletarians stand Software.

Task 2..

The most difficult for me is working with the word. What am I leading preferring one word to another? (C) the first word should determine the idea with the greatest accuracy. (V) of the second it should be musically expressive. (C) third should have the size required by the rhythmic structure of the phrase. (K. Fire)

1) A special laser can be ... .. Create a bundle of invisible infrared rays. 2) They ... .. Could penetrate many opaque bodies. 3) ... .. Such infrared lasers will become the basis of perfect microscopes that allow you to look inside the bodies and objects, now inaccessible to our view. 4) ... .. Satellites are kept in the atmosphere of the Earth and gradually decrease, and then burn from friction. 5) ... .. some researchers satellites can be "sign up" with lasers of lasers.

Reference:

1. In the house you say (nor) who is not? (I. Turgenev) 2. I know not to understand my longing, my sadness. (M. Lermontov) 3. Days, weeks, two months left .. End of rustic life passed unnoticed as K .. then then. (L. Tolstoy) 4. How Võr .. Sailors The wind fastened. (A. Chekhov) 5. With RA (C, SS), tavania was not broken from parental eyes; Dana was halftown copper on consumption and delicacy and that much more important is smart. (N. Gogol) 6. Further, as you yourself can easily do the dog .. our squad went to the river. 7. The bug was (for) a meeting (not) to a familiar person and that it seemed strange to me.

Answers

Appeal

Exercise 1.Spish, arranging punctuation signs. Insert the missing letters.

Option I. 1) My friend, dedicate the souls of beautiful gusts! 2) Father from me, brother cute, worship, do not forget. 3) Show me a helmet, Ivan. 4) The poet is the whole house, my Pushchin, you visited the first. 5) Play, Put, Oh friends! 6) Where was you, son? 7) The last cloud of scattered storm, one you carry on clear lazuries.

Option II. 1) Do not be, comrade, blind and deaf. Keep, comrade, powder dry. 2) Go, not spending words, on the red bonfire. Here, millions of brothers, here, millions of sisters! 3) Ardients light and straight to work and battles, my big mother is my republic. 4) Sweese, hammer and verse, the land of youth! 5) proletaria, get to the last fight. Slaves, extension back and knees. Army of proletaris, standing Software.

Task 2.Make two proposals so that in one word data to be subject to, and in another - appeals.

Comrade, Sergey Petrovich, Native country, reader, friends, girl.

Introductory words and plug-in structures

Task 3. Find the introductory words. Proper the punctuation marks correctly.

The most difficult for me is working with the word. What am I leading, preferring one word to another? First, the word should determine the idea with the most accuracy. Secondly, it must be musically expressive. Thirdly, must have the size required by the rhythmic design of the phrase. (K. Fire)

Task 4. Insert the introductory words you need instead of points.

1) A special laser can be known to create a beam of invisible infrared rays. 2) They, indeed, are capable of penetrating many opaque bodies. 3) Maybe such infrared lasers will become the basis of the perfect microscopes that allow you to look inside the bodies and objects, now inaccessible to our view. 4) Indeed, satellites are inhibited by the atmosphere of the Earth and gradually decrease, and then burn from friction. 5) According to some researchers, satellites can be "to sign" lasers.

Reference: according to, indeed, it can certainly be as you know

Task 5. The introductory proposals allocated by dash, have a special intonation: pauses become longer, the voting force increases. Read these offers, given these features. Spish, exposing the missed punctuation signs. In the introductory offers, emphasize the grammatical foundation.

1. In the house, you say no one? (I. Turgenev) 2. You, I know, do not understand my longing, my sadness. (M. Lermontov) 3. Days, weeks, two months of secluded rustic life passed unnoticed, as it seemed then. (L. Tolstoy) 4. How the sailors are expressed, the wind fastened. (A. Chekhov) 5. When parting, the tears was not broken from parental eyes; Dana was halftown copper on consumption and delicacy and, which is much more important, intelligent instruction. (N. Gogol) 6. Further, as you yourself can easily guess, our squad went to the river. 7. The bug went towards a stranger and what seemed to me strange, did not bark.

Exercise 1.

Write down those proposals in which there are appeals.

1) White birch trees grow fun. 2) The land is noisy by the branches of the poplars. 3) Let him sleep in our school to the autumn call. 4) Hello Sun Hello Forest.

Exercise 2.

Rearrange the proposals so that the appeals subject to become.

1. The wind will sing about wild mountains.

2. My friend is persistently achieved.

3. Grandma tells a fairy tale for the night.

4. The guys went to the river.

5. Mom bought me a book.

6. Petya first learned lessons, and then went for a walk.

Exercise 3.

Make twelve sentences so that in some words of the words are subject to, and in others - appeals.

Comrade, Sergey Petrovich, Native country, reader, friends, girl.

Exercise 4.

Spish, arranging punctuation signs. Insert the missing letters.

I. 1) My friend is depicted ... Defend the souls of ... Red Gusts! 2) My father is a cute beat from me ... I don't forget. 3) Show me the helmet Ivan. 4) Poet Home Opened About Pushchin My first visited. 5) Play, Put about friends! 6) Where was you son? 7) Post ... I'm a cloud of Russe ... you are one of you ... smiling on clear lazuries. 8) Star Sad Evening ... I'm a star of your ray, I walked faded r ... Motion and a dormant bay and black cliffs of tops. 9) Sorry the peaceful valleys and you are a sign of the tops of the top and you are familiar forests. (A. S. Pushkin.)

II. 1) not ... Comrade blind and deaf. Keep comrade powder dry. 2) Go, not spending words, on the red bonfire. Millions of the brothers here are millions of sisters! 3) Briefly and straight to work and battles my big mom is my republic. 4) Slav ... those hammer and verse of the earth of youth! 5) Proletarians are going to the last fight .... Slaves Expust back and coen. Army proletarians stand Software.

Exercise 5.

Splices, arranging punctuation marks, underlining the appeal.

I. You were smelled by the days of my joy. We have been circling for a long time on the spacious sunflower (N, NN) bay birds and of course I lost. Yes, in this you were certainly right. Antonina Petrovna must be and does not know what you are pr_? Of course it was nice to talk about it (not) but I was silent. Would we really say this evening and RA_VEVLCH (?) Some would like (not) why.

II. This task it will do should be on time. Well, the rain of warm moisture you will be my mind with a huge hand. We sing. We are the song Evening since! To the Great My Ud_T_Teepled Polya Sch_run on our road. Do I think T_Gell live a doctor? Of course (not), it is possible that at home will be bonded.

III. Sing me Oriolga Song of the Song (R, NN) by the song of my life. Spring Spring Spring Gold Single Save (not) pr_stay with questions! Prudantive Levinson before the arrival of the exploration pr_This, she at night ended the remote (N, NN) OE OKR_INE. Fortunately, Pechorin was submersible in thoughtfulness looking at the blue teeth of the Caucasus and it seems not at all torped on the road.

Exercise 6.

Read, specify the appeals and explain the alignment of punctuation marks.

1) Petr Andreich, Maksimich will take you to your apartment. 2) My son Petr! Your letter, we got 15 of this month. 3) Highly over the family of the mountains, the Caucasus, your regal tent shines. 4) Hello, the tribe is young, unfamiliar! 5) You did not recognize me, Prokhorov? 6) how old you, nanny! 7) Trying you, Trubetskoy, and you, Basmanov. 8) Again, I'm yours, about young friends! 9) About the field, field! Who devoured you dead bones? 10) Maiden, beauties, doubts, girlfriends, play, maiden, walk, cute! (From the works of A. S. P y sh to and n a.)

Exercise 7.

Come up with examples of proposals with appeals so that the name, patronymic, surname appealed as an appeal; Name of persons by the nature of classes, age, semi, held position, place of residence, nationality, related and other relations; Animal nickname; Inanimate objects. Take a conclusion which words can act as a speech addressee.

Exercise 8.

Write down proposals, determine what suggestions there are circulation and what members of the proposal are allocated words in other examples.

Rash you, cherry, snow, please, Ptahi, in the forest.

Sychalcherha Snow, greens in bloom and dew.

Sing me, Ivolga, a deserted song, my song of life.

Crying somewhere tie, caught in the hollow.

While the summer did not drive your innocent joy, sleep, cute! Bitter sorrow will not touch the childhood of quiet days.

Forgive me, I love my cute little.

Farewell, letter of love! Goodbye: She ordered ...

Tatiana will sigh, then fool; A letter is trembling in her hand.

Oh, you, old grains, are unreasonable, do you solve the old, riddle?

Beautiful daughters of his pridestaystar kernels.

Wind, wind! You mighty, you chase flocks clouds ...
Swistulate wind, silver wind, in silk rustle of snow noise.

Exercise 9.

Complete the sentences:

a) about the assignment (role) appeal. Appeal is calling that,________________;

b) on the method of expressing the appeal. Appeal is usually expressed____________________________;

c) about the intonational features of appeals. Appeal is pronunited with special(_________________)__________________ _________________________________________ ;

d) about why and how to distinguish the appeal to the subject. The appeal is usually expressed by the same form name of the noun, as ___________, so when the proposals of the proposal is often __________. In order not to be mistaken, you need to remember that the appeal is not included in _________________________________________, it is not __________________________________ (it is impossible to put the question from the subject) and pronounced ___________________________ .

Exercise 10.

What do you think in what speech - oral or writing - more often uses? Give examples of appeals that you have to use in different situations within one day. Post by me: What is the relationship to the interlocutor you express in the selection of appeals?

(Compare: mom, Mommy, Mamuly, Mother; Anatoly Alekseevich, Anatoly, Tolya, Tolik, Tough.)

Exercise 11.

Remember what a speech situation is and how it affects the choice of language communications, including the choice of the option of circulation. Make the task will help you. N.I. Forman:
... we can say one: dear Alexander Ilyichother (or in other conditions) - Sasha, and the third (or other conditions) - San. And all this will depend on who and to whom, in which setting and under what mutual relations it is saying.

Exercise 12.

Do you rewrite with someone? Depending on what you choose the appeal? Show it: Write a letter, pre-defining the addressee (who will write), the character of the letter (official, business or personal), the content (what you want to inform), which language means it is better to use for this situation. Do not forget to use the desired punctuation marks to highlight the appeal.

Exercise 13.

Remember, in what speech, the roles of appeals can perform nouns names denoting non-resident items. Read the poetic lines, write up, putting the missing punctuation marks.

1) The silent sea of \u200b\u200bthe Azure Sea stands fascinated over your abyss. (Vzhukovsky)

2) Shumi noise obedient sail worry with a sullen ocean under me. (A. Pushkin)

3) What are you cloning over the waters of Iva Makushka your ... and trembling sheets, as if greedy tires, catch a jetty jet? (F. Tyutchev) 4) Tucci Heavenly Eternal Wanderers Stephaus Azure Centen Pearl Rock You, as if I am, exiles from the cute north to the south. (M.Lermont) 5) Bells My flowers steppe What do you look at me, dark blue? (A.K. Tolstoy)

Exercise 14.

Spish, arranging the missing punctuation signs. Recognize appeals.

a) 1. What did the dense forest come up? (A.Goltsov) 2. Hey, goalkeeper Getting ready for battle. (V.Bedyev-Kumach) 3. Tear friends before the far dear. (V. Tovyovichnich) 4. Hey, the fire for the fire of the fire you answer us your head. (Z. Alksandrov)

b) 1. Raughty girl of people kindness, their red. (O.Contstantinova) 2. You wake up Alenushka, and the sun goes. (O.Constantinova) 3. Hedgehogs do not believe the words of the fox, it is better to believe in your friends. (Crespitsky) 4. Wait a few forests and fields, I will return to you a leaflet, blades, straw. (A.Jurkanskaya) 5. I will find out the redhead on the fur coat, the tail is luxurious, according to a careful. (O.Contstantinova) 6. Rose for what are you spikes? (A.Jurkanskaya)

Exercise 15.

Find in the conversion offers. Take a conclusion which position in the sentence they can occupy.

1. Hello, young tribe, unfamiliar (Pushkin). 2. Teacher! Before your name, allows you to humbly kneel! (Nekrasov). 3. My friend, dedicate the souls of beautiful gusts! (Pushkin). 4. Oh, summer is red! I would love you when it would not be angry, yes dust, yes mosquitoes, yes fly (Pushkin). 5. Native Earth! I call me such a monastery, I did not see such angle, where would the sower of your and the keeper, where the Russian man would not moan! (Nekrasov). 6. Learn, my son (Pushkin).

Exercise 16.

Find in the conversion offers and indicate what they differ from the suggestions similar in the form.

1. It's time, my friend, it's time! The rest of the heart asks - the days fly over the days, and every hour takes part of being ... (Pushkin). - My friend of unhealthy has been several days. 2. Her dreams have always been sublime and romantic. - Dreams, dreams, where is your sweetness? (Pushkin). 3. The courtesy of our friend, oh you, Vasily Lvovich! (Pushkin). - Vasily Lvovich, Uncle Poet, also wrote poems. 4. Moscow is my favorite city. - Moscow! I love you as a son, like Russian, strongly, flamingly and gentle (Lermontov). - In the magazine "Moscow" for the first time, Roman M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita" was published.

Test on the topic "Appeal"

1. One of the statements is incorrect. Find it.

1) Appeal is a design that calls a person (face) to which it is addressed.

2) Appeal, attracting the attention of the interlocutor, is a powerful means of maintaining speech contact.

3) In the role of circulation, animated nouns are usually used in the form of a nominative case, single or dependent words.

4) In the proposal of circulation is usually subject to.

2. What cannot be agreed?

1) The appeal can be expressed in an inanimate noun in the form of a nominative case.

2) The appeal is not related to the suggestion members.

3) Appeal may stand in any part of the sentence.

4) Appeal can not be allocated on the letter of punctuation signs.

3. Select the erroneous statement.

1) The appeal can be distributed by definitions and departures.

2) the appeal, wherever it stands, is separated from other members of the sentence of commas.

3) If the appeal is painted by special emotions and pronounced with exclamation intonation, it is drawn up with an exclamation mark.

4) In the role of appeal in rare cases, personal pronouns you and you are.

4. Find proposals in which the appeals are expressed by an animated noun.

1) Hello, the sun is cheerful!

2) The days of late autumn are born usually, but she is her Mila, the reader is dear.

3) Accelerate the steps, beautiful Spring, hurried your joyful arrival.

4) Friends! You even hoarse, praise friend a friend, - all your music is bad.

5. Find proposals in which the appeals are expressed in inanimate nouns.

1) Wake up the same, spent the word, distribute from my mouth again.

2) Light of Rodionna, will you forget you?

3) Do you want honey, son? - So I caught not afraid.

4) Cry, my soul, cry, my sweetheart!

6. Find proposals in which punctuation marks incorrectly.

1) Your face, about the night, could not tomorrow!

2) Make it, brothers, the word brother, while we are full of young forces.

3) I will die soon. A miserable legacy o, homeland, I will leave you.

4) Again in Moscow, the courtesy, Pushkin, act again in court.

7. Set compliance:

1) subject.

2) appeal.

A. enters the grammatical basis of the offer. From the facility, you can put a question to the subject.

B. Not included in the grammatical basis of the sentence, it is impossible to raise the question from the faith.

8. Install the correspondence:

1) "What are you, guests, bargaining and where are you floating now?"

2) The guests were bowed to the prince, got out and went to the path.

3) "That's what, prince, confuse you?"

4) Prince in the blue of the sea walks, does not reduce the eyes of the sea.

A. Guests are subject to.

B. Prince - subject.

V. Guests - appeal.

Prince - appeal.

9. I was born, my cute grandchildren, near Kiev, in a quiet village. (N. Nekrasov) This offer has complicated

1) appeal and introductory word.

2) Introductory word and word offer.

3) appeal and clarifying circumstance.

4) a word-proposal and a separate application.

10. Non-proliferated appeal complicated

1) You, the sun holy, burn! (A. S. Pushkin)

2) How will you, young people from? (A. Fadeev)

3) Forward someone else's trouble do not laugh, doves. (I. Wings)

4) What are you, my old woman, attacked the window? (A. S. Pushkin)

11. A common appeal complicated proposal

1) Peter, where did you hide? (I. S. Turgenev)

2) He was, about the sea, your singer. (A. S. Pushkin)

3) Tell your biography, Artem! (N. Ostrovsky)

4) Dear comrades, we are laughing in an inseparable friendship. (N. Ostrovsky)

12. The punctuation marks are arranged correctly in the proposal.

1) You, unheat, silence. (A. Chekhov)

2) Hello, Sun, yes Merry Merry! (S. Nikitin)

3) Let me go home, wide. (N. Nekrasov)

4) Peter Andreevich, Maximich will take you to your apartment. (A. S. Pushkin)

13. The punctuation marks are arranged correctly in the proposal.

1) Sorry, free pages, and the edge of the fathers, and the quiet Don. (A. S. Pushkin)

2) Friendly go, you are with us autumn. (S. Schipachev)

3) I love you life for spring and for fear, and for rage. (O. Suleimenov)

4) So the fate of your sons, Oh, Rome, O, Grozny Power. (A. S. Pushkin)

14. To attract the attention of listening to the message in oral speech is used

1) appeal.

2) Introductory word.

3) word-proposal.

4) Separate application.

5) Specifying membership members.

15. In which sentence there is no appeal?

I) Why are you, the Balda. To us climbed?

2) Thrust, bow fish.

3) Wait, grandmother, waiting a little. "

4) Hello, the sun da Morning fun!

16. In which sentence there is no appeal?

1) Guys are probably already in the obstruction?

2) Write in the fires, blue nights!

3) You, apparently, I did not hear me.

4) Write to us, dear radio listeners.

17. In which sentence is the appeal?

1) Where are you from?

2) My friend, I write these lines in the hope of an ambulance meeting.

3) The one who loved I, too far.

4) You, the great Russian poet, I dedicate these youthful poems.

18. In which sentence there is a punctuation error?

1) However, I am the Lord seems to prevent you from doing.

2) And you know, the claus, I have to tell something.

3) Who would you then become, Alexander Petrovich?

4) You are my letter, cute, do not comkay.

19. In which sentence there is a punctuation error?

1) Lydia Nikolaevna, was afraid to enter the kitchen, and in general there was a quiet, buggy person.

2) So be careful, ladies and girls.

3) My brother, how glad to see you!

4) Reader, do you like books?

20. Which sentence has a punctuation error?

1) Help me, the sun is red.

2) vacationers, be mutually polite.

3) So, are you in Moscow my relatives?

4) He was, about the sea, your singer.