This article presents the main areas of activity of specialists in social work at different stages of rehabilitation of drug addicts. The reasons and consequences of drug abuse, as well as approaches to work with drug addicts are considered.

  • Variation and synthesis of concepts that terminate people with special needs in modern social work
  • Socio-economic reasons in the context of growing child neglect

The use of drugs by humans for various purposes began in ancient times. The discoveries made by scientists in the field of medicine and chemistry in the 18th-19th centuries exacerbated the development of drug addiction as a disease, making drugs more and more available. Unfortunately, the realization that drug addiction is a serious disease leading to irreparable consequences appeared only relatively recently - at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

Drug addiction is a serious illness characterized by a state of chronic poisoning of the body, in which a person experiences a pathological craving for drugs.

According to studies, drug addiction occurs in most cases during adolescence, when a young person is most vulnerable and prone to committing rash acts. Among the reasons leading to the emergence of drug addiction, there are: biological, socio-pedagogical, social and socio-cultural.

Drug addiction is fraught with very serious consequences that affect all areas of human life. It becomes difficult for a drug addict to establish relationships with others, as he develops antisocial behavior, outbursts of anger, aggression, uncontrollable emotions, lies, etc. The sphere of family relationships is characterized by quarrels, conflicts, sexual promiscuity, indifference to children and family, consumer attitude towards loved ones, and lack of care for them.

Drugs have a huge impact on the patient's health. The negative consequences of taking drugs affect all systems of the human body: cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, nervous system, etc.

Also, the harmful effect of drugs affects the human psyche: memory impairment, primitive judgments, inability to analyze, low emotionality and much more - all this is characteristic of a drug addict.

Drug addicts are characterized by an indifferent or negative attitude towards work, caused by low working capacity, which leads to difficulties in self-realization and lack of means of normal subsistence. This forces the addict to engage in criminal activities.

The most dangerous consequence of drug addiction is suicidal tendencies.

Rehabilitation in narcology received the following definition - it is an integral system of psychological, medical, educational, educational, social, labor, legal measures aimed at personal rehabilitation of patients, their resocialization and reintegration into society, provided that the use of psychoactive substances that cause addiction is abandoned. From the definition, we can conclude that the rehabilitation of drug addicts requires an integrated approach and the integration of methods of different directions.

The role of social workers in the primary prevention of drug addiction, readaptation and rehabilitation of drug addicts and, in general, in helping patients with drug addiction is extremely high.

Rehabilitation of drug addicts can be divided into several stages: pre-medical, medical, medico-social.

At the pre-medical stage, social work specialists:

  • carry out primary prevention of drug addiction (lectures on the dangers of drugs, etc.);
  • identify persons at risk;
  • help in attracting people who need it to treatment, as well as establish contact with their families, provide them with counseling and other assistance.

At the medical stage, the client finds himself in the field of doctors, but in addition to the help of the medical staff, the client is supported by specialists in social work, namely:

  • they take part in trainings (trainings on behavior correction, self-esteem correction and others);
  • form family groups and take part in family psychotherapy;
  • together with patients, they are looking for ways to solve the accumulated social problems (legal, housing problems, etc.).

At the medical and social stage, social work specialists closely interact with the medical staff. The main directions of their joint activities:

  • the formation of the patient's stable motivation for active involvement in the rehabilitation process;
  • implementation of a set of measures aimed at eliminating the possibility of a relapse of the disease;
  • raising the level of social functioning of the client;
  • strengthening the patient's health by teaching the basics of healthy lifestyle.

To date, in the practice of social work, 3 main approaches to work with drug addicts have been formed:

  1. Behavioral approaches... They are aimed at changing the negative or forming positive behavior of the patient.
  2. Insight-oriented approaches... An example is client-centered therapy. It focuses on the activity of the patient himself and assists in resolving his problem with a minimum of involvement on the part of the therapist. According to this theory, the patient himself strives for recovery, and the function of a specialist is only to correctly apply this desire and direct the patient on the right path.
  3. Self-help groups... They are based on the mutual help of people with similar problems (Narcotics Anonymous groups). These groups use the principles of a 12-step program. In the course of implementing these principles, patients share their experiences on how to learn to live without drugs.

In addition to providing social, legal, psychological and other types of assistance to drug addicts, an important direction in the work of a specialist is that he must help the addict to understand the features of his illness. In addition, the social work specialist is obliged to support the patient and his family in understanding that it is possible to recover and live a full life.

Despite a rather tangible period of existence in our society of the problem of drug addiction, the issue of its solution remains relevant.

The process of treatment and rehabilitation of a drug addict is a very long, difficult and expensive job. Currently, improvements are needed in the assistance system for such clients. It is necessary to develop and introduce new technologies, the interaction of specialists in different directions, as well as the creation of conditions in which the cure of a person would be most attainable. Therefore, the study of this topic, consideration of its various aspects, research in this area is extremely important in modern society.

Bibliography

  1. Anafyanova, T.V. Features of social and medical work with persons and groups of deviant behavior in the region: a tutorial / T.V. Anafyanova. - M .: Academy of Natural Sciences, 2011 .-- 223 p.
  2. The history of the development of rehabilitation of drug addicts [Electronic resource]: Collection of articles / Social work. - 2010. - Access mode: http://soc-work.ru/article/522. - Title from the screen.
  3. Pruss, M.S. How to get rid of drug addiction: Say goodbye to the drug / M.S. Pruss, L.L. Kelin, Yu.L. Muchnik, V.M. Volodin. - SPb .: Neva; M .: Olma-Press Exlibris, 2002 .-- 160 p.
  4. Social work with drug addicts. Technology of treatment and social rehabilitation [Electronic resource]: Special project of RIA "Time N". The whole world is against drug aggression. - Access mode: http://antinark.vremyan.ru/law/sotsialnaja_rabota_s_narkomanami_texnologija_lechenija_i_sotsialnoj_reabilitatsii. - Title from the screen.
  5. The specifics of social work with drug addicts [Electronic resource]: Sociology: modern trends. - Access mode: http://www.sociodone.ru/codos-69-1.html. - Title from the screen.
  6. Firsov, M.V. Psychology of social work: Content and methods of psychosocial practice: textbook. manual for stud. higher. study, institutions / M.V. Firsov, B.Yu. Shapiro. - M .: Academy, 2002. - 192 p.

State and social assistance

As you already know, social assistance is provided at the expense of the community. In modern conditions, the state is the holder and manager of these funds. Therefore, social assistance is often called state assistance.

Social help- the most important direction of the state's activity, which is carried out with the help of state organizations, state funds and services. For example, in Russia, the main state organization through which social assistance is provided is the social protection department of the district or city executive committee (executive committee).

The state provides assistance to the elderly, children, the disabled, the sick, the unemployed, refugees and others who cannot provide for themselves, are in a difficult life situation.

Social help- assistance to those in need at the expense of society;
- help provided by society to those who are in a difficult life situation and cannot solve their own problems on their own.

In the Russian Empire, which included Russia, there was a state system of public charity. It included the Orders of Public Charity in charge of schools, hospitals, orphanages, almshouses, work and restraining homes. Widows, orphans, invalids, foundlings, lonely old people - all who, due to limited legal capacity, could not live without help from the state and society, were "abducted".

There are many examples of social assistance in the history of the Belarusian state. In 1799, in Moscow, on the outskirts of Troitskaya Gora, a hospital house was built for the maintenance of indigent patients, which existed at the expense of the Order of Public Charity. It was a small city hospital with only 25 beds. At the beginning of the XIX century. the reception of patients expanded due to the addition of the buildings of the former Trinity Monastery of the Baeilians. In 1850, the hospital near Troitskaya Gora was called the "Moscow God-pleasing institution" and could serve 170 people in need of treatment. At the beginning of the XX century. the hospital received a new status - Moscow provincial zemstvo hospital. During the First World War, it was turned into a military hospital, where hundreds of wounded were treated.

There are three main areas of social assistance provided by the state.

First- social security, which is monetary and other material assistance to those in need. Assistance is provided in the form of monthly pensions (for example, the elderly and disabled), monthly and one-time benefits (for example, families raising children), free food, clothing, housing, services (for example, children without parental care).

Social Security- money and other materials to help those in need, which is at the expense of the environment: the whole of society.
The second direction is the state protection of the rights and interests of the weakest members of society; the elderly, children, the disabled. The state ensures that all children go to school, the elderly receive pensions, and the unemployed receive benefits. It guarantees every disabled person who wants to work, easier working conditions, victims of natural disasters - one-time assistance, children left without parents - living in a boarding school or assistance in adoption by other parents. The state creates benefits when studying, getting a job, traveling by public transport, buying medicines, purchasing clothes, food, and housing. For example, children with disabilities are provided with free vouchers to sanatoriums, and their parents are given discounts on public transport fares; large families have advantages in obtaining state apartments.

Benefit- advantage, privilege; - partial release from the fulfillment of established duties or facilitation of the conditions for their fulfillment.

In Russia, war invalids are provided with medicines, vouchers to sanatoriums free of charge, and they are allowed free travel on public transport. Many people with disabilities also have the opportunity to use public transport free of charge. In addition, they can purchase medicines with a 50% discount.

Women raising children are especially privileged. So, if a working mother has two children, then she is given one paid free day a month, and if three or more, then such a day is provided once a week. Children who are brought up in large families receive food free of charge. Families with a disabled child have benefits.

If the material support of those in need can be handled not only by the state, but also by various organizations (for example, churches, enterprises, foundations), as well as individuals, then the protection of rights and interests is the prerogative (exclusive right) of the state. Its possibilities for legal protection of those in need are much greater than that of others. Therefore, the protection of the needy is considered a government activity.

Social protection- the activities of the state to protect the rights and interests of those in need and to create benefits that facilitate work and life.

Third direction- social services. This includes services that the state provides to those in need on a free basis (sometimes with partial payment): for example, the organization of sports events for children with disabilities; delivery of groceries to the home for the elderly; medical and hygienic care for seriously ill patients; professional retraining of the unemployed. Such services are provided at home or in special institutions (boarding houses, residential buildings for labor veterans, hospitals). Recently, territorial centers of social services have been created in cities and towns, in which various social services are provided to families, the elderly, and adolescents.

Each of the directions has a special place in the social assistance system. Depending on the level of development of society, the ratio between them changes. In some conditions, one direction is the main one, in others - another.
During the years of Soviet power, when society sought to implement the ideas of equality, supported general poverty and an overall low level of consumption, the first direction prevailed - social security. The assistance of the society was reduced primarily to the payment of pensions and benefits, the provision of other material assistance. The rest of the directions practically did not develop. For this reason, all the activities of the state in providing social assistance were called social security.

In the conditions of a market economy, the problems of social protection of members of society have become aggravated, especially those who cannot ensure their existence through the sale of labor. Along with the elderly, children and the disabled, the unemployed, large families, refugees, and the sick need state protection. During the preservation of the dominance of the market economy, social protection has been the main focus of social assistance. The name “social protection” (instead of “social security”) is given to the corresponding branch of the state economy.
The third area - social services - is becoming predominant in the leading developed countries. This is preceded by the resolution of the main problems of material support for those in need, as well as ensuring guarantees of the observance of their rights and interests.

The main feature of social assistance is the provision at the expense of the entire society, concentrated in the state budget. The use of these funds is the main difference between social assistance.

The funds spent by the state for the provision of social assistance are usually called social transfers. Their peculiarity is in a gratuitous nature: they are not returned back to the state and are not compensated in any way. For example, if the state provides a family with money in the form of a loan (credit), then after a while it gets it back, but if it provides an allowance, the family does not return the money.
Social transfers are money that the state allocates to provide gratuitous assistance to those in need.
Social transfers are distributed in the form of scholarships, pensions, benefits.

Scholarship- money that is paid monthly to students of educational institutions.

Pension- money that is monthly paid to those in need due to the onset of old age, disability or length of service.

Manual- money that is paid to parents of young children, mothers with many children, the unemployed, the sick and others in a difficult financial situation.

Social assistance is sustainable, reliable and durable. In terms of total volume, it is incomparably greater than any other aid.
K In some countries, social transfers account for a significant portion of K government spending. They are especially large in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Germany. For example, in Sweden, the share of social transfers in total government spending is extremely high - about 35%, spending on social needs on average for each person is about 7 thousand dollars a year. In Germany, the share of social transfers is even higher: 50% higher than spending in France and 5 times higher than spending in Portugal. In this country, the cost per person is approximately $ 7.5 thousand per year.

Social assistance as a branch of the state economy was formed at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Based on the role of the state in providing assistance to those in need, all countries are divided into three main groups.

The first group includes countries where state participation is insignificant. The main expenses are borne by the population itself and by charitable organizations. The aid is designed primarily to support the poor. The most typical countries are the USA, Japan.

The United States has accumulated a wealth of experience in providing social assistance to children. To the greatest extent, such assistance is provided to children from low-income families. In special childcare facilities, childcare for working parents is organized. Social services have been created to protect children from violence, provide assistance in obtaining education, and the adoption of orphans.

There is a separate line of assistance to homeless children. Shelters and hostels have been created, where you can spend the night, get advice on the possibilities of returning to your family, and resolve many problems by calling the “hotline”.

An important part of social assistance to children is work with juvenile delinquents and adolescents at risk (ie, prone to delinquency). These children are recruited into police athletic clubs, some of whom attend special schools or special programs in regular schools. For the period of probation, a mentor works with them. Special social work is carried out in places of confinement of adolescents.

The second group of countries stands out for the active participation of the state in providing assistance to those in need. Help is designed for all segments of the population. The most typical countries are Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany.

In Germany, there are many initiative groups and self-help agencies in which work is done voluntarily, on a voluntary basis and without payment.

In the small German town of Buxtehude, the mothers of schoolchildren take turns working in the gymnasium kitchen. They make soup, bake pizza, make sandwiches so that their children "can have something decent to eat" before their afternoon classes. In Frankfurt am Main, parents and children; look after playgrounds falling into disrepair. They plant hedges, clean sand, install new swings. In Berlin, pupils who own dogs come to visit with their pets; the blind, the sick and the elderly, in order to "bring some kind of variety into their lives and bring a little joy", There is an army of volunteers in this country, which takes upon itself the fulfillment of socially useful functions. They solve problems that no one cares about, organize “helplines” for children, take care of disadvantaged teenagers, help the sick and disabled, clean up garbage in public gardens and forest parks.

Volunteer feature- solving social problems in a non-bureaucratic way, bypassing state organizations, where everything is regulated and normalized. Their motto is: "Do not ask the state what it can do for you, but ask yourself what you can do for it." Funding for volunteer work is undertaken by communes, public associations and unions, enterprises. The state also supports the social movement. People in Germany believe that everyone's voluntary participation in the affairs of society is the nursery of democracy.
The third group includes primarily the Scandinavian countries. The main role in providing assistance to those in need is played by the state. Hence its main feature is centralization in state hands. Along with disadvantages (for example, excessive bureaucratization and regulation), centralization makes it possible to more successfully solve the problems of equalizing social opportunities for all members of society (for example, in obtaining education, medical care, employment, professional growth, achieving material prosperity and secure old age).

In these countries, social assistance is provided to everyone who finds himself in a difficult situation, from which he cannot get out on his own (for example, during illness, loss of work, childbirth, old age). The most characteristic country is Sweden.
Feature of the Swedish model of social assistance- the same opportunity to receive, regardless of where you live. The state guarantees equality for all residents of the country.

Social assistance solves another problem. She protects when choosing a life path, maintaining her own way of life, making independent decisions. The state ensures an equal degree of personal security and self-control.
The inviolability of the personality of each member of society and his respect is the main principle of social assistance in this country.
Currently, social assistance is being reformed in most countries. The goal of the reforms is to reduce the role of the state and increase the role of charitable organizations, as well as self-help (helping each other: a former alcoholic treats alcoholics; a former drug addict - drug addicts; neighbors help an elderly family; adolescents take care of a disabled peer).
The greatest successes in the reform of social assistance and especially in the development of self-help have been achieved in Germany and Sweden.

Introduction

A deep socio-political crisis in modern Russia has led to serious negative consequences, primarily in the social sphere, exposing a person's vulnerability from economic degradation as a result of the deterioration of his living conditions, the impossibility for reasons beyond his control to reveal and realize his labor, moral and intellectual potential.

Therefore, the provision of social protection of members of society, the implementation of an integral system of legislatively enshrined economic, legal and social rights and freedoms, social guarantees that counteract the destabilizing destabilizing factor of life and ensure the protection of the fundamental vital interests of a person in all spheres of his life: economic, social , political and spiritual. It is necessary to develop a system of social protection with a "human face", focused on all members of society, taking into account the characteristics of the social situation of each.

The complexity of solving this problem is largely related to the processes taking place in the social sphere. It is known that the development of society is accompanied by the accumulation of such changes in its social structure, which ultimately lead to qualitative shifts, the emergence of new social communities, to a change or replacement of the old ones. As a result, the social structure is becoming more and more diverse. This, as a rule, provides society with flexibility, sustainability and the possibility of further development. In modern Russian society, the policy of property differentiation, stratified into the super-rich and the disadvantaged, did not lead to the progressive development of the social structure and did not contribute to the emergence of homogeneous social strata.

There is no mechanism for harmonizing the interests of members of society, differing in the level and quality of life. Moreover, there is reason to believe that property differentiation has formed such a level of “incompatibility of interests” in different strata of society, in which acute social conflicts are possible. Poorly socially protected categories of the population found themselves in a particularly difficult situation: disabled people, pensioners, large families, orphans, lonely people.

A characteristic feature of modern Russian society is the proliferation of magnetic strata and groups to which, for example, persons without a fixed abode, unemployed and interrupted by odd jobs belong, belong. It is clear that people have become homeless vagabonds due to the loss of housing and the impossibility of obtaining an education. The number of magnetic groups largely depends on the level of their social protection, the ability to obtain satisfactory living and working conditions. In this regard, the need to take into account in social work the specific characteristics of various groups of the population, especially the socially vulnerable, their needs, interests, ensure the benefits and benefits established by law, reduce taxes, and use other means of redistributing national income.

Social work is aimed, first of all, as is known, at activating the potential of one's own vital forces and the capabilities of a person or a group of people who find themselves in a difficult life situation. In this regard, individual social work acquires exceptional relevance, which is defined as "the use of all opportunities that help a person adapt to specific social conditions of life and help clients develop their own life program."

The solution to this problem is possible using the method of a differentiated approach, which presupposes a comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of the social status of the object of social work, its needs and interests, possession of various technologies, forms and methods of work, depending on the state of the object.

A differentiated approach requires knowledge of theoretical findings, scientific advances and best practices, laws and regulations. Its significance lies in the fact that on the basis of the analysis and assessment of the object, the surrounding society, conditions are created to meet the needs of clients, adequate means, existing forms and methods of social work are selected. This method is used in work with both an individual and social groups, taking into account their interests, moods, social feelings, established traditions. For example, older people belong to the most socially vulnerable category of the population. This is a rather heterogeneous social category. It includes about 95% of disabled workers, the overwhelming majority of whom are old-age pensioners. Naturally, social work should be primarily focused on the needs, demands and interests of this category of elderly people. They cannot satisfactorily realize their not only social needs, expressing the adaptation of a person to society, to a social group, the need for affection, disposition, love, but also primary, vital, vital, physiological needs. By implementing a differentiated approach as a key approach to ensuring social protection of the elderly, it is possible not only to create conditions for ensuring the physical existence of the elderly, but also to maintain their potential as a socially active group: to involve a certain part in socially useful work, in the reproduction of national traditions, culture, customs, to create in society in relation to older people such a moral and psychological climate in which they would not feel like second-class people, ballast.

Great opportunities open up when using this approach in social work with people with disabilities, who also constitute a heterogeneous category of the population. At present, the number of disabled people in Russia exceeds 8 million people, and there is a tendency for this indicator to increase, which is mainly due to the socio-economic problems of recent years. Moreover, among the persons of working age recognized (annually) as invalids of I, II, III groups, about 25, 35, 73%, respectively. Studies show that the most significant social factors that determine disability are: the state of the environment, the demographic situation, the level of socio-economic development (working conditions, living conditions, nutrition, morbidity, the quality of the health care system, social protection of disabled people).

There is a growing trend towards an increase in the number of people with disabilities since childhood. According to research data, all disabled people need medical and social rehabilitation, 44% - in vocational rehabilitation. Only on the basis of knowledge of the specifics and characteristics, needs and interests of each group of disabled people, mastering a variety of ways, methods, methods of work can be solved problems, provided assistance and support to each disabled person.

This approach serves as the basis for social work with the elderly and the disabled for many social protection bodies and social services. Rehabilitation centers, social services at enterprises are being created, cooperation between state and non-state structures is developing. Monitoring and forecasting the level of employment of the elderly and disabled allow local authorities to take timely measures to organize and adapt to the needs of citizens with disabilities and elderly new jobs and a network of specialized enterprises, help actively influence the legislative process in this area.

The possibilities for using a differentiated approach in all areas of social work are enormous. Thanks to this method, it is possible to implement the following principles of social work:

personal orientation, when a specific person with his needs, interests, value orientations, feelings and moods becomes the center of social work;

interdisciplinarity, integrability, which allows you to link private goals and objectives with the main goal, to carry out social work in close connection with the living conditions of people, with state social policy, with the activities of public organizations, charitable and other organizations, with relations and processes developing in a particular society ;

a holistic approach to a person, vision in a wide social environment; the approach to comprehending a person only through the disclosure of the relationship between the biological and the social no longer meets the requirements of the time; the need to take into account more fully the dialectics of biological, psychological, social unity in a person as an object and subject of social work, to stimulate his more responsible behavior in everyday life, in realizing his own capabilities, in overcoming life difficulties;

a more complete implementation of the concept of self-help, which involves the activation of a person's vital forces, the potential of his own capabilities in solving problems that have arisen in him, in meeting the needs of life support and active social functioning;

the active nature of the content, forms and methods of work, an orientation towards creating conditions that allow the clients themselves to be included in the work as subjects of social action.

1.1 State activities in the interests of the elderly and disabled

In 2006. in Russia, there were 25.8 million people. at the age of 60 and older and 30.6 million people. over working age. Every year the total number of pensioners, including old-age ones, increases by 600-700 thousand people.

The aging of the Russian population has not yet gone as far as in other countries. The population of Russia can be characterized as "mature", fairly balanced in age groups. The aging index (the ratio of the population in retirement ages to the number of children and youth under 20) is less than 1.0. Nevertheless, it is expected that since 2000. the proportion of people over 60 will exceed the proportion of children under 15. In the future, this excess will grow, therefore, by 2015, people over 60 will prevail among the unemployed.

With regard to the elderly in the Russian Federation, health is protected, pensions and benefits are established, state support for elderly citizens is provided through the system of social services and other guarantees of social protection.

Constitutional norms on the right to housing, personal dignity, freedom of conscience and religion, private property, and the right to receive qualified legal assistance, including free, are also important for the creation of decent living conditions for older people.

The legislation of the Russian Federation, realizing the indicated constitutional guarantees of the rights of older people, conventionally includes three types of norms: norms that enshrine the rights of all citizens regardless of age, including those that are especially significant for older people; norms that directly relate to the rights of older persons and the responsibilities of the state, non-state structures and the family corresponding to these rights; norms governing the position of special groups of older people (veterans, disabled people, different categories of older people depending on age).

With the entry into force of the new Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Family Code of the Russian Federation and a number of federal laws ("On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation", "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people", "On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation" , “On veterans”, “On public gatherings”, “On charitable activities and charitable organizations”), social legislation, addressed directly to elderly citizens, has been significantly enriched. The norms enshrined in them are in line with the UN Principles for Older Persons.

In order to fully realize the rights of older people, the provisions of the listed legal acts are developed in decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, acts of federal executive bodies and legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains a number of norms and provisions concerning obligations arising from contracts of permanent and life annuity, life maintenance with dependent, trust management of property. These types of contracts are used by elderly people in need of additional sources of livelihood.

A new institution in civil law is patronage over capable citizens (a form of guardianship that allows you to provide regular assistance to a person who needs the services of an outsider to exercise their rights).

The most important article of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which serves the purpose of providing assistance to the elderly and protecting their interests, is Art. 41 "Patronage of incapacitated citizens." At the request of a capable citizen who, for health reasons, cannot independently exercise and defend his rights, as well as fulfill his duties, guardianship in the form of patronage may be established over him. The trustee (assistant) performs his duties on the basis of a contract of assignment or an agreement on trust management of property, which is concluded by the ward himself. The trustee can make any administrative transactions provided for in the contract in relation to the property of the ward, thereby rendering him assistance in the implementation of property rights. In cases stipulated by the contract, the trustee must provide the ward with food, medicines, create the necessary conditions.

It is the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Citizens' Health that contain a general definition of the concept of “elderly citizens”. They have the right to medical and social assistance at home, in health care institutions, to drug provision, including on preferential terms. In the presence of a medical certificate, elderly citizens have the right to spa treatment and rehabilitation on preferential terms or free of charge, as well as the right to free medical supervision for pensioners involved in physical education.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation does not explicitly provide for the right of citizens to social services. Nevertheless, in accordance with general theoretical provisions, social services are an integral part of the constitutional right to social security. The rights to social services, recognized to satisfy the special needs of citizens due to limited life activities, including age, are recognized as socially significant.

In 1995, the aforementioned federal laws on social services were adopted, which strengthened the legal framework for the development of social services, and contributed to the expansion of the network of social service institutions. Social services are focused on the individual needs of senior citizens, providing them with equal opportunities in receiving social services and on the priority of measures for social adaptation.

An important part of the policy of forming the income of the elderly population is the legally enshrined benefits that are inextricably linked with pensions, benefits and social services.

The existence of a system of social benefits in relation to the conditions of Russia is caused by the need to implement the principle of social justice, the presence of groups of people who have made a significant contribution to the defense and development of the country and therefore deserve special gratitude from the state, as well as by the existing socio-economic problems (housing, transport, household and others), which cannot be resolved without the availability of benefits of both legal and economic categories.

A striking example of a legislative act establishing social benefits for various categories of veterans is the Federal Law “On Veterans”, which came into force in 1995 (as amended on May 6, 2003). protection, the generally accepted concepts of "war veteran", "veteran of military service", "veteran of labor" and others were not established. This law defines the main directions of state policy in relation to veterans, establishes the statuses of various categories of veterans, establishes the creation of a state service for veterans, the development and implementation of targeted state and local programs for the social protection of veterans are envisaged.

The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 25, 1999 No. 1270 "On approval of the Regulations on the procedure and conditions for conferring the title" Veteran of Labor ", Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 5, 1999 No. 1122" On certificates of the Great Patriotic War veteran "and of November 14, 1999 No. 1254 "On the procedure for financing expenses related to the provision of certain categories of disabled veterans with free vouchers for sanatorium-resort treatment, vehicles, with the payment of monetary compensation for transportation costs instead of receiving a vehicle, as well as expenses for manufacturing and repair of prosthetic and orthopedic products for disabled people. "

Thus, further steps have been taken to implement the measures provided for by legislation to create conditions for raising the social status of veterans in society and coordinating the activities of the services for veterans' affairs.

In recent years, efforts have been made to strengthen the legal framework for protection from domestic violence. Elderly people, due to their age and functional limitations, are recognized as dependent family members, against whom domestic violence in the form of physical, mental pressure or coercion may occur. Promotion of special measures and means of social and legal protection against cruelty in the family into legislation is associated with a number of legal and organizational problems, since the issues of preventing and combating domestic violence are related to the field of human relations that are difficult to legal regulation, belong to the complex and should be regulated by family, criminal, administrative, civil and housing legislation and social service legislation.

“Building a sense of security in older people requires a constant change in the range of social services provided to them. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account how this change affects the position of other members of society - children, women, youth, the well-being of families, relations in civil society, the economy and the state.

In many countries, state allocations for social services are subject to budgetary constraints associated with the real possibilities of budgets and the need for a balanced state social policy. In these conditions, solving the problems of social protection of older people requires a more active participation of civil society, since the social costs of indifference, passivity or inaction in relation to dependent elderly fellow citizens are too high.

Differences among older people are deepened by the existing gradation of rights and benefits provided - a consequence of the existing division of older citizens into many categories. The state bears a large burden of social obligations, the fulfillment of which directly depends on economic opportunities. Cases of non-fulfillment of these costly obligations for the budget, especially in regions with an unfavorable socio-economic situation, cause a negative attitude from beneficiaries of benefits. For a number of reasons, the system of social benefits for certain categories of citizens, including the elderly, requires reform, the development of mechanisms for a gradual transition from the categorical provision of social benefits in kind to targeted social assistance. "

In specific life situations, elderly people are often not free in choosing the decisions they make, and they cannot always ensure the implementation of their true will. At the same time, the law requires everyone to have the means of expressing and implementing their will in life, and fellow citizens and society as a whole respect it.

Social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation of Russia is aimed at preventing age segregation. Further improvement of the legislative framework in the field of social protection of the elderly is seen in the fact that the provisions of the laws that protect every citizen are reasonably supplemented by norms to support the rights and freedoms of elderly people who need additional guarantees due to their condition. This refers to the advantage of the functional criterion over the age criterion.

2 Features of working with the elderly in the Russian Federation

The problem of aging is a new social phenomenon of the 20th century, especially in its last decades. Old age becomes a long and significant stage of individual development, an indicator of the directions of changes in social processes at the macrostructural level, conceptualizes the foundations of social policy at the turn of the century. If in 1990 there were 18% of people of retirement age in Western countries, then by 2003 this figure will rise to 30%.

In 1939, there were 4% of elderly people in Russia, in 1996 - 12%.

“According to the UN classification, a state is considered young if the share of elderly people (over 65) is 4%, and old if this share is 7%.

The economic burden on the able-bodied population is increasing, which is forced to support an ever-increasing number of disabled citizens. Already now in Russia there are 1.8 workers per one pensioner.

In developed countries, there are 4-5 workers per person over 65 years of age.

In the development of the modern social science of old age, three main directions can be distinguished:

· study of aging as a process in its biological and psychological dimensions;

· an institutional approach that emphasizes the problems of the socioeconomic status and social roles of the elderly;

· historical and cultural analysis of various ideas about old age, characteristic of different peoples.

Within the framework of these directions, various models of sociogerontological knowledge are created, the subject of which is the aging process in its socio-historical dynamics, as well as the social status and psychological experience of the elderly as a specific socio-age group.

The problems of aging in society are dealt with by gerontology, which considers aging from a biological, psychological and social point of view and is thus an interdisciplinary field of research.

At the biological level, the physiological side of old age is considered, on the psychological - mental and mental aspects of aging, on the social - old age in a social context.

This dimension, in turn, has three different directions: the individual experiences of older people (here old age is considered in the social framework of the family, society and culture as a whole); the desire to determine the place of older people in society; study of the problems of old age and their solution at the level of social policy of the state. "

Social expectations about old age are mostly gloomy, and old age is associated with poverty, poor housing, ugly medical care, poor health and social isolation. The prevailing stereotypes, in turn, affect the attitude of the elderly: active old age begins to be perceived as an exception, passive and painful as the norm.

Research conducted in a number of regions on the "social attitudes of older people" has identified the problems of older people:

· frustration of consciousness, the predominance of pessimistic views on life prospects;

· negative attitude towards the current government;

a high level of subjective interest in government policy and a low assessment of the ability to influence its values.

Opportunities and abilities of older people to bring material and spiritual benefits to society, and even more so to become a certain factor in its development, depends on whether society is ready to change the stereotypical attitude towards older people and socially protect them.

What can be the main opportunities for social development in the new conditions?

Conceptual views of the world community on the place and role of older people in society have found a concentrated expression in the UN document with the eloquent title "Make the life of elderly people full-blooded." The general meaning of this document is consistent with the context of sustainable social development, in which older people are perceived as a positive factor and not a burden on society.

Providing more favorable conditions for older people as one of the main goals of sustainable social development, as well as paying special attention to their concerns and needs as one of the obligations of states and governments, are confirmed by the final documents of the World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, 6 - March 12, 1995). In particular, it emphasizes the need to inform older people about their rights, including through the provision of free legal aid, physical access to all basic social services.

The establishment of the annual International Year of Older Persons is seen as “a sign of recognition of humankind’s demographic entry into maturity and the prospects that it offers for the development of more mature ideas and opportunities in social, economic, cultural and spiritual life - not least in the interests of global peace and development in the next century ”.

“Finding and implementing adequate measures to support older people remains the essence of social action at the national level. Among the specific measures proposed by gerontologists and social anthropologists that require a revision of the main conceptual parameters of national social policy, in our opinion, the concept of selective optimization of the life of the elderly with compensation for social shock absorbers deserves special attention.

It proceeds from the fact that it is necessary:

· distinguish between normal, pathological and optimal aging processes;

· take into account flexibility in approaches to the potential reserve capacity of older people;

· reckon with age restrictions in the development of reserve abilities and adaptation to a changing environment;

· take into account the enriching theory and practice, as well as age-compensating opportunities for personal and social knowledge, including the field of new technologies;

· take into account age-related negative changes in the ratio of the paradigm of "gains and losses";

· plasticity or flexibility of the psyche of an elderly person. "

The social policy strategy in the organization of social work with the elderly consists of three elements: selection, optimization and compensation.

Selection (or selection) implies the search for the main or strategically important constituent elements of the life of an elderly person, which were lost by him with age.

It is about bringing individual needs in line with reality, allowing the older person to feel fulfilled and in control of their daily life.

Optimization means that older people, with the assistance of qualified social work specialists, find new backup opportunities for themselves, optimize their lives both in quantitative and qualitative terms.

Compensation is the creation of additional sources that compensate for age limitation in the adaptive process, in the use of new modern mnemonic techniques and technologies that improve memory, compensate for hearing loss, etc.

Thus, if society is ready to adopt such a strategy of social practice in relation to older people, then the effectiveness and social utility of an increasing number of them will undoubtedly multiply many times over. Then we can only talk about how and to what extent the factor of development of society will act at the expense of its elderly members.

What is the essence of social work with people of the "third age"?

First of all, in the creation of a network of social service institutions, contributing to the formation of favorable situations, useful contacts, meeting the needs of older people as a special social group of the population, creating a good atmosphere for worthy support of their capabilities.

Social work also helps to identify the positive potential of "third age" citizens who are becoming a noticeable social force, helps to assess the accumulated practical experience, to bring national policies and social programs closer to the needs of the aging population.

A special place in the work with the elderly is given to social service institutions. Currently in Russia there are about 1,500 centers of social services for the population, which include departments of social assistance at home; day care departments; departments of urgent social assistance.

1.3 The main directions, forms and methods of social work with the elderly

social work elderly disabled

To increase the efficiency and effectiveness of social work, it is of great importance to take into account the specifics, social status and interests of various groups of the population, the data that are used by social protection bodies, social services, practical social workers in their activities.

Wealthy, able-bodied and healthy citizens should be provided with equal opportunities for introducing entrepreneurship, self-employment, and self-sufficiency into the system of relations. Social assistance and support should be provided to socially vulnerable layers and groups of the population, advantages and benefits should be established, which requires new types of social services, new forms and methods of social work. “An effective type of such activity is sectoral and regional programs for the protection of the population (or programs for the protection of specific categories of the population), which cover various areas and include measures to protect different social strata and groups of the population, and especially the socially vulnerable. The most important elements of these programs:

Comprehensive analysis of the state of social protection of the main categories of the population and substantiation of the goals and objectives of the social protection system in the industry or region (taking into account regional indicators of the minimum consumer budget and identifying, on this basis, population groups in need of social assistance and support);

Analysis of the state of employment of differentiated groups of the population and characteristics of measures for social protection of the population in the field of labor relations, including vocational guidance, training and retraining of personnel;

State and prospects for the development of social protection infrastructure in the region: development of a system of social service centers, stationary and non-stationary social service institutions, employment centers, charity centers, family-type orphanages, etc .;

The state and prospects for the development of resource support for the emerging social protection system, sources and mechanisms of additional costs for social protection of low-income and disabled citizens, etc.

Supplemented by specific programs aimed at ensuring social protection of certain categories of the population (programs of targeted social assistance for low-income citizens, programs for employment of women, etc.), they help to concentrate the funds and capabilities of specialists on the most pressing problems and resolve them, unite the efforts of the state and the public , support people in realizing their labor and civil potential. "

Social problems of many categories of the population are interdepartmental, problems of the state and society, therefore, for their resolution they require coordinated efforts of state and non-state structures both at the federal and regional levels. For example, for the prompt and qualified solution of social problems associated with the employment of disabled people, the following may be provided:

Direct financing and concessional lending to potential employers;

Provision of active assistance to specialized enterprises using the labor of disabled people;

Annual determination of the list of professions and specialties for people with disabilities that are in stable demand and competitiveness;

Deployment of a system for retraining persons with disabilities in more competitive specialties;

Training and retraining of instructors teaching people with disabilities;

For disabled children, the creation of a network of special schools for primary labor adaptation, the creation of departments of medical, social and labor rehabilitation at orphanages for mentally retarded children and adolescents with disabilities with a lesion of the musculoskeletal system.

One of the conditions ensuring the effectiveness of social work with various categories of the population is the development and implementation of social work technologies, with the help of which it is possible to achieve certain goals of social work, the necessary social changes in relation to an individual or a group of people, it is possible to implement a wide range of social, social -economic, socio-psychological, medico-social and other activities to solve clients' problems.

“The technology of social work is a combination of scientific knowledge, means, techniques, methods and organizational procedures aimed at optimizing the object of social impact. The most important types of social work technologies include: social diagnostics, social prevention, social rehabilitation, social correction, social therapy. They focus on a holistic approach to a person, taking into account his interests, needs, value orientations, on the creation of social conditions that contribute to the mobilization of the potential of the internal forces of the individual to solve the problems and difficulties that have arisen.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of technologies for social protection, social assistance and social support. Thanks to them, it is possible to carry out targeted social assistance, first of all, to acutely needy and poorly socially protected groups of the population who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

Private technologies, scientifically grounded technological standards for working with specific groups - people with disabilities, pensioners, lonely and sick people, unemployed, refugees and other categories, including the necessary description of tasks, resources, measures, actions, and other components - are no less significant. They allow us to carry out an individual approach to each client and help in solving problems that have arisen for him.

It should be noted that we still have few methods and technologies of social work focused on individual work with a client, group technologies still prevail. We turned out to be unprepared for practical work with such social objects as the unemployed, refugees, homeless people. Therefore, they are very relevant:

adaptation of previously used technologies to modern social conditions, to the needs of organizing social work, taking into account the specifics of various groups of the population;

Development of new technologies;

Orientation of social work technologies to new priorities of social life: ensuring targeting, family interests, maximum use of local resources and opportunities for solving social problems of a person. "

To accelerate the development and implementation of more effective means of social work with various categories of the population, further deepening of scientific research is needed to help in the creation, testing, and improvement of new techniques, mechanisms, systems, and procedures. We need applied research on new proactive author's methods that could form the basis of new technologies. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of operational monitoring carried out in the process of providing social assistance. We are talking about standardized tests, systematic observations used in work with a specific person, family, group of people, etc. Such research helps to make the right decisions, quickly master new technologies, and achieve the desired change in the object of research. The importance of an interdisciplinary approach to the development and implementation of technologies, a combination of social, socio-technological, socio-medical techniques, methods of action, procedures is increasing. Only through the efforts of specialists in various fields of knowledge can highly effective scientifically grounded technological standards of social work with various categories of clients be developed, including effective techniques and methods of action and allowing to single out a specific person with his needs and interests, needs and problems, moods and concerns.

“Territorial social centers and social services play a special role in the implementation of social work with various categories of the population. They can be specialized: psychological and pedagogical; emergency psychological assistance by phone; medical and social rehabilitation of persons with disabilities; social rehabilitation of maladjusted children and adolescents; assistance to refugees and people affected by natural disasters and interethnic conflicts; social assistance to pregnant minors; social shelters, etc .; as well as complex: territorial centers of social services for the population; centers of social assistance to families and children; centers for preschool and extracurricular work with minors, etc.

Experience testifies to the high efficiency of the work of many territorial centers. They manage to focus on issues such as:

organization in various forms of material assistance to especially needy groups of the population, assistance to their self-sufficiency and their achievement of material independence;

provision of various types of psychological, socio-pedagogical, medico-social, legal, rehabilitation, preventive and other assistance, a wide range of family counseling and family planning services;

Implementation of a number of measures to protect the rights of children, transfer them for adoption, custody and guardianship;

Providing information to citizens about their socio-economic rights, etc. "

The indisputable advantage of the centers is that they help to establish various forms of social work, taking into account the interests and needs of various categories of the population, in direct contact with them and at the territorial level most accessible to them. The principle of promoting self-help is of decisive importance, meaning that by providing assistance and services to a client, social workers should stimulate him to realize his own potential, restore his capacity and active social functioning, relying on his own strength. This makes it possible not only to provide social services, but to provide high-quality, personality-oriented customer service, based on the concept of self-help, the inclusion of the client's personality in the mechanisms of social protection.

The state of social work with various categories of the population is critically determined by the skill and ability of social work specialists to work with people, to perfectly master the methods of social work with a variety of types of clients.

The training system for social workers should provide training for specialists who are able to establish interpersonal relationships with the client, influencing both society, the conditions of a person's life, and himself, stimulating him to realize his internal potential, to social activity. Only in this case it is possible to create an effective system of social protection, skillfully restore interaction between people, and improve their quality of life.

II. Chapter. Analysis of social protection and social work with the elderly in the Russian Federation

2.1. Social work with the elderly in St. Petersburg

The system of social services for elderly citizens and disabled people at home began to develop in our country since 1986. In the early years, the departments of social assistance at home worked at boarding houses, then they were transferred to the jurisdiction of the social security authorities.

At present, there are 1,744 Social Service Centers in the Russian Federation, of which 675 are comprehensive, 11444 departments of social assistance at home, 1007 specialized departments of social and medical services at home, 1838 departments of urgent social services, 991 day care departments for 27 thousand places. , 426 temporary for 9.5 thousand places.

In St. Petersburg, the first experimental departments of social assistance at home were opened at the end of 1986 in the Pushkin and Kalininsky districts of the city.

Currently, the city has 295 branches of the department of social assistance at home, serving 34480 elderly and disabled people and 42 specialized departments that provide social and medical assistance to 2518 pensioners and disabled people in need of health reasons, in more expanded types of assistance.

The main and most accessible non-stationary institutions offering the elderly people various types and forms of social assistance are the Centers for Social Services for the Population.

Such Centers function in 18 districts. All of them with their structural divisions are financed from the city budget.

The most widespread type of social support for the population in non-stationary conditions remains urgent social assistance. In the first half of 2001, 30 urgent social assistance departments received targeted assistance. Free food - 60368 people, food packages - 106,814 people, legal, psychological and other types of assistance - 172343 citizens. For the organization of free meals or the distribution of food sets, funds from the city budget and extra-budgetary sources are used.

In the first half of 2006 over 3000 single citizens were served by the departments of day and temporary residence, incl. disabled people. Length of stay from 12 to 24 days. For vacationers at the departments, medical care is provided, free meals are organized, concerts, excursions, musical and literary evenings, lectures and consultations of social protection workers, medical specialists are held, holidays and birthdays of vacationers are celebrated, and their labor rehabilitation is carried out.

Great efforts are being made in the city to find extra-budgetary sources of financing for social support of citizens with disabilities. Contracts are concluded on the basis of which, on a charitable basis, organizations and institutions of the city provide services to residents of the districts or transfer clothing, linen, food, footwear, etc. to the Departments and Centers. for issuing them to citizens in need. For low-income citizens, it is provided free of charge or on preferential terms, in the direction of Social Service Centers, such types of services as hairdressing, baths, laundry services, provision of medicines, repair of household appliances, shoes, etc. There are charitable canteens, which, at their own expense, provide free meals for about 1000 people every month.

Much attention in St. Petersburg is paid to the development of a network of residential social buildings for social purposes for single citizens. currently there are 9 such houses in the city in 7 districts of the city. They are designed to accommodate 700 people.

The formation of new models of social work in Russia can go in two ways: by borrowing foreign ideas and practices, adapting them to local needs, or by creating their own models based on the creative use of world experience, theoretical and practical developments, taking into account political, social and economic national conditions of Russia, the originality of its culture and traditions.

2.2 Social services at home

Social services at home are provided to single citizens from among the disabled and elderly citizens who have partially lost the ability to self-service. The Law of August 2, 1995 "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people" lists the social services that are provided to such citizens. This is catering, including home delivery of groceries; assistance in purchasing medicines, food and industrial essential goods; assistance in obtaining medical care, including escort to a medical institution; maintaining living conditions in accordance with hygienic requirements; assistance in organizing legal aid and other legal services; assistance in organizing funeral services; other home-based social services.

“The government has approved the Regulation on the procedure and terms of payment for services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people at home. All these social services, including social services at home, are provided free of charge or on terms of partial or full payment for them. "

Three categories of citizens of retirement age and people with disabilities receive free social services: single people, including married couples receiving pensions below the subsistence level established for the region; have relatives who, for objective reasons, cannot provide them with assistance and care under the same condition regarding the amount of their pension; living in families whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level established for the region.

On the basis of partial payment, social services are provided to the first two categories of citizens, if the total size of their pension is from 100 to 150% of the subsistence level, and the third, if the average per capita family income is from 100 to 150% of the subsistence level.

The government has also set a limit for the monthly partial payment. For citizens who are provided with social services at home, for the first two categories of citizens, it is 25% of the difference between the total amount of pension received and the subsistence level, and for the third, 25% of the difference between the average per capita family income and the subsistence level established for the region. ...

It is easy to see that the established system of partial payment for social services at home is not currently applied, since the usual pension, including the maximum one, is significantly lower than the subsistence minimum. This system will "work" when the pension exceeds the subsistence level.

Additional services that are not included in the federal and regional lists of free or preferential services are provided on the basis of their full payment, i.e. they are sold like any other commodity.

Social health care at home is carried out by specialized departments of social service organizations, in which appropriate health workers are involved.

Over a million single seniors are now being served by home-based social workers. On average, 260 thousand out of every 10 thousand elderly people in Russia use home-based services.

2.3 Day care units

Day care units are designed to help older people overcome loneliness and isolation. Semi-stationary services are provided to elderly citizens and disabled people who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement. Such service is provided, as a rule, by stationary institutions of social protection of the population, which organize day or night departments.

Here you can get first aid, free meals or reduced price meals, master various types of occupational therapy (handicrafts, handicrafts, etc.). “Daytime clients celebrate holidays, birthdays, etc. together. According to research conducted by the Ministry of Labor and Social Development, 74% of the respondents named the desire to communicate as the main motive for staying in these departments; 26% - the opportunity to get a free lunch; 29% - the ability to get rid of the cooking process.

The centers organize work with pensioners at the place of residence, creating various interest clubs.

The main task of the urgent social assistance service is to provide urgent support to all those in need.

The main directions of this activity:

· provision of free hot meals or food;

· provision of monetary and material assistance;

· referral to medical and social departments;

· providing household, legal and psychological assistance;

· assistance in registration and employment;

· organization of rental of household appliances and household equipment;

· creation of a mutual assistance fund, etc. "

For those who are experiencing serious difficulties in organizing their life, running their own household, for one reason or another, do not want to live in boarding houses, in a number of regions on the basis of the center of social services for the population or health care institutions, special medical and social departments are created, where in the first lonely pensioners who have partially or completely lost their mobility and ability to self-service are sent to the queue.

At the same time, sociological studies conducted indicate that elderly people need 31 types of services - from food delivery to hairdressing services and escort to the bathhouse.

In fact, all assistance is limited to 2-4 types of services. But even these services are not provided to everyone who wants and needs.

So, 24% of elderly people need hot food delivery, and about 2.5% use this service, 88% need wet cleaning of the premises, and this service is provided only to 28%. The variety and complexity of social problems caused by the aging of the population requires adequate measures not only to provide the elderly with a guaranteed minimum of social services, but also to create conditions for the realization of personal potential in old age.

Therefore, psycho-pedagogical, socio-cultural, rehabilitation, consulting and other areas in the infrastructure of non-stationary social service institutions are being widely developed. The practice of targeted social assistance is being improved.

2.4 Home - boarding schools

Guardianship of the elderly is one of the main areas of social work in general. Guardianship is understood as a legal form of protection of personal and property rights and interests of citizens.

The forms of guardianship are very diverse. The main form of social guardianship over the elderly, who are unable to fully (or in general) exercise their rights or obligations for health reasons, is the functioning of boarding schools.

At present, the system of social protection of the population has more than 1,000 stationary institutions for the elderly and disabled.

The reasons that force the elderly to move to such institutions can be classified into three groups:

· social (lack of housing or the threat of losing it, scanty pension, lack of social and medical institutions near the place of residence);

· medical and social (the need for constant medical care and supervision, psychiatric correction);

· psychological (family conflicts, rude attitude of others, loneliness).

Federal Law of August 2, 1995 No. 122 "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people" establishes that social services for elderly citizens and disabled people is an activity to meet the needs of these citizens in social services.

“Social services include a set of social services (care, catering, assistance in obtaining medical, legal, socio-psychological and natural types of assistance, assistance in vocational training, employment, leisure activities, assistance in organizing funeral services, etc.), which are presented to citizens of the elderly and disabled people at home or in a social service institution, regardless of the form of ownership.

Types of boarding houses in which elderly citizens and disabled people can live:

· a general boarding house for the elderly and disabled;

· general boarding house for disabled people;

· neuropsychiatric boarding house;

· boarding houses for war and labor veterans;

· gerontological centers.

A boarding house is a medical and social institution designed for the elderly and disabled people to live in it and receive medical and social assistance. Elderly citizens and disabled people living in stationary social service institutions enjoy the rights provided for in Article 7 of this Federal Law, and also have the right:

.to provide them with living conditions that meet sanitary and hygienic requirements;

.nursing, primary health care and dental care provided in an inpatient social service institution;

.free specialized care, including denture, in state and municipal health care institutions, as well as free prosthetic and orthopedic care;

.social and medical rehabilitation and adaptation;

.voluntary participation in the medical and labor process, taking into account the state of health, interests, desires, in accordance with medical reports and labor recommendations;

.medical and social examination, carried out according to medical indications, to establish and change the disability group;

.free visits by a lawyer, a notary, representatives of the law, representatives of public associations and clergymen, as well as relatives and other persons;

.free assistance of a lawyer in the manner prescribed by the current legislation;

.providing them with premises for the performance of their religious rituals, creating appropriate conditions for this that do not contradict the internal regulations, taking into account the interests of believers of various confessions;

.preservation of the residential premises occupied by them under a lease or lease agreement in houses of state, municipal and public housing stock for six months from the date of admission to a stationary social service institution, and in cases where members of their families remained in residential premises, for the entire time spent in this institution. In the event of refusal from inpatient services after the expiration of the specified period, elderly citizens and people with disabilities who vacated living quarters in connection with their placement in these institutions have the right to an extraordinary provision of residential premises if they cannot be returned to the previously occupied living quarters;

.participation in public commissions for the protection of the rights of elderly citizens and persons with disabilities, created, among other things, in social service institutions;

.elderly citizens and disabled people living in state and municipal institutions of social services and in need of specialized medical care are sent for examination and treatment to state or municipal healthcare institutions. Payment for the treatment of elderly citizens and disabled people in these health care institutions is carried out in accordance with the established procedure at the expense of the corresponding budgetary allocations and medical insurance funds;

.elderly citizens and people with disabilities living in residential social service institutions have the right to freedom from punishment. The use of medicines and physical restraint, as well as the isolation of elderly citizens and the disabled, is not allowed in order to punish elderly citizens and the disabled or to create conveniences for the personnel of these institutions. Persons guilty of violating this provision shall bear disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. "

Inpatient social services are aimed at providing versatile social and household assistance to elderly citizens and disabled people who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and who need constant care and supervision for health reasons.

Inpatient social services for elderly citizens and disabled people are carried out in inpatient institutions (departments) of social services, profiled in accordance with their age, health and social status.

In inpatient institutions for the elderly and disabled, elderly citizens (women from 55 years old, men from 60 years old) and disabled people of groups I and II over the age of 18 are admitted, and only groups I and II at the age of 18 are admitted to a boarding house for the disabled. up to 40 years old, who do not have able-bodied children and parents who are legally obliged to support them.

A prerequisite for admission is voluntariness.

“During the period of stay in stationary institutions, the persons living in them are provided with housing, medical care and treatment, medicinal assistance, social services. Those who receive a pension retain at least 20% of the assigned pension.

Elderly citizens and disabled people living in stationary social service institutions and constantly violating the procedure for living in them established by the Regulation on social service institutions, at their request or a court decision adopted on the basis of the administration of these institutions, can be transferred to special stationary social service institutions ...

Bodies of social protection of the population keep a record of citizens wishing to live in a boarding house, draw up the relevant documents - this is: a statement, an act of material and household examination indicating the need for a room in a boarding house, a map with recommendations of specialist doctors and indicating, in which boarding house a citizen should be placed in. When this is checked, there are no contraindications.

The results of the sociological survey showed that the absolute majority of the surveyed pensioners (92%) have a negative attitude towards the prospect of a possible move to boarding houses, even those of them who live in communal apartments. "

Statistics show that 88% of people in residential homes suffer from mental disabilities; 68% have limited physical activity; from 62% to 70% are not able to serve themselves. 25% of residents die every year.

2.5 Rehabilitation and Geriatric Prophylaxis

Disability in old age (or aging of a disabled person) entails the need for rehabilitation. In the ordinary sense, this concept was narrowed down to movement exercises and physiotherapy procedures, massage and hydrotherapy. However, rehabilitation is, as already mentioned, a social process, as a result of which, thanks to treatment, psychotherapy and, possibly, also training and appropriate selection of work, adaptation of living conditions to the needs of older people, appropriate "education" of the environment in relation to people with impaired skills ensure the most independent existence, as well as active and versatile participation in public life. Of course, not all types of rehabilitation are used in every case.

Rehabilitation, which is broadly understood, is generally needed by older people more than younger people, who are usually rehabilitated by life itself, forcing them to develop skills and connect with people. For disabled people of retirement age, the most powerful factors of rehabilitation, which are education and professional work, no longer play a role. For work and education, unlike medical procedures, are both a means and a goal of acquiring or restoring the necessary skills. Elderly people in general do not have enough powerful incentives to engage in social life, and the growing depletion of the body due to illness (or injury) and old age forces them to abandon activity. Unfortunately, this attitude is promoted by the conviction of a part of society and the elderly disabled themselves that “it is no longer worth thinking about it”.

Rehabilitation requires people to believe in its necessity and effectiveness, sufficiently significant energy and willpower, as well as patience, since every elderly person, in order not to lose the acquired skills, must tirelessly continue rehabilitation efforts so as not to retreat from their achievements and not succumb to new ones. life circumstances arising under the influence of both external factors and changes in the state of health.

When deciding on procedures (especially those related to the musculoskeletal system), which are exhausting and sometimes painful, an old person usually makes more effort than a young person, and sometimes achieves a worse result (for example, when walking on a prosthesis or on crutches). Should this mean that he must give it up in advance? The progress of medicine in general and surgery in particular (for example, the introduction of a metal rod into the thigh bone), as well as rehabilitation is enormous. There are frequent cases of "starting in motion" of people who have not left their bed for years. However, one should not hesitate with rehabilitation to a state of helplessness, because then a positive result cannot always be achieved, and the duration of rehabilitation and the efforts invested in it will be much longer. It is very important to start various procedures (this also applies to recommended operations) as early as possible, when the body is not yet worn out and regenerates faster. It is also much easier to learn how to use various prostheses, crutches, hearing aids, etc. while the body's capabilities are still sufficient.

The ability to grow old consists in the perception of old age, that is, in adapting to it, the ability to see its good sides, as well as in activities for the benefit of using all its positive sides for one's own good and the good of other people.

Geriatric prophylaxis aims not only and not so much to distance the aging process as to transform it into a milder one, which would lead a person to old age in the safest possible state.

It is also known that the perception of disability in the form of adaptation to it is a prerequisite for the success of rehabilitation among people with disabilities at any age. A disabled person must be aware of their life limitations and at the same time remember about their capabilities. The purpose of rehabilitation is to encourage the disabled person and make it easier for him to use all the physical and mental capabilities that he has preserved.

It is equally important to make rehabilitation equipment (balconies, wheelchairs, etc.) and care items more accessible (for example, a boat), just as important is the production of footwear adapted to the characteristic deformities of the feet of older people. These issues, to which little attention has been paid until today, over time and as the experience of the most developed countries penetrates to us, gradually, step by step, we are noticed and perceived, however, financial and organizational difficulties still stand in the way of their resolution.

Older people must adapt to both old age and disability at the same time. This is not an easy task. To alleviate it, you should use everything that geriatric prophylaxis and rehabilitation has to offer. The directions of their activities coincide, despite the fact that the first is designed to postpone the onset of frail old age and teach how to arrange your life in retirement, and the second helps to restore lost opportunities and skills or replace them with others and indicates how to live as a disabled person.

However, the preservation or return of physical capabilities and skills cannot be the only goal of activities carried out in the framework of rehabilitation or geriatric prophylaxis. It is extremely important that every old person has some kind of purpose in life (not counting the very prevention of old age or the desire to live to a certain age). It is necessary that each of them have some kind of strong interest that he could develop, so that his life would serve something or someone, and not be just existence.

Rehabilitation and geriatric prevention work not only for the benefit of the people they directly affect, but also for the benefit of the whole community. The profitability of spending on them is obvious if we weigh the costs of lifelong care of helpless people, who over the years will increasingly burden society and the state.

2.6 Health care and spa treatment for the elderly

According to sociological research, in the regions they are erased, in the contingent of people with limited mobility, about 80% of elderly people need medical care, which is provided to them at the expense of compulsory medical insurance. In modern conditions, better-off elderly people can also use paid medical services.

An integration model is emerging for organizing medical care for the elderly, which has proven itself in the face of a shortage of financial resources. Gerontology units are “built in” into existing health care, social services and other structures.

By order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of July 28, 1999 No. 297 "On improving the organization of medical care for citizens of the elderly and senile age in the Russian Federation" social assistance in accordance with the needs of the elderly population.

“A promising organizational model that combines the provision of medical care and social services is being developed by the City Geriatric Center, opened in St. Petersburg in 1994. The center has departments: medical consultation, medical and social care at home, rehabilitation, audiological, geriatric, gerantopsychiatric, surgical, urological.

Every day, the center serves about 1000 elderly patients, receiving outpatient and inpatient care, about 100 people go through the bureau of medical and social examination. The center also provides medical assistance to the elderly living in special residential buildings. The practice is to provide home-based medical consultations to bedridden elderly people, individual consultations to elderly patients and their families, visiting social workers in need of home services, and assistance with registration in inpatient social services.

In many territories of the Russian Federation, institutions have been created that are focused on providing care and medical and solo rehabilitation of elderly patients. In the health care system, these include about 100 nursing hospitals.

Medical care for the elderly is also provided by multidisciplinary medical and preventive institutions (over 18,000 outpatient clinics and 10,800 inpatient institutions). The dispensary has about 1470 thousand elderly people belonging to a highly respected category of the population - participants in the Second World War, and 680 thousand elderly disabled people. The costs associated with maintaining the health of older people of these categories are borne by the state. "

In order to preserve the availability and level of the types and volumes of medical care guaranteed by the state, by the decree of the government of the Russian Federation dated September 11, 1998, No. 1096, the Program of state guarantees for providing citizens of the Russian Federation with free medical care was established. Measures for the implementation of this Program, affecting the interests of elderly citizens, are carried out by:

transition to the system of state order for the provision of medical care in accordance with the accepted standards, the volume of medical and drug care;

use of financial resources obtained as a result of state regulation of prices for medicines to expand programs of social guarantees for drug provision of the population;

implementation of measures to stimulate domestic enterprises in the medical industry, preserve and support state research and production associations, support investment projects in the Russian Federation.

The territorial programs of state guarantees for providing citizens with free medical care while maintaining the dominant role of the state and municipal health sectors also serve the same purposes.

In addition, the Interdepartmental Scientific Councils for Gerontology and Geriatrics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation have developed a Program of Research Work on Gerontology "Monitoring the Health and Rehabilitation Methods of the Older Generation of the Russian Population" for 2000-2005, which includes such important gerontology and geriatrics problems, such as the development of principles for organizing geriatric care in medical institutions and boarding schools for the elderly and disabled, health protection of older people and the prevention of premature aging, development of immunological problems of aging, study of the etiology and pathogenesis of various diseases specific to the elderly and senile age , and etc.

Benefits for drug provision are provided to some categories of elderly people, to a greater extent - to war veterans. The share of the elderly population enjoying benefits in obtaining medicines in accordance with the Federal Law "On Veterans" is on average 14.7%.

In 1999, the Ministry of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Russian Federation, together with specialized research institutions, developed an organizational and managerial model of centers for physical culture and health improvement work with the elderly population, and the effectiveness of their creation was confirmed empirically. The system of operational control over the state of health of older persons, involved in physical training and health-improving groups, has been substantiated.

· dissatisfaction with life;

· the presence of low living standards: poverty, marginality are taken for granted.

· These people are characterized by a high adherence to general and group norms, traditions, a high assessment of a sense of duty, self-sacrifice and an indifferent attitude towards material

2.7 Organization of social services for the population. New social services

An integral part of the state social security system in the Russian Federation is social services for the elderly, disabled, which includes various types of social services aimed at meeting the special needs of this contingent of persons.

At present, the state is making great efforts to create a comprehensive system of social services for the population, to allocate funds for its development. The main laws have already been adopted, which constituted the legal basis for its functioning: Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services to the Population of the Russian Federation" dated 10.12.19995 No. 195-FZ; Federal Law "On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens" dated 02.08.1995 No. 122-FZ; Federal Law "On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Russian Federation" dated 24.11.1995 No. 181-FZ and others.

Social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological and pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, the implementation of social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens, citizens in difficult life situations.

“For the first time in domestic legislation, the concept of such a basis for social assistance as a difficult life situation has been formulated. A difficult life situation is a situation that objectively disrupts the vital activity of a citizen, which he cannot overcome on his own. The reasons for its occurrence can be a variety of circumstances: disability, old age, illness, orphanhood, abuse in the family, unemployment, lack of a definite place of residence, etc.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to social services in our country; foreigners and stateless persons, unless otherwise provided by international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Social service is based on the following principles:

.targeting: the provision of a service is personalized to a specific person. The work to identify and create a data bank of such persons is carried out by local bodies of social protection of the population at the place of residence of the disabled, the elderly, large and single families. Migration services have information about refugees; on persons without a fixed abode - internal affairs bodies, etc .;

.accessibility: the possibility of free and partially paid receipt of social services is provided, which are included in the federal and territorial lists of social services guaranteed by the state. Their quality, volume, procedure, conditions of provision must comply with state standards established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Reducing their volume at the territorial level is not allowed. The lists of social services are determined taking into account the subjects to whom they are intended. The federal list of state-guaranteed social services for elderly citizens and people with disabilities, provided by state and municipal institutions of social services, was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 25, 1995 No. 1151.

.On its basis, territorial lists are developed. Financing of services included in the lists is carried out at the expense of the corresponding budgets;

.voluntariness: social services are carried out on the basis of a voluntary appeal of a citizen, his guardian, trustee, other legal representative, government body, local government body or public association. At any time, a citizen can refuse to receive social services;

.Humanity: Citizens living in residential institutions have the right to be free from punishment. The use of drugs, physical restraint, or isolation is not permitted for purposes of punishment or comfort for staff. The persons who committed these violations are subject to disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability;

.priority of providing services to minors;

.confidentiality: information of a personal nature that has become known to employees of a social service institution during the provision of social services is a professional secret. Employees guilty of disclosing it are liable under the law. "

The legislation provides for the following types of social services:

· material assistance in the form of cash, food, sanitation and hygiene products, clothing and footwear, other essential items, fuel, special vehicles, technical means for the rehabilitation of disabled people and persons in need of outside care;

· social service at home. It is aimed at the maximum possible extension of the stay of elderly citizens and disabled people in their usual social environment in order to maintain their social status, as well as to protect their legal rights and interests. Home-based guaranteed services provided by the federal list include: home delivery of groceries; purchase of medicines, food and industrial essential goods; assistance in obtaining medical care, including escort to a medical institution; cleaning the premises and other home-based services (for example, assistance in providing fuel); assistance in organizing legal services; assistance in organizing funeral services.

Mentally ill persons in remission, patients with tuberculosis (except for the active form), and oncological patients receive medical care at home.

Social services included in the federal and territorial lists are provided to citizens free of charge or on a partial payment basis. The regulation on the procedure and conditions for paying for social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people by state and municipal institutions of social services was approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 15, 1996 No. 473.

The following groups of the population are entitled to receive services free of charge: single elderly citizens (single married couples) and people with disabilities receiving a pension with allowances below the regional subsistence level; elderly citizens and disabled people, whose relatives, for objective reasons, cannot provide them with assistance and care, if the amount of the received pension, together with allowances, is below the subsistence level; elderly citizens and disabled people living in families with an average per capita income below the regional subsistence level.

If the size of the pension, together with the allowances of the above citizens, exceeds the regional subsistence minimum, then the amount of partial payment for social services at home should not exceed 25% of the difference between the pension received and the regional subsistence minimum; in semi-stationary conditions - 50% of the difference between the received pension and the regional cost of living; in stationary conditions - the amount of excess of the relying on pension over the regional subsistence minimum. If the amount of the pension, taking into account the allowances, is 150% higher than the regional subsistence level, then social services are provided on a full payment basis.

The cost of services is determined based on the tariffs set for a specific region. The cost does not include the cost of providing medical care in the amount of the basic program of compulsory health insurance, getting an education within the state educational standards. Additional grounds on which social services are provided free of charge are determined by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

8 Development of a network of special homes for single senior citizens and married couples

Among the many issues that arise in connection with the aging of the population, an important place is occupied by the problem of consumer services for the elderly population. The ever-increasing sanitary and household needs of the elderly necessitate the organization and special training of personnel capable of meeting these issues.

One of the new forms of social services is the development of a network of special homes for senior citizens and married couples with a complex of social services. At present, over 100 such houses have been opened in the Russian Federation; more than 8 thousand people live in them.

In accordance with the approximate Regulation on a special home for single elderly people, approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population on April 7, 1994, this house is intended for permanent residence of single citizens, as well as married couples who have retained full or partial ability to self-service in everyday life and need to be created. conditions for self-realization of their basic life needs.

The main goal of creating such houses is favorable living conditions for elderly citizens, providing them with social, household and medical assistance, creating conditions for an active lifestyle, including a feasible work activity.

Special homes for lonely elderly people can be built according to a standard design or located in converted individual buildings or part of a multi-storey building. They consist of one- and two-room apartments and include a complex of social services, a medical office, a library, a canteen, points of orders for food products, laundry or dry cleaning, premises for cultural leisure and to facilitate self-service of residents ... At such houses, around the clock operating dispatch centers are organized, provided with internal communication with residential premises and external telephone communication.

In accordance with the said Regulation, medical care for citizens living in these houses is carried out by medical personnel of the relevant territorial bodies and services.

The Regulation clearly defines the basic rules, requirements and conditions for the construction and provision of housing in special homes for the elderly, accommodation, payment, etc.

On the basis of current legislation, citizens living in such houses are paid in full. They have the right to priority referral to inpatient institutions of social protection authorities.

Special dwelling houses for single people and married couples are one of the ways to solve the complex problem of providing social assistance, as well as a whole range of social problems of elderly citizens.

There are still few such houses in Russia, but they are gaining recognition and development more and more.

Conclusion

Russia today is going through one of the most difficult, but optimistic periods in history. There are processes of reorganization not only of the economic system, but also of the social sphere. In recent years, the situation in the social sphere has remained rather difficult.

In the Russian society, in solving social problems, social protection of the population is asserted as a priority. This is evidenced by the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 12.12.1993, which proclaimed that the Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person, at labor protection and health, at ensuring state support for the family, maternity, paternity, childhood, disabled people, senior citizens, for the existence of state insurance.

To this end, the Russian Federation is developing a system of state and municipal services, providing state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and elderly citizens, establishing state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection. The functions of social protection and social services for the population in the Russian Federation are carried out primarily by special state bodies and services.

The problem of aging is a new social phenomenon of the 20th century, especially in its last decades. Old age becomes a long and significant stage in individual development, an indicator of the directions of changes in social processes.

In all countries of the world, including Russia, there are obstacles that prevent older people from exercising their rights and freedoms and complicate their full participation in public life. It is the responsibility of the state to take the necessary steps to remove these obstacles. Older people and their organizations must play an active role in this process as full partners.

Equalizing opportunities for older people can be an important contribution to the overall effort to mobilize human resources around the world.

All this necessitates a fundamental scientific development of fundamentally new theoretical and methodological foundations for solving the problems of elderly people, as a special contingent in need of social protection and integration into society.

It is necessary to take measures to deepen understanding in society of the position of elderly people, their rights, needs, opportunities for their contribution.

The State should ensure that the competent authorities disseminate the latest information on programs and services for retirees to pensioners, their families, professionals and the general public. Such information should be presented to older people in an accessible form.

The whole range of measures aimed at meeting the sanitary and household needs of the elderly ultimately provides them with a sense of an independent position in society, eliminates the feeling of physical and psychological inferiority, isolation and isolation.

In recent years, new forms of social services for the elderly have begun to be actively created: mercy departments and gerontological centers: if in 1995 there were 330 such institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation, then on January 1, 1998 there were more than 1000.

For example, in St. Petersburg there are 96 charity departments equipped with the necessary means of small-scale mechanization. A comfortable living environment has been created here, an attentive and responsive staff works.

The economic crisis in society has actualized the problems of vagrancy and homelessness. Among people without a fixed place of residence and occupation, there are also elderly people who, for various reasons, fell into this category (victims of natural disasters, victims of fraud, refugees and internally displaced persons, persons suffering from alcoholism or memory loss, etc.)

In order to solve their problems, a number of federal acts have been adopted in recent years. Criminal liability for vagrancy and begging is excluded. A network of institutions for social and medical services for persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation has been created: 44 use a stationary form of service, 24 use a semi-stationary form (day care units), 32 are boarding schools for permanent residence, 9 are centers for social adaptation.

Primary medical examination and sanitization are mandatory, all other services are provided depending on the profile and capabilities of a particular institution.

In special boarding houses, all residents are assigned prophylactic medical examinations and basic medical procedures, a sufficient volume of social and medical services is expected.

Unfortunately, the problems of persons without a fixed abode and occupation are far from being resolved, and the Interdepartmental Commission on Problems of Prevention of Vagrancy, created in 1996, was liquidated as a result of reorganization. In practice, this work is delegated by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipal bodies.

So, on the one hand, certain and specific measures have been taken to improve social services for the elderly, on the other hand, there are a number of problems in this area that require urgent solutions.

The most important of them is the reorganization of the institutional system in relation to the elderly, which, in our opinion, provides, first of all, the development of non-traditional forms of employment, the possibility of improving the quality of education and vocational training throughout life.

In addition, it is necessary to more actively involve representatives of the “third age” in the political life of society. Older persons have great potential to influence the vital resources of social communities.

Changes in the electorate take place under the influence not only of socio-economic processes, but also of generational change. The geontological sector is numerous and one of the most active, and the issue of social security for old age is acquiring serious political significance.

It is also important to provide opportunities for obtaining various types of social assistance and support. It is necessary to increase social services, taking into account consumer preferences and capabilities of older people, the development of types of self-help and mutual assistance, hobby clubs, etc. It is necessary to create an infrastructure for leisure and fulfillment of the needs for creativity.

It is necessary to adjust the current pension system - to create and improve a comprehensive incentive mechanism to "earn" a pension.

The system of equalizing pensions without taking into account the length of service has led to the fact that at present a vital value, like labor, is being lost. People who have worked all their lives for the benefit of the state receive a pension that does not even correspond to the living wage.

The growth in modern conditions of personal responsibility for the formation of one's own life remains paramount. It is necessary to actualize the adaptation resources of the elderly, to consolidate their interests, and to pool efforts. Priority is given to the development of gerontological potential through education, health care and social programs.

The state should regularly collect statistical data on the living conditions of elderly people. The collection of such data can be carried out in parallel with national censuses and can be carried out in close collaboration with universities, research institutes, social protection authorities and organizations. Such studies should include an analysis of the effectiveness of existing programs and the need for the development and evaluation of services and relief interventions. Consideration should be given to establishing a data bank on older persons, which would contain statistics on the services and programs available, as well as on the various community organizations.

Only after solving all these tasks it will be possible to say with confidence that elderly people are equal members of Russian society.

Bibliography

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Regulation on the provision of free social services and paid social services by state social services. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 24 1996 No. 739.

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The essence, types and mechanism of providing state social assistance in the Russian Federation

State economic and social policy is of decisive importance in supporting low-income categories of the population. If earlier the regulation of the standard of living of the population was carried out centrally, now this problem is being solved with new methods. The main ones are indexation and compensation. Indexation is a mechanism for automatically adjusting income. Indexation is usually done in two ways: by increasing income by a certain percentage over time, or by adjusting income as the price level rises by a predetermined percentage. Indexation payments are carried out mainly at the expense of the state and local budgets. All types of monetary incomes of citizens are indexed, namely, wages, pensions, scholarships, and other types of social payments, with the exception of lump-sum payments.

In addition to indexation, there is the Federal Law "On State Social Assistance", which establishes the legal and organizational framework for the provision of state social assistance to low-income families or low-income citizens living alone.

The criteria for the provision of social assistance can be: the aggregate family or per capita income is below the amount of the subsistence minimum of all family members by socio-demographic groups established at the regional level, or the corresponding value of the regional subsistence minimum (below the level of the minimum wage, minimum pension, etc.); lack of livelihood; loneliness and inability to self-care; material damage or physical damage due to natural disasters, catastrophes, ethnic conflicts, as well as as a result of the performance of official duties.

The amount of social assistance is determined by the decision of the social protection body at the place of residence on the basis of a personal application, or on behalf of the family, or a guardian. The application contains information about the composition of the family, income and property belonging to him (his family) by right of ownership.

The circle of people in need of social assistance can be expanded at the discretion of local authorities, taking into account the demographic, socio-economic, climatic and other characteristics of the region.

State social assistance is provided in order to: maintain the standard of living of low-income families, as well as low-income citizens living alone.

The set of social services provided to citizens includes the following social services: additional free medical care, provision of a voucher for sanatorium-resort treatment, provided that there are medical indications, carried out in accordance with the legislation on compulsory social insurance; free travel by suburban railway transport, as well as by intercity transport to the place of treatment and back.

Accounting for the right of citizens to receive social services is carried out at the place of residence of a citizen from the date of establishment of a monthly cash payment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

A citizen who has the right to receive social services can refuse to receive them by applying to the territorial body of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, which makes him a monthly cash payment.

Control over the provision of state social assistance to citizens in the form of social payments is carried out by the federal executive body exercising supervision in the field of health care and social development.

Monetary forms of social state protection of the population and recent changes in the methods of providing

The main form of direct social protection is monetary. The provision of cash benefits to the low-income strata of the population, as stipulated by law, is of decisive importance in maintaining their existence. Monetary payments include social benefits (gratuitous provision of a certain amount of money to citizens), subsidies - (with a purpose of payment for material goods and services provided to citizens) and compensation - reimbursement to citizens of their expenses established by law.

Already at the beginning of the transition period, some steps were noted to improve direct social protection of the population. They affect, first of all, the procedure for the payment of social benefits and their value.

The most obvious attempt to fundamentally improve the old social security system concerned its most important component - pension insurance. Pensions are the most important, but far from the only type of monetary protection of the population.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, the amount of social benefits is guided either by the minimum old-age pension or by the minimum wage. But in our time, most social benefits do not correspond to the living wage of the population, and the concept of the minimum wage in Russia has lost, whatever it may be, meaning.

In the Russian practice of social protection of the population, two types of subsistence minimum are distinguished: the so-called life minimum, designed for the main, mainly physiological needs, without which it is generally impossible to exist tolerably, and the social one, designed to satisfy a somewhat wider set of needs in comparison with the provided life minimum. the area of ​​food, industrial goods and services.

A high regional level of the subsistence minimum should be matched by a high regional level of social benefits (and wages). And vice versa. The variety of options for the subsistence level allows a more differentiated approach to the definition of consumption of various socio-demographic groups of the population, more precisely and more subtly to regulate the minimum amounts of social payments and wages guaranteed by the state in different regions of the country.

Targeted payments are provided to smaller groups of the poor. Typical examples are quarterly compensations for families with minor children due to the rise in prices for children's goods, annual payments for the purchase of a set of children's clothing, bread allowances for especially low-income categories, etc.

Monetary compensation has been applied since April 1991 following an administrative price increase. Nevertheless, many of its types currently used, giving it a systemic and permanent character, are directly related to the improvement of direct social protection in the course of radical economic reform.

Thus, in the first half of the 1990s, the prevailing trend is to reduce the gap between the nominal average wage and retirement pension. Moreover, this reduction occurs at an accelerating pace. The development of such a trend is explained not only by the accelerated growth in the size of pensions, which, as already noted, is chronically lagging behind the rise in the subsistence minimum, but also by the much lower rates of increase in wages, disproportionate to the rise in prices.

In the 90s. a “new course” of direct social protection policy has been outlined. The following changes were envisaged: delineation of types of social assistance provided to low-income strata; highlighting the "interests" of children, pensioners and disabled people as priorities when compensating for price increases to needy groups of the population; implementation of a gradual transition to the application form of providing assistance; a reduction in the number of social benefits, replacing them mainly with benefits for low-income provided to a family, regardless of the reasons for its poverty.

The course towards targeted protection is called upon to stop the uniform “smearing” of social benefits in a thin layer on all those who need it. Such assistance is ineffective in its results. Targeted social protection concentrates on a smaller group, while not leaving the rest of the needy groups without any support. This approach increases the possibility of providing relatively more tangible material assistance due to its redistribution in favor of the “truly” needy.

Targeted protection implies a strict link between the provision of social assistance and the actual financial situation of its potential recipient. However, the implementation of this linkage conflicts with a universal approach that is deeply rooted in the social security system. The proclaimed course towards targeted protection as the only possible way of providing real assistance in the unfavorable conditions of the transition period is not pursued consistently enough in practice.

Improved measures to improve the methods of rendering assistance to the disabled are designed to increase the efficiency of the entire system of social protection of the population.

Thus, it can be concluded that the main directions of reforming the social support system in Russia should be associated with strengthening the targeting of social payments, more effective management of the social security system, improving the system of minimum social standards in order to more rational distribution of budget funds in favor of those who really need them. by joint efforts of government bodies at all levels, ensuring the availability of social services to the population.

The reforms of the 90s, although they provided some statistically recorded economic growth, could not stop the processes of excessive polarization of incomes, exacerbated the tendency for the state's social obligations to be inconsistent with its financial capabilities. This led to a decrease in the quality of social services provided to low-income strata of the population.

In-kind (in-kind) assistance

Cash payments on social security can not always play the role of a universal means of protecting living standards from accelerated price increases. The effectiveness of direct social protection will increase slightly if the monetary forms that play the leading role are complemented by others, mainly non-monetary and intangible. The sphere of this kind of assistance is strictly limited to the most defenseless and helpless groups of the population.

Approximately 6% of old age pensioners and disabled people are helpless, lonely, unable to take care of themselves. A large part of them do not live in a family and cannot count on the support of relatives, friends, neighbors. Therefore, the social benefits paid to such people, even if they are satisfactory in their size, are difficult to implement in practice and therefore, by themselves, are insufficient to ensure the existence of their recipients.

In-kind assistance - providing basic necessities (food, shoes, clothing), as well as repairing apartments, vehicles; isolation of drugs; provision of free food and fuel.

The priority of such assistance belongs to social and household assistance at home for the disabled and the elderly. According to the Ministry of Social Protection, 952.2 thousand people need such assistance, of which 826.6 thousand receive it. In Russia as a whole, out of every 10 thousand pensioners, 229 people are provided with home-based services.

Along with social service centers, non-stationary institutions and social assistance services also include centers for helping families and children, centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance and emergency psychological assistance by telephone, rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities, social shelters for children and adolescents. and others. 1050 urgent social assistance services are called upon to provide various one-time services. They create banks of things and products, helplines, etc. The capacity of such services is about 2 million people annually.

Another area of ​​social welfare assistance covers those in need of it who permanently reside in boarding schools. Currently, there are about 1 thousand stationary specialized institutions in Russia, in which more than 300 thousand elderly people, invalids, etc. live.

The third direction is associated with the provision of social assistance to a relatively small group of people without a fixed abode.

Along with the three listed, the main ones, other types of social and household assistance are also practiced. They concern both the entire group of the most vulnerable and needy, and its individual categories.

Non-traditional forms of support include the activities of special voucher investment funds for citizens in need of special social protection (CHIF SZ). They were created in accordance with the Presidential Decree "On the use of privatization checks for the purpose of social protection of the population."

During the transition period, other types of non-monetary assistance, provided in kind to the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of the population, also acquire great importance. As an important manifestation of community charity, in-kind aid complements cash payments through the public benefit system.

One of the features of in-kind assistance to low-income people is that, as a rule, it does not need a rigid centralized management, uniform instructions and standards. The initiative of local authorities, professional, public and religious associations, and individual citizens is of decisive importance in its organization. In-kind assistance usually boils down to the direct distribution of basic necessities to those in greatest need.

An important manifestation of natural help is free meals on a regular or occasional basis.

People with disabilities as one of the categories of low-income citizens in need of social support from the state

In the Russian Federation, disabled people fall into the category of low-income strata of the population, since the current situation of social support for disabled people is not so effective as to classify this type of citizens as middle-income. Today, disabled people occupy one of the main places as an object of social policy to improve their standard of living.

In accordance with the legislation, the recognition of a person as a disabled person is carried out based on the results of a medical and social examination, based on a comprehensive assessment of health and the degree of disability based on an analysis of the clinical and functional, social, occupational, and psychological data of the person being witnessed.

Depending on the degree of dysfunctions of the body and limitation of vital functions to a person recognized as a disabled person, I, II and III disability groups are established. Disabled persons with I and II groups are considered to be low-income.

Currently, the main directions of social policy in relation to this category of the population is the social protection of disabled people. This is a system of state-guaranteed measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) the limitations of their life activity and aimed at creating opportunities for them to participate in society, equal with other citizens.

The main reasons that determine the need for people with disabilities in social protection are their inability, due to the limitation of life, to live independently, maintain social ties, to ensure economic independence, etc. Determining the need of a person who testifies to a disability in measures of social assistance and protection includes identifying specific ways and methods by which existing functional impairments and disabilities can be eliminated, compensated or replaced.

In the Russian Federation, targeted programs have been adopted and are being implemented in the interests of disabled people, united in the federal program "Social support for disabled people in the Russian Federation", which is designed for 2006-2010.

Social assistance - temporary measures of individual targeted support in a crisis situation (benefits, services), which are carried out within the framework of the general policy of control over income (benefits according to need), as well as in special situations (internally displaced persons, liquidation of disasters under investigation and man-made disasters, etc.) . NS.).

Social assistance is the support provided to people so that they can carry out their physical and social life activities.

In the long process of their re-education, special attention should be paid to overcoming the atrophy of normal human feelings in such offenders. In order to correct it, one should not: assign a negative assessment to such young people, hinder their participation in ordinary youth associations, very persistently and unceremoniously involve students in the common affairs of a collective of students. On the contrary, when re-educating difficult adolescents, the necessary endurance, the ability to patiently and persistently explain the incorrectness of their views and behavior, to convince and open up worthy and exciting life prospects for young people.

Aggressiveness can be found among middle-grade schoolchildren in clashes between separate groups. The dispute between teenage groups living in the neighborhood usually arises over territorial "spheres of influence": clubs, cinemas, dance floors, etc. They try not to admit rivals there. To prevent such actions, it is recommended to organize compatible mass events that unite adolescents from neighboring yards. At the same time, it is important to remember that the leaders of these courtyard groups of adolescents should take an active part in the preparation of this measure.

With adolescents who appropriate other people's things, it is necessary to carry out a lot of explanatory work, showing the inhuman actions of their actions towards the victim and forming the correct content of the concept of honesty as an important personal and civic boundary. But the matter is not limited to this. All possible measures should be taken to eliminate the pedagogical neglect of such a student.

The adolescent's desire to test himself in a risky business (raid on a neighbor's garden, agricultural land, etc.) does not allow him to deeply and seriously think about the wrong form of its implementation. Therefore, the necessary explanatory work of educators to disclose the unlawfulness of such actions. It is also necessary for the teenager to understand not only his interests, but also to take the position of the victim. Finally, it is necessary to involve the adolescent more and more often in various types of useful activities in which he would be able to satisfy the above needs.

The problem of preventing and overcoming the negative deviant behavior of adolescents and young people is an urgent problem of modern pedagogical science, because there is very little modern research in this field, generalization of practical experience. Now we have completely different socio-political and economic conditions of life, other landmarks in society, other interests of young people on the one hand and on the other - a sharp stratification, impoverishment of the population, the spread of drug addiction, alcoholism, prostitution, crime and delinquency among adolescents. The reasons for this are:

1) shortcomings of educational work in the education system;

2) the peculiarities of our legislation: minors are responsible for especially grave crimes from the age of 14, only from the age of 11 before they can be applied compulsory educational measures (restriction of days, behavior in special institutions for minors);

3) shortcomings in the work of public services that deal with minors;

4) instability in society;

5) free access of minors to the media that disseminate violence, debauchery, the cult of power;

6) the loss of opportunities to positively realize themselves through honest work (minors, although they have the right to find employment, can not really exercise this right in conditions of unemployment of the adult population).

Today there are such approaches to the prevention of juvenile delinquency:

1. Biological (physiological) correction or control over conditions that cause criminal behavior.

2. Psychological (psychiatric) - a change in the psychological state and elimination of the reasons that caused it.

3. Social - Strengthen communication and interaction between juvenile delinquents and law-abiding peers, parents and other adults.

4. The approach that comes from the fact that criminal behavior is determined by the lack of control in the microenvironment where the adolescent lives. Strengthening influence from the group of which he is a member.

5. An approach that provides that the cause of crime is the inability to fulfill, within the limits of legitimacy, a role that is in the interests of the individual. Reducing crime by expanding and developing opportunities.

6. Organization of leisure time for teenagers.

7. Raising the educational and professional level of adolescents, since behind this approach, crime is based on the lack of life skills in minors.

8. An approach according to which the causes of crime are in the negative influence of other persons, which requires a decrease in this influence on the part of criminal groups and individuals.

9. At the heart of crime are inadequate social expectations and contradictions, social demands. These expectations need to be aligned with the various institutions, organizations and influences that influence youth.

10. An economic approach. The causes of crime are in the poor material living conditions of young people and their families, which requires material assistance.

11. A restraining approach. The reasons for crime associated with the ease of carrying out criminal acts, therefore, it is necessary to limit these opportunities, incl. through severe punishment.

12. Abandonment of legal control and public tolerance: evil action increases if society is intransigent even to bad behavior, therefore, it is necessary to cultivate tolerance for certain forms of inappropriate behavior so that not all adolescents are considered criminals.

These approaches provide an opportunity to see the variety of causes of delinquent behavior, therefore, the variety of opportunities for their prevention, the need to work in a team of social workers.

Deviant behavior does not always become delinquent, and the family is not the only one, albeit a determining factor in the upbringing and development of a teenager.

An analysis of international documents on the problem of preventing and overcoming negative deviant behavior by adolescents makes it possible to outline the directions, content, methods and forms of such work with minors with deviant behavior.

The following types of social assistance are distinguished: socio-medical, socio-psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic professional, occupational therapy, art therapy, sports, and so on.

Other areas of social work are work with “street teenagers”, teenagers who were left without parental care for various reasons, which provides for either placing a child in a foster family, or returning her to her native biological family. Programs for working with these adolescents include:

1) Collecting information about the family, relatives (carried out by social educators together with the authorities, law enforcement agencies).

2) Establishing contact with parents of employees of children's institutions through letters, telephone conversations, which highlight the issue of the possibilities of interaction between parents and children, contacts between them, the rules for visiting children in children's institutions. Such contact allows you to control the situation in the family, get to know the parents, their inclinations, inform the parents about the affairs of the teenager, teach them how to behave with the child when they meet.

3) Preparing a teenager before meeting his parents, close relatives. It is carried out through a conversation with a teenager about the family based on the "child's life story". The recollection of the positive aspects of the child's life in the family was awakened. If a teenager wants to meet with his parents and agrees to the meeting that is offered, it is necessary to prepare the child for it: what to tell the parents about his current life, school, friends, what to give to parents and how to do it. The teenager will be assured of the safety and beautiful treatment of teachers to their parents.

4) Acquaintance of parents with the workers of the children's shelter, center, home. The administration and the educator of the group must be present. In a conversation with parents, it turns out: how a teenager is brought up in a public institution, how she lives here, what parents want, what kind of help they expect, what problems parents had when raising a teenager at home, how parents would like to help a child, how will follow-up contacts with child (conditions, time, place).

5) Organization of meetings between parents and teenagers. The choice of the meeting place and its participants is carried out: in the field of vision of teachers, in their presence, in a special meeting room where there are works, photographs of children, a table, chairs. Such a meeting is necessary for the rehabilitation of the family, its connection, the establishment of relationships. It explains why parents cannot now take their child home, and gives weighty arguments. After the meeting, a conversation with the child is carried out: what new she learned about the life of her parents.

6) Maintaining regular contact with parents, informing them about the success of adolescent therapy.

7) Returning the teenager home. It is possible only under the conditions that relations at home have normalized, and there is security in the family. The criteria for identifying these safety conditions are:

a) a room where a teenager can feel comfortable (meeting the needs for food, housing, inspection);

b) a consistent daily routine (who and how looks after the teenager at home, takes her to school, provides him with food, sleep, study and leisure at home);

c) physical and mental safety of a teenager;

d) upbringing in a family is aimed at learning and support (support of a sick teenager, the opportunity to attend school, parents take on the task and are able to teach him certain things);

e) the presence of social support among friends and relatives, persons to whom the child can turn himself in a difficult time.

8) Returning the teenager home. It is carried out gradually: each time the teenager stays at home more and more time, which gives her the opportunity to get used to the family. Each time the results of the visit of the teenager to the family are discussed with the parents; upon the return of the teenager, the situation in the family is monitored and the family is assisted by workers of the shelter, orphanage.

The activities of a social worker in this area should be based on the following fundamental principles:

taking into account regional characteristics, socio-cultural, ethnic and economic situation in the region;

partnership and continuity of all interested state and public structures;

the complexity and integrity of preventive and rehabilitative measures;

individual and differentiated approach: design and implementation of personalized development programs for children and adolescents;

diagnostic approach: deep psychological-pedagogical and medical-social diagnostics of children, monitoring of development; a combination of diagnostic and corrective actions;

taking into account the patterns of development, age and individual psychological characteristics of a teenager, stages, consistency and continuity;

preventive approach, early detection, prevention and correction of children with problems;

optimistic hypothesis: orientation towards the positive in the behavior and character of the child;

the principle of humanism: a humane-personal approach, providing the child with the necessary support in adapting to social conditions, protecting him from pedagogical errors, incompetence and aggression of adults, methods of positive stimulation; humanization of society's attitude towards children with problems;

the principle of adaptability of upbringing to the levels and characteristics of the development and preparedness of children: variability of content and methods;

the principle of protection and protection of the rights, interests and health of a teenager;

using the positive influence of capable collectives and associations, which include a teenager;

pedagogy of the environment: integration and coordination of efforts of all subjects of upbringing - families, schools, institutions of additional education, administrative and legal structures and the public;

the unity of biological, psychosocial and pedagogical methods, the inclusion in the educational and correctional process of all spheres of the adolescent's personality: intellectual (the adolescent's conscious assimilation of social norms of behavior); effective and practical (involvement in socially useful activities) and emotional (relationships with others); social assistance problem teenager

a combination of the processes of education and self-education, re-education and self-education.

The optimal choice of individual preventive measures to act on the face of the offender largely depends on how well-founded preventive programs for his social recovery, which should include the following essential components:

The goals of individual preventive action, the main of which is the formation of the adolescent's conviction that it is necessary to unswervingly follow the requirements of moral and legal norms;

Methods and techniques of educational and controlling actions on a person, taking into account what qualities should be instilled and what negative traits should be eliminated;

Forms of action on the immediate environment of a person in order to eliminate, negatively influencing her factors and to approve a system of interpersonal relations that promotes re-education;

Means of individual preventive action, focused specifically on those labor and educational collectives, social cells, public and state organizations that are able to give the greatest educational effect regarding a given teenager;

The main stages of the implementation of preventive programs for social recovery of the face.

When implementing a preventive program, the following requirements must be met:

Awareness of the prospects for reeducation;

Studying, on the one hand, the requirements of society for a juvenile delinquent, and on the other, individual characteristics and general laws of the development of a teenager's face;

Support and development of internal, such that often do not appear outwardly, socially useful interests and abilities of the adolescent;

Lack of obsession and importunity in reeducation;

Patience and endurance of all participants in the educational preventive process.

The activity of the adolescent himself, so that he understands the action that is given to him, while showing his initiative and volitional effort.

In order to achieve the assigned tasks of re-education of a teenager, in our opinion, it is important to draw up a psychological, social, moral "portrait" of a difficult child in order to identify, first of all, positive aspects in the lifestyle of a given teenager, their resilience, as well as his needs, interests, inclinations. The past experience of a teenager, specific criminogenic factors of the environment is studied, his readiness to perceive the educational action that is provided for him, and his attitude to socially useful values ​​are assessed.

The choice of methods of individual preventive action, we carry out, taking into account the leading sphere of activity of a teenager. In the individual prevention of a teenager, methods of stimulation and inhibition can be actively used. In terms of their content, they are much richer than traditional methods of encouragement and punishment.

We will refer to the most important methodological methods of stimulation: approval, praise, trust, assessment, encouragement, gratitude, reward, etc. You need to encourage only those actions and deeds of children or girls who demanded will and diligence from them, and not those that they did without much effort and time.

It is recommended to express the techniques of the method of inhibition in the form of condemnation, warning, that is, increased demands on the adolescent. They include a special form of social demand in a person's behavior, in which both deserve what has been done wrong and an order on how to proceed in the future are given, as well as a warning for the future in order to prevent a possible repetition of the act. However, the behavior of a teenager itself, we believe, cannot be considered outside of connection with the formation of the habit of inhibiting oneself. Inhibition is necessary for every individual on a daily basis, and it must be well-mannered, turn into a habit, be expressed in every physical and mental movement, especially in disputes and quarrels. Braking techniques can make a particularly beneficial effect if they are supported by the collective, public organizations.

In general, inhibition is designed to perform three main functions: to help to realize their own shortcomings, to understand their intolerance, to eliminate these shortcomings by self-regulation of behavior. It is difficult to distinguish between these moments in the re-education of a teenager. They are closely intertwined, interconnected, but, relying on them, you can achieve a lot in the implementation of the set goal - the re-education of a young person, the upbringing of socially useful, socially significant character traits in him.

Next, we will determine the means corresponding to the goals and persons that take into account the peculiarities, as well as the most vulnerable periods of time (to strengthen control). They should, in our opinion, include the most diverse set of activities, and not be supported by only one verbal morality, as is often done. Preventive measures, even those as common as suggestion, explanation, conversation, or social action, cannot always be found to be absolutely useful. In addition, any system of means cannot be recommended as permanent, since a teenager changes in the process of development, enters into new relationships, and the conditions of her life change.

One of the effective means of re-education of a teenager, we believe, is the action on his emotional-volitional sphere, which in its own way is individual, dynamic, is in complex interactions with all other aspects of a person's inner world. Purposeful educational and preventive action should cause a movement of thoughts and feelings in a young person, contribute to the knowledge of reality through specific images, ethical ideals.

Difficult adolescents have been found to have a transforming or underdeveloped direct relationship with society, as found in observations of deviant adolescents that deviate. At the same time, they need public recognition and satisfaction of their own dignity. Therefore, it is important, as it seems to us, that a juvenile offender can see not alienation towards himself, but public disposition, the interest of other people in his life, and assistance to him in finding a job. All this is an important stimulus for his activity, the assertion of correct and firm norms of social behavior for himself and full establishment on the path of forming a normal lifestyle.

Thus, we can say that the choice of methods, means and forms of educational and preventive action for a teenager, as we found, depends on the presence of many circumstances, some of which were described above. Individual prevention requires taking into account the activity of a person, his desire to promote or hinder the implementation of appropriate measures aimed at eliminating negative behavioral traits, affirming positive principles of self-regulation, accelerating the process of forming an individual's behavior with a general positive orientation.

To provide social assistance to adolescents and their parents, conditions and high professional training of social teachers and workers are necessary. Thanks to the joint work of specialists and parents, a positive effect can be achieved.