Anti-aircraft missile systems of the Buk. SAM Buk: photos, characteristics, modifications Bug installation

The development of the "Buk" complex was started by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation of developers and manufacturers, in terms of the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the "Kub" air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 "Uragan" air defense missile system for the Navy was determined using a SAM system common to the "Buk" complex.

The military air defense missile system "Buk" was intended to fight in conditions of radio countermeasures with aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m / s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - and with Lance ballistic missiles.

Developers of the complex and its systems

The developer of the Buk air defense missile system as a whole was the Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (General Director V.K. Grishin). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then V.I. Sokiran), self-propelled firing installations (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for SAM - I.G. Akopyan.

Launching and charging installations (ROM) 9A39 were created in the Machine-Building Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in OKB-40 of the Mytishchi machine-building plant by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator", headed by L.V. Lyulyev. Detection and target designation station (SOC) 9S18 ("Dome") was developed at the Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then - Yu.P. Schekotov).

In the west, the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".

Composition

The Buk air defense missile system includes the following weapons:

• SAM 9M38;
• Command post 9С470;
• 9S18 Kupol detection and targeting station;
• Self-propelled gun mount 9А310;
• Launching and charging installation 9A39.

SAM 9M38

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is made using a two-mode solid-propellant engine (total operating time - about 15 seconds), according to the normal aerodynamic configuration with "X" -location of low aspect ratio wings.

In front of the rocket, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the centering spread over flight time, the solid propellant rocket combustion chamber is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that can be separated in flight. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implemented missile homing using the proportional navigation method. The warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation type.

Command post 9С470

The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided:

• receiving, displaying and processing information about targets received from the 9С18 detection and targeting station and six self-propelled firing units, as well as from higher command posts;
• selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in manual and automatic modes, assigning their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launchers, about the letters of the transmitters for the illumination of self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets, about operating modes of the detection and target designation station;
• organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles by the enemy;
• documenting the work and training the calculation of KP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes up to 20 km in an area with a radius of 100 km during the survey cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to SPGs with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range.
The mass of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons.

Detection and target designation station 9S18 ("Dome")

Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station 9С18 ("Dome") centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector in elevation (set at 30 ° or 40 °) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using an electric drive or hydraulic drive) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to CP 9S470.

The rate of space survey, depending on the set sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s with a circular view and from 2.5 to 4.5 s with a view in a 30 ° sector. Radar information was transmitted via the telecode line to KP 9S470 in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 s). Root mean square errors (RMS) of target coordinates measurements were: no more than 20 "- in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130 m - in range, range resolution no worse than 300 m, azimuth and elevation - 4 °.

To protect against aiming interference, we used the tuning of the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from the response - the same blanking of the range intervals along the autorecording channel, from asynchronous pulse - changing the slope of the linear-frequency modulation and blanking the range sections. With noise barrage interference of self-cover and external cover of given levels, the detection and target designation station provided the detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station provided targeting with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a selection scheme for moving targets with automatic compensation of wind speed. The station was protected from anti-radar missiles by implementing software tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 s, switching to circular polarization of sounding signals or to intermittent radiation (blinking) mode.

The station consisted of an antenna post, consisting of a reflector of a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a full-flow ruler providing electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotary device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position; transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW); receiving device (with a noise figure not more than 8) and other systems.

The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and from the standby mode to the working one - no more than 20 s. The mass of the station with a calculation of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

Self-propelled gun mount 9А310

The transfer time from traveling to combat position was no more than 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby to working, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was no more than 20 s. The loading of the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit with four missiles from the launcher was carried out in 12 minutes, and from the transport vehicle in 16 minutes.

The mass of a self-propelled firing unit with a combat crew of 4 did not exceed 32.4 tons. The length of the SPG was 9.3 m, the width was 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), and the height was 3.8 m (7.72 m).

Launcher-loader 9А39

The 9A39 launcher, placed on the GM-577 chassis, was intended for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradles), launching 4 missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradles, self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing unit with four missiles. In addition to a starting device with a power tracking drive, a crane and lodgments, the launch-charging installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographic and orientation equipment, telecode communication, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people is no more than 35.5 tons.
The length of the launcher was 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Testing and operation

Joint tests of the "Buk" complex in the full specified composition of means were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embensky test site (head of the test site V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The command post of the complex received information about the air situation from the command post of an anti-aircraft missile 6pigada "Buk" (ACS "Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued it to self-propelled firing installations, which searched for and captured for automatic tracking of targets. missiles were launched into the target zone. Missiles were guided according to the proportional navigation method, which ensured high accuracy of targeting. When approaching the target, the GOS issued a close cocking command to the radio fuse. When approaching a target at a distance of 17 m, a warhead was detonated on command. If the radio fuse failed, the missile defense system self-destructed.

Compared to previous complexes of a similar purpose (air defense systems "Kub-M3" and "Kub-M4"), the "Buk" complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:

• simultaneous shelling by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations;
• greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by the detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing installations;
• increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board GOS computer and a special type of illumination signal;
• greater efficiency of hitting the target due to the increased power of the warhead of the missile defense system.

Based on the results of firing tests and simulations, it was determined that the Buk air defense missile system provides firing at non-maneuvering targets flying at a speed of up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at a target speed up to 300 m / s) with a course parameter of up to 18 km with the probability of hitting one missile defense system equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense missile systems were reduced to anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: command post (command post of the brigade from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), four anti-aircraft missile battalions with their own command station 9S470, a 9S18 detection and targeting station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing units and one 9A39 launcher in each, as well as maintenance and service units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces in 1980.

To date, one of the most effective air defense systems of the operational-tactical and tactical level remains the Russian air defense systems of short and medium range. We are talking about the Tunguska-M1 (rocket and artillery) and Buk-M2 air defense systems and its export modification Buk-M2E (rocket). These complexes are still significantly superior to their foreign counterparts in terms of tactical and technical characteristics, as well as the criterion of cost / efficiency. Further on, we will talk about the Buk-M2E medium-range complex.

The development of this air defense complex was fully completed already in 1988, however, due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation in the country, its serial production was not deployed. After 15 years, all the design documentation for this complex was modified for a modern element base. Since 2008, the complex has been in service with the Russian army and is supplied to the troops. The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria acted as the starting customer of this complex, the contract was signed in 2007 and is estimated at $ 1 billion. All complexes under this contract have already been delivered.

The Buk-M2E medium-range air defense system belongs to the 3rd generation systems (according to the NATO codification SA-17 “Grizzly”). Due to the use of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays in this model, the number of simultaneously tracked air targets increased to 24. The introduction of an illumination and guidance radar with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of 21 m, into the air defense complex, provided an increase in the effectiveness of the complex in the fight against low-flying targets.

The main manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system is OJSC Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The lead developer of design documentation for the main combat assets and the Buk-M2E complex as a whole is the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the SOC - target detection station 9S18M1-3E - was carried out by JSC "NIIIP" (Novosibirsk).

The Buk-M2E complex is a modern multipurpose medium-range air defense system, which is distinguished by high mobility. This anti-aircraft missile system is able to ensure the successful solution of combat missions in any situation, even in conditions of active radio countermeasures from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic targets, the air defense system is able to deal with a wide range of missiles: cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-radar missiles, special air-to-surface missiles. It can also be used to destroy sea surface targets of the missile boat or destroyer class. The complex is also able to provide shelling of ground-based radio-contrast targets.

The automated control of the combat operations of the Buk-M2E complex is carried out using the command post (CP), which receives the necessary information about the air situation from the target detection station (SOC) or a higher command post (VKP). The command post is engaged in the transmission of control and target designation commands to 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled firing unit (SOU) with 4 missiles and the 1st launch-loading unit (ROM) attached to it, and the battery may also include 1 illumination and guidance radar (RPN).

Target detection radar

The bombardment of air targets accompanied by a complex is carried out both with the help of single and salvo launches of anti-aircraft missiles. The Buk-M2E air defense missile system uses highly efficient anti-aircraft guided missiles with a solid-propellant rocket engine, which have combat equipment flexibly adaptable to various types of targets. The use of these missiles allows you to confidently hit air targets in the entire range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km in range, from 0.015 to 25 km in height. At the same time, the missile defense system is able to provide a flight altitude of up to 30 km, and a flight range of up to 70 km.

SAM "Buk-M2E" uses SAM 9M317. This missile uses an inertial-corrected control system, which is supplemented by a bow semi-active Doppler radar homing head 9E420. The warhead of the rocket is pivotal, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the affected area by the fragments is 17 m. The maximum flight speed of the rocket is up to 1230 m / s, the withstand overloads are up to 24g. The total mass of the 9M317 SAM is 715 kg. The rocket uses a dual-mode solid propellant. Its wingspan is 860 mm. The rocket has a high level of reliability. A fully equipped and assembled rocket does not require any adjustments and checks throughout its entire service life, which is 10 years.

As part of the complex, modern phased antenna arrays (PAR) are used, which have an effective command control method, which allows the air defense system to simultaneously track up to 24 different air targets, which can be hit with a minimum time interval. The reaction time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the probability of hitting an aircraft that does not perform evasive maneuvers is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their capabilities to carry out effective work on missiles. Buk-M2E is capable of effectively destroying such targets with an effective reflected surface (ERA) at a level of up to 0.05 m2 with a hit probability of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of the ballistic missiles hit is up to 1200 m / s.

The destruction of enemy cruise missiles and other targets, for example, drones flying at low and extremely low altitudes in difficult-rugged and wooded terrain, is ensured by the air defense missile system due to the presence of a special illumination and guidance radar (RPN) equipped with an antenna post, lifted to a height of 21 m.

In 2009 and 2010, the complex underwent a real test in conditions as close as possible to combat conditions, with the implementation of volumetric, multilateral firing and flight tests, which were carried out at the ranges of the Russian Ministry of Defense, as well as foreign customers of the complex. SAM "Buk-M2E" is able to operate in the most difficult weather and meteorological conditions.

Air temperature up to + 50 ° С, gusts of wind up to 25-27 m / s, increased dustiness of the air are not an obstacle for it. The modern hardware and software implementation of anti-jamming channels used in the complex allows the combat assets of the complex to function confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with the setting of barrage interference with a power of up to 1000 W / MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out both at single and at several targets simultaneously located in the affected area of ​​the complex. At the same time, targets of various classes and purposes were fired upon. The tests became a real test of the maximum capabilities of the Russian air defense system and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by the designers at the development stage.

Radar target illumination and missile guidance

The deployment of the Buk-M2E air defense missile systems on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheeled ones can also be used) provides the ability to quickly fold and deploy the complex, this standard is within 5 minutes. To change position with all the equipment turned on, the complex needs no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. On the highway, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at speeds up to 65 km / h, on dirt roads - 45 km / h. The cruising range of the combat vehicles that make up the complex is 500 km.

At the same time, the Buk-M2E air defense missile system is an all-day air defense system. The main combat means of the complex - the SAC - operates in an all-day mode due to the use of an optoelectronic system, which is built on the basis of a CCD-matrix television and sub-matrix thermal imaging channels. The use of these channels can significantly increase the survivability and noise immunity of the complex.

SAM "Buk-M2E" is able to operate in various climatic zones, at the request of the customer, the machines are equipped with air conditioners. Combat vehicles of the complex without any restrictions (distance and speed) can be transported by all types of transport: rail, water, air.

The performance characteristics of the Buk-M2E complex:
Range of destruction of air targets:
maximum - 45 km;
minimum - 3 km.
Height of destruction of air targets:
maximum - 25 km;
the minimum is 0.015 km.
The number of tracked targets is 24.
The maximum speed of targets hit is 1100 m / s (approaching), 300-400 m / s (receding).
The probability of hitting the target of one missile defense system:
tactical aircraft / helicopter - 0.9-0.95;
tactical ballistic missile - 0.6-0.7.
The number of missiles - 4 pcs.
The reaction time of the complex is 10 s.
Rate of fire - every 4 s.
Deployment time to combat position - 5 minutes.

Sources of information:
http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-miss/buk-m2e-i-tunguska-m1
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml
http://bastion-karpenko.ru/buk-m2
http://army-news.ru/2011/01/zenitnyj-kompleks-buk-m2e
http://ru.wikipedia.org

SAM Buk-M1-2 - is a multipurpose complex, carrying out simultaneous shelling of six targets flying at different azimuths and altitudes. The high firepower created by the 6 firing channels of the complex makes it possible to effectively engage tracked targets. The armament of the complex is modern anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M317, which have high technical characteristics, ensuring the destruction of air and surface targets, as well as carrying out combat work on ground targets. Missiles are launched from self-propelled firing installations 9A310M1-2 and launchers 9A39M1-2.

SAM Buk-M1-2 - video

One of the significant differences between the Buk-M1-2 air defense missile system and the Buk-M1 complex is the presence of a laser rangefinder in the 9A310M1-2 system, which makes it possible to successfully carry out combat work on surface and ground targets with the microwave radiation turned off, which significantly improves the characteristics noise immunity, secrecy and survivability of the complex.

The "coordinate support" mode implemented in the "Buk-M1-2" complex makes it possible to successfully solve combat missions under intensive influence on the complex of active jamming.

The complex ensures the destruction of aerodynamic targets with a maximum approach speed of 1100-1200 m / s and a distance of 300 m / s in a zone in height from 15 m to 25 km, at a distance from 3 to 42 km. Provides destruction of cruise missiles (CR) at ranges up to 26 km, tactical ballistic missiles (TBR) - at ranges up to 20 km. The affected area of ​​the complex when firing at surface targets is up to 25 km. The probability of being hit by one missile is 0.8-0.9, working time is 20 s. The deployment time of the complex from the traveling position to the combat position is up to 5 minutes. The combat assets of the complex are mounted on highly passable self-propelled tracked chassis, which provide movement both on the highway and on a dirt road and off-road with a maximum speed of 65 km / h. The fuel range is 500 km, keeping the reserve for two hours of combat work.

The complex provides operation at ambient temperatures from -50 ° C to + 50 ° C and altitudes above sea level up to 3000 m, as well as in conditions of the use of nuclear and chemical weapons.

The facilities of the complex are equipped with autonomous power supply systems; at the same time, it is possible to operate from external power sources. Time of continuous operation of the complex means -24 hours.

The complex includes military equipment:

Command post 9S470M1-2, designed to control the combat operations of the complex (one);

Target detection station 9С18М1, which provides detection of air targets, identification of their nationality and transmission of information about the air situation to the command post (one);

Self-propelled missile launcher 9A310M1-2, which provides combat work both as part of a complex in a given sector of responsibility, and in an autonomous mode and performs detection, target acquisition, identification
its nationality and shelling of the tracked target (six);

The 9A39M1-2 launcher, designed for launching, transporting and storing 9M317 missiles, as well as carrying out loading and unloading operations with them (three, attached to two 9A310M1-2 SDUs);

Anti-aircraft guided missile 9M317, designed to destroy air, surface and ground targets in conditions of intense enemy radio countermeasures.

The high combat readiness of the 9K37M1-2 complex is supported by the attached technical means.
All technical equipment, except for PES-100 and UKS-400V, are mounted on the chassis of Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 vehicles.
At present, in parallel with the serial development of the Buk-M1 -2 complex, work is underway to significantly modernize the complex, aimed at significantly improving its tactical and technical characteristics.

Areas of modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense missile system:

The complex introduces a mobile station for automatic detection of radio emission sources "Orion", which provides information support and increases the efficiency of the complex in conditions of massive use of organized jamming and anti-radar missiles;

SOU 9A310M1-2 and ROM 9A39M1-2 are equipped with objective control systems (SOK), which provides operational documented control of the process of combat operation of a self-propelled firing unit (SOU) and a launch-loading unit (ROM) with information output to a special electronic computer.
The SOC can be used to control the actions of the crew of the firing installation in the course of its training.

The performance characteristics of the Buk-M1-2 air defense missile system

Radar with phased array("Buk-M2")

Target detection range of at least 100 km with digital signal processing.
- Simultaneous detection of 24 targets
- Shelling 6 targets base value, from 97th 10-12, upgrade limit 22
- Reaction time 15 s

The main characteristics of the 9M317 rocket:

For the first time, the ability to intercept Lance-type missiles is provided
- Weight: 715 kg
- Maximum speed of targets hit: 1200 m / s
- Maximum available overload SAM: 24 g
- Warhead weight: 50-70 kg

The maximum range of destruction of aircraft such as F-15 42 km
- The probability of hitting a non-maneuvering aircraft 0.7-0.9
- The probability of hitting a maneuvering aircraft (7-8g) 0.5-0.7

Anti-aircraft missile complex

MEDIUM RANGE 9K317 "BUK-M2"

AIR DEFENSE MISSILE COMPLEX MEDIUM-RANGE 9K317 "BUK-M2"

20.12.2016


On the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, a new anti-aircraft missile brigade of the Southern Military District (YuVO) received the Battle Banner and took up combat duty.
The compound is manned by both conscription and contract servicemen; its three divisions are armed with modern Buk-M2 anti-aircraft missile systems.
All personnel of the missile divisions have at least secondary vocational education. In addition, before being appointed to military positions, servicemen underwent appropriate training at military air defense training centers.
Press Service of the Southern Military District

25.12.2016


Anti-aircraft missile systems "Buk-M2" will no longer be supplied to the Ground Forces of the Russian Federation, rearmament to the complexes "Buk-M3" is underway.
This was announced by Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov, chief of the air defense of the RF Ground Forces.
“There will be no more deliveries of Buk-M2 (to the Ground Forces). At the beginning of next year, retraining for the Buk-M3 complexes will begin, ”he said on the air of the Ekho Moskvy radio station.
TASS