DShK is a large-caliber machine gun, created on the basis of a machine gun of the DC and using a 12.7 × 108 mm cartridge. The DSHK machine gun is one of the most common large-caliber machine guns. He played a significant role in the Great Patriotic War, as well as in subsequent military conflicts.

It was a formidable means of fighting the enemy on Earth, the sea and air. DSHK had a peculiar peace-loving nickname "Dushka", which sold soldiers based on the machine gun abbreviation. Currently, the Machine guns of DShK and DSHKM and the Armed Forces of Russia are fully ousted by the "Rock" and "Cord" machine guns, as more modern and perfect.

History of creation

In 1929, Degtyarev was very experienced and known at that time, the task was instructed - to develop the first Soviet large-caliber machine gun, first of all intended to combat aircraft flying at altitudes to 1.5 km. Around a year later, Degtyarev presented his machine gun, having a caliber of 12.7 mm, for testing. Since 1932, a machine gun under the designation of DCs was launched into small-scale production.

However, the machine gun DC had certain disadvantages:

  • low practical rate;
  • big weight shops;
  • bulkiness and the like.

Therefore, in 1935, the production of the DC machine gun was discontinued, the designers began to be improved. Designer Spagin by 1938 for DC constructed a ribbon power module. As a result, an improved machine gun was adopted by the Red Army on February 26, 1939. Under the designation of the DShK - a large-caliber machine gun of Degtyarev-Shpagin.

The mass release of DSHK started from 1940-1941. DSHK machine guns used:

  • as weapons support for infantry;
  • as anti-aircraft guns;
  • installed on armored vehicles (T-40);
  • installed on small ships, including torpedo boats.

Kovrovsky mechanical plant to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War was issued about 2 thousand DShK. By 1944, more than 8,400 machine guns were produced. And by the end of the war - 9 thousand DShK, the production of machine guns continued in the post-war time.

According to the experience of war, DShK was modernized, in 1946 a machine gun was admitted, called DSHKM. The DSHKM was installed as a zenith machine gun on T-62, T-54, T-55 tanks. Tank machine gun called Dshkmt.

Design features

DSHK large-caliber machine gun (caliber 12.7) is an automatic weapon made on a gas trap principle. Fire Mode DShK - only automatic, non-removable barrel is equipped with a muzzle brake and has special ribs for better cooling. The locking of the trunk is performed by two combat larvae, which are highly strengthened on the gate.

Food is made of metal non-painted tape, feeding the tape is carried out on the left side of the DSHK. A machine gun has a tape feeder made in the form of a drum, which has six open Camor. The drum when rotating simultaneously filed a tape, and also removed the cartridges from it (the tape had open links). After the drum cameras with the cartridge came to the lower position, the shutter served the cartridge in the chamber.

The feed feed was carried out using the lever device located on the right side, which swinging in a vertical plane during the effects of the charging handle, which is rigidly linked to the gate frame.

The drum mechanism in the DSHKM is replaced with a compact slider, which worked according to a similar principle. The cartridge was removed from the tape down, after which it was served in the chamber directly. In the bottom of the receiver box, spring buffers of the gate frame and shutter are installed. Fire is conducted from the rear whispelling. Two handles on the population are used to control fire, as well as paired triggering hooks. A frame sight was installed for aiming, also special fasteners were installed for the anti-aircraft acceleration.

The machine gun was used from the Universal Machine of the Kolesnikov system, which was equipped with a steel shield and removable wheels. When using a machine gun in the form of an anti-aircraft gun, the rear support was divorced into a tripod, and the wheels and shield were filmed. The main disadvantage of this machine was the weight that limited the mobility of the machine gun. Also, the machine gun was installed:

  • on shipboard settings;
  • in tower installations;
  • on remotely managed anti-aircraft installations.

Technical characteristics of DSHK (1938)

DSHK has the following characteristics:

  • Caliber - 12.7 mm.
  • Cartridge - 12.7 × 108.
  • The total mass of the machine gun (on the machine, with ribbon and without a shield) - 181.3 kg.
  • Mass "Body" DSHK without ribbon - 33.4 kg.
  • The mass of the trunk is 11.2 kg.
  • Length "Body" DShK - 1626 mm.
  • The length of the trunk is 1070 mm.
  • Cuts - 8 right-sided.
  • The length of the cutting part of the trunk is 890 mm.
  • The initial velocity of the bullet is 850-870 m / s.
  • Bully muzzle energy - an average of 19,000 J.
  • The shooting paced is 600 shots per minute.
  • Combat rapidity is 125 shots per minute.
  • The length of the aiming line is 1110 mm.
  • A target range of land targets is 3500 m.
  • Aiming air target range is 2400 m.
  • At least 2500 m.
  • Machine type - wheel-tripod.
  • The height of the fire line with a terrestrial position is 503 mm.
  • The height of the fire line with a zenith position is 1400 mm.
  • For anti-aircraft shooting, the transition time in a combat position from hiking is 30 seconds.
  • The calculation is 3-4 people.

Modifications

  1. LCT - Tank machine gun, first was installed on IC-2 tanks as a zenith.
  2. DSHKM-2B. - Paired installation for armored players, where two machine guns were installed in a closed tower, which had anti-optical armor.
  3. MTU-2. - Paired turret unit weighing 160 kg, created for installation on ships.
  4. DSHKM-4. - Experienced quiet installation.
  5. P-2K. - Mine installation created for submarines (hiking was removed inside the boat).

DSHK. (Grau index - 56-P-542) - Machine large-caliber machine gun under a cartridge 12.7 × 108 mm. Designed based on the design of a large-caliber machine gun DC.

In February 1939, DSHK was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm Large-caliber Machine of Degtyarev - Skapagina of the 1938 sample".

Tactical and technical characteristics Machine gun DSHK
Manufacturer:Kovrovsky Armory
Cartridge:
Caliber:12.7 mm
Weight, machine gun body:33.5 kg
Weight, on the machine:157 kg
Length:1625 mm
Barrel length:1070 mm
Number of cuts in the trunk:n / D.
Shock-trigger mechanism (USM):Drummer type, fire mode only automatic
Operating principle:Powder gas removal, locking by sliding martial persisions
Cheating:600 shots / min
Fuse:n / D.
Aim:Open / Optical
Effective range:1500 M.
Victory range:3500 M.
Bullet initial speed:860 m / s
Affectiona Type:Non-painted cartridge ribbon
Number of cartridges:50
Years of production:1938–1946


History of creation and production

The task of the creation of the first Soviet large-caliber machine gun, intended primarily to combat airplanes at altitudes up to 1500 meters, was issued by the point already extremely experienced and well-known gunsmith Degtyarev in 1929. Less than a year later, Degtyarev presented his caliber machine gun 12.7 mm on tests, and since 1932, the small-scale production of the machine gun under the designation of DC (Degtyarev, large-caliber) began. In general, DC repeated the design of a manual machine gun DP-27, and had meals from removal drum shops for 30 cartridges that were installed on the machine gun from above. Disadvantages of such a power scheme (bulkiness and high weight of stores, low practical speedflow) forced to stop the release of DC in 1935 and enhanced it. By 1938, the designer of Shpugin developed a module of ribbon power for DC.

On February 26, 1939, the improved machine gun was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm large-caliber machine gun Degtyarev - Skapagin of the 1938 sample - DShK."

The mass release of DSHK was started in 1940-41.

DSHK was used as anti-aircraft, as weapons support for infantry, were installed on armored vehicles (T-40) and small ships (including torpedo boats). In accordance with the state of the rifle division of the Red Army No. 04/400-416 dated April 5, 1941, the regular number of sense-aircraft gunners DSHK in the division was 9 pcs.

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Kovrov mechanical plant produced about 2 thousand Machines DSHK.

On November 9, 1941, a resolution of GKO No. 874 "On the strengthening and strengthening of the Council Defense of the Soviet Union" was adopted, which provided for the redistribution of the DSHK machine guns for armament of the established units of air defense.

By the beginning of 1944, over 8,400 DSHK machine guns were released.

By the end of the Great Patriotic War, 9,000 DSHK machine guns were released, in the post-war time, the production of machine guns continued.

Design

A large-caliber machine gun DSHK is an automatic weapon built on a gas trap. The barrel locking is carried out by two combat larvae, hingedly reinforced on the gate, for the removal in the side walls of the receiver. Fire mode - only automatic, the trunk is unknown, stranded for better cooling, equipped with a dool brake.

Power is carried out from a non-painting metal ribbon, feeding the tape - on the left side of the machine gun. In the DShK, the tape feeder was made in the form of a drum with six open cameras. The drum, with its rotation, served the ribbon and at the same time removed the cartridges (the tape had open links). After the arrival of the drum cameras with a cartridge to the lower position, the cartridge was fed into the cartridge by the shutter. The drive of the feed feed device was carried out with the help of a lever located on the right side, which swung in the vertical plane when the charge handle was affected to its lower part.

Spring shutter buffers and a shutter frame are mounted in the trunks of the receiver box. The fire was in the rear whispered (from an open shutter), two handles on the pin and paired triggers were used to control the fire. Sight framework, on the machine also had fasteners for an anti-aircraft campaign.


The machine gun was used with the Universal Machine of the Kolesnikov system. The machine was equipped with removable wheels and a steel shield, and when using a machine gun as an anti-aircraft wheel and shield, the rear support was divorced, forming a tripog. In addition, the machine gun in the role of the zenith was completed with special shoulder stops. The main disadvantage of this machine was his great weight that limited the mobility of the machine gun. In addition to the machine, a machine gun was used in tower installations, on remotely controlled anti-aircraft installations, on shipboard settings.

Combat application

The machine gun was used by the USSR from the very beginning in all directions and passed the whole war. Used as a machine and anti-aircraft gun. A major caliber allowed a machine gun to effectively fight many goals, up to medium armored cars. At the end of the war, DShK was massively put as anti-aircraft on the tower of Soviet tanks and SAU for self-defense of cars in the event of attacks from the air and from the upper floors in urban battles.


Soviet tankers of the 62nd Guards Heavy Tank Regiment in the street battle in Danzig.
The DSHK large-caliber Machine gun installed on the Tank Tank is used to destroy the enemy soldier armed with anti-tank grenade launchers.

Video

Machine gun DSHK. TV program. TV weapon

DSHK 1938 with a broomist

Good understanding the importance of large-caliber machine guns for equipping armored personnel carriers, combat boats and ground fortifications in order to defeat armored and air targets, as well as suppressing enemy machine-gun points, the Soviet military command at the end of the twenties gave the corresponding task to the design of V. A. Degtyarev. On the basis of his manual machine gun DP 1928, he designed a model of a large-caliber machine gun, called DC name. In 1930, a test of 12.7 mm caliber was presented for tests.

armored-inner bullet B-32to cartridge 12.7 * 108


The greater the caliber and the initial velocity of the bullet, the higher the overall probability. However, the mass of weapons and its rapidity is also closely interconnected. If it is required to achieve greater initial bullet speed with a larger caliber, then there should be a mass of weapons. It has environmental consequences. In addition, because the parts with a larger mass have a large inertia, the shooting pace drops.
Taking into account all these factors, it was necessary to find the best option. Such a compromise at that time was the caliber
12.7 mm. On the same way, the American military went. Already at the end of World War I, they adopted a machine gun of caliber.50. During the modernization at its base in 1933, a large-caliber machine gun Browning M2 HB was created. Extremely years later, a machine gun of the Systems of Vladimirov KPV appeared in the Soviet Union. He possessed even large caliber -14.5 mm.


Cartridges 12.7 for DShK

Degtyarev chose a domestic cartridge for his machine gun for a tank rifle M 30, which had a size of 12.7x108. In 1930, such cartridges were produced with armorboil, and from 1932 and with armor-pierced-incendiary bullets. Subsequently, they were upgraded and got the name M 30/38.
The proteotype of the Degtyarev sample in 1930 was equipped with a frame sight, designed to shoot up to 3500 m for terrestrial targets, as well as a round sight with a cross to a distance of up to 2400 m for air and fast moving targets. The ammunition was served from a disk store for 30 ammunition. The barrel was connected to the body of the carvings and could be replaced. The impact force decreased by the muzzle brake. A special machine was created for the machine gun.


Metallic Low-point machine-gun tape with a capacity of 50 ammunition to the DSHK machine gun (Degtyarev-Schpagina large-caliber) arr. 1938


Machine-gun tape with a capacity of 10 ammunition in each for a machine gun DSHKM.

With comparative rifle tests, together with other machine guns, including the predecessor of the later regular American machine gun Browning, the Soviet sample showed promising results. The initial velocity of the bullets was 810 m / s, rapidity from 350 to 400 SECTION / MIN. At a distance of 300 m, the bullet when hitting the target at an angle of 90 ° pierced 16-mm steel armor. The Test Commission recommended to make some constructive changes, for example, change the mechanism for feeding the cartridges from the disk to the tape. The machine gun was admitted to the military tests, and in 1931 a trial part of 50 units was ordered.
How many such machine guns were made - failed to determine exactly. Information in the Soviet literature on small-scale production concerns not only this sample, but also its second modification, which appeared at the end of the thirties. According to this data, troops until June 22, 1941 received a total of about 2000 large-caliber caliber machine guns 12.7 mm. The samples of the model DC, released until 1935, were hardly more than a thousand.


DSHK 1938 on an anti-aircraft machine

Degtyarev so did not manage to eliminate the disadvantages identified during testing, in particular, the weak maneuverability of the machine gun and the shooting paced too low. In order to change the ground-based machine gun on air targets, too much time was required, since the developed machine was imperfect. Low raininess depended on the operation of the bulky and heavy mechanism for the supply of cartridges.
The reworking of the feeding mechanism from the disk store on the tape was engaged in G. S. Swernus, as a result of which the shooting pace increased significantly, and I. N. Kolesnikov improved the machine developed by him, which made it possible to accelerate and simplify the machine gun with terrestrial targets.
An improved sample in April 1938 was all the trials and was adopted on February 26, 1939 for weapons. From next next year, his delivery began in the troops. Weapons of this type perfectly proven itself during the Second World War as a means of lesion of ground, water and air targets. It not only did not yield to other machine guns of this class, but also exceeded them.
In 1940, 566 such machine guns were delivered to the army, and in the first half of next year - another 234. As of January 1, 1942, the troops had 720 serviceable large-caliber machine guns DShK 1938, and on July 1 - over 1947. Q1, 1943, the number of the digital rose up to 5218, and another year - up to 8442. These facts allow us to draw conclusions about the growth of production during the war.
At the end of 1944, the machine gun is somewhat modernized, the flow of cartridges was improved, the wear resistance of some parts and nodes increased. Modification received the designation of DShK 1938/46.
This modification of the DSHK machine gun was used in the Soviet Army until the 1980s. Also, the Machine gun is used in foreign armies, for example, Egypt, Albania. China, GDR and Czech Republic, Indonesia, Korea, Cuba, Poland, Romania, Hungary and even Vietnam. The modification produced in China and Pakistan was called model 54. It has a caliber of 12.7 mm or. 50.
A large-caliber machine gun DSHK 1938 works on the principle of using the energy of powder gas, has air cooling of the trunk and the rigid clutch of the shutter with the barrel. Gas pressure can be adjusted. A special device holds a shutter so that when moving forward, it does not hit the base of the trunk. The latter almost all over the entire length is equipped with radial cooling ribs. The flamehelter has a significant length.
The practical pace of shooting is 80 SECURITY / min, and theoretical rate of 600 SECURITY / min. Cartridges are served from a metal tape using a special drum device. The drum during rotation moves the tape, captures the cartridges from it and freshes the machine gun mechanism, where the shutter saves them into the cartridge. The tape is designed for 50 cartridges of type M 30/38. Shooting is conducted by queues.
The target device consists of an adjustable sight and protected fly. The length of the line of the sight is 1100 mm. The sight can be installed at a distance of up to 3500 m. To defeat air purposes, there is a special sight developed in 1938, and after 3 years upgraded. Although the optimal shooting range is indicated as 2000 m, the machine gun can successfully affect living force at a distance of up to 3500 m, air targets - up to 2400 m and armored vehicles - up to 500 m. At this distance, the bullet breaks through 15-mm armor.


DSHK 1938 on an anti-aircraft machine

Different designs were used as machines. To combat terrestrial and air targets, an already mentioned special Machine of Kolesnikov with a circular review was used. When placed on a wheeled machine with a protective shield or without it, a machine gun was mainly used to defeat armored equipment. After removing the wheels, the machine could be transformed into a tripod zenith.
During the war, the machine guns of this type also installed on self-propelled faut plates, on trucks, railway platforms, on heavy tanks, ships and boats. Paired or quadstartes were often used. Often they were supplied with a searchlight-seeker.
Features: Large-caliber machine gun DSHK 1938
Caliber, mm ................................................. ....................................... 12,7
The initial speed of the bullet (VQ), m / s ........................................ ..... 850.
Length of weapons, mm .............................................. ........................... 1626.
The pace of shooting, squandering / min ............................................. .............. 600.
Feeding ammunition .................................... Metal tape
by 50 cartridges
Mass in an uncharged state without a machine, kg ........... 33.30
Mass of a wheelbarrow, kg ............................................. ..... 142.10
Mass of full tape, kg ............................................. ................. 9.00
Cartridge ..................... 12,7x108.
Stem length, mm .............................................. ........................... 1000
Cuts / direction ............................................... .................... 4 / p
Aiming range of shooting, m ....................................... 3,500
Effective shooting range, m .................................. 2000 *
* Optimal distance.














DSHK 1938 on an anti-aircraft machine



Machine gun DSHKM in incomplete disassembly: 1 - barrel with gas chamber, fluff and muzzle brake; 2 - a gate frame with a gas piston; 3 - shutter; 4 - fighting stops; 5 - drummer; 6 - Wedge; 7 - a spuff with a buffer; 8 - case of the trigger; 9 - cover and base of the receiver and feed drive lever; 10 - Table box.








Soviet machine gun DSHKM in the anti-aircraft version

DSHK. (Detecharev-Schtynokalibar) is a Soviet machine gun of a caliber of 12.7-mm developing designers of Degtyarev and Shpagina. In February 1939, DShK was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm large-caliber machine gun DSHK sample 1938." The mass release of DSHK was started in 1940-41. Applied cartridge - 12.7x108 mm DSHK. The bippet was carried out from a box with a tape by 50 ammunition, feeding - left. The machine gun has a sufficiently high rate of shooting, which causes the effectiveness of fire on fast-lived targets.

According to the experience of war, the machine gun was modernized (the design of the tape assembly, the fastening of the trunk), and in 1946 - was adopted by the Soviet army under the designation DSHKM. Various sights could be attached to the machine gun: frame, ring, collimator, as well as various flamestellers, muzzle brakes. The machine gun consisted or consists in armament of over 40 armies of the world, and still applied in a variety of conflicts worldwide. Currently, in the Army of Russia, the Machines, DShK and DSHKM, are almost completely replaced by large-caliber machine guns "Utøs" and "Cord", more perfect and modern.

Cartridge 12.7x108 in comparison with other cartridges (from left to right: 5,45х39, 7,62х39, 7,62х54)

Cartridge 12.7x108 in comparison with other large-caliber cartridges

DSHK Sample 1938

Machines equipped with this weapon

  • IS-2 (1944), IS-3, IS-4M
  • ISU-122, ISU-122C, ISU-152
  • T-54 (1947), T-54 (1951), T-55A, T-44-100, Type 62 (USSR)

Main characteristics

Composition of tapes

Cartridges used in DShK: BZ - armor-mounted-incendiary, T - tracer, MDZ - instantaneous effect, BZT - armor-piano-incendiary tracer, bz (ISS) - armor-mounted-incered with a metal ceramic core.

Appointment and features of different types of bullets in the game: Aviation ammunition

  • Ribbons for ZSU GAZ DSHK
Tape Structure
Standard Bz-T-MDZ
Bz BZ (ISS) -BZT-BZ (ISS) -BZT
B. BZ (ISS) -BZ (ISS) -BZT
BZT BZT-BZT-BZ (ISS)
  • Ribbon Standard (for turret and paired Machine guns DSHK on tanks and sau) - Composition: BZT-MDZ-BZT-BZ (ISS)

DSHKM Sample 1945

An anti-aircraft installation in the body of the truck (three 12.7 mm DSHK machine gun) in the center of Moscow, on Sverdlov Square (now theatrical). In the background you can see the hotel Metropol

Comparison with analogs

  • A widespread American machine gun Browning M2 (12.7-mm) can be compared with the DSHK machine gun. M2 is inferior in breakage (because it does not have cartridges with a metal-ceramic core, like a DSHK), in the rapidity of the bullet. However, M2 exceeds in the number of cartridges in the box (minimum 100, the maximum of 200 in the ZSS), the barrel is longer, breaking through the cartridges of the BZ and BZT to a couple of millimeters above. For the speed of recharging, they are the same.
  • The French machine gun Hotchkiss Mle.1930 is inferior to DShK in rapidity (450 V / min), breakfasts, number of charged cartridges (30 in the box). But Geliek is superior to DShK in recharging speed, caliber (13.2-mm).

Application in battle

The DSHC machine gun perfectly pierces the cartridges of the BZ (ISS), but it should be remembered about a quickly ending 50 cartridge box. Leg-protected technique is vulnerable for DSHK cartridges (ssu, light-medium tanks and sau), but it is desirable to study their weaknesses (for example, sides, feed, trunk). Bullets from the machine gun can also be indicated on the enemy allies, and interfere with the enemy to see. Against the aircraft makes sense to use the MDZ cartridge (discontinuous, with explosives inside).

Advantages and disadvantages

The submachine of DSHK (12.7-mm) is pretty good in the game, it allows you to fight with both ligoconed machinery and aircraft. It has good armoredness and rapidity. Although the machine gun is not devoid of their drawbacks compared to other analogues.

Advantages:

  • Good rapidity.
  • A 12.7-mm machine gun is able to fight not only with an unarroved technique and aircraft, but also a weak armored armored car.
  • Excellent penetrating and at the same time incendiary cartridge with a metal-ceramic core BZ (ISS).
  • Dispute cartridges MDZ.

Disadvantages:

  • Long recharging (10.4 seconds).
  • Small tape used (50 cartridges)

Historical reference

Schwak 12,7-mm

12.7-mm Schwak Machine gun on an anti-aircraft rack Yershova, Ivanova, Chernyshev in the body of a gas-aa truck

Aviation DNA: synchronous-wing

1938 Wing Daughter

Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev (1879/1880 - 1949) - Russian and Soviet constructor of small arms. Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of the four Stalinist premiums.

Georgy Semenovich Shpugin (1897-1952) - the Soviet constructor of small arms. Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Cavalier 3 orders of Lenin.

The task to create the first Soviet large-caliber machine gun was issued to an experienced and well-known gunsmith Degtyarev in 1929. In less than a year later, he submitted a 12.7 mm caliber machine gun for testing, and since 1932, the small-scale production of the machine gun under the designation of DC began. Military tests of DC and additional polygon tests of 1934 showed that the machine gun is unsuitable for the fight against fast-lived targets due to the low shooting rate. Although the shooting paced reached a fully acceptable 360-400 SECURITY / MIN, but practical ratelessness did not exceed 200 dock / min, which was associated with heavy and bulky shops. Experimed from various machines and various boxed stores, but they had even less capacity. Duck-32, intended for both fixed wing installations, and for turners, repeated the "land" version of DC with all its disadvantages, the main of which was absolutely insufficient for aviation pace of shooting only 300 duct / min, and a decent weight of 35.5 kg.

In 1934, the production of DCs suspended, and in 1935 they stopped. In a large degree of stopping work on improving a large-caliber machine gun, Degtyarev contributed to B.G. Shopping, promised I.V. Stalin a machine gun with the best characteristics on the basis of the aircase - 12.7 mm machine gun Schwak. However, the fate of 12.7-mm Schwaka did not work out. In part due to the complexity of the design, which was inherited from the cabcas, is partly due to the inability in the automation of the use of standard cartridge 12.7x108. As a result, in parallel with the Degtyarev, the cartridge was launched to the production of 12.7x108R Speakers with a spectacular color. Apparently, "Upstairs" considered, still inappropriate, the release of parallel to two types of cartridges was considered, preferred to a more universal and convenient at thenterant and release of 12.7-mm Schwakov in 1936 in favor of 20 mm aircraft.

Meanwhile, the need for a universal large-caliber machine gun was still very relevant. Fortunately, V.A.Tegtyarev for 1935 - 1936 managed to bring his brainchild to acceptable characteristics. To increase the survivability of parts and the shooting pace, a spring buffer of the gate frame was introduced into the machine gun, which increased the speed of the rolling system, which required the administration of the device of the anti-cycle to prevent the frame rebound after the shock in the extreme front position. A serious problem remains to test the machine gun's power system. In 1937, Georgy Shpugin was significantly finalized by its version of the belt receiver, creating a drum mechanism for supplying a metallic flexible tape by sections of 50 cartridges of the original design. In April 1938, a machine gun with tape nutrition was successfully tested, on December 17, polygon tests. And on February 26, 1939, the sample was adopted under the designation "12.7-mm Machine Machine Machine of 1938 G. DSHK" (Degtyarev - Schpagina Larovnocaliban) ". The machine gun was considered as a means of combating air targets, light armored vehicles, as well as with Live strength and firepoints of the enemy in shelters. The machine gun began to enter the troops in 1940.

In the same 1938, DSHK was developed on the basis of the "land" - Aviation CKB-2-3835 in the versions of the wing daughter and synchronous-wing DNA with tape power, as well as turret Dust (LSHAT) under the 30-charging drum shop of the folding. Work on aviation versions In addition to V.A. Degtyarev and G.S. Spagagina led K.F. Vasilyev, G.F. Kubynov, S.S. Brynts, S.A. Smirnov. Structurally identical, aircraft guns were performed with a high degree of unification with the DSHK machine gun. The difference was at a higher tone of shooting - 750-800 SECURITY / MIN, which was achieved by using a scattering metal ribbon with a smaller step between the links - 34 mm instead of 39 mm in a deline tape DShK. It is characteristic that Degtyarev also insured, developing versions both under the regular cartridge 12.7x108 and under the Schwak-Ovsky RED 12.7X108R.

Unlike the DSHC machine gun, its aviation versions had the ability to quickly change the trunk. The feed of the tape on the wing daughter and synchronous DNA versions of the machine gun was carried out on the left side, although the serial versions would certainly be shifted to change the direction of the tape. By the end of 1938, the synchronous machine gun DNA, and apparently, the highest priority was given to the highest priority, polygonal tests were successfully passed, practically without comments. But then the case intervened in the fate of this interesting weapon. In the fall of 1938, a series of factory and polygon tests passed the aviation machine gun UB, a young and almost unknown designer M.E. Berezina, showing exceptionally high characteristics, good vitality and reliability of its automation. Using the same scattered ribbon "DC" he fired faster, it was easier and easier technologically. There is a legend that in early 1939 at the meeting at Stalin, where promising types of weapons were considered, the question of the new aviation large-caliber machine gun was visited. Stalin, cautioning by a tube, looking into the eyes of V.A. Degtyarev, asked: "So what machine gun is better, your or comrade Berezina?" To what Degtyarev, I do not hesitate, replied that "a machine gun of Comrade Berezina is better."

The result is known. Our aviation received, perhaps the world's best aviation machine gun in its class. Well, Degtyarev got the "land" niche. Large-caliber DSHK in different modifications for many more decades was in service with the USSR, and after its decay in the armed forces of newly educated states. Yes, and now it is often found around the world.

DShK was used by the USSR from the very beginning of World War II in all directions and passed the whole war. It was used as a infantry, from different machines, massively put on trucks - for air defense. DShK was the main weapon of the T-40 (floating tank), LB-62 and BA-64D (light armored vehicles), experimental ZSS T-60, T-70, T-90. In the 44th year, a 12.7-millimeter turret anti-aircraft installation with DSHK was installed on the heavy tank of IP-2, and later on heavy SAU for self-defense of machines in the event of air attacks and from the upper floors in urban battles. Machine guns of DShK on tripods or couches were armed with anti-aircraft armored trains (during the war in the war-air defense troops, up to 200 armored trains operated). DSHK with a shield and folded machine could be discharged by partisans or assaults in a parachute-gauge bag of the UP-MM.

The fleet began to receive DShK in 1940 (they had 830 pcs.). During the war, the industry passed a fleet of 4018 DSHK, another 1146 was transferred from the army. In the Navy, anti-aircraft DShK was installed on all types of ships, including mobilized fishing and transport ships. They were used on a paired single tabular, tower, turret settings. Tumb, rack and turret (paired) installation under the machine guns of DSHK, adopted by the navy, developed by I.S. Leshchinsky, plant designer №2. Tumb installation allowed a circular shelling, the corners of the vertical guidance ranged from -34 to +85 degrees. In 1939, A.I. Ivashutich, another Kovrovsky designer, developed a tumby paired installation, and later the DSHKM-2 appeared to give a circular shelling. Vertical guidance angles ranged from -10 to +85 degrees. In 1945, Paired Deck Installation 2m-1 was adopted, having an annular sight. The tower paired installation of the DSHKM-2B, created in the CKB-19B of the 43rd year, and the SPE sight allowed a circular shelling at the corners of the vertical guidance from -10 to +82 degrees.

In 1945-46, the troops were armed with an already upgraded DSHKM. As an anti-aircraft gun, the DSHKM was installed on T-10, T-54, T-55, T-62 tanks and other combat vehicles. And in the Tank IS-4M and T-10, he was sprayed with the main tool. In an embodiment, the machine gun has the name of DSHKMT or briefly debris. After the end of the Second World War, the DSHK machine gun was used in almost all local conflicts.

  • Unofficial, gentle nicknames in the troops - "Dushka", "Dashka", "Degtyar".
  • Working on the aviation installation of DSHK, but it soon became clear that the machine gun of the Beriezin system (UB) is better suited for aviation applications for some characteristics.
  • The German army did not have a regular large-caliber machine gun, so the trophy DSHK was glad, which was designated MG.286 (R).

Media

    Anti-aircraft tower with two DSHK on the Soviet 1924 Project Bronzemer in the game

    GAZ-AAA with DShK in the game

    ISU-152 with anti-aircraft DSHKM in the game

    Drum mechanism for filing cartridges in DShK sample 1938

    Zenitic dshkm on a tank with anema

    ZSS T-90 (based on T-70 tank) with two submachines in DSHK, in the Museum of the Upper Pyshma

    Anti-aircraft and paired DSHK Tank IS-4 (Kubinka Museum)

Please note that the article will talk about DSHK. and DSHKM. Machine guns have significant constructive and technical differences, so you should not combine both models in one model DSHK.
Legendary machine gun DSHK. deciphered, as Degtyarev-Spagin large-caliber. In the Russian army, the machine gun passes through the Grau-56-P-42 index. Among Soviet and foreign soldiers are often called " Dushka". The machine gun is designed to use a large-caliber cartridge 12.7x108 mm. Famous gunsmiths became the main machine gun designers. V.Degtyarev and G.S.shpagin. The machine gun was taken by the machine gun Degtyarev large-caliber-DC. Spagin designed for a machine gun drum receiver tape. Machine gun DSHK. He was adopted by the Red Army on February 26, 1938. The machine for the machine gun adopted the machine I.N. Kolesnikova sample 1938. The machine gun is designed to defeat aviation flying at a speed of up to 550-625 km / h (depending on the model of the zenith machine gun) for the range to 2000-2400 meters and an altitude of 2500 meters. DSHK. Effective as support for infantry to combat light-fertilized equipment (BTR, BMP), the living force of the enemy located in various shelters at a distance of up to 3,500 meters.

Ammunition for DShK / DSHKM.

For shooting from a machine gun, a cartridge designed by domestic gunsmiths of caliber 12.7x108 mm (50 caliber) having a shot power of 18.8-19.2 kJ (cartridge for AK 5,45x39 mm-1400 J). The cartridge was created after the appearance of a 12.7x99 mm cartridge adopted in the USA, which is still widespread. Thanks to this energy, the B-32 cartridge for DSHK. Capped by a distance of 750 meters to break the steel armor-plastic with a thickness of 20 mm under 20 degrees of simple steel. With such characteristics of the cartridge DSHK. It is capable of conducting effective fire for air targets with enhanced cab protection, average armored equipment and fightered firepoints. When shooting 100 meters, the dispersion of the bullets is 200 mm. Machine gun DSHK / DSHKM It can use about 10 types of rounds of 12.7x108 mm: armor-piercing, light, incendiary-armor-piercing, tandem, discontinuous, etc.

Automation DSHK and DSHKM

As in all designs of the Machine guns of Degtyarev (DP-27, RPD, DT / Yes, DS-39), the automation works through the use of a part of powder gas from the barrel channel, and the barrel locking is carried out by combat stops ("Degtyarev's" chip "). As a basis was taken by a DC machine gun (1932 development) -Asigned copy of the DP-27 machine gun under 12.7-mm cartridge with 30 ammunition. A machine gun DC was bulky with low battle raininess. For machine gun DSHK. Swernus designed the drum feed feed. To increase the resource of the machine gun and cumidity during shooting in the pinch of the machine gun, a buffer with a spring was placed, which absorbs the valve of the gate. The machine gun has a pace of shooting in 600 shots per minute, the mode of maintenance of fire-only automatic queues, experienced machine gunners does not prevent fire to one shot. A machine gun has a quick-release trunk with transverse fins for improving cooling. The flow of the cartridges is carried out with the help of a massive drum with half-guns by 6 ammunition, which scrolls the machine-gun tape with the cartridge. When the cartridge in the tape is opposite the cartridge, the shutter snatches the cartridge from the tape pressure forward towards the cartridge. Capped the cartridge to the cartridge combat stops are moving away with the help of the pin blocking the cartridge, then the battlefields capsule, the shot. During the shot, a part of the gases in front of the departure of the bullet goes into the gas removal and pushing the piston, which pushes the shutter. During the shutter rollback at the same time, combat stops are shifted at the initial position, extracts the sleeve, the combat spring is compressed for a new cycle. During the shift of the recharge lever, which is associated with the drum, the drum is scrolled for the next shot. The fire is conducted from the rear whispel-cartridge not to be in the cartridge before the start of fire. In the bottom of the machine gun, a damper spring is provided for absorbing a part of the return energy, as well as a shutter spring for the operation of automation. The trunk of the machine gun is fast. Weapon safety provides flag fuse on the right side of the machine gun. At the end of the trunk there is a muzzle brake for scattering powder gases in different directions when the cartridge is departing from the trunk, which reduces the return. To recharge the machine gun there is a handle in the bracket of the machine gun. For firing for air targets, an anti-aircraft gun was used, the shoulder stops. To move the machine gun on the march and the battlefield used a machine-gun machine I.N. Kolesnikova. The mash of chariots was a cart with two wheels to move it on the march and during the fighting. The machine had a shield to protect against fragments and rifle cartridges. The machine can also be used in addition to infantry use as a zenith. For this, the corneters were shot, the tripods were moved and the machine gun turned into an anti-aircraft. The weight of the machine and the machine gun itself was 180 kg, this mass is called a disadvantage, but this disadvantage was created intentionally, since the large mass of the machine gun holds the machine gun in place during the recoil during the shooting. So when using a machine gun on an anti-aircraft tripod recommended the legs of the machine press with sand bags. Perhaps it was worth the constructors to create infantry options DSHK.-Easy machine on bumps with butt and a pistol handle, maybe this option was not created, since in the troops during the WWI was in sufficient quantity of PTRD and PTRS under the cartridge 14.5 mm. Something similar was created on the basis DSHKM During the Civil War in Ukraine in the mid-2010. Most likely it is due to the shortage of weapons, since the "Rock" is better suited for such modernization, since it weighs 9 kg less. The total weight of the machine gun detailed weight data DSHK And see its component parts to the table of the table. Photo with upgraded DSHKM You can find at the end of the article. On modern tanks, a machine gun has a collimator sight.

Battle story.

Cause of creation DSHK. The new effectiveness of combat aviation in the early 1930s, which became faster, powerful, and some aircraft already had anti-air protection of the engine and the pilot cabin. At the time of creation as a zenith machine gun, the Soviet army could convey only Maxim's machine gun and a tightened Maxim machine gun and other modifications of 7.62-mm machine guns based on Maxim machine gun. It was clear that the anti-aircraft guns under the 9.62-mm cartridge are not quite effective. In 1932, Degtyarev presented the first domestic machine gun under the cartridge of 12.7-mm LCD (Degtyarev large-caliber), but the machine gun of the capacity of only 30 cartridges did not respond to the tasks as a zenith machine gun. For armament of the RKKU machine gun DSHK. He was adopted by the Defense Committee of the USSR SCC on February 26, 1938 under the designation "12.7-mm large-caliber machine gun Degtyareva -Spagagagaga Sample 1938 year-DSHK. " Mass production was established in 1940-41 at the Kovrov mechanical plant. Before the beginning of the world, about 2,000 machine guns was released DSHK.. During the war, the release of the machine gun was engaged, the Kuibyshev plant. The machine gun was produced throughout the Second World War. For all the time of the world, 9000 machine guns were released DSHK.. During the war, the machine gun was armed with a torpedo boat, vessel, armored train, armored vessels, infantry, etc.


Difference between Dshk and Dshkm

In 1946, in the Soviet army was adopted DSHKM under the index grau-56-P-542m. DSHKM (Degtyarev Schpugin Largelista Modernized) He became deeply upgraded DSHK.. The first 250 DSHKM were transferred to the troops back in February 1945. The work on the creation of DSHKM was engaged in K.I. Sokolov and A.K. Cows.
By the opinion of the author DSHK. and DSHKM You can call different machine guns, as they have essential technical differences on the machine gun and its production. Also by the number of machine guns issued. So DSHK Received until 1945 in the USSR and did not go to the arms of other countries of the world, approximately 9,000 pieces were released. Unlike OT. DSHK DSHKM Consisted / consists of more than 40 countries of the world, and the number of machine guns issued DSHKM Perhaps overcame a bar in 1 million pieces and continues to be issued in 6 countries of the world.
W. DSHK. The trunk is connected to the trunnory box by means of a threaded connection, and DSHKM Castle turn. The mechanism of combat stops have constructive differences, so DSHKM The shot will not happen while the fighting stops will not be spread. The presence of a buffer spring in the population DSHK., and u DSHKM Roller braking shutter. Drum tape feed DSHK. from left to right, and DSHKM Slide feed with universal feed feed. Dool brake U. DSHK. and DSHKM Externally different. For food DSHK. Tapes are used 50 ammunition with direct feed of the cartridge from the tape to the cartridge, and DSHKM The tape consists of 20 cartridges and dug into the edge of the cartridge. Also an interesting moment, why upgraded DSHK. In its abbreviation has the letter " Sh", After all, the ribbine ribbin is abolished and it is not related to a new machine gun.

Combat application.

DSHK. It was used as a zenith machine gun for tanks and sau, they were armed with various combat and auxiliary ships. The machine gun was on service all armored trains, defended the sky from enemy aircraft near strategic objects. On the base DSHK. Ordinary and paired anti-aircraft machine guns were created.
During the Great Patriotic War, the battleship calculation consisted of 3-4 fighters: commander, arrows, an additional 1-2 fighter for tray and machine gun transport. Often machine guns DSHK. We worked in groups by various groups, so the settlement commanders were to know by heart the calculated tables (range, speed, height, correction) of fire on land and air targets.
For his story DH / DSHKM Accepted practical in all military conflicts after VMW. Fought in Vietnam against aviation and soldiers of the US Army. In Afghanistan, used Mujaheds against helicopters, aircraft, BTrov and BMP Soviet troops. During the 1995 Chechen company, it was used by the Russian army and the militants not recognized by the Republic of Ichkeria. Actively used during the Civil War in Ukraine in 2014-2016 on both sides of the conflict. Actively used on Thachanka (pickup with machine gun DSHK or CPVT) during military conflicts in different countries of the world.
Recently, the machine gun has become popular as a machine-gun "Tachaca", the machine gun has become very mobile, the big guest immediately mess around in Tachanta, and the welded machine-turret to the car significantly extinguishes returns, which increases the accuracy when shooting. The machine gun turned out to be very effective for daggey fire on various light armored vehicles of the enemy, especially in the lateral projection, since most light armored vehicles are designed for lateral protection against cartridges 7.62-mm. A machine gun is often used against the live strength of the enemy at a large distance, even if the goals are behind different shelters. DSHKM It is capable of destroying field dots, capable of punching walls, brick and concrete fences. Poses a threat to military helicopters with armor.

Conclusion

Despite your honorary age for 70 years DSHK / DSHKM It continues to armared more than 40 countries of the world, is currently produced in 4 countries of the world. The machine gun managed to visit almost all combat conflicts after the VMW, which speaks of his fighting efficiency and reliability. Historically, it turned out that the machine gun DSHK. and DSHKM In all information sources they call DShK, and in practice it is technically different machine guns. Currently on shift DSHKM The machine guns of 12.7-mm "Rock" and "Cord" came. The combat history of the machine gun will not end soon, and its silhouette will often meet in various news from the military conflict zones.

Modifications DSHK / DSHKM
1. DIST / DSHKMT machine guns installed on armored vehicles
2. DSHKM-2B-paired anti-aircraft machine gun DSHK. installed in the opponent tower on armored meters and ships.
3. MTU-2-paired machine gun DSHK. On the turret for use on ships.
4. DSHKM-4-anti-aircraft version of the quad machine gun DSHKM.
5. P-2K-machine gun DSHK. Installed in the submarine mine. Raised when the submarine rises.

TTH machine gun DSHK / DSHKM
Number of shots 50 in Lenta
Diameter of trunk 12.7x108 mm, 8 cut
Boat rapidity 120 shots per minute
Maximum rapidity 540-600 shots per minute
Aiming distance 3200-3500 meters
Effective sighting distance 2000 meters
Maximum flight range bullet 7000 meters
The initial speed of the departure 830-850 m / s
Automation Gaipetal
Weight 157 kg equipped
Dimensions 2382 mm