Delta Volga is the largest river delta of Europe. Among her winding canals and ducts, lagoon, reeds and small islets are inhabited by rare representatives of flora and fauna. Despite its wealth and diversity, nature is very raw. That is why, in the last century, the Astrakhan Reserve appeared within the delta. About him and will be discussed in the review

Security territories

From school, many are known that the Volga flows into the Caspian Sea. In a place where these two reservoirs are connected, it has become a real sheath for hundreds of animal species. The abundance of local nature is not ignored by the person, and many of the Delta inhabitants have declined significantly in numbers. On the banks of the river launched large-scale fishing and hunting for game. Herons were considered particularly valuable, the feathers of which went to the production of female hats.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the ribbons, swans, hips, herons, caravucks, pheasants, boars and even seagulls were on the verge of disappearance. Therefore, it was decided to strictly protect the territory of the delta, prohibiting any destructive human activity within its limits.

The date of the foundation of the Astrakhan Reserve is April 11, 1919. At that time, he was headed by the Russian ornithologist and botanist Vladimir Khlebnikov. Interestingly, during the years of opening the reserve, its territory was three times less than today. All wine is an increase in the river delta and a significant decrease in the sea level. For a hundred years 23 thousand hectares of the protected zone turned into 67 thousand hectares.

Objectives and Tasks Reserve

The Astrakhan Reserve has the status of a strictly natural reserve and is mainly available for informational excursions. Since 1984, it has been included in an extensive network of international reserves and is under UNESCO's defense.

The main task of the Astrakhan Reserve is the protection of valuable ecosystems and the preservation of the species diversity of rare animals and plants. Scientific research and monitoring are also undergoing research and monitoring, which are studied by the inhabitants of the reserve, their nests, spawning and lifestyle.

Different hiking and water excursions, boating and kayaks are available in the reserve. All of them last about 2-3 hours. During this time, you can find a large number of interesting birds, as well as admire the flowering lotuses (of course, if you choose the right time of year).

Where is the Astrakhan Reserve?

The reserve is located in the Caspian lowland, on the territory of the Icryansky, Volodar and Kamyzyak districts. It is divided into several separate sites (Damchik, three-stroke and Ozhorovsky), which are located in the Western, Central and Eastern Delta.

The largest settlement near the reserve is Astrakhan. Getting from here to the delta can be both public and personal transport. Valinino village, Grushevo, afternoon, the lady is just 5-10 kilometers from the reserve. Some of them have to get on a ferry or boat. There is a completely waterway to the reserve, which starts from the Astrakhan pier and takes about 4 hours.

Climate

The Astrakhan Reserve is located in the semi-desert area, in the region with a sharply continental arid climate. In the summer there is quite hot, there is little precipitation. Strong evaporation, sometimes, leads to the fact that some shallow reservoirs can lose a significant amount of water. As a rule, the integrity occurs at the end of summer or in the fall.

In the spring, on the contrary, the period of river spill occurs. The water fills the floodplain meadows, providing fish extensive spaces for marriage games and spawning. Local flora and fauna has long adapted to such a schedule, and these places are actively filled with a variety of life forms.

Vegetable world

The Astrakhan Reserve is a unique place where the most diverse flora is present. Along with lakes, filled meadows and swords of lakes, forests, desert islands and sand dunes are located here. His territories are met by cereals, Tamarix, Iva Three-grayscale, shrub amphora and other species characteristic of southern arid areas.

Gallery routine forests occupy only 1% of the reservation area. They are represented by oaks, poplars, splashes, ash, shock, a car, viscous and other typical European trees and shrubs.

Most of the territory falls on swampy, decortion and ordinary meadows represented by the dispersion. They are found at Matik, Kermek, wormwood, benik, Astra, Dress, Siberian Arguing, Choke pointed. The marsh, Eask, Rhoze, Rhuses, and Numerous Water Species, Radia, RDES, Water Walnut, Kaulinia, Ugut, Water Mint, Bolotnaya Ayir are growing on the swamps.

"Caspian Rose"

The most famous and unusual plant of the Astrakhan Reserve - Lotos. There is still no consensus on how he found himself in these territories. It is possible that the exotic flower has always grew in Delta Volga, in the other version of his seeds brought a bird or nomad tribes.

Anyway, the "Caspian Rose" is the most northern representative of Lotos. In nature, the plant is usually found in tropical and subtropical belts of Asia, North America and the Caribbean region. In more typical regions, the climate is significantly softer. Nevertheless, the lotus on the territory of the reserve has long been demonstrating its durability. It is not bad to transfers the temporary drying of the reservoir in the summer and the offensive of frosts in winter. He is not afraid of cooling even up to -30 degrees. Today, there are about five thousand hectares in the lower reaches of the lotus river, and are one of the main reasons for visiting the reserve.

Animals of the Astrakhan Reserve

The main heritage of the reserve is hundreds of insect species, fish and birds, although other representatives of the fauna are also present. Among the mammals there are typical inhabitants of the steppe and forest zone, widespread in Europe. Animals of the Astrakhan Reserve is: wolves, boars, hares, mice, foxes, saigas and bats. Near the reservoirs, beavers, minks, ondatras and otters live, and in the thickets of high grass you can see the reed cat.

The abundance of herbs and water attracts a huge number of beetles and midges here, and with them - snakes, lizards, frogs and turtles. The reserve has more than 1300 species of insects, among which the dragonfly is elegant, beauty is brilliant, masturbator, emperor and red-born butterfly Podaliria.

The abundance of fish and amphibians creates excellent conditions for birds. Every year more than two hundred thousand pairs of feathered nest on the islets of sushi. The redheads, white and gray herons, mounds, eagles, storks, various types of swans, ducks, geese are arrived here. Rare representatives of the local fauna are yellow herons, blacksmoby gagars, curly pelicans, small cormorants, colleans, flamingos, spanks and skops. All of them are listed in the list of rare or disappearing species.

The Astrakhan region is located in the Volga region, in the south-east of the Eastern European Plain. This is a moderate desert zone and semi-desert. The landscape is predominantly represented by a hollow-wavy deserted plain. There are lakes, sand zones and bugs.

In the lower reaches there is an Astrakhan Reserve, located immediately in the territory of three districts:

  • Iclarian;
  • Kamyzyaksky;
  • Volodarsky.

general characteristics

Initially, at the time of creation in 1919, the Astrakhan reserve occupied the total area of \u200b\u200b23 thousand hectares. After some time, the water level in the Caspian Sea fell to a critical mark, and the territory of the reserve increased almost 3 times. To date, the total area is 67.9 thousand hectares, including a marine water management of 11.2 hectares.

Climatic features

The climate of the Astrakhan Reserve can be described as sharply continental. That is, in winter there is a sharp decrease in the atmospheric temperature, and in the summer, the thermometer column rises to +30 ° C and higher. For summer, abundant precipitation is not characteristic.

Fauna

Does not boast an abundance of animals Astrakhan Reserve. Wolves and boars, wild mice and foxes, otters and mice are living on the territory. From the cold-blooded in the reserve, you can meet a patterned cauit and lizards.

At the beginning of the 40s of the last century, a large number of raccovine dogs released on the territory. In 1954, Odatre was hosted on the park of the park, they were also quickly adapted and lived to the present.

An original animal of these places is a boar. They are attracted by reed-rogo harpi, but sometimes animals have to be difficult when the flood displaces the boars on the rival trees.

But insects are a huge amount in the park. Here they are numbered about 1250 species, from spiders to dragonflies. Many in the reserve of sheets, crickets, cicades, swirls, bugs and other varieties of insects.

Pernaya

Unlike animals of the Astrakhan reserve, a lot of birds live in the park. Here they are numbered about 280 species. And, most importantly, 72 species are rare. About 40 species nest in the park on an ongoing basis, 23 remain on the nesting during the migration period - as a rule, flying from India, Iran and Africa.

It lives a lot of feathered, listed in the Red Book. These are white cranes, smoke, small cormorants, curly pelicans and Egyptian herons. Most of all in the reserve swans, ducks, geese, herds and pelicans.

Representatives of water element

One of the basic functions of the protection of the Astrakhan Reserve is the protection of ichthyofauna. And the presence of a huge species diversity of fish, the park boasts. There are about 50 species of fish in the waters of the reserve.

From sturgeon - sturgeon, Beluga. From herring varieties - Volzhskaya and Chernonepinka. From carp species - bream, helh, Sazan, Vobla and Czech. There are the most familiar for our region - pike and perch, born and bulls, pike perch and som.

Flora

Plants of the Astrakhan Reserve are diverse. Everything completely depends on the intensity of the River Volga, the Caspian Sea and other reservoirs. To date, there are about 300 types of vegetation. Almost all over the entire territory you can meet blackberry, IVI and the Eschik, creeping buttercup.

Conditionally the vegetation of the protected zone is divided into:

  • Secondary, that is, appeared against the background of a permanent bevel of herbs and grazing of animals. This is a vein ground and tamarix.
  • Water, growing near water bodies. These include reeds, susak, rogoz, pita and others.
  • Background.
  • Forest.
  • Meadow.

But the most important decoration of the Arkhangelsk Reserve is a lotus field. There are two theories of this flower appearance in the park. According to the first version, the lotus seeds were brought by migratory birds. According to another version, these flowers are original and grow here for millions of years.

Ecotourism

On the territory of the Arkhangelsk Reserve, you can visit a cognitive excursion or to engage in more active sports.

Here you can go through several ecotrops. The most latter was opened in 2016, it is called "Remedy Delta". All paths are equipped with comfortable wooden flooring. Along the way, tourists will see 4 islands, where completely different biotopes and animals are presented. Perhaps lucky and will be able to see Orlana-Belochprot, Vzison and Slegor. At the beginning of the path of vacationers are carried on motor boats, then a walking part of the program (1.7 kilometers) is provided.

For lovers of feathers, ornithological tours are provided. Travelers will be taken to the places of mass accumulations of birds depending on seasonal migration.

Water transport walks

In the warm season you can go on the alloy on the kayaks. The journey begins on the Damchik district and ends on the observation platform near the lotus field. There are no people who do not know how to swim, and children under 12 years old are not allowed to travel.

For people who like more relaxing rest, the provision of boats and trimarans will be provided.

Where to stay

The services in the biosphere reserve are provided by the Expeditionary House - a residential building, divided into two parts. Each of which can settle up to 12 people. In each part 2 toilet and 1 shower cabin.

You can also settle in the house called "Methodical Center". Even equipped kitchen is provided in this house.

The newest building for vacationers is the "House of the Ornithologist" (2 floors). There are high conditions of comfort, with a sanitary node in each room.

Faster to get from Astrakhan to the reserve on a personal vehicle, through two water crossings - and you are already in the village of Damchik. You can also get to the park on water, but on the way you will have to spend 4 hours.

Gallery routine forests

Flora Astrakhan Reserve has more 314 species of vascular plants,related K. 64 families.All types of flora depending on the water regime and their habitat are divided into the following ecological groups: hydrophilic, gigrofilic, mesofilic, xerophilic and halofor.

Flora Reserve As part of the country's plant gene pool, has a number of signs and properties that have economic importance. The plants with beneficial properties include: feed - 118 species, medicinal - 59, honey-41, decorative - 40, food - 26, technical - 20, auration - 10, dye - 9, oilseeds - 6 species. Weighing plants are 77 and poisonous - 7 species.

To widespread plants, as well as having economic importance willow Belaya (waste)and Three podgychnaya(Salix Alba. L. ., S.tRIANDRAL.), blackberry Sizaya(Rubus Caesius. L.), cane South(Phragmites australis (CAV.) Trin. ex steud.), rogoz narrow-leaved(TYPHA Angustifolia. L.), ground ground(Calamagrostis Epigeio.s (L.) Roth), dross crazy(ELYTRIGIA REPENS. L.), cane canary (Phalaaroides arundinacea L.), tiny-forming field(Agrostis Stolonifera. L.), kender Sarmatsky(Trachomitum Sarmatiens.e Woodson), whoreband line (Sparganium Erectum L.), lotus Caspian (Nelumbo.caspica (Fisch. Ex DC.) Fisch.), susak umbrella (Butomus Umbellatus. L.), roguel (water walnut, chilim) Trap Natans L.), nymfechik panels (Nymphoides Peltata. S.g.gmel.), salvia floating (Savinia Natans. L.), multicreen ordinary(Spirodela Polyrhiza.L.), rocky Malaya(Lemna Minor L.), restes piercedand GreatPotamoGeton Perfoliatus.L. ., P. pectinatus L.), wallisnari Spiral (Vallisneria spiralis L.), and rogolnik dark green (Ceratophyllum demersum L.).

The vegetation of the reserve is represented by four types - shrub, forest, meadow and water.

Wood-shrub

Shrub In the reserve, combined into one group - the summer elegant. It includes formations willow Triotchinkova (Belotal), tamariks Multi-timban (Tamarix Ramosissima. Ledb.) And amorphs Kustarnikova(Amorfa fruticosa. L.).

Widely represented the formation of the willows of three thousand, whose community is confined to islands and brags, which are formed in the mouths of delta ducts and jersics.

Tamarix multiplety

The community of Tamariks Multi-timers are confined to salt marshes, the formation of which is caused by anthropogenic and natural factors. For the most part, Tamariks Multi-timban community form complexes with communities of meadow halophytic plants.

The formation of amorphy shrubics, which is represented by individual copies and small sparkling heights of 2-3 m are presented much less frequently White.

Wood vegetationit is included in the group of deciduous floodplain forests and is represented by the formation of Waywa Belaya (by the windows: low-alkali-cereal-dynamic, divergent and disseminated-black-related). Separate communities of Waywear, which occupy the mouths and islands, over time are transformed into solid rival gallery forests. The formation of a type of forest is associated with the vertical increase in the rival areas of the islands. According to the rival shafts, the vertical growth of which is weakly expressed, the varnopers-cereal-dies are developing, and according to shafts with rapid vertical growth - divergent and disseminated annular chillers.

Along with solid forest arrays, forming routine galleries, in the process of dying the stand of Waywa, wood-shrub, a part of the territory of the reserve is formed, characteristic of the top (for flow). It includes willow Belaya, ash Pennsylvansky (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica.Marsh.), amorph Shustachnikova, elm Gladky(Ulmus Laevis Pall.), mulberry white(Morus Alba. L.).

Railways yves forest Have a huge water protection, contribute to alluvia accumulation, have anti-erosion properties, restrain the erosion and the collapse of the banks of the ducts and the rods and the crime of their bed.

Kender Sarmatsky

Meadow vegetation Forms a meadow of three types: swampy, real and desalted.

Swampy meadows include the following groups of formations: large-grade - cane South, Canary Reed, Harbon Reed(Glyceria arundinacea.Kunth); large-turn - social EasyCarex Acutiformis Ehrh.) And maisoncam(Bulboschoenus Maritimus. L.); finely oily - sitting bolt (Eleocharis Palustris. (L.) ROEM. et schult.) And kamyshi(Schoenoplectus supinus. L.); Difficult - chastukha SailorbayaAlisma Plantago-Aguatica L.), veronica Keyword(V. eronica Anagallis-AguaticaL.), highlander(Persicaria Hydropiper.(L.) Spach) and martist Fouristchikovaya(Marsilea Quadrifolia. L.); Large-raised - Rogoz narrow, buttercupRanunculus RepenS.L.)

Pickle creeping

Real meadows combine the following groups of formations: large-grade - weine ground and drinking creeping, small zealous - kolyacher coastal (Aeluropus Pungen.s (bieb.) C. kosh), solve creeping (HieRochloe Repens. (Host) Beauv.) And tiny-forming field, low-seal - kolyny's hesiter (Crypsis Aculeate. (L.) ait.), Log in-theth - kender Sarmatian, Blindovnik wide(Lepidium Latifolium. L.) I. astra Solonchakova(Tripolium Pannonicum (Jacq.) Dorocz.), Finely disappeared - cleaning peristracy(Lepidium Pinnatifidum Lebed.), choir Prawned(Suaeda Acuminata.(C.A. Mey.) MOQ.), arguisy Siberian(Argusia sibirica. (L.) Dandy) and european Salteros(Salicornia Herbacea. L.). About half of the real meadows fall on fire barriers along the northern borders of the plots. Their education is associated with annual chipped vegetation. The rest of the area is engaged mainly veinikovand Kenderey meadows, the appearance of which is due to the vertical growth of the islands and the natural change of vegetation.

Cutting meadows are represented by four formations: matlika narrow-leaved, swinorye Palchaty(Cynodon Dactylon.(L.) Pers.), licorice naked(Glycyrrhiza Glabr.a L.) and kermek Gmelina(Limonium Gmelinii. (Willd.) O. Kuntze). Their appearance is due to economic activity by the sealing and grazing of livestock. Mattle, swinewalland licorice meadowscome on shift vainkov. Kermekaya meadowsare a halofitic version of the decortion of meadows. In low-water years, the area of \u200b\u200bdecreed meadows increases, into multi-water - declining.

Water vegetation represented by real water and amphibian vegetation. The real water vegetation of the reserve takes 6.7 thousand hectares and is represented by four groups: 1) attached plants with floating leaves: watery, pure-white water lily(Nymphaea Candida. J. ET C. PRESL), kubya yellow(Nuphar Lutea. (L.) Smith), nymfechik pale-headed, nodular rode (PotamoGeton nodosus. Poir);

2) attached immersed plants: ugut the watered and colosy(Myriophylum verticillatum. L. M. spicatum L.), wallisnari Spiral, elodea Canadian(Elodea Canadensis Michx.), rDEST pierced, brilliant (PotamoGeton.lucens. L.), great, curly (P. crispus. L.), mulberry Neuchnaya (Batrachium Eradicatum.(Laest.) Fries) and Riona(B. Rionii. (Lagger) NYM.), kaulnia Malaya Caulinia Minor All. COSS. et germ.);

3) Untreated, freely floating on the surface of water by plants: vodokrasi ordinary (Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranae L.), salvia floating, rocky Malaya, multicreen ordinary;

4) Unfinished immersed plants: rogolnik dark green, bubble ordinary(Utricularia vulgaris L.).

The most widely represented communities of plants with floating leaves: water walnut, nymfeisher of the palate, pure-white lines, yellow cubes, and from communities of immersed plants - communities wallisnaria Spiral, Redesa Great, Brilliant and Journal, Rogolidnik Dark Green.

Amphibian vegetation includes highly old and low-aligned groups. High-profile group combines formations cane southern, cyzania broad-sized (Zizania Latifolia. (Griseb.) STAPF), rogoz nickname, broad-sized(Typha Latifolia. L.) And Laxmanna(T. LAXMANNII. LEPECH.) , reassembly of lake;low Red - lotus Caspiani, Ribbon river(Sparganium Erectum L.), sustak umbrella(Butomus Umbelatus. L.), aira Bolotnaya(Acorus Calamus. L.), common grains(Sagittaria Sagittifolia. L.), chastuchi Zlakovoid(Alisma Gramineum Lej.), mint water (Mentha Aquatica. L.)

Often the communities of amphibian plants (reeds, rogoz, chain, etc.) form complexes with communities of real water plants with floating leaves (water walnut, a nifberry, water lily, cube, etc.) and immersed plants (Valisnaria, Rogoltik, etc.).

Six types of plants of the reserve are listed in the Red Book of the Astrakhan region: Gorbatoy Rocky (Lemna Gibba. L.), languine language (Ranunculus Lingua.L. . ), lotus nutproof, water walnut (Chile), Martileu Egypt and Alded Student Bubble.The last four species are also listed in the Red Book of Russia.

Lotus Caspian

Rare Plants of the Astrakhan Reserve

From rare species of plants in the Astrakhan Reserve most notable lotus Caspian. This relict plant is known from the Cretaceous period. This species is considered a sacred plant in India and China. There are several hypotheses of lotus appearance in the Volga delta. One of them, Lotus was listed in birds during migration. In their intestines find lotus nuts that can germinate when entering the reservoirs. On another hypothesis, the lotus was delivered in the delta the wischable Kalmyks, according to the beliefs of which the lotus is a sacred plant. On the third version, Lotus - Aboriginal Delta Volga, which is preserved here for many millennia. According to the results of the latest genetic studies of Lotus Caspian- the name of the local lotus population of the nuts, because Genetically they are identical.

During the organization of the reserve, the lotus was trampled only in the cooler reservoirs and occupied only 0.25 hectares. The decrease in the level of the Caspian Sea led to the annoyance and early decoration of the Avenues first submerged, and then alternating vegetation. By 1963, as a result of the development of shallow nandels, the Lotus Thickets Square in the reserve increased to 67 hectares.

Lotus Caspian fascinates with its beauty

The further redistribution of lotus thickets is associated with the regulation of the Volga drainage after commissioning in 1958 Volgograd HPP. The decrease in water flow in the flood led to an increase in the overgrowth of the shallow nanderelt tenants with aquatic plants, including the lotus. In 1970, the lotus thicket area in the reserve exceeded 200 hectares, in 1978 it accounted for about 1000 hectares, in 1984 - 1500 hectares, and in the whole delta - about 3000 hectares. In recent decades, an increase in the areas engaged in lotus thickets continues, and by now in the reserve it settled more than 5000 hectares.

Along with high decorative, lotus thickets in the last 20-30 years, due to the increasing area, they began to play a significant role in the nutrition of waterfowl in the lower resellers. Walnuts and the pulp of lotus hodges eat geese and swans; Lotus rhizomes willingly eaten boars. In the autumn, the lotus thumbs up on the Damchik region of the reserve fed tens of thousands of waterfowl. In addition, under the canopy of large surface leafs of the lotus during summer molting, ducks are hidden.

Aldrand bubble (Aldrovanda vesiculosa. L.) - Very rare species. It is found on the territory of the reserve, as well as throughout the Astrakhan region, it is extremely rare, however, habitat here allow this kind to increase their numbers.

Marcilee Egyptian (Marsiliea agyptiaca. Willd.) - Very rare view. Like Aldend, Martileuya has an extremely low number and makes increased habitual quality requirements. In the reserve it grows in small clusters in the communities of the strollers in temporarily fastened relief slides. Mostly the vegetative reproduction of this species determines the need to preserve its growth places, which is possible only in protected areas.

Chile forms dense thickets on the surface of the reservoir

Water walnut (Flyer, Chile)
The relict plant, the appearance of which refers to the tertiary period. The thickets of the water walnut are confined mainly to the flow of water bodies. Up to the 30s. It grown mainly in Ilmeni and Kultuki. Currently, the water walnut is widespread in the coolers and in the shallow part of the Avandants.

Despite the wide range, the area of \u200b\u200bwater walnut and its number is reduced. The main reason for the reduction of its habitats is to die in connection with land reclamation and collection of nuts on pet food. The exception is the Volga delta. The presence of a widely developed system of old men, jerikov, Ilmeni, kultukov and other reservoirs, annually enriching or streamlined malfunctions, contributes to the massive development of water wet, which serves as an excellent feed for boars, geese and swans.

Multi-axis formations of immersed and semi-loaded vegetation in the conditions of a constantly freshwater regime of the Volga delta are peculiar centers for the resettlement of these types of water bodies of the arid zone. Among the group under consideration, there are special value to save the gene pool ugut mutter, wallinia Spiral, Caulia Malaya, rDEST brilliant.

A variety of plant communities that have established in intrazonal conditions makes the vegetable world of the Astrakhan reserve unique. Due to the increase in the anthropogenic transformation of landscapes and increase the burden on natural ecosystems, the role of the reserve as a reserve increases. Currently, the reserve is a place to preserve the floristic and centric wealth of the plant world and ensures the optimal functioning of plant communities.

Widespread plants of the Astrakhan Reserve:

Cane High

1. Cane Highest- The most massive type of plants on the territory of the reserve, covering more than 70% sushi. The height of the stems of this hardy grain-gigan can reach 6-7 meters. The cane thickets are very diverse in shape - from rounded curtains and ribbon ribbons in the Avendel to extensive and completely impassive fasteners in the decrees of the islands, and often the border frapes the shores of the ducts and jerse. Along with the phenomenal vitality and unpretentiousness, the reed is also highlighted by the ability to multiply by rooting the creeping shoots, the length of which can reach 15 m. In reed thickets, the nests of the bird are building, hiding from foreign eyes, the myriads are hoarse insects so, despite the seeming simplicity, cane Thickets are a whole rich world that you need to take care.

2. Rogoz Predict shallow sections and often form borders around the cane core. Systematic relations are very interesting, submitted on the territory of the reserve in several species (southeast, narrow-walled, broad-sized, Laxman) and their hybrids. The inflorescences of the Rogozes, the male and female parts of which are located one over the other on the top of the same bloody. Extensive thickets of fermented in the cooler area of \u200b\u200bthe Avandants give the shelter with raccoon dogs who love to fill the path between his Kurtin. Rogo rhizomes rich in starch are very loved by boys. The very important ecological function of rubbish is their filtration activity: they detain a significant part of pollutants entering the Volga water.

3. Redema Lacks - despite the wide fame of the name (Ramyshoma in the people is called several types of plants that have nothing to do with the replacement), Kamysh himself in the reserve is rare and grows in shallow water of water bodies with separate small curtains 1-3 sq.m. Round leaves are reduced almost to scales and Kurtin consists of dark green flowers with a sprawler inflorescence on the top.

Whoreband line

4. Entry direct - massive type of plant reserve, preferring the busting shores and shallow water. The name of this species very accurately characterizes its appearance - triangular straight leaves, reaching a two-meter height, and on branched flowers numerous fruits - dry nuts, similar to green heels. Unusual and elaborator flowers - male and women they are numerous in inflorescences. The annuncker is an active lotus competitor, settling shallow water of the amenities and underwater spit.

5. Susak umbrella- View, very widespread in the shallow water reserve and on coastal moisturized habitats. Interestingly, Susak forms two vital forms - vegetative and generative. Susak's generative form is full-fledged plants with narrow leaves and elegant umbrella inflorescences, on which numerous small seeds are formed after a bunch. The vegetative form is represented by the flaky bushes with long narrow leaves with raging water on the surface of water on deeper and flowing areas of water bodies. The thick creeping rhizage of Susak is rich in starch, which causes its feed value.

6. Lotus Caspian- Perhaps the most famous plant of our area, which has become a symbol. Lotus overgrown, occupying extensive sections of shallow water area, from early July to mid-September are covered with a huge number of gentle-pink fragrant colors. Lotus fruits - nuts, ripening in tapered boxes ("Kubashchi"), feed on the swans and geese, the rhizomes are gladly digging and eat boys, and on huge floating leaves they build their nests to paint. People can only be admired by these amazing flowers - Lotus Caspian is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

7. Whitewater, or as it is called in the people of "Water Lily" Typical inhabitant of the reservoirs of the reserve with rigid leathery leaves and large white, like wax flowers with a diameter of up to 12 cm. Self-white petals to the center of the flower are gradually reduced and gradually go into the stamens. In the evening, the flowers of the pita closes and fall under water, and in the dawn again bloom on the surface. The pitches form very powerful curtains, often with raised over the surface of water with leaves, and on floating leaves they like to build their nests to paint. Also, the water lily has a feed value for waterfowl and colummer mammals.

8. Yellow Cubia - A long-term plant that prefers small (1.5-2 m) depth is common on the territory of the reserve. The leaves of a cube with a floating leather plate reaches 40 cm long and sometimes raised above the water surface on long triangular stiffs. Cuban has and lower underwater leaves - thin and translucent. Very remarkable bright yellow flowers towering over water with five fleshy concave cups, which are more like petals in shape and color. The numerous petals themselves are much shorter and already. Large leaves of the cube are actively used by stalls for the construction of the nests, it is important and a fodder value for waterfowl.

Nymfechik panels

9. Nymfeik panels- A kind of preferring depths of up to 2 m typical of the reservoir of the reserve. The floating stem carries a plot on the top of a plot with a socket of very unusual leaves - they are rounded with the lavetled edge, they really resemble the shield. Bright yellow tender flowers (up to 4 cm in diameter) are located on long flowering with beams. Nimfeyanka Kurtins in the Avenue and the Cultural Zone often achieve significant sizes, forming whole glads covered with a mass of flowers from June to mid-September. A nifika has a significant feed value for waterfowl and fish, its thickets serve as a protective shelter for fry fish and some clams.

10. Chile (water walnut, rogue)- Beautiful annual plant with floating rosettes of leaves. In weathered Erika Chilem forms openwork green carpet on the surface of water. Chilima leaves have special porous thickening in the stuffed with air filled, which allows the plant to float on the surface of the water. Snow-white chilim flowers are small and hidden in the sinuses of the leaves, but the fruits are very remarkable. Ripe nuts with large hooked grip crocheses are hiding on the stems under water, but for such experts as swans, geese, boars are not an obstacle - Chile is their favorite delicacy. And people these nuts rich in starch and protein helped survive the hungry military and post-war years. Currently, the water walnut is guarded by the Red Book.

11. Salvia floating - This very numerous representative of aquatic ferns in the Flora Reserve, lives on the surface of the watercourses, preferring the lowest and standing plots. It should be noted that at Salvia 2 type of leaves - floating and immersed. Floating leaves Elliptical with short cutters, immersed are divided into filamentary shares, thickly covered with hairs. In appearance, the immersed sheet is similar to the root, the function of which it performs. Appearing at the end of May, Salvia quickly captures the entire surface of the water between the stems of the cane, rubbish, the rosettes of chilim leaves and forms thick thickets of a solid sisido-green carpet.

12. RDESTS - Extensively represented in the flora of the nature reserve, the most popular species of which are ridges comb, pierced, curly, knotted and brilliant. Among this kind, there are views of both floating and completely immersed leaves. RDEST comb (with immersed leaves) forms powerful underwater meadows that serve as spawning and shelter for fish, and is also one of the main feed objects of waterfowl. Long stems of ridges with floating leaves in the mouths of the merrys are intertwined on the surface of the water and form dense aspects of reddish leaves with well-visible flowers. All RTESTs are rooting plants that easily multiply stems.

13. Rogolnik dark green - One of the most massive aquatic plants of the cooler area of \u200b\u200bthe Avandants. Curtains of rogolovnikov in shallow water (up to 1.5 m) form real underwater meadows. The tops of his long stems with dissected leaves (and really similar to the horns) very hard and spiny to the touch, usually slightly look out of the water. Thickets of the rogolistnik are the place of mass felling of fishes with a good warm-warm in shallow water with water and shelters from the Rogolovnik. Considering the very high transparency of water cleaned in thick underwater meadows from the suspension, thickets of the rogolidnik represent a kind of aquarium with an abundance of fish and ease of their observation.

Persian Persian

14. Pastel - Rod, presented on the territory of the reserve by Persian Persian and Kitagawa. The Persian sends the branches of the Yves and other rounding plants, thanks to which the gallery forests of the reserve are called "Caspian jungle." Very powerful, rustic in the base of the staples are able to easily rise at a 5 meter height. The abundance of inflorescences with bright purple flowers, which are very quickly complemented by green, and then and red berries serve as a real decoration of the shores of watercourses of the reserve. Moreover, ripe berries, becoming after the first frosting transparent ruby, are preserved on the flowered stems until mid-December. But you should not try to try to taste them - like most of the most pasta berries of these species for a person weakly poisonous.

15. Before the fence - Powerful liana with long stems and white large flowers. Favorite support for Lazagany Beach is the southern reed, and the lianas, throwing out from one stem on the other sometimes create real reed tents, covered with many colors to late autumn.

16. Tamarix multicolor - Pretty large splashing shrub, preferring salon-tillage. The main thickets of Tamarisk are confined to weakly-free meadows located near the cordons and along the northern border of the reserve. During flowering from May to mid-July, Tamarix covered with fluffy pink inflorescences is very beautiful. Very curious is the ability of Tamariks bushes to absorb salt from deep layers of the soil and accumulate it in their leaves. In the fall, the fallen foliage of Tamariks causes an increase in the degree of salinity of the soil around the bush. In this regard, together with Tamarix, only salularities can grow.

17. Blackberry Sizay - massive view preferring to grow on rival shafts under wings. Twisted long stems of blackberries, covered in countless spines, form an impassable thickets along the banks of the watercourses, overcame, which perhaps, only kabanam. Blackberry flowers All summer, and dark purple juicy sour-sweet berries, covered with a SIZY RATOS, are found until mid-November.

Willow Belaya

18. Willow Belaya - Forms gallery forests along the watercourses of the reserve. The total area of \u200b\u200bIV forests (winds) of the reserve is small, but it is impossible to overestimate their importance. Powerful branchy willows are a place of recreation and nesting for many bird species (cormorants, eagles, herons, etc.), the housing of the mink, raccoon dogs arrange themselves in roots and old stumps. Even the old trees fallen in the water continue to play an important media-based role - there are whole islands from herbaceous plants and not averse to live water voles. And the dried devoid barks and twigs are ham, melting downstream on shallow sections of the amenities, become a favorite vacation spot for a variety of birds.

19. Willow Three Thaws - Shrub view of Yves, pioneer among the woody vegetation of the reserve. A distinctive feature of this willow (also called "Belotal") is the absence of one central trunk, the trunks of the bush are always a lot and they are the same in power. Seedlings (seedlings of seeds) Willow three thousandths are among the first to master young braids, fastening the soil and forming dense thickets (talniks). Already after the development of the new sushi, Yava White will come to replace it with a white, tree, leaving small bushes on the water cut. And the restless whittle will move on, downstream to new expanses.

20. Clene Pennsylvansky - A relatively new form in the flora of the reserve, obliged by its appearance of introduction in the middle of the twentieth century. Especially a lot of ash in the upper parts of the sections of the reserve, where it replaces (and often huses) the old trees willow are white. High and slender casings, however, did not fit into the existing biotopes of the reserve - its branches are not very suitable for the construction of nests, and under the edge of the crown almost nothing grows - too thick shadow and tight plexus roots at the surface. However, in the fall ash unusually beautiful - his yellowed crowns are decorated with routine forests all October.

The Astrakhan Nature Reserve represents the unique nature of the low-level Delta Volga - one of the world's largest delta. It should be especially noted that the reserve is located in the lower resellers and fully characterizes the natural environment of only this area, significantly different from other areas that are above the flow. Location on the Sea Territory of the Delta, that is, on the border of the sushi and the inner sea-lake with a very volatile level, determines the greatest dynamism of the natural complexes of the Low Eve of the Delta.

Astrakhan Reserve

Astrakhan Earth is the edge of thousands of islands, steppes and a great multitude of salt lakes, which are more seven. However, the largest lake is Baskunchak - the amazing creation of nature, one of the world's largest deposits in the world. The huge lake in the hot desert and the lonely standing mountain since sincervilla attracts the attention of people. There were many legends and fairy tales about them with ancient nomads.

Where is

South Astrakhan Volga decays to many sleeves and ducts, forming a mouth. Here, in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain (80-120 kilometers below Astrakhan), the Astrakhan Reserve has been located, which began its existence in 1919. The reserve consists of three sections: Damschansky - in the western part, three - in Central and Ozhgorovsky - in Eastern. Initially, the area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve was 23 thousand hectares, but with a drop in the level of the Caspian Sea and the growth of the Delta, the area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve increased to about 60 thousand hectares.

To date, the Square of the Astrakhan Biosphere Reserve is 67,917 hectares.

Climate

The climate of the Astrakhan region is sharply continental - with high temperatures in summer, low - in winter, as well as with large summer daily amplitudes of air temperature, low precipitation and high evaporation.

The Astrakhansky biosphere reserve is located in the semi-desert zone, therefore cereals, wormwood and saltwrites are dominated in the vegetation cover. In general, the Astrakhan Reserve is the only place in Russia, where the flora is represented from coastal plants to the plants of the desert.

In the formation of the relief and the whole appearance of the sushi and reservoirs, their vegetation cover and animal world is an important role played by hydrological regime. It is determined by the volume of the capital of the Volga, the nature of its distribution by season and drives, strength and direction of winds, the level of the Caspian Sea. At the annual time of the water level in the Delta, spring-summer flood, summer-autumn interlene, winter rise, lowering levels in the presidom and predetermined periods are distinguished. The life of the natural complex is most influenced by flood. During this period, a hollow is formed, where many species of fish are spawn.

Spring water brings a large amount of suspended substance in Delta, the settlement of which forms new islands and braids, and also leads to a vertical and horizontal growth of existing islands. Spring stock brings biogenic elements that come to many food chains.

With character and duration, as well as changes in water levels during the rest of the year, numerous fixtures of plants and animals are associated. It can be assumed that the water regime determines not only the appearance of the landscape of the delta, but also the conditions for the existence of all the living.

Plants of the Astrakhan Reserve

In the reserve there are three types of vegetation - forest, meadow and water. Under water, such "inhabitants of sea depths", like a rogolnik, dark green, Naja Malaya and Sea, Harovy Algae - Nitellepsis, Hara Uzbek and ordinary.

Over the surface of the water you can see such unusual plants as RDEST (brilliant, pierced, comb, borrhold, curly), toss, Uuhuti (wrapped and colosum). You can detect and rarely encountered aquatic plants: water walnut, a nymfechik pale-hearted, a yellow cube, a pure-white dirty, oral waters and salvinia floating.

The pearl of the same reserve is considered a nut-skinny lotus. You can watch clocks for how thin, almost transparent pinkish lotus petals spin on the waves. Lotus is known in the Volga delta for a long time, here it is called the Caspian Rose. From mid-July to September, the lotus plantation blooms - a sea of \u200b\u200bblue-green leaves and pink colors exacerbating a gentle aroma.

Water plants include Rogoz Laxmann, and the lake reed (occasionally occurring on braids in the mouths of the watercourses and the shallow water of the islands in Avan-Deltea), and the row (occupying large areas in the reservoirs of the reserve, mainly soluble), and sussak umbrella. In the conditions of a different water regime, Sousak forms two forms: Susacs with flowers, in depths and flowing sites - without flowers, only with leaves stretched along the surface of the water grows in shallow water and low-descendants.

Now, from the water kingdom, we will be transferred to the kingdom of the forest. And the territory of the Astrakhan reserve occupies quite a bit, just over 1%. Here they found their house firmly-deciduous oak, ash and elm, soft winds and poplar, as well as shrubles and suckers. Major for the forest IVA is three thousandth. Characteristic for the reserve the swampy meadows. But among the real meadows, the most of the venikovy, rain and kendyrevy. There are also unique types of flora. The disappearing includes 20 species of rare plants, such as the bowls of the reel, iris dwarf, iris leather, tulip Schrenk, wormwood Sankankoid and others.

Animals of the Astrakhan Reserve

The animal world of this wonderful edge is rich and amazing. The lower house of the Volga and her delta is one of the most rich in the world of habitats and nesting birds. No wonder the Astrakhan reserve is called the "bird hotel" - 283 species of birds live here (nest - 99 are found during periods of migration - 155 and periodically fly - 23), many of which are listed in Red Book . There are nest birds, flew from Africa, Iran, India - huge flocks of swans, geese, ducks. Some species of birds are pelicans, herons, cormorants - form whole colonies.

Birds

Here you can see Orlana-Belochprot, pink flamingos and even the "Caspian Hummingbird" is a thunder.

Most of the birds inhabiting in the nature reserve nests on the trees (various herons, caravucks, cormorants), and some build floating nests (leafing, lyshi). Here you can meet Swan-Shipuna, curly and pink pelicans. But most of all in the reserve Herlin. What are there only no: white (large and small), gray, redhead, yellow and still grayish-bluish (quax night). When the Astrakhan Reserve was only created, only two pairs of white pinnel nest among the reeds.

Today - more than five thousand couples. And the White Swan-Shipun until the thirties did not dwell at all in the delta. Today, the White Swan is one of the symbols of the reserve. Since traveling paths of migratory birds pass through the territory of the reserve, then here you can watch the life of such "inhabitants of the heavens", like ducks, geese, mallands, lifts, shilokhvosts, whiskers, chirks and others. Many birds stop in the Volga delta to eat. They cure and rest here, gaining strength in front of a long and heavy departure to warm edges. Some remain on the nesting.


In the Astrakhan Reserve, the Caspian Ornithological Station, which studies the number, placement and migration of birds. Astrakhan State Reserve is the largest bird ringing center.

Mammals

In the endless steppes, the Volga region is entitled to graze "Desert ships" camels, crossed the wildlife saiga desert, and in the winter on the ice fields of the Northern Caspian, you can see the whole fantasies of Caspian seals.

After going to the shore of some of the countless rivers or ducts of the reserve, we can observe the lifeless life of Bobrov, Ondatra and Odda. In the forests of the Volga Poimovye, curious researchers of the reserve waiting for a meeting with boars, raccoon dogs and even mountainous.

In general, little mammals in the reserve. Mostly it is wolves, foxes, field mice, mouse-baby. From the reptiles there are diges, lizards, patterned poloz and others.

Insects

But someone in the reserve is a lot, so these are insects, there are more than 1,300 species living here: dragonflies, crickets, swirls, cicades, beetles (floats, waterfronts, sheets, weevils, bugs). Many chances to meet here with representatives of the world of spiders. So, you can see Ar-Gionnu, a poisonous carcourt, Tarantula, the inhabitant of desert landscapes steppe scole.

Fish and Water World

The water world of representatives of the Astrakhan State Reserve is rich and interesting. About 66 species of fish live here: sturgeon (Beluga, sturgeon), herring (Caspian Puzanok, Volga herring, Chernonepinka), carp (vobla, bream, sazan, red-barrel, horse, Czech, golden crucian), pike, pike perch, perch , bulls, barley and others. It is impossible to imagine the reservoirs of the reserve and without microscopic patterns.

From the ring worms are ordinary water oligs, fish, turtle and horse leeches. From arthropods - daphnia, cyclops, mysids and booplasts, long cancer, insect larvae. Pretty numerous representatives of the type of mollusks: toothless, driessen, snails, coils.

The Red Book of Russia

In the Red Book of Russia made:

Plants

  • Lotus Caspian
  • Aldrand bubble
  • Marcilee Egyptian
  • Centracy steppe

Animals

  • Motorker-Emperor.
  • Caspian Midoga
  • Sterlet
  • Beluga
  • Volga herring
  • Belorybitsa
  • Kutum
  • Redish grinding
  • Pink Pelican.
  • Curly pelican
  • Small Bablan
  • Egyptian heron
  • Kolpitsa
  • Cawayika
  • Ordinary flamingo
  • Piskulka
  • Grey goose
  • Gray duck
  • Small swan
  • Marble Chirina
  • Savka.
  • Steppe Lun
  • European Tuvik
  • Kurgannik
  • Steppe eagle
  • Black chamber

The Astrakhan Reserve is one of the oldest on the territory of the post-Soviet space, which was created in order to restore and protect the nature of the Astrakhan Territory.

History of the creation of the Astrakhan Reserve

For example, huge Lugov Squares were extended, as a result of which sands were formed in the Volga River Delta. Many species of birds, animals and fish, like plants, trees, shrubs, were under threat of disappearance.

The first attempts to reduce the level of exploitation of natural and animal resources, scientists took back in 1912, creating several reserves. On their territory it was forbidden to hunt and fish.

To enhance protection, in April 1919, the Socked Commission at the University of Astrakhan decided to create a protected area on the banks of the Volga. The status of the reserve was confirmed in 1927, becoming the object of state importance.

Where is the Astrakhan Reserve

It is located in the territory of three sites in the Volga delta, in its lower part, covering almost 67,917 hectares of the Earth. In administrative terms, the reserve is part of such areas of the region as the Volodar region, the Iclarian region and the Kamyzyak region. Located on the Caspian lowland.

Description of the Astrakhan Reserve

The reserve is subdivided into: the western part of the Volga delta (Damchik district), central (three-mebbing plots) and the eastern part (Ozhgorod Plot). The relief is almost even, i.e. flat.

Animals of the Astrakhan Reserve. Views and list

  • Mammals -17 species;
  • Birds - Higher 250 species;
  • Fish - over 55 species;
  • Insects - about 1,200 species;
  • Amphibian - 4 types;
  • Reptiles - 5 species;
  • Invertebrates (aqueous) - over 800 species.

Astrakhan reserve. Turtle Swamp photo

The fauna of the reserve is very rich and diverse, and is represented by mammals, birds, worms, fish, ticks. From mammals, most often found:

The exhaust (information about their existence has not been there for several years), reed cats (they have not seen them for a long time), mountainous and caress, badgers and otters, American mink - all of them are not so often seen.

Astrakhan reserve. Camery cat photo

Very numerous and bird world, whose number of residents are constantly increasing. Scientists have found the following types of birds here:

Fish living in the rivers of the Astrakhan Reserve:

The world of insects is presented:

Amphibians:

Reptiles:

Invertebrates (water):

  • Simplest;
  • Crustaceans;
  • Knockrats and others.

All animal representatives are unique and interesting. They are guarded by workers of the reserve from poachers.

Plants of the Astrakhan Reserve (list)

Flora Reserve varies depending on the territory, which depends on the influence of the Caspian Sea, the intensity of the water of the Volga river, underwater rivers, numerous reservoirs.

Astrakhan reserve. Lotus photos

Throughout the territory of the Astrakhan reserve, there is a huge number of trees, plants, bushes. For example, IVI, blackberry, an emergencies represented by coastal and pointed species, creeping butterfly in the reserve about 300 species of plants.

The total number of plant species is about 300, which are divided into such types as:

Ground;

  • Secondary;
  • Water;
  • Background;
  • Forest;
  • Meadow.

Secondary types of vegetation appeared as a result of permanent sealing, grazing of animals, fires, cutting down. Therefore, there appeared Tamarix and the vein ground. Cane, Rhines, Susak Umbrella, Lotus, Water Walnut, Rión, Rion, Rion, Numerous algae, are growing near the reservoirs.

Astrakhan reserve. Pure-white water lily photo

Chile or water walnut, as the lotus was made by scientists in the Red Book, so they are carefully guarded and contribute to an increase in their population. Meadow can be real, swampy and steppe, occupying 5% of all territory of the reserve.

  • The decoration of the reserve is the lotus fields, look at which tourists come every year. There are several versions of how this rare plant fell into Astrakhan Territory: Lotus lied birds during seasonal migrations; Kalmyks were brought, for which the lotus is sacred. It is an authon plant that grew here millions of years. Lotus thickets make up almost three thousand hectares, serving the feed base for birds and animals.
  • A special museum has been created for studying and maintaining the edge in the reserve, whose employees are developing environmental routes for travelers.