Mixed forest is a combination of coniferous and deciduous trees. In a softer and warm climate, taiga coniferous breeds are changed with finely, and then broader plants. In the south, the zone of mixed forest conifers are represented mainly pine. But there are many types of deciduous trees and shrubs. For example, oak, ash, elm, linden, maple and others.

The manifold of the plant world of mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forest makes this ecosystem more productive than a similar homogeneous forest array. The upper tier of such a thickets are trees, shrubs grow under them, and grass, mosses, mushrooms, ferns, berry plants grow below.

Consider some typical plants of mixed forests Read more:

The oak is black (ordinary) is a broad-willed tree of the beech family. Lives to 300 - 400 years. According to some sources, it can live up to 2 thousand years old. In height reaches 20 - 40 m. The thickness of the trunk grows up throughout life (fixed maximum - 13 m). The tree has a developed root system, thick, scattered crown, strong branches and a thick trunk. The bark of old oaks blacknate-gray, with cracks. Leaves are discharged for the winter. Fruits are called acorns.

Pine ordinary is a coniferous tree of a family of pine. The average life expectancy is 150-200 years old. Reaches a height of 25-40 m and the barrel diameter to 1.2 m. It has a direct barrel, highly raised the crown and horizontally located branches. The bark of the bottom of the trunk is grayish brown, scaly and thick; On the branches and the top of the barrel - thin, reddish-orange, laying with flakes. Dark green needles has 2.5 - 9 cm long. Seeds ripen in cones, which are revealed from February to April, after which they fall.

Oshness or leschina - a rustic shrub from the birch family. Pillage component. Life expectancy is about 60 to 80 years. Leaves wide, round or oval. For the winter foliage is reset. It blooms early in the spring, before the appearance of the leaves. Flowers are divided into men's (in the form of earrings) and female (kidney). The fruits of the bush - all the favorite nuts.

Forest and strawberries - grassy pink and pink family. Grows on light forest edges and in shrub. It has a thickened rhizome-thickened rhizome with departing "Usami". Oval leaves, with long stiff and sharp teeth. Flowers 5-petal, white. The plant is valued for fragrant and delicious berries used, as well as leaves, in folk medicine.

The video devoted directly by the vegetation of mixed forests could not be found, but to see a beautiful video about the wild nature of Poland:

In the forests of this type, a rich animal fauna is presented. The largest populations of predators and hoofs, rodents and insects are found in the forests, where people intervene the least. represented by wild boars and deer, roelas and elk. Among the predators of the forest, large populations of kunits and wolves, ferrets and foxes, Lask and Gornostayev are inhabited. You can still meet forest cats and fish, brown bears and badgers. Basically, forest predators are animals of medium sizes, with the exception of bears. The populations of Nutry, Protein, Odadar, Bobrov and other rodents live here. At the lower level, the forest can be found by heroes, mice, rats, earthling.

Mammals

Depending on the geographical location in different forest ecosystems, various beasts live. So in the Far East, black bears are common, Manchurian hares, Amur tigers. Here are raccoon dogs and Far Eastern Leopards. In American forests, a small animal of Skuns lives and the Raccoon-Polish beloved by many people.

Bird World in the Forest

In the crowns of trees, they have a nocket of the whole feathers. It is swallows, and moustons, larks and nightingales, and hawk, tits and sparrows. Often in forest arrays you can meet pigeons, bullfires, woodwoods, forty, cuckoo, and volg. Among the large birds are found in the largest forests of Pheasan and Tetherov, as well as Filin and Owls. Some species winter in the forests, and some leave their homeland and fly into the warm edges in the fall, returned in the spring.

Reptiles and amphibians

In wide forests, there are burren and viper, poloz and snakes Medyanka. This is a rather small snake list. Many in the forests can be found. These are green lizards, yerets, borious lizards. Bolotnaya turtles, sharply and pond frogs, comb, tritons, spotted salamandres live near the reservoirs.

Fish

It all depends on what points of the Earth are the broadband forests and which reservoirs are in their territory. In rivers, lakes and swamps, both salmon and carp fishing can be found. Soma, pikes, Pescari and other species can still dwell.

In large forests lives many animals, insects, birds. These are representatives of different types of fauna. They create whole food chains. The human influence can essentially disrupt the rhythm of the life of the forest, so forest arrays need protection at the state level, and not the interference of people.

Introduction

The purpose of this work is to theoretical study of the fauna of the broadf forest on the example of specific representatives described in more detail in separate chapters.

Wide forests are a variety of deciduous forests formed by deciduous (lentil) trees with wide sheet plates.

Wide forests are located in a moderate belt of the northern hemisphere. They occupy most of the territory of Western Europe, with the exception of the Mediterranean, are found in Eastern Europe on the territory of Poland and Ukraine, also in the south of Central Russia and in the Middle Volga. Large areas are engaged in them also in the south of the Far East, in the north of China, Korean Peninsula, in Japan. They are also located in the north-east of North America. Wide forests are deciduous, however, they are not adapted to harsh winters. For them, a moderate marine or, in extreme cases, a moderately continental climate with warm winter (temperatures up to -10 ° C) and a rather hot summer (+16 - + 24 ° C) are suitable. Winter in a wide forest for the reason for its geographical position is very softer and shorter than in the taiga strip. It is of great importance for animals, causing a very important phenomenon for them - short-term and shallow snow cover. Thanks to this, live animals who are not adapted to deep snow can be settled here. These are primarily a boar; This cargo short-legged beast will sound in deep snow and not only deprived of the possibility of extracting its food, but also becomes easy prey of wolves.

Women, Grab, Elm, Maple, Lipa, ash grow in the forests. In the broadstone forests of East America, trees are dominated, the same with some East Asian and European species, but also meet species characteristic only for this area. In its composition, these forests are one of the richest on the globe. Most of them are American types of oaks, with them the chestnis, linden, planenes are common. High trees with a powerful, spreaded crown prevail, often accused by curling plants - grape or ivy. Magnolia and tulip tree may occur south. For European wide forests, oak and beech are the most typical.

Animal world of deciduous forests is close to Taiga, but there are some animals, unknown in Taiga forests. This is black bears, wolves, foxes, minks, raccoons. Characteristic hoofed animal of deciduous forests - Beloham deer. It is considered an undesirable neighbor for settlements, since young crops eating. In the Big Forests, Eurasia, many animals have become rare and are under human protection. Brought into the Red Briton, Ussuri Tiger.

Soil in large forests gray forest or brown forests.

This zone of forests is densely lit and is largely reduced. It has been preserved only in strongly crossed, uncomfortable areas of land and in reserves.

1. Fauna of large forests

fauna wide forest mammal

The fauna of the broad forest is much ancient taiga. The main core was similar to it, apparently, in the wholnikovaya time and survived it in those parts of Western Europe, which were not covered with a glacier. After the ice age, this fauna, of course, in a strongly changed form several advanced to the north and northeast, taking part of the territory that was under the glacier. Proof of the fact that the fauna of the broad forest contains smudnikovy relics, serve as fragmented ranges of a number of species living, on the one hand, in the broadstone forests of Europe, on the other - in the largest forests of the Far East. The fauna of broad forest is represented by hoofs, predators, rodents, insectivores, mancaps. They are distributed mainly in those forests where the habitats are least changed by a person. There are moose, noble and spotted deer, roasted, lavies, wild boars. Wolves, foxes, curtains, chori, mountainous and affection are predator detachment in large forests. Among rodents there are beavers, nutria, ondatras, proteins. Inhabited in the forests of rats and mouse, moles, hedgehogs, earthling, as well as various types of snakes, lizards and swamp turtles. A varied birds of broad forest. Most of them belong to the detachment of sparrows - finches, starlats, tits, swallows, flies, foams, larks, etc. . From the predatory there are eggs, Luni, Owls, Owls and Filin. The swamps are found in the swamps, cranes, herons, different types of ducks, geese and chaps.

2. Amphibian wide forests

(Amphibia)

1)From the amphibian wide forest, special attention deserves Wood frog, or Kvaqsha (Hyla Arborea), which is found in Ukraine, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus and in the Amuro-Ussuri region. This is the only place of amphibian, leading wood life.

Appearance. Quakes are small frogs with a maximum body length of 5.3 cm (in Europe to 6 cm). The color is very modified, it may vary literally in front of the eyes, depending on the color of the substrate and the physiological state. From above from herbal-green to dark gray, bluish or brown. On the sides of the head and the torso, it takes dark with a white cut from above the band, which near the groove region forms a loop. Bottom of white or yellowish color. The males throat is dark.

Spread. There are found at most of the Central and Western Europe (with the exception of Southern Spain and South France), in the north of the border reach the UK, the north-western part of the Netherlands, Norway. In the east, the border passes through South Lithuania, Belarus, border with East Ukraine regions of Russia (Belgorod region). Ukraine is distributed almost throughout. In the steppe zone occurs on the banks of the rivers.

Reproduction. In the spring of Quakes awaken at the end of March - early April, at an air temperature of 8-12 ° C. For reproduction, various well-warmed reservoirs with standing water and vegetation are used. These can be small reservoirs on the bins or edges of the forest, puddles, a swamp, ameliorative ditch, a shallow coastal part of the lakes. In rivers and other flowing reservoirs, Kvakshi caviar do not postpone. Intensive night concerts suitable for males can continue until the end of May. Sometimes they have to overcome up to 750 m to get into the reservoir. The males coming first are concentrated along the edge of the reservoir. Snerest occurs at 13 ° C water temperature. The female postpones about 690-1870 eggs with several portions in the form of small lumps. Masonry lie at the bottom of the reservoir or attached to plants. The period of ikrometania is stretched and lasts from early April until the end of July. Embryonic development lasts about 8-14 days, larval development lasts 45-90 days.

Classification

Class: Amanding Valuation: Cheeky

Family: Kwakshi.

Rod: Quakshivid: Ordinary Quake

2)As common Herbal Frog (Rana Temporaria) - One of the types of real frogs.

Appearance. Herbal frog - medium-sized frog with a body length of 60-100 mm, larger specimens are rare. The body from above from olive to reddish-brown, on the back and on the sides, dark spots are 1-3 mm in diameter. In males in the marriage period, the throat of blue. In addition, during the pairing period, the male is brighter, grayish, a female, on the contrary, more brown, often reddish-brown. The bottom marble-like drawing has below.

Spread. Herbal frog is one of the most common in Europe. Her area extends from the British Isles to the Urals and Western Siberia. In the north she meets until Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula. None on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus. In Ireland, this is the only frog.

Reproduction. In February - April is spent spawning. Pairing begins on the way to spawning reservoirs - well-lit, shallow, coastal sites of lakes, ponds, canvas, yam filled with water, etc. Frogs are laying off caviar during the week, after which they leave with spawning reservoirs and settle around the surroundings. Usually, the tadpoles are hatched in 8-10 days. The development of tadpoles lasts 85-90 days. Coolness comes on the third year of life.

Classification

Class: amphibians

Detachment: Cheeky

Family: Real Frogs

Rod: Real Frogs

View: Herbal frog

3) Ostromordy Frog, or Swamp frog (Rana Arvalis) - Amphibian family of real frogs.

Appearance. Very similar to herbal frog. Body length 4-7 cm, mass from 5 to 30 grams. The muzzle is pointed. From eye through a drumpatch, almost to the shoulders often goes a dark temporal spot, which is gradually narrowed. The back is light-olive, light brown, reddish-brick or almost black. Belubo monochromatic, light. The overall tone of the color of the body of these amphibians can vary depending on temperature, humidity and lighting. In sunny weather, it is noticeably lighter. Frogs living on open dry places are brighter compared to those that come across thick and wet grasses, shrubs, forests. A polymorphism in the drawing of the back is peculiar to a sharply frog. The color of the lower part of the body differs sharply from the top. The abdomen and throat is usually white, often with a yellowish tint. The males in the marriage take care of a silver-blue color. In the first fingers of the forelimbs, marriage corn corns develop for females.

Spread.It is found in Europe in the northeastern part of France, in Sweden, Finland; in the south to the Adriatic Sea, in the East to the Urals; It also comes across in Western and Central Siberia, in the north of Kazakhstan, in the east of the area comes to Altai and Yakutia. It is found in the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones, as well as in semi-desert (Northern Kazakhstan) and in the mountains to a height of 800 m above sea level. A keen frog comes across in the forests, in the meadows, swamps, arable land, fields, in gardens, gardens, parks, on the side of the roads, near housing. More often it lives in deciduous forests and floodplain meadows. At the same time, this is the most drought-resistant view among the frogs and in the forest, on the conjunct meadows. The most important condition for the life of a nuclear frog is the presence in the vicinity of suitable reproduction of water bodies.

Lifestyle. The most active casual frogs in the evening, but they can often be found in the afternoon. Under favorable conditions, it is constantly held in the same places and are not deleted from them by more than 25-30 meters. At the same time, they can do long-term summer migrations in search of more favorable and rich foods. A croaked frog leads mainly ground lifestyle, even more than herbal.

Like all frogs, the invertebrates feed on land, they also eat flies, mosquitoes, hellomes, terrestrial shellfish, water invertebrates. Having hunting behind insects, a pointed frog itself often becomes mining mammals or birds. Such reptiles like lizards, dicks, viper feeds with these frogs. Winter the bulk of butterior frogs on land. With the onset of autumn colds, the frogs are hiding in the pits, nonorah rodents, piles of foliage, under stones, in old stumps, in low dupes of trees, in cellars.

Reproduction. In the spring, the first individuals awaken, when it still did not completely reach the snow, and the reservoirs can be covered with ice. The reproduction begins in a couple of days or a little later and can last from 2 to 25 days, ending in May. The temperature of the water at this time is 5 ° C and higher. The places of icometon are generally similar to those of a herbal frog. These are floodplain reservoirs, filler meadows, pits with water, ditches, swamps, puddles, various forest reservoirs are predominantly temporary, ponds, including fishery, peat careers, etc. As a rule, frogs choose the swords of the grass. The fertility of a crooking frog is relatively small: the female lays out with one portion from 200 to 3000 eggs with a diameter of 7-8 mm (the diameter of the egg cell 1.5-2 mm). Embryonic development lasts from 5-10 days to 21, tightening when cooling (during freezing). Tilled larvae have a length of 4-8 mm. Lichery development takes place for 37-93 days. A large number of caviar (places up to 48% of masonry) and tadpoles dies from the drying of water bodies. Increased mortality was noted on sphagnum swamps due to water acidification. Half growth occurs at the age of three and older. The maximum life expectancy is in nature at least 12 years.

Classification:

Class: amphibians

Detachment: Cheeky

Family: Real Frogs

Rod: Real Frogs

View: Ostroordy frog

4) Pond Frog (Pelophylax Lessonae) - View of real frogs.

Appearance. The length of the pond frog's body rarely exceeds 8 cm. The spinal side color is usually bright green, gray-green, olive or brown, with a large or smaller amount of dark spots, along the middle of the back often passes a narrow light longitudinal strip, the abdominal side is monophonic white or yellowish. Some individuals without a dorsal pattern and with small stains on the throat or front of the belly. Drumpipes are well developed. On the sides of the head often there are strips that pass from the tip of the muzzle through the nostrils, eyes, and sometimes drumpipes. At the bottom of the foot there is a high and compressed from the sides of the heel borger, there are swimming pools. The males on the first two or three inner fingers of the front limbs are developed dark brown marriage corns, and on the heads of the head in the angles of the mouth there is a pair of external sound resonators of white. In the breeding season, the torso of males can be with a yellowish tint.

Spread. The pond frog is common in Central Europe from Western France in the West, to the Volga region in the East. The northern border of the range passes through Holland, South Sweden and then through the North-West of Russia (Leningrad and Novgorod region), Bashkiria and Tatarstan. In the south, the border partially coincides with the forest and the forest-steppe zone and is limited to the North Italy, the Northern Furnits of the Alps and the Balkans, North Romania, the central southern regions of Ukraine. It dwells in low-dimensive or standing shallow water bodies of wide and mixed forests, meeting after breeding on moistened forests and far from the water. In the forest-steppe and steppes live only in reservoirs, mainly in the styrica rivers and ponds. The acidity of such water bodies varies within pH \u003d 5.8-7.4. In the mountain rises to a height of up to 1550 m.

Reproduction. After winter hibernation, the frogs appear in the second half of April - May at the water temperature above 8 ° C, the soil is 10 ° C. The first time the animals are very sluggish, but after a couple of days or later, the marriage concerts of males begin. Mostly reservoirs with standing water and thick vegetation are used as spasilets. The individuals are distributed over the water, forming the places of concentration near the shore itself or at a distance of up to 6-15 m in larger reservoirs. Such "marriage clusters" occurs in 1-5 days before the start of reproduction. The period of reproduction is 23-27 days in April-May, starting at a water temperature of about 15-16 ° C. The fertility of the pond frog is relatively low: the female postpones from 400 to 1800 eggs. Embryonic development lasts 4-12 days, larvae 47-77 days. Golobastics are difficult and distinguishable from such a lake and edible frogs. Halfing occurs at the age of two years. The males are dominated by. The maximum life expectancy is in nature at least 12 years.

ClassificationClass: Deputy Value: Children: Real Lygushkod: PelophylaxVide: Pond frog

5) Ordinary garlic or Tolstogolian herbal (Pelobates Fuscus) - type of garlic family.

Appearance. The length of the body is 4-6 cm, the mass of 6-20 g. The body is oval, slightly flashed. Limbs are relatively short. Skin smooth. A distinctive feature is a vertical pupil and a very large shovel-like solid yellowish heel tubercle. The painting is neuropasky, the top of the light gray, sometimes dark gray, with a yellowish or brown tint, on this background there are dark olive, dark brown or black with red spots of various shapes and sizes; The bottom is light (grayish-white), with a small yellow, with dark spots, sometimes without spots. Numerous skin glands allocate a poisonous secret, which has the smell of garlic (hence the name). Garlic nicknickers are very large: the length along with the tail reaches 10 cm or more. Sometimes it is confused with an ordinary toak from the Zeb family, distinguished by only a more dark color.

Spread. The arole of garlic ordinary is within the borders of Central and Eastern Europe, anterior Asia. The garlic is ordinary - terrestrial species, holds places with light and loose soils. On a slightly wet sand, it time for 2-3 minutes completely shrug into the ground, licked for this land with rear limbs. Usually burst at daytime. It fell into the soil into the soil at least than 30-50 cm or use other asylums (rodents, cellars).

Reproduction. In the spring after wintering appears in the middle of March - early May at air temperature 12-14 ° C and water temperature of 8-10 ° C. It is multiplied, as a rule, in the mischievous standing reservoirs - ponds, sandy quarries, duties, pits with rather transparent water and rocky vegetation, although caviar can be found in time reservoirs. Pairing is usually under water shortly after the arrival of individuals on the water at a water temperature of 9-15 ° C. The period of ikrometania covers the second half of March - the beginning of June. Lichery development can last from 56 to 140 days. Many tadpoles dies while drying out the reservoirs, as well as in winter, if they do not have time to pass metamorphosis, although there are cases and successful wintering at the larch stage.

Califlement occurs on the third year of life with a minimum length of males about 41 mm, and females 43 mm. The ratio of floors is approximately equal. In nature live at least 4 years.

Classification:

Class: amphibians

Detachment: Cheeky

Family: garlic

Rod: garlic

View: Ordinary garlic

6) Great Triton (Triturus Cristatus) - type of tritons from kind Triturus.the detachment of tailed amphibians.

Appearance. Its name This type of tritons received due to the high ridge along the back and tail, which appears in males in the married period. The height of the ridge can reach 1.5 cm, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe tail of the ridge has brightly expressed experiencing. A part of the ridge, passing from the base of the head to the beginning of the tail, has brightly pronounced teeth, the remaining tail part of the crest is more flat. At the usual time, the comb in males is minozhetin. The males of the comb triton reach 18 cm long, the sizes of females are slightly less - from 11 to 20 cm maximum. We multiply in water. From above and from the sides of the comb, tritons are painted in dark brown and covered with dark spots, which seems to be practically black. At the bottom of the boc of triton are covered with small white dots, more visible in males during the breeding period. The females are painted modestly, their color is lighter, the comb is missing. On the back of the female is noticeable yellow longitudinal line. The abdominal triton is yellow or orange, covered with large black spots, pattern individual for each triton. A silver-gray band runs along the tail. The skin is coarse, rough, on the trouser smooth. It is possible to distinguish the male from the female by the presence of a toothed ridge during the marriage season. Great tritons are able to publish quiet sounds - creak, squeak and a deaf whistle.

Spread.Grebenchy Triton graduate captures the UK (excluding Ireland), most of Europe - the North of France and Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Belarus, most of Ukraine, the North-Western regions of Russia to the Urals, the southern border passes along the Alps, through Romania and Moldova along the coast Black Sea. From the north the area is limited to the southern part of Sweden and Finland. It is listed in the International Red Book, there is no Russian in the Red Book, although it is a rare and disappearing type of territory of the Russian Federation. Located in some regional red books (Ulyanovsk Region, Bashkortostan, etc.)

Reproduction. From wintering appears in March (Transcarpathia), in April-May (average Russia) in the period of opening of water bodies at an air temperature of 9-10 ° C and water temperature 6 ° C. After 3-6 days, the tritons move to the water bodies. The reproduction begins at an air temperature of 14 ° C. After ritual courtship, the female lays from 80 to 600 eggs (more often 150-200). Embryonic development lasts about 13-18 days; Lictery for about 3 months (80-100 days). Califlement occurs on the second or third year of life with a total length of males 85 mm, and in females 94 mm and more. In captivity live under 27 years old.

Classification:

Class: Amphibian: Tailed amphibiousness: Real salamandryrod: Tritonvid: Great Triton

. Reptiles of broad forest

(REPTILIA)

1) Green lizard Lacerta Viridis) - View of lizards from the genus of green lizards.

Appearance. A relatively large body length lizard up to 150 mm and approximately twice as long as the tail. The intercelion flaps concerns the nostrils or is separated from it a narrow jumper. Rearbed two or three. Skyliac shield one. Ahead of the supporting 4, very rarely 5 or 3 topless panels. There are up to 14 grains between the headless and the veins, the places of these shields are separated from each other, there are no less frequently grains. Vernevical usually two. The centrality is almost no different from other temporal panels or increased. Drum shield is expressed or noticeable. There is a throat fold. Consisting of 7-13 scales collar bias. 16-27 scales passes along the midline of the throat. Spinal scales extended hexagonal, with well-developed ribs. Around the middle of the body 40-58 scales. The anal amount of the average size and semi-raid 6-10 near-pylons, of which the average pair is usually somewhat wider the rest. Fempty pores are among the 11-21 reach the knee bend.

As for coloring, young one-color, brown-brown or grayish-brown with rare black spots and specks and rows of small white spots passing on the sides. With the age of the back green, and white spots on the sides merge usually in longitudinal, sometimes dual, stripes. Adults from above bright or dark green with numerous black or yellow spots, located often so thickly that the lizard looks almost entirely black with the awesome pulp of green and yellow flowers. There are individuals with passing along the ridge of the wrong shape with dark stains in bright edging. The head is on top of the dark green or brown with characteristic rounded light or yellowish spots and dashes. The males during the breeding period, the throat is bright blue, in females - greenish or bluish with marble divorces. Belubo bright yellow in males and whitish in females.

Lifestyle. In the south of Ukraine, active from the end of March - early April before the beginning of October, in the middle lane - from the end of April - the beginning of May until mid-September. In the hot period (July-August), sometimes there is a summer hibernate. The prey hunting takes place most vigorously in the morning hours: from 12 to 16 hours most lizards disappear in shelters or goes into shaded places. Having hunting or fleeing against danger, often climb on shrubs and trees, where they can jump from the branch branches and jump from a high height to the ground.

In food, beetles predominate, straight, bugs, caterpillars, refamming and spiders. In the spring and at the beginning of the summer, beetles and spiders are eaten more often, in the second half of summer and autumn - straight and caterpillars. Eating rainworms, mollusks, phalanxes, multiodions, dragonflies, double and other insects, and vegetable writing; There are cases of eating small lizards.

Reproduction. The marriage period, in which fierce fights of males occur, takes place in May - early June. Pregnancy lasts 6-8 weeks. The release of eggs from the second half of June to the end of July. In the laying of 5-13 eggs in size 15.5-18.0 x 12.0-14.0 mm. Young appear since August to September. Califlement occurs, apparently, on the third year of life.

Located under the protection of the Bern Convention.

Classification

Class: Presbysey

Squad: Scaly

Family: Real lizards

Rod: Green lizards

View: Green lizard

Vivipara (Zootoca Vivipara) - lizard of family of real lizards. Makes up monotypic rod Forest lizards (Zootoca). Previously included in the genus Green lizards (Lacerta).

Appearance. A small lizard of the body length is up to 71 mm and about twice a longer tail. The head is not indisposed. The intercelion shield, as a rule, does not concern the nostrils. The posterior shield is usually one. Skylty shield 1 or extremely rarely missing. Ahead of the under-judicial flap 3-4, very rarely 5 topsoguby. The top tagnetic flaps is touched by a dark. Between supervalcable and topless shields up to 5 grains; Some instances are missing. The central shield, if any, is weakly expressed, and the drum is usually good. Usually two varying upper values. The throat fold is weakly developed. The collar is served and consists of 6-12 flaps. In the middle of the throat 13-23 scales. The scales of the top surface of the neck is relatively large, hexagonal or rounded, smooth, without ribs. Scales along the ridge stretched hexagonal or oval, with ribs or smooth. Around the middle of the body 25-38 scales. The anal shield is small, the average pair of 4-8 pre-analytes is significantly increased. High pores are among the 5-16 reach the knee bending.

Young black, dark brown, brown-bronze or dirty yellow, almost without pattern. Adult brown brown, yellowish brown or greenish color with a characteristic pattern, usually consisting of dark, often intermittent strip along the ridge, two light strips on the sides of the back and dark wide bands on the sides, limited by the bottom edge of the light line, sometimes broken into rounded specks . Along the backs are usually located more or less elongated dark and light spots and spectures. The character of the drawing in males and females is varied.

Spread. Very widespread in the northern half of Eurasia from Ireland and the Pyrneet Peninsula in the West to Chartarka Islands, Sakhalin and Northern Japan in the East. In Russia, the northern border of the area from the coast of the Kola Peninsula in the north-west continues for the polar circle to the lower flow of the Yenisei, then the Lena valleys and its tributaries crosses the East. The southern border of the range from Transcarpathia continues to the east of the forest-steppe and stepma. Everywhere meets on Sakhalin. In place of habitat adheres to the obsesshed marshes, peatlands, overgrowing, garry, roads and roadside slopes, forest edges, polls and promises, animal trails and banks of rivers. It occurs on the gardens and in the gardens. It is usually held at the fallen tree trunks, old stumps, and with a high undergrowth - at the base of individual trees. As a shelter, uses emptiness between roots, moss bodies, forest bedding, small mammals, spaces under the sorting of bark and hungry.

Spiders, beetles, ants, cycards, caterpillars, butterflies, twisted, straight flowered, and multicacies, mollusks and rainworms are found in food.

Reproduction. In the area in the fauna of Russia and neighboring countries, the duration of pregnancy of a viviorny lizard from 70 to 90 days. Young begin to appear from the beginning of July, and in the years with a warmer spring - at the beginning of the second decade of June. The number of young 8-12, in young females 2-6, the length of their body is 18-22 mm (no tail). Halfing occurs at a biennium.

Classification

Class: Presbysey

Detachment: Scaly

Coverage: Lizards

Family: Real Lizards

Rod: Forest Lizards

View: Viliable Lizard

Breaking spherical or medyanitsa (Anguis Fragilis) - Lizard from the family yeretnytsevaya (Anguidae).

Appearance. This lizard is manless. Lizard's length reaches 50 centimeters, of which up to 30 centimeters of the body length. The tail of males is longer than the females. The body of the male brown, gray or bronze color. Coloring females pale than males. On the belly of males dark spots and stripes. On the belly in the female spots and there are no bands. The name "spine" comes from the spindle, which the form resembles this lizard, and the "brittle" from the property will discard the tail. The sprues are often confused with the snakes with Medica.

Distributed In Europe, including in the coastal scandinavia, and throughout Western Asia. In Russia, the area comes to Karelia in the north, the Tyumen region in the East, the Caucasus in the south and throughout the Eastern European Plain. The average life expectancy is 9-12 years old, in captivity - 30-35 years.

In the spring is active, with the onset of summer goes to the night lifestyle. For sleep, hides in mink, piles of branches, rotten stumps. Not afraid of people, easily tame.

Reproduction. Spring appears in mid-March - early April, and in more northern latitudes - in the first half of May. EYSKAYAVEY. Pregnancy lasts about 3 months, and young yerets are born in mid-July - August. The female produces from 5 to 26 (more often than 12) a young 38-50 mm long, not counting. Female life occurs on the third year of life. There are cases of survival of yerets in captivity to 30-35 years. More than 60% of those caught in nature in nature have in one degree or another restored tails, which indirectly indicates the effectiveness of such a passive measure of protection, as the discarding of a long brittle tail, a long time of manifesting in place and distracts the attention of the predator itself from the lizard itself.

Classification:

Class: Reptiles: Scalysey: Veretnytseyodeod: Yeretnytsvid: Breakpiece

2) Ordinary Vipera Berus - The type of poisonous snakes of the genus of real guaduk of the family of Gadyukov, often found in Europe and Asia. Unlike other representatives of the family prefers lower temperatures, occurring either at higher latitudes (up to the polar circle), or in the mountains up to 2600 m above sea level.

Appearance. Relatively small snake, whose length, along with the tail usually does not exceed 65 cm. The largest copies are found in the northern part of the range: so, on the Scandinavian Peninsula, snakes above 90 cm. In France and Great Britain, the largest individuals reached in length 80-87 See the females are somewhat larger than males. The weight of the adult viper varies from 50 to 180.

A large flatted head with a rounded muzzle is noticeably deliberate from the torso with a short neck interception. In the top of the head, three large panels are distinguished, one of which - frontal - has almost rectangular, elongated along the body and is located in space between the eyes, the two remaining - dark - right behind it. Sometimes another little shield is developed between frontal and dumplings. Nasal hole cut into the bottom of the nasal panel . Vertical pupil along with hanging supervise shields give a snake an evil look, although they have nothing to do with the manifestation of emotions. Anal shield is not divided. Around the middle of the torso usually 21 scales. Abdominal scales in males 132-150, in females 132-158. Tail scales in males 32-46, in females 23-38 pairs.

Coloring extremely changeable - the main background can be gray, yellowish brown, brown or reddish with a copper tint. In some areas up to 50% of the population, black viper melanysts are. Most individuals on the back along the ridge are developed a contrast zigzag pattern. Belubo gray, grayish brown or black, sometimes with white spots. The tip of the tail is painted in yellow, orange or red. Young individuals spin are often painted in a copper-brownish color with a zigzag strip.

Life expectancy can reach 15, and according to individual data and 30 years. Nevertheless, observations in Sweden show that snakes rarely survive after two or three years of reproduction, which, taking into account the achievement of puberty, gives an urgent age in 5-7 years.

Spread. The habitats are more diverse in the northern and eastern part of the range, where the snake often masters peat swamps, heather empty, lightened mixed forests, shores of various freshwater reservoirs, wet meadows, edges of fields, traction stripes, dunes. In the south of Europe, biotopes are mainly limited to wet declines in highland. It is unevenly distributed depending on the presence of places suitable for wintering. Solded, as a rule, it does not move further 60-100 meters. The exception is forced migration to the place of wintering, snake in this case can be removed to a distance of up to 2-5 km. Wintering usually occurs from October-November to March-April (depending on the climate), in the north of the area lasts up to 9 months, for which the snake chooses a deepening in Earth (holes, crevices, etc.) at a depth of 2 meters, where The temperature does not fall below + 2 ... + 4 ° C. In the event of a shortage of such places in one place, several hundreds of individuals can be accumulated, which in the spring crawl into the surface, which creates the impression of great crowding. Subsequently snake sprawl.

Lifestyle. In the summer, sometimes heats up in the sun, but mostly hides under old stumps, in crevices, etc. Snake is not aggressive and when the person is approaching, it is trying to use his camouflaged color as much as possible, or wage. Only in the case of an unexpected appearance of a person either during provocation on his part she can try to bite him. Such careful behavior is explained by the fact that it requires a lot of energy to reproduce poison in conditions of changing temperatures.

It feeds mainly by mile-like rodents, amphibians and lizards, ruins bird nests located on Earth. The ratio of various feeds may vary depending on availability at this time in this area. So, during observation of violets in the Netherlands, it was revealed that they prefer herbal and crooking frogs, as well as a nipple lizard. In other regions in nutrition, gray and forest launches, earthmock, yerets, chicks, skates and oatmeans can prevail in nutrition. Young snakes catch insects - locust, beetles, less often butterfly caterpillars, ants, slugs and earthworms.

Danger for man. As for the bites, according to the complex components of the poison of ordinary viper, similar to the poisons of other European and tropical species of Viguuk. It consists of high molecular weight proteases of hemorrhagic, hemo-adaging and necrotic action, peptide hydrolase, hyaluronidases and phospholipases, which at the moment of bite through the lymph nodes enter the circulatory system for a man bite of ordinary viper is considered potentially dangerous, but it extremely rarely leads to a fatal outcome. For example, in the UK for the period from 1876 to 2005, only 14 deaths were recorded, the last of which occurred in 1975. About 70% of busting or do not experience any symptoms in general, or feel burning pain directly in the bite. Often, redness and tumor are developing around the wreck - hemorrhagic edema. With a more severe degree of intoxication within 15-30 minutes, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leather pale, increased sweating, chills, tachycardia are possible. Finally, with particularly enhanced sensitivity, the loss of consciousness may occur, the personnel of the face, a significant drop in blood pressure, abundant bleeding (DVS syndrome), renal failure, a convulsive or comatose state. In most cases, the consequences of bite disappear in 2-4 days, but can stretch for a longer period until a year. In particular, the complications may cause incorrect independent treatment.

Classification:

Class: Reptiles: Scalysey: Gadukovoode: Real Gadukivide: Ordinary Gaduk

3) Ordinary shielding or pallas shielding (Gloydius Halys) - The most common type of poisonous snakes of rhodasitoordinarians of the subsfence of the junky family of gadyukovy.

Appearance. Medium sized snake - body length reaches 690 mm, tail length - 110 mm. The head is wide, with a well-pronounced cervical interception, tops are covered with large shields forming a shield similarity. Between the nostrils and the eye is a facial sensitive fossa; Pupil eye vertical. Around the middle of the body of the shield, there are 23 rows of scales. Abdominal shields - 155-187, step-long - 33 - 50 pairs.

Coloring the upper side of the body of an ordinary pillar of a buurya or gray-brown, with transverse dark brown spots, the number of which varies from 29 to 50. On the sides of the body passes through one longitudinal row of smaller dark spots. On the head a clear spotted drawing, and on its parties there is a dark babbit strip. Belo from light gray to brown, with small dark and light specks. There are monochrome brick-red or almost black individuals.

Spread. Within an extensive area of \u200b\u200bdistribution, a palate dwells in a wide variety of biotopes: in the plain and Nagornaya steppes, in semi-deserts, and in the colonies of rodents, even attached sands. It also meets on rocky cripples in mountain forests, along the banks of rivers and lakes, on subalpine meadows. Mountain rises to a height of 3000 m above sea level.

The population density of the palate in habitats is usually small, and the maximum number is observed in the spring and early summer. In the northern Baicallee, the shielding plates are numerous. In the spring and autumn, this snake is active in the afternoon, and in the summer she moves to the twilight and night lifestyle. The way out of wintering occurs from the beginning of March to the end of May, depending on the latitude of habitats. Pairing is observed in April - May, usually 1.5 - 2 weeks after leaving the wintering. And continues during almost the entire active period. In the middle of the summer, the settlement of snakes begins in summer habitats: on the rocks, to the foot of the slopes and in the distribution. The shelters of the shielding of rodents serve, cleaners of rocky shots, cracks in clay cliffs. They go to wintering in the first decade of October. In August - early October, the female brings from 3 to 14 young with a body length of 160-190 mm and a weight of 5-6 g of an ordinary panel of a typidation includes various small vertebrates, mostly rodents, as well as earthters, small birds and lizards. Occasionally he eats eggs birds and small snakes. Young individuals feed and invertebrate animals. Often, the whole life of the population is associated with the colonies of pools of the genus Microtus, and the snakes do not leave these colonies at all, where they are provided with everything necessary. In the south-western Mongolia on the fixed sands with nitraria, the shitami devices are mined Przhevalsky's lush, which in the same bushes hunt insects or eating nitraria berries during the ripening period. The hunting section of the panel of a panel in diameter is 100-160 m. In some parts of the range, due to the economic activity of the person, the population of the pavement is subject to a strong anthropogenic press. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Zeysky reservoir in the micropopulations of this species scattered in different parts of the coast, environmental conditions have changed and genetic changes characteristic of isolated settlements have been observed.

Danger for man. The bite of a packer is very painful, but usually after 5 - 7 days comes full recovery.

Classification:

Class: Reptile voter: Scaly dud: Snake: GuadyukovyOdamy: Butterwood: Shchyami ropeVide: Ordinary shitamor

4) European marsh turtle (Emys Orbicularis) - View of freshwater turtles.

Appearance. Karapaks oval, low and slightly convex, smooth, movably connected to a plaster with a non-elastic ligament. Carapaks of young turtles rounded, with a weak median keel in the back. The rear part of the plastron is rounded, without a noticeable excavation. The limbs are equipped with long sharp claws. There are small membranes between your fingers. The tail is very long, in adult turtles, its length is up to 3/4 of the length of the shell, and the cubly tail is relatively longer. Such a tail can play the role of an additional steering wheel when swimming (this function is performed mainly by the hind limbs).

Turtle of medium sizes. Carapaks length reaches 12-35 cm. The turtle mass can reach 1.5 kg. The shell of adult turtles from above is painted in dark olive, brown or dark-brown, almost black, color with small yellow spots, dots or strokes. Plastron is a dark-brown or yellowish with blurred dark spots. Head, neck, legs and tail Turtle Dark, with numerous yellow spots. Eyes with yellow, orange or reddish iris. The edges of the jaws are smooth, "beak" is absent.

Spread. It is found in various fresh reservoirs: swamps, ponds, lakes, smooths, styrices, slowly current rivers, canals. Also, the marsh turtle is found in the Soler Kizeltash and Vityazevsky Limans, near Art. Blagoveshchenskaya, Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation. Rivers with a rapid flow avoids, prefers the plain reservoirs with gentle shores, well-warmed shallow sections, as overgrown with vegetation, and without it. Sometimes it is found in the drawing of the villages and cities. The mountain rises to a height of up to 1000 m above sea level (in Sicily up to 1400 m, and in Morocco up to 1700 m).

As a rule, it is kept near the reservoirs, but can be removed from them for a short distance. Occasionally, for example, during breeding, the turtles leave water sometimes at a distance of up to 500 m.

Lifestyle. The marsh turtle is omnivorous, but the main and preferred food for her are various small animals, primarily invertebrates: mollusks, worms, crustaceans, water and terrestrial insects and their larvae. In the diet dominates insects and other arthropods: larvae dragonflies, femalets, mosquitoes, mocities, beetles. In the steppes of the turtle eats a lot of locusts, in the forest, the diet includes crustaceans and multicasts. The marsh turtle can be hunted on small vertebrates: amphibians and their larvae, young snakes and even chicks of waterfowl. Eats Padal, for example, the corpses of waterfowl.

Herbal food takes a smaller share in the diet. The marsh turtle sometimes eats algae, soft and juicy parts of the aquatic and incoming higher plants.

In captivity, with proper care, marsh turtles can live 25-30 years. There is evidence that swamp turtles can live to 120 years.

Classification

Class: Reptiles: Turtles: Hortal turtleise: Freshwater Turtles: Marsh Turtlewide: European marsh turtle

. Birds of deciduous forests

(Aves)

As mentioned earlier, birds Wide forests are extremely varied. Most of them belong to the detachment of sparrows - finches, starlats, tits, swallows, flies, foams, larks, etc. . From the predatory there are eggs, Luni, Owls, Owls and Filin. The swamps are found in the swamps, cranes, herons, different types of ducks, geese and chaps.

1) Finch (fring í lla Co. é lebs) - Hanging birds of the reulting family.

Appearance. The size of the sparrow, the length of the body is about 14.5 cm. Sexual dimorphism is expressed quite brightly, primarily in the color. The painting of the plumage in the male is bright (especially in spring): the head is bluish gray, the back is brown with green, goiter and chest brownish-red, on the wings big white spots; The painting females are more dull. In the wild, a championship lives on average for 2 years, in captivity lifespan is up to 12 years.

Spread in Europe, Western Asia and North Africa; Mail in the east. One of the most numerous birds in Russia. It dwells in forests and parks of all types, often at the very housing of man. The championship dwells in various forest landscapes: coniferous, deciduous, artificial plantings, preferent with ripe mature and cool forests. Normally in subalpine deciduous plantations, gardens, gardens, countryside and city parks. Part of the birds winter in Central Europe, the rest fly south (mainly in the Mediterranean). Also, a finch winter in the predfaccasia: in the foothill forests and partly in the cities. It is powered by seeds and green parts of plants, summer also harmful insects and other invertebrates, which feeds and chicks.

Vocalization. Typically, the type of chapter is represented by a telling ending with "stroke" (short sharp sound) at the end. Trells are preceded by the initial, thinner worship sounds. Therefore, the song is a chapter can be divided into three consecutive parts - seals, trill, stroke. Such a structure of the song is characteristic of all adult males (the female finch is usually not realized vocally). The whole song usually lasts about 2-3 seconds, after a pause (7-10 seconds) the song is repeated again. Due to the ringing songs, chasters often contain in captivity. The chapter refers to the number of animals with a large range of adaptability, synanthropic appearance and is often an object of genetic studies.

Classification

Class: Bird Training: Sparrow-likeness: Vyrkovyodeod: Cheekyvid: Finch

2) Ordinary Skzorets (Sturnus vulgaris) - The singing bird of the Schvorts family, widespread in the significant territory of Eurasia, as well as successfully introduced to South Africa, North America, Australia and New Zealand. In the south and west of Europe, there is a settling lifestyle, and in the northern and eastern part of it is the flight, in the winter months migrating to the south. Externally (sizes, yellow beak and dark plumage) slightly resembles black droinds, but unlike them go On the ground, not jumping.

Spread. In the choice of habitat is quite tolerant, but it is found only on the plain, without rising high in the mountains. It gets well in the settlements and in the countryside near the farms. He lives in coastal areas, swamps, salt marshes, in a palpal, steppes, but avoids it difficult to access the person. During the reproduction, it needs hollows of trees or niches of buildings for the construction of nests and seeded fields as a stern territory.

Vocalization. It has a wide range of sounds that may include whispers, screenshots, meowing, various noise and rattling. Russian ornithologists are noticed that the starlings are able to imitate throsdes, replaints, vaccinations, larks, tips, swallows, quail, jokes and other birds and even squash like frogs.

Lifestyle. Skzorts are knocked in flocks and settle down in small colonies, usually several couples are not far from each other. Sometimes they can be seen flying a huge group of several thousand individuals, while they synchronously repeat the turns, soaring and land on the ground, scattering on a significant area. During the acquisition and brood, the chicks adhere to their small territory, which is not more than 10 m within the radius, and carefully protect it from other birds. Feed areas do not guard.

The marriage season usually begins early in spring, and in the case of migration shortly after arrival. In the northern hemisphere, this period falls at the end of March - the beginning of July, and in South for September-December.

Skvorts are omnivorous - feed on both vegetable and animal food. Early spring is hunting behind rainworms or assemble insect larvae. Also catch a variety of insects: grasshoppers, spiders, butterflies, caterpillars and worms. Seeds and plant fruits are used from plant food. Can bring serious harm to grain crops and vineyards.

A person has a long history of relationship with these birds. In order to attract them to the destruction of harmful insects in gardens and gardens, people have long been pinned artificial houses for them, named benchmarks. Moving to a new place of residence to another continent, people tried to carry and birds. However, the ability to quickly reproduce with a rather aggressive character made ordinary shutters with unwanted guests in the regions where they were not before. The scarmers can bring greatest damage to grain crops and berries, causing serious economic damage.

The life expectancy of ordinary squortings in the wild is up to 12 years (V. Paevsky and A. Shaked).

Classification

Class: Bird Training: Sparrow-likeness: Skvortsayerod: Skvortsyvid: Ordinary Skwort

3) Gray Mukholovka (Muscicapa Striata) - Small, size with sparrow Bird of the family of flies.

Appearance. Gray mukholovka negrosk coloring bird with long wings and tail. Adult birds have gray, or gray-brown plumage. Belly light with weak, dark strokes. The paws are short and dark, like beak. Chicks are more brown than adult birds.

Lifestyle. The gray flies hunts on flying insects with an open elevation, to which she is more often returning again. It is easy to learn about how she often shakes the wings and the tail on the hunting place, and then take off the swell a few meters to catch the insect.

Gray flies nests in the forests, parks, gardens, preferring outdoor places with rare trees. The masonry takes place between the middle of May and until mid-July, consists of 4 - 6 eggs. When the first brood successfully leaves the socket, it is used again for the second masonry.

Classification:

Class: Bird Training: Sparrow-likeness: Mukholeovyodeod: Real Mukholovkivid: Sea Mukholovka

4) Oriolus Oriolus (Oriolus) - A small bright bird, the only representative of the Ivologov family, common in the moderate climate of the northern hemisphere. Nests in Europe and in Asia to the east to Yenisei. Noisy and movable, usually keeps in the crown of trees, mainly deciduous. Appearance. Unimustant, meets alone or couples. It feeds on caterpillars and other insects, as well as berries. Migrates to long distances, winter in the tropics of Asia and Africa south of the Sahara.

The size is slightly larger than an ordinary squorter, length 24-25 cm, the weight of 50-90 g. The body is somewhat elongated. In the color is a well-pronounced sexual dimorphism - the plumage of male golden-yellow with black wings and black tail. On the edge of the tail, and small yellow spots are visible on the wings. From the beak to the eye there is a black strip, called "bridle" - depending on the subspecies, it can go for the eyes or not. The females are greenish-yellow top and whiten bottom with dark longitudinal pepins. Wings are greenish-gray. The beak from both sexes is brown or reddish-brown, long enough and strong. A very mobile bird, quickly and silently jumps out from the branch on the branch in the thick foliage of the trees.

Vocalization Includes multiple variations in each other. Sometimes it publishes a sharp and completely non-music cry, resembling a frightened cat meow. From afar, a melodic whistle of birds, resembling the sounds of the flutes, is heard. At a distance, the other song is almost not heard - a set of detachable creaky sounds, like a falcon.

Lifestyle. Most of the life spends high in the crown of trees - despite the bright plumage, this bird is often difficult to see from the ground. Prefers bright high-raning forests, mainly deciduous - birch, yawa or poplar groves. Less often meets in herbaceous pine bodies. Finally, sometimes selected deserted islands with separate trees.

The diet includes both plant and animal feed. The breeding season feeds mainly wood insects, mainly caterpillars, including hairy. It uses butterflies in food (in that size), dragonflies, budgets, mosquitoes, whongs, bedbugs, wood beetles. Sometimes they ruin the nests of small birds, such as a gray flies and a horikharvost.

Like other representatives of the family, the ordinary Oriolga Montogamna. In the case of migration to places, the nestings arrive quite late when the first greens appear on the trees - in the middle lane in Russia in the second half of May. The first comes males, females a little later. The reproduction occurs once a year, full masonry are found in East Germany at the end of May - early June, in Spain at the end of May, in Belgium, Switzerland and Sweden in early June, in Morocco in mid-June. In the marriage period, the male behaves demonstratively - jumping from the branch to the branch, flies around the female, pursues it, makes it in the air "Skirt", actively pinched and whistles, dismisses the tail and bleats the wings. He also protects its territory - fierce fights are often often protected between competing males. The attracted female is responsible whistling and turns the tail.

Classification

Class: Bird Training: Sparrows

Family: Ivolgovyodeod: Ivolgivide: Ordinary Ivolga

5) TETEREV, or TETEREV-KOSAH, or Field Tetrix (Lyrus Tetrix) - A common bird of the family of Pheasanov, inhabiting in the forest, forest-steppe and partly steppe zone of Eurasia, including in Russia. On all over the range, settled either a nomadic bird; Setes on forest edges, along the edge of the forest, in the valleys of large rivers. It is a hunting object.

Appearance. Relatively large bird with a small head and short beak. The males look markedly larger females. In the color of a pronounced sexual dimorphism.

The male is easily recognizable in a brilliant-black plumage with a purple or green tide on the head, neck, goiter and lower back, and bright red eyebrows. Female Pösta, reddish-brown with transverse gray, dark yellow and black and brown stripes. Outwardly, she looks like a female of Plukhar. Young birds - both males and females, possess a pinsy plumage consisting of black and brown, yellow brown and white stripes and spots.

Vocalization varies in males and females. The females make quick, incubating sounds, at the end frequently disguised. The males are ringingly and lastly moped, or in case of approaching the danger, they make a deaf cry. The loud singing of males is most often audible during the token.

Lifestyle. Tecters usually terrestrial bird, but in the cold season he keeps on trees, where he produces food. On the ground moves like a homely chicken - quickly runs and takes off almost vertically. Flight is fast and energetic - the aunt at a time can fly to several tens of kilometers without stopping. It has good eyesight and hearing - in case of danger, it flies quickly and removed for the long distance. It is usually active early in the morning and in the evening, before sunset. In the strengths of frost feeds once a day, briefly choosing from under the snow.

Also is a public bird - outside the breeding season, especially in the winter cold, keeps with flocks. The size of the flock may vary in large limits - some cases are known to 200-300 individuals in one group.

Teweries shave there, where forests, either the bushes of shrubs are combined with open spaces - in small groves, flippers, gentlemen with an abundance of berries, in the valleys of large rivers, along the edges of the rigging and transitional swamps, floodplain meadows or agricultural land.

Tetrayev leads a settled or wagging lifestyle. Seasonal movements are irregular, but in some years they can cover a significant portion of the population. Mobility can be associated both with a lack of feed in winter and characteristic of this species a significant fluctuate of the number - with a periodicity of 4-10 years, the population of these birds can grow sharply.

Like other representatives of the family, TETEREV polygamans - several females account for one male. During the reproduction period, the males hold separately - one or small groups. At this time, they are silent and especially afraid, because due to the molds temporarily lose the ability to fly.

The diet almost completely consists of a variety of plant feeds.

The most dangerous predators are the most dangerous predators are subject to foxes, cunits, boars and hollows-wellvabs. Natural predators do not have a significant impact on the change in the number and distribution of the auration, although over the past decades their pressure on the tetrais has significantly increased. A much greater danger to them represents the economic activity of a person - drainage and refining heather waste, forest stocks, the use of fertilizers in agriculture and grazing in alpine meadows. In Russia and the countries of Scandinavia, Tetherov is considered one of the most popular hunting field birds, by the number of shooting carcasses, only leaving the white partridge and ripples. According to approximate estimates, in the early 1990s, about 120,000 birds shot in Russia.

Classification

Class: Birds

Squad: Kuro-shaped

Family: Pheasanov

Rod: Tetherova

View: Tether

6)Bullfinch, or ordinary bullfinch (Pyrrhula Pyrrhula.) - Singing bird of Snagerey ( Pyrrhula.), Family reels.

Appearance. Bird of small sizes, a little more sparrow. Head from above around the beak and eyes - black. Fly and steering feathers are also black, with a blue metal tide. Lastanas and subword - white. Spin, shoulders and seashes in male gray. The cheeks, neck from below, belly and sides are red. The tone and intensity of the color of the lower side of the body depends on the subspecies and individual characteristics. The females and shoulders are gray. Back brown-brown. The cheeks, neck from below, belly and sides are gray-brown. The plumage of chicks is predominantly olywed-brown. "Black hats", like adult individuals, there are no chicks on the head.

Spread. Snegiri inhabit the whole Europe, the front Asia, East Asia, including Siberia, Kamchatka, as well as Japan. The southern border passes approximately by the latitude of Northern Spain, Apennins, Northern Greece and in the north of Asia Minor. Snegiri is inhabited as lowlands and mountain forests, absent on flameshed territories and north of the forest area. In Russia, bullfights are common throughout the forest and, partly, the forest-steppe zone where coniferous trees are found, from west to east.

Lifestyle. Bullfinch lives in forests with a thick undergrowth, it can also be found in the gardens and parks of cities (especially during the nomads). In the summer, the bird lives both in dense forests and in gentlemen, but it is rare to notice it. In winter, stories of bullfires are very well distinguishable, like individual birds on the mirrorless trees of the park on a snow-white background. Snakers have a pink-red breast, in females - brown-gray. The bullfinality refers to predominantly aggregate birds, completely conjugates for the winter only from North Taiga, on nomads is found to Central Asia and Eastern China.

Bulk feeds mainly by seeds, kidneys, some spine and berries. Running with berries, seeds from them, leaving the flesh. Chicks feeds mainly vegetable feeds by adding insects and berries.

Classification

Class: Birds

Squad: Sparrows

07.05.2016 15:30

Illustration:


Wide forests are located in the Russian plain, occupying almost the entire territory up to the Urals. The riches of these arrays are determined by the variety of trees and plants growing here. It is surprising, but it is these forests that are most common in most regions of our country due to their fitness to rapidly changing weather conditions and temperature regime.

Only broadst forests of our country require a special climate for their full development and expansion of forestseed arrays. They grow even in the south of the Far East, throughout the length of the climatic zone.

To distinguish between various forest arrays with each other, certain breeds of trees capable of growing at the boundaries of various natural zones, whose climate is often changing very often. For example, this breed is a fir. It seems to conduct the border between mixed and broad forest arrays.

Another way to distinguish the forests among themselves is to explore which species of trees in them grow. For deciduous forests, deciduous varieties of trees are characteristic, the leaves of which can be discharged depending on the season and temperature. The leaves are also involved in photosynthesis processes, process carbon dioxide present in nature into oxygen favorable for vital activity.

The forest appendix also represent a certain border between the forests. Trees practically do not grow in these areas, and the soil due to the presence of special nutritional components is painted in dark colors and shades.

Features of Russia's decide forests

Often, trees that belong to deciduous rocks grow on the territory of the deciduous forests. Sometimes there are other breeds. But if they are here in minor quantities and do not exceed the total volume of deciduous trees, - this forest is not attributed to the mixed type.

Here you can meet a gray forest soil, providing trees with all the necessary substances necessary for their livelihoods. The remaining components of the trees take from their own leaves in the autumn-winter seasons of the year. When the leaves are yellow and fall, the trunk and the root system of wood is preparing to be overwhelmed, "waffle" times unfavorable for its growth.

But if the trunk is protected by the bark, the root system in this regard is more vulnerable. After all, the soil is cooled in winter due to the lack of sunlight. Then the situation saved the leaves. They overload and feed the roots and trunk of trees in a state of sleep.

Such natural processes as leaves are capable of maintaining a certain constant temperature in separate parts of the soil, therefore, a tree:

  • fully protected from cold
  • does not lose its ability to further increase
  • saves nutrients in order to use them in the spring when climatic conditions will be more favorable for wide trees.

In the east of the most extended forest massif, the heat supply is much higher than in the nearest zone of mixed forests. Therefore, trees are fully growing and developing here much faster.

Rich vegetation of large forests

Since the soil is rich in all the components, the vegetation of these places is quite diverse, the vegetation of these places is quite diverse. After all, the period of its growth and development increases by moderate climate and low temperatures. However, in the spring you can see a decrease in moisture in some areas of the deciduous forests. Therefore, if we consider this array from the height of bird flight, we can see that its integrity is slightly violated and in certain places are visible "voids", not filled with trees. As mentioned above, there may be several reasons for such natural phenomenon.

Recently, broad-sized forests have significantly reduced the volume of their territories. This is because technological progress develops at such a speed that forests simply do not have time to restore their arrays.

Forest needs help

Wide forests really need human help. No matter how paradoxically sounds, but only it is able to reduce the destructive impact on nature.

  • land seedlings in those places where forest arrays are interrupted for any reason,
  • provide the protection of broader and other types of forests from encroachments by poachers and irremissive entrepreneurs, mercilessly cutting large areas of this natural material,
  • create all the conditions so that the buildings and cities are at a certain distance from the forest massif.

All these conditions are not easy to observe, since many of them are practically not controlled by the state. Industrial enterprises carry out too large emissions into our atmosphere. Only forests can help with air cleaning. Therefore, their conservation is so important for the future of our planet.

Wide forests as well as other forest arrays are light lands. Without forests, our planet could not exist in the form in which it functions and develops now.

All that is needed to maintain the environmental health of the planet is the protection of forests. It is not so difficult, if we consider that only in our country there are large-scale forests, which are practically no analogues in the world in the world. Since such wealth grows on one territory, it just needs to be saved.

Wide forests and industry

Surprisingly, these arrays are essential raw materials in the forest industry. They are a universal material for processing, which is able to restore its resources.

Industry use even waste production. That is, the recycling processing of already recycled raw materials in our country is established. But at the same time, the volume of cutting of forests is not reduced. To correct this situation, a full reorganization of the enterprise engaged in this stage of working with wood processing should be carried out.

Potential of wide forests

Due to the fact that there is an active biological circulation of all natural elements in these forest arrays, the soil constantly "works", updating its natural potential.

In addition, thanks to such metamorphoses, there is a purification of large forests from all sorts of pollutants who have seen on the leaves and branches of harmful chemical elements.

Thanks to the vital activity of all those present on this territory of microorganisms, plants and animals, the composition of calcium in the soil is updated, which is simply necessary for the growth of trees.

In the ground, thus accumulate:

  • useful for fertilizer trees
  • minerals that ensure the expansion of the boundaries of the forest massif,
  • humus supporting all chemical processes and reactions in the soil on optimal trees levels.

Sometimes in the broad-sized forests of our country, in certain climatic zones, you can meet the black mill. Thanks to him, the trees grow much faster, and the vegetable and animal world of these areas is very rich and diverse.

Animals in such forests live mostly herbivores. After all, the leaves of some trees are the main "dish" for many hoofs. In wide forest arrays, you can find a deer or a roof. For such places, the boar is very fit, which is powered with oak acorns and other fruits falling at one of their stages of the growth of the tree.

In fact, the animal world of these forests is rich enough, but the same type due to the characteristics of the climate. In winter periods of time, some birds fly south due to the lack of need for their livelihoods, and the animals fall into the hibernation or are looking for alternative sources for food.

In Russian plain, a certain anthropogenic transformation has been observed, which has been subjected to broad-sized forests. Practically disappeared dublava, for several centuries decorated most of the plain territory up to the Urals.

Most of the soils on which it grown was treated and was disassembled. The frequent operation of useful various mineral fertilizers and other nutritional for trees of soil substances has reduced their natural potential. For the restoration of its resources and expanding large forests will take decades.

And all that the person had to be done is to use the wealth already available in nature, not to cut out the forests thoughtlessly, as if they are eternal, and such natural resources on Earth are unlimited quantity.

Already made not to change, it remains only to try to correct this tendency to reduce broad forest in our country. For this, it is not necessary to plant new trees on the plots of land already used for industrial purposes. You can do otherwise and keep the remaining arrays remaining in the presence.

Wide forests in our time are a unique ecosystem capable of self-restoration. It is possible to generate natural resources on its territory only if it is organized correctly.

For this purpose, experts determine which of the trees can be attributed to suitable for cutting, and which cannot be touched because of their age and ability to create new trees.

Next, the trees are marked, and the process of deforestation and wood blanks begins. It is necessary to conduct it at a certain time of the year, so as not to disturb the natural processes occurring in the trees. After cutting down, a break is made and monitored the broadst forest. If the data section is gradually restored, then you can start selective cuttings on the other. Full cutting down of the forest is prohibited due to the fact that together with the trees suitable for processing sometimes cut down and young. Due to their potential and the expansion of the territories of the deciduous forests occurs.

If you give nature time, then the humus layer in the soil will return to the previous level. After all, the growth rate of wide trees and their further development depends on it. Therefore, the protection of forests is now the main issue, on which not only the development of the forest industry of Russia, but also the health of our planet as a whole.

Geographical location of the zone of natural forests

Wide forests are distributed in the territories for which the optimal ratio of humidity and heat is characteristic:

  • moderate belt of Europe
  • Far East,
  • Minor
  • Eastern regions of China,
  • Japan,
  • North America.

In the south of South America and in Central Asia there are small sections of deciduous forests.

In Russia, broader forests occupy a territory having a type of triangle, whose vertex rests on the Ural Mountains, and the foundation is located at the western border of the country. In the Quaternary period, this territory was repeatedly covered with mainland ice, so she is mostly hilly relief. Explicit traces of the Valdai Glacier can be found in the north-west of the country, where the zone of mixed and deciduous forests is characterized by an erratic journey of steep varies, hills, hollows and closed lakes. In the south of the territory there are secondary naval plains formed as a result of a decrease in the inclined surface of the hilly regions.

In Western Siberia, Taiga from the forest-steppe separates a narrow strip of aspen and birch forests.

Note 1.

In the relief of the deciduous and mixed forests there are different areas of sandy plains, water-glacial origin. They are wavy, you can find sand dunes.

Climatic conditions and soils of large forests

The main condition for the development of the extensive forest ecosystem is the complex interaction of climate, water, relief and the peculiarities of the soil. The climate is moderately warm with a soft winter and a long warm summer.

The average annual rate of precipitation exceeds the level of evaporation, which reduces the degree of booty of soils.

Note 2.

A characteristic feature is the light mode: the first light maximum is observed in the spring, when the trees are not yet covered with foliage; The second light maximum is manifested in the fall, with a period of leaf fall.

Trees from excessive winter evaporation protect: thick branches and trunks, the presence of dense, resinous, scaly kidneys, falling in the fall of the leaves.

The organic residues of the plant form humus, conducive to the formation of various organo-mineral compounds, the basis of which is calcium, silicon, potassium and ash. In smaller quantities they contain phosphorus, aluminum, magnesium, iron, manganese, sodium and chlorine.

According to the composition of the soil, a strong blow causes steady snow cover during the melting of snow.

The following types of soil are encountered in wide forests:

  • dernovo-podterotic,
  • brown
  • gray
  • varieties of chernozem.

Precious composition of large forests

The main wooded rocks of the deciduous forests include: Elm, Oak, Maple, Lipa, beech, ash, ram, wild pears and apple trees. Oaks and ash are the highest trees, just below - linden, elm, maples, the lowest - wild pears and apple trees, field maples.

The most common representatives of Dendroflora:

  1. Oak. One of the largest and long-lasting trees. As a rule, their most among other trees.
  2. Elm. In the forests of non-black-earth zones there are rough and smooth species. Large trees represent the main tier of gliding and coniferous-deciduous forests.
  3. Clement ordinary. High plant (30-40 m high) with direct barrel, light gray crust and openwork, loose crown. Heat and light-affilome plant. Very referring to the composition of the soil. This is the main plant of traction breeding.
  4. Beech forest. A tree with light gray crust and elliptical shape with leaves can reach up to 40 m in height and 1.5 m in diameter. The most common in the Caucasus, in Western Europe and in the Crimea.
  5. Maple. Grow up to 20 m in height. Tree with large, five-weddable, dark green leaves. Most often found in the forests of the European part of Russia and in the Caucasus.

Most forests are multi-tiered systems: herbaceous plants, shrub undergrowth, high wood tier.

The phoned tier is formed by mkhami and lichen.

The herbs of large forests are characterized by wide and large sheet plates, which is why they got the name "Broadcasting Oak". Often the grass covers large spaces like a carpet. Among them are distinguished: the eccock of the hair, sick ordinary, Zelenchuk yellow.

Most herbs are perennial plants capable of living up to several decades. They multiply, mainly vegetatively, have long underground and terrestrial shoots that are intensively growing in all directions.

There are forests in which there is no shelter cover and undercomes due to the presence of dense and high trees crowns. The soil is covered with a dense layer of old leaves.

In the autumn period, the above-ground part of most of the broadcast is dying. Only rhizomes and roots are in the soil.

Blussian and blueberry are common from shrubs.

The oak ephemeroids include: omiticular anemone, spring cleaning, goose onion, various types of stall. These are small, but rapidly developing plants that appear immediately after the melting of snow. The most intensively developing in the spring, in the summer there is an overhead part.

Note 3.

Efemeroids - perennial plants, their underground roots are represented by rhizomes, bulbs, tubers.

Animal world of deciduous forests

The main representatives of the deciduous forests are predators, hoofs, rodents, insectivores and manochable.

The most striking the species diversity of territories not touched by human activity. In wide forests, wild boars, roasted, lovi, moose, deer, wolves, foxes, mountainous, cunits, caress, proteins, beavers, nutria and ondatras are common. Many small animals: rats, mice, heroes, moles, snakes, earthquakes, swamp turtles and lizards.

In the nearby past in the broad forests were bison. To date, there are only a few dozen. They can be found in Belarus in Belovezhskaya Forest, in Russia in the Priocar Terrace Reserve, in Poland and in some countries of Western Europe.

Among the birds are the most common finches, larks, tits, foams, swallows, mukholovka, starlats, gri, crows, woodwoods, tetherov, ravens, coughs, daws. Birds of blooming forests: owls, hawks, Filin, Owls, Luni. In swampy areas dwell the cranes, hills, seagulls, herons, geese and ducks.