About the leakage of the brain, the evil of capitalism and the situation in our science "AIF" talked with Academician Zhores Alferemov, the only now Healthy - from the Nobel Prize in Physics and the Russian laureate of the Nobel Prize.

Worship not success, but knowledge

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": Zhores Ivanovich, I will start with an unexpected question. They say that this year the Ukrainian site "Peacemaker" included you in the list of people unwanted to enter the territory of Ukraine? But you have a brother buried there.

Zhores Alferes: I did not hear about it, it will be necessary to figure out. But it is strange ... I have a foundation from which the scholarship of Ukrainian schoolchildren villages of the Cherkasy region are paid. Not far, in the brotherly grave at the village of Khilka, my older brother was really buried, who left the volunteer to the front and died during the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky operation.

For the entire planet, there is a black time - the time of fascism in a variety of forms.

Zhores Alferes

In Ukraine, I used to be every year, I am an honorary citizen of Hilkov and a mosquito. The last time came there in 2013 along with foreign scientists. We were very warmly accepted. And my American colleague, Nobel laureate Roger Kornberghaving communicated with the locals, exclaimed:

"Zhores, how could you share? You are one people! "

What is happening in Ukraine is terrible. And in fact, threatens the death of all mankind. For the entire planet, there is a black time - the time of fascism in a variety of forms. In my opinion, this is because there is no longer such a mighty restraining factor, which was the Soviet Union.

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - restraining who?

Zhores Alferes: - world capitalism. You know, I often remember a conversation with my old friend's father professor Nick Hollyyaka, held in 1971, when I came to them into an abandoned miner town near St. Louis. He told me:

"At the beginning of the twentieth century. We lived and worked in terrible conditions. But after the Russian workers arranged a revolution, our bourgeois was frightened and changed their social policy. So the American workers live well thanks to the October Revolution! ".

From the fact that the Soviet Union collapsed, it is not at all that the market economy is more effective than planned.

Zhores Alferes

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - Is there an evil grin of history? After all, this grandiose social experiment itself was unsuccessful for us.

Zhores Alferes: - One second. Yes, he unsuccessfully completed due to the betrayal of our party top, but the experiment itself was successful! We created the first state of social justice in history, in practice this principle was implemented. In the conditions of a hostile capitalist environment, which made everything possible to destroy our country, when we were forced to spend money on weapons, on the development of the same atomic bomb, we went to second place in the world in the production of food for a per capita!

You know, great physicist Albert Einsteinin 1949 published an article "Why Socialism?" In it, he wrote that under capitalism "production is carried out in order to profit, and not consumption." Private property on the means of production leads to the emergence of the oligarchy, and the results of someone else's work are taken by law, which turns into a lawlessness. Einstein's output: the economy should be planned, and tools and means of production - public. He considered the biggest evil of capitalism, when the personality is "student" in the education system, they forced to worship success, and not knowledge. Not the same thing happens and we now?

Understand, from the fact that the Soviet Union collapsed, it does not at all follow the market economy is more effective than planned. But I will tell you better about what I know is good - about science. See where she was before and where now! When we just started doing transistors, the first secretary of the Leningrad Committee of the Party personally came to our laboratory, sat with us, asked: what you need, what is missing? I am my work on semiconductor heterostructures, for which I then gave the Nobel Prize, I did before Americans. I overtook them! I came to the States and lectured them, and not vice versa. And we started the production of these electronic components before. If not the 90s, iPhones and Ipada would now produce with us, and not in the United States.

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - Can we still start making such devices? Or is it too late, the train went?

Zhores Alferes: - Only if we create new principles of their work and can then develop them. American Jack KilbyI received the Nobel Prize in the same year as I laid the principles of silicon chips in the late 1950s. And they still remain the same. Yes, the methods themselves developed, became nanomasted. The number of transistors at the chip has increased by order, and we have already come to their limit value. The question arises: what's next? Obviously, it is necessary to go in the third dimension, create volumetric chips. The one who will win this technology will be jerking forward and will be able to make the future electronics.

Now the works of the level of the Nobel Prize in the field of physics are simply not.

Zhores Alferes

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - Among the Nobel laureates of this year, there were no Russians again. Should we sprinkle the head ashes because of this? Or is it time to stop paying attention to the decisions of the Nobel Committee?

Zhores Alferes: - The Nobel Committee has never intentionally offended and did not bypass the party. When it was possible to give a prize to our physicists, they were given. Among the Nobel laureates, so many Americans simply because science in this country is generously funded and is in the field of state interests.

What about us? Our Last Nobel Prize in Physics was given for work that was done in the West. These are studies of graphene, conducted Game and Novoselov In Manchester. And the last prize, awarded for work in our country, is given Ginzburgand Apricotin 2003, but these works (according to superconductivity) are dated 1950s. I was given a premium for the results obtained in the late 1960s.

Now the works of the level of the Nobel Prize in the field of physics are simply not. And the reason is the same - the unaware of science. It will be in demand - scientific schools will appear, and the Nobel laureates will appear. For example, many Nobel laureates came out of Belle Phone. She invests huge funds to fundamental studies, because she saw the prospects in them. Hence the premium.

The most important problem of Russian science, what I do not get tired of talking - this is the unclaiming of its results neither by the economy or society.

Zhores Alferes

Where are nanotechnology?

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - This year something incomprehensible was created around the elections of the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Candidates took a self-segment, the elections were transferred from March to September. What was it? They say that the Kremlin imposed the Academy of his candidate, but he did not pass according to the charter, since was not an academician?

Zhores Alferes: - It is difficult for me to explain why candidates began to refuse. Probably something really was. Apparently, they were told that it was necessary to refuse.

How was the elections in Soviet times? A comrade came to the Academy Suslovand said: " Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh He wrote a statement with a request to release him from the duties of the president for health. You choose who will take this position. But it seems to us that a good candidacy - Anatoly Petrovich Aleksandrov. We cannot insist, we just express our opinion. " And we chose Anatolia Petrovich, he was a wonderful president.

I believe that the authorities should either take the solution of this issue on themselves (and to do as it was under Soviet power), or give it to the Academy. And playing such games - the worst option.

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - Wait after the election of a new president of change for the better?

Zhores Alferes: - I would like, but it will not be easy. We chose quite a reasonable president. Sergeev- Good physicist. True, he has a small organizational experience. But worse than the other - it is in very hard conditions. As a result of the reforms at the Academy, a number of shocks have already been inflicted.

The most important problem of Russian science, what I do not get tired of talking, is the unclaiming of its results for the economy and society. It is necessary that the leadership of the country finally drew attention to this problem.

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - How to achieve this? Here you are in good relations with President Putin. Is he advised to you? Maybe calls home? Happens?

Zhores Alferes: - Can not be. (Long silent.) A difficult question. The leadership of the country should, on the one hand, understand the need for widespread science and scientific research. After all, our science often made a jerk primarily due to its military applications. When they did a bomb, it was necessary to create rockets and electronics. And the electronics then found an application in the civilian sphere. The industrialization program was also wide.

On the other hand, the authorities should be maintained primarily those scientific directions that pulled the mass of other things. It is necessary to identify such directions and invest in them. These are high-tech industries - electronics, nanotechnology, biotechnology. Attachments in them will be win-win. Let's not forget that we are strong by software. And the footage still remained, not everyone left abroad.

It is necessary to create a new economy, make it high-tech.

Zhores Alferes

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - Do I need to return scientists who have achieved success in the West, what did you recently spoke about the same Putin?

Zhores Alferes: - I think that it is not necessary. For what? What, we ourselves can't grow talented young people?

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - Well, how, the arrivals receive a "megagrant" of governments, he opens the laboratory for this money, attracts young professionals, teaches them ...

Zhores Alferes: - ... and then leans back! I myself encountered this. One owner of Megagrant worked with me and merged. After all, they still will not remain in Russia. If the scientist has achieved success somewhere in another country, he most likely got a family there, a lot of connections. And if he did not achieve anything there, then he is asked why he is needed here?

Governments are aimed at raising middle-generation people in science. We are really very few of them. But I think we are able to train them themselves. Several of my guys, graduating graduate school and magistracy, led such laboratories. And after a couple of years, they became the most middle generation of researchers. And you can't leave anywhere! Because they are different, they grew here.

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - Trying to evaluate the achievements of modern Russian science, people often ask:

"Here is" Rosnano ". And where are the notorious nanotechnologies? "

Zhores Alferes: - When we have a real electronic corporation, then there will be nanotechnology. That they understand this burzhuy ChubaisWhat does he know how? Only privatize and extract profits.

I will give you such an example. The first LEDs in the world appeared with us, in my laboratory. And the company that was created to revive the production of LEDs in Russia, it was Chubais who privatized and sold. And it is instead of establishing production.

As for corporations, they should together with scientists identify the necessary areas of research. And lay funds on these studies in the budget.

Zhores Alferes

Dmitry Pisarenko, "AIF": - The new president of the Russian Academy of Sciences invites you to buy money on science with raw materials corporations. What do you think about it?

Zhores Alferes: - Just order from top to corporations to allocate money for science - not the best way. The main thing is to create a new economy, make it high-tech. Putin called the task of business creation of 25 million jobs in the high-tech sector by 2020, and I will add from myself: it is also the tasks of science and education. It is necessary to increase budget allocations on them.

As for corporations, they should together with scientists identify the necessary areas of research. And lay funds on these studies in the budget. In the USSR, instead of state corporations were industrial ministries. Being interested in our results, they allocated the money by scientist when they saw that something promising for them could be released from scientific research. Enclosed a community for large amounts, gave us their equipment. So the mechanism is worked out.

It is necessary to make the results of scientific work in demand. Although this is a long way.

Alfere Zhores Ivanovich

(r. in 1930)

The famous Soviet and Russian scientist Zhores Ivanovich Alfere was born on March 15, 1930 in the city of Vitebsk (then in the Belarusian SSR).

His parents were indigenous Belarusians. Father of the future scientist, Ivan Karpovich Alfere, replaced many professions.

During World War I, he fought, was Gusar, Unter-Officer of the Life Guard. For her bravery was presented to award, becoming twice by St. George Cavalier.

In September 1917, the eldest Alpheres entered into the Bolsheviks Party, and after some time he went to the economic work. Since 1935, Georès sincerely held various senior positions at the USSR military factories. He worked as the director of the plant, combine, head of the trust. Due to the specifics of the father's work, the family often moved from place to place. Little Alpherov had a chance to see Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Syustroy near Leningrad, Turinsk Sverdlovsk region, dilapidated Minsk.

The mother of the boy, Anna Vladimirovna, worked in the library, in the personnel department, and most of the time was a housewife.

Parents of the future scientist were avid communists. They called their eldest son Marx (in honor of Karl Marx), and the youngest got the name of Zhores (in honor of Jean Zhorses, the founder of the French Socialist Party, the ideologue and founder of the newspaper "Yumat").

Children's memories of Zhores are often associated with his elder brother. Marx helped the boy in school, never gave him offense. After graduating from school and several months of study in the Ural Industrial Institute, he threw everything and went to the front - to defend his homeland. At the age of 20, the junior lieutenant Marx Alferes was killed.

The primary formation of Zhores received in a man. On May 9, 1945, the boy's father received an appointment to Minsk, where the family had soon moved. In Minsk, Zhorses determined to study in the only 42th high school, which he graduated in 1948 with a gold medal.

The teacher of physics in the 42nd school was famous Ya. B. Malecertson. Despite the absence of a physical office, the teacher managed to instill the love and interest of schoolchildren to their subject. Noticing a talented boy, Jacob Borisovich helped him in his studies. After graduating from school, the teacher recommended Alpherov to go to Leningrad and enter the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute. V. I. Lenin (LETI).

On the young Alpherov, physical lessons acted magnetically. It was especially interested in the story of the teacher about the work of the cathode oscilloscope and the principles of radar, so that the boy after school was already firmly knew who he wants to be. He entered LETI for the specialty "Electrovacuum Technique" of the Faculty of Electronic Technology (FET). At that time, the institute was one of the "pilot" universities in the field of domestic electronics and radio engineering.

At the third year, the capable student was to work at the Vacuum Laboratory of Professor B. P. Kozyreva, where young Alpheres began his first experimental work under the leadership of Natalia Nikolaevna Creating. Later the Alpheres very warmly responded about his first scientific leader. Shortly before the arrival at the Institute of Zhores, she herself defended the dissertation work on the study of semiconductor photodetectors in the infrared region of the spectrum and helped in every possible way in research by Zhores Alförov.

The atmosphere in the laboratory, the research process really liked a student, and he decided to become a professional physicist. Especially Georès interested in studying semiconductors. Under the leadership of creating Alpheres, he wrote a graduate work dedicated to obtaining films and the study of photoconductivity of bismuth telluride.

In 1952, Alferes graduated from Lati and decided to continue scientific research into the physicists interested. In the distribution of graduates, luck smiled at work: he refused to stay in Lati and was adopted in the Physics and Technology Institute. A. F. Ioffe (LFTI).

At that time, the desk book of a young scientist was the monograph Abram Fedorovich Ioffe "The main submissions of modern physics." The distribution in Fiztech was one of the happiest moments in the life of the famous scientist who determined his future path in science.

By the time of the arrival of a young specialist in the institute, Soviet science, the director of the LFTI Abram Fedorovich Ioffe, had already left his post. "UOFFE" was formed by the semiconductor laboratory at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where the outstanding scientist attached almost all the best physicists - researchers in the semiconductor area. A young scientist was lucky for the second time - he was seconded to this laboratory.

Great A. F. Ioffe was a pioneer of semiconductor science as a whole and the founder of domestic developments in this area. It is thanks to him, Fiztech became the center of semiconductor physics.

In the 1930s, various studies were held in Fiztech, which became the fundamental basics of the new field of physics. Among such work, the joint work of Ioffe and Frenkel of 1931 should be especially allocated, in which scientists described the tunnel effect in semiconductors, as well as the work of Zhuz and Kurchatov on their own and impurity conductivity of semiconductors.

However, after a series of successful works, Ioffe became interested in nuclear physics, other brilliant physicists were engaged in other areas of science, so the development of semiconductor physics slowed down somewhat. Who knows how to develop further things if in 1947 the American scientists failed to achieve the transistor effect on the point transistor. In 1949, the first transistor was already manufactured p-N.- Transfers.

In the early 1950s, the Soviet government put the institute a specific task - to develop modern semiconductor devices, which could be used in the domestic industry. The semiconductor laboratory was supposed to receive clean germanium single crystals and based on them to create flat diodes and triodes. The method of mass industrial production of transistors American scientists offered in November 1952, now the queue was for Soviet scientists.

The young scientist was in the very epicenter of scientific developments. He had a chance to participate in the creation of the first domestic transistors, photodiodes, powerful Germany rectifiers, etc.

The task of the Soviet government laboratory Tuchkevich fulfilled on "excellent." Zhores Alferes took an active part in the development. On March 5, 1953, he made the first transistor who coped with the loads and showed himself well in his work. In 1959, Zhores Alferes received a government award for a complex of work.

In 1960, together with other scientists, Zhores went to the international conference on semiconductor physics in Prague. Among the famous scientists there were attended by Abram Ioffe and John Bardine, a representative of the famous Bardin Trinity - Shockley - Broth, who created the first transistor in 1947. After visiting the conference, Alferes became even more interested in research.

Next year, Zhores Alferes defended his candidate work dedicated to the creation and study of powerful German and partly silicon rectifiers, and was awarded the degree of candidate of technical sciences. In fact, this work summed up its ten-year studies in this field of science.

Special pondays, which area of \u200b\u200bphysics to choose for further research, he did not have - he had already seriously worked on obtaining semiconductor heterostructures and the study of hetero-transparents. Alferes understood that if he could create a perfect structure - it would be a real leap in the physics of semiconductors.

At that time, the domestic power semiconductor electronics was formed. For a long time, scientists have failed to develop devices based on heteropers, due to the difficulty of creating a transition close to the ideal.

Alferes showed that in such varieties p-N.-Translates, as p-I - N, P-N-N+ in semiconductor homostructures, under the working densities of the current, the current in the bandwidth is determined by recombination in highly alloyed rand n (N.+) regions of structures. At the same time i (N)the area of \u200b\u200bhomostructures is not the main one.

When working on a semiconductor laser, a young scientist suggested using the advantages of a double type heterostructure p-I-N (P-N-N+, n-P-P+) . The application for the author's testimony of Alfere was classified, the vulture of secrecy was removed only after the American scientist Kremen published such conclusions.

At the age of 30, Alferes were already one of the leading specialists in the field of semiconductor physics in the Soviet Union. In 1964, he was invited to take part in the international conference on the physics of semiconductors conducted in Paris.

Two years later, Zhores Alferes formulated general principles for controlling electronic and light flows in heterostructures.

In 1967, Alferes was elected the head of the LFTI laboratory. Work on the studies of heterostructures was in full swing. Soviet scientists concluded that it is possible to implement the main advantages of heterostructures only after receiving the al-type heterostructure x.GA1- x.AS.

In 1968 it became clear that not some Soviet physicists were working on this study of heterostructures. It turned out that Alferes and his team only a month avened researchers from the IBM laboratory in their opening of the al-type heterostructure x.GA1- x.AS. In addition to IBM, such monsters of electronics and semiconductor physics, such as Bell Telephone and RCA, took part in the research race.

In the laboratory N. A. Goryunova managed to choose a new version of the heterostructure - the triple connection of AlgaAs, which made it possible to determine the GaAs / AlGaAs heteropar at the electronic world today.

By the end of 1969, the Soviet scientists led by Alferes implemented almost all possible ideas of electronic and light flow control ideas in classical heterostructures based on the Gallium Arsenide system - aluminum arsenide.

In addition to creating a heterostructure close in its properties to an ideal model, a group of scientists under the leadership of Alfere created the world's first semiconductor heterolaner operating in continuous mode at room temperature. Competitors from Bell Telephone and RCA offered only weaker options based on the use of single heterostructure in lasers p.Algaas- p.GaAs.

In August 1969, Alferov made his first trip to the United States to the International Luminescence Conference in Newark, Delaware. The scientist did not refuse himself in pleasure and made a report in which the characteristics of the created AlgaAs-based lasers mentioned. The effect of the Alförov report exceeded all expectations - the Americans were much lagging behind their studies, and only specialists from Bell Telephone later repeated the success of Soviet scientists.

Based on the alphet technologies developed in the 1970s, AlgaAs / GaAs heterostructures based on the AlgaAs / GaAs heterostructures in the Soviet Union, the mass production of heterostructural solar cells for space batteries was organized for the first time in the world. When such work published American scientists, the Soviet batteries have been used for various purposes for many years. In particular, one of these batteries was established in 1986 at the World Space Station. For years of operation, she worked without a significant reduction in power.

In 1970, on the basis of ideal transitions, semiconductor lasers used, in particular, as sources of radiation in the fiber-optic lines of increased range of increased range were constructed on the basis of ideal transitions in the multicomponent compounds of INGAASP (proposed an alpotor).

In the same 1970, Zhores Ivanovich Alferes successfully defended his doctoral dissertation, in which he generalized the study of hetero-transparents in semiconductors, the advantages of using heterostructures in lasers, solar panels, transistors, etc. For this work, the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences was awarded to the scientist.

For a short term Zhores Alferes achieved truly phenomenal results. His works led to the rapid development of fiber-optic communication systems. Next year, the first international award was awarded the scientist - the Golden Medal of the Ballandine Franklin Institute in the United States (Philadelphia), which in the world of science is called the "Malaya Nobel Prize". By 2001, in addition to Alfere, only three Soviet physics were awarded a similar medal - P. Kapitsa, N. Bogolyubov and A. Sakharov.

In 1972, the scientist, together with his students-colleagues, was awarded the Lenin Prize. In the same year, Zhorez Ivanovich became a professor of these, and in the next - head of the basic department of optoelectronics (EO) at the FTI electronics faculty. In 1988, J. I. Alferes organized the physico-technical faculty at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute and became his dean.

The works of the 90s of the 90s of the XX century were devoted to the research of the properties of the low-dimensional nanostructures: quantum wires and quantum dots.

On October 10, 2000, the Nobel Physics Committee awarded the Nobel Prize 2000 by Zhores Ivanovich Alfere, Herbert Krömer and Jack Kilby for "their basic work in the field of information and communication systems". Specifically, Alpheres and Krömer received a premium "For the development of semiconductor heterostructures, which are used in ultricular microelectronic components and fiber optic communication."

With its works, all three laureate significantly accelerated the development of modern technology, in particular the alferes and the krotmer opened and developed quick and reliable opto and microelectronic components that are used today in a wide variety of areas.

The monetary premium of 1 million dollars scholars divided among themselves in such proportions: Jack Kilbi for his work in the field of integrated circuits received half a prize, and the other half was equally divided between the alphet and the smoke.

In his presentation speech, pronounced on December 10, 2000, Professor of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences Tord Kleson analyzed the main achievements of three great scientists. An Alpharetov read his Nobel lecture on December 8, 2000 at the University of Stockholm on excellent English and without abstract.

In 1967, Zhores Alferes married Tamara Georgievna Darskaya, the daughter of the famous actor. His wife worked for some time under the leadership of Academician V. P. Glushko in Moscow. People in love for about six months flew each other from Moscow to Leningrad and back until Tamara agreed to move to Leningrad.

In their free time, the scientist is interested in the history of World War II.

Already at a rather late age, Alpheres began his career politics. In 1989, he was elected by the People's Deputy of the USSR, was part of the Interregional Deputy Group. After the collapse of the Union, he did not abandon his political activities.

In the fall of 1995, the famous scientist was incorporated as a candidate for the general-security list of the electoral association "All-Russian socio-political movement" Our House - Russia ". According to the results of the voting on the general security district, he was elected a deputy of the Russian State Duma of the second convocation (since 1995), and after a while he became a member of the Committee on Education and Science (Subcommittee on Science).

In 1997, Alferes was included in the Scientific Council of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.

In 1999, Zhorez Ivanovich was elected a deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the third convocation. The scientist was a member of the Communist Party of the Communist Party, the heiress of the CPSU, in which Alferes consisted of 1965 to August 1991. In addition, the scientist was a member of the Bureau of the Leningrad Committee of the CPSU in 1988-1990, the delegate of the XXVII CPSU Congress.

Currently, Alpheres are still an avid communist and an atheist.

From under the pen of Alferes there was more than 350 scientific articles, three fundamental scientific monographs. It has more than 100 copyright certificates for inventions. The scientist is the chief editor of the "Journal of Technical Physics".

In 1972, Alferes was elected a member of the correspondent of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1979 by Academician, in 1990 he became the vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1991 - Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and now is its vice president.

In parallel, Alferes occupies the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1989), director of the Physics Center Nanogometrostructures, Chairman of the International Foundation. M. V. Lomonosov for the revival and development of basic research in the field of natural and humanitarian sciences, a member of the Bureau of Physical Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the General Physics and Astronomy Section of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Physics and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1987).

In all his positions, Alferes takes an active position. Its working schedule is scheduled for a month ahead.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, the scientist was awarded various medals and prizes, among whom it is worth highlighting the Gold Medal. Stuart of the Ballandine of the Franklin Institute (USA, 1971), Hyulett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society, the International Symposium Award for Gallium (1987), Gold Medal X. Velker (1987), Award. A. F. Ioffe RAS (1996), National Nongovernmental Demidov Prize of the Russian Federation (1999), Kyoto Prize for advanced achievements in the field of electronics (2001).

The scientist was also awarded the Leninist Prize (1972), the State Prize of the USSR (1984) and the State Prize of the Russian Federation (2002).

Zhores Alferes was awarded many medals and orders of the USSR and the Russian Federation, among which the Order of the Hall Sign (1958), the Order of the Red Banner (1975), the Order of the October Revolution (1980), the Order of Lenin (1986), the medal "For merit to the Fatherland »3rd degree.

Nobel Laureate is an active and honorary member of various scientific societies, academies and universities, including National Engineering Academy of USA (1990), National Academy of Sciences of USA (1990), Science Academy and Technology (1995), Franklinsk Institute (1971), Academy of Sciences Republic of Belarus (1995), University of Havana (1987), US Optical Society (1997), St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions (1998).

In 2005, the bronze bust of Jores Alfoerov was installed on the territory of St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions. The prominent opening of the bust was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the scientist.

The famous scientist is the founder of the Education and Science Support Foundation to support the talented students of young people, promoting its professional growth, promoting creative activity in conducting scientific research in the priority areas of science. Alpheres were the first to contribute to the Foundation, using part of the funds of his Nobel Prize.

In his autobiography prepared for the Nobel site, the scientist recalls the wonderful book of Cavelin "Two Captain", which he read another 10-year-old boy. Since that time, he should all his life with the life principles of one of the main heroes of the book Sanya Grigoriev: "Fight and seek, find and not surrender."

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Nobel Laureate - with Communists An outstanding physicist, the Nobel Prize winner Academician Zhores Alferes probably, even among the most busy people, Zhores Ivanovich Alferes belongs to the most busy. And it is difficult to say where his main workplace is in Leningrad or

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A family

Zhores Alferov grew up in the family of Belorus Ivan Karpovich Alferova and the Jewish of Anna Vladimirovna Rosenblum. The elder brother Marx Ivanovich Alferov died at the front.

Zhores Alferov married to the second marriage at Tamara Darskaya. From this marriage, Alferov has a son Ivan. Also known that Alferov has a daughter from the first marriage with which he does not support relations, and the receptional daughter Irina is the daughter of the second spouse from the first marriage.

Biography

The beginning of the war did not allow young Zhores Alferov to study at school, and he continued his studies immediately after the end of the war in the destroyed Minsk, in the only Russian men's middle school No. 42.

After graduating from school with a gold medal, Zhores Alferov went to Leningrad and was enrolled without entrance exams at the Faculty of Electronic Technique Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after VI Ulyanova (Lay).

In 1950, a student Jorees Alferov, specializing in electrovacuum techniques, began working in a vacuum laboratory of Professor B.P. Kozyreva.

In December 1952, during the distribution of students of his department in Lay Geors, Leningrad Physics and Technology (LFTI) chose Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology (LFTI), which was led by the famous Abram Ioffe. In the LFTI Alferov became a junior researcher and participated in the development of the first domestic transistors.

In 1959, for work on the Navy of the USSR, Zhores Alferov received its first government award - "Honor Sign".

In 1961, Alferov defended his secret dissertation on the development and study of powerful German and silicon rectifiers, and received a scientific degree of a candidate of technical sciences.

In 1964, Zhores Alferov became a senior researcher Fiztech.


In 1963, Alferov began the study of semiconductor heterokers. In 1970, Alferov defended his doctoral dissertation, summarizing the new stage of studies of hetero-transparents in semiconductors. In fact, they created a new direction - physics of heterostructures.

In 1971, Zhores Alferov was awarded its first international award - the Medals of the Ballandine, established by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. In 1972, Alferov became a laureate Leninsky Prize.

In 1972, Alferov becomes a professor, and in a year - the head of the base department of Optoelectronics LETI, open at the Faculty of electronics of Fiztech. In 1987, Alfers headed Fiztech, and in 1988, in parallel, he became the Dean of the Opened Physics and Technological Faculty of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (LPI).

In 1990, Alferov became the vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

October 10, 2000 it became known that Zhores Alferov became a laureate Nobel Prize in Physics - for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. He divided the award itself with two other physicists - Kremer and Jack Kilby.

In 2001, Alferov became the winner of the State Prize of the Russian Federation.

In 2003, Alferov left the post of chapter of Fiztech, remaining the scientist head of the institute. 2005, he became Chairman of the St. Petersburg Physics and Technology Scientific and Educational Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Zhores Alferov - a scientist recognized all over the world who created his own scientific school and raising hundreds of young scientists. Alfers is a member of a number of scientific organizations in the world.

Politics

Zhores Alferov since 1944 was a member VLKSM, and since 1965 - a member KPSS. Alfers began to engage in politics in the late 80s. From 1989 to 1992, Alferov was a People's Deputy of the USSR.

In 1995, Zhores Alferov was chosen by a deputy State Duma second convening from movement "Our Home - Russia". The State Duma of Alfers was headed by the Subcommittee on Science of the Committee on Science and the Education of the State Duma.

Most of the time of Alfers consisted of the "Our House - Russia" faction, but in April 1999 he entered the Deputy Group "Peopling".

In 1999, Alferov was again chosen by the third State Duma deputy, and then in 2003 - and the fourth convocations, passing through the party lists, not being a member of the party. In the State Duma Alferov continued to consist in the parliamentary Committee on Education and Science.


In 2001-2005, Alferov headed the presidential commission on the import of spent nuclear fuel.

In 2007, Alferov was elected a deputy of the State Duma of the Fifth convocation from the Communist Party of the Communist Party, becoming the oldest deputy of the lower chamber. Since 2011, Alfers - a deputy of the State Duma of the Sixth Conversion from the Communist Party of the Communist Party.

In 2013, banned for the presidency Ran. And, having received 345 votes, took second place.

In April 2015, Zhores Alferov returned to the public council at Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Alfers left the post of Chairman of the Public Council under the Ministry of Break in March 2013.

The scientist stated that differences with the minister on the role of the Russian Academy of Sciences were the cause of care. He explained that the minister " quite different spoke of the role and meaning of wounds"Also, the Nobel laureate also believed that Lebanon either does not understand the traditions of effective cooperation of the Russian Academy of Sciences and universities, or" consciously trying to break science and education".


Revenues

According to the declaration of Jores Alferov, in 2012 he earned 17,144,258.05 rubles. He owns two land plots with an area of \u200b\u200b12,500.00 square meters. m, two apartments with an area of \u200b\u200b216.30 square meters. m, a cottage area of \u200b\u200b165.80 square meters. m and garage.

Gossip

After the reform of the Ran Alferov began in 2013, they called the main opponent's main opponent. At the same time, Alfers himself did not sign the statement of scientists entering into Club "July 1", his name is not under the appeal of Russian scientists to the highest leaders of the Russian Federation.

In July 2007, Zhores Alferov became one of the authors of the appeal of academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the President of Russia Vladimir PutinIn which scientists opposed the "increasing cleric of the Russian society": academics opposed the specialty "Theology" and against the introduction of a compulsory school subject "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture".

Why do Russian scientists do not receive Nobel Prizes, whether teachers should do science, whether to evaluate scientists on publications and the digitalization and cryptocurrency are dangerous, said in an interview with Indicator Nobel Laureate, Academician Ran Zhores Alferov.

"Zhores Ivanovich, four months have passed, as RAS headed Alexander Sergeev. In the elections, you supported another candidate - Gennady Krasnikova. How do you evaluate the work of the new leadership of the Academy?

- First of all, I want to say that, whoever we chose, the new head of the Academy of Sciences would still work unusually hard for a very simple reason. Successful development of science is possible only under one condition. Science must be primarily in demand by economies and society. This is the main thing. If science is in demand by economies and society, then even the government, political leadership can perform very large mistakes. As an example of an error that caused huge damage to the development of our science, our biology, I can name the Lysenkov session of 1948, movement against modern genetics and what was then called Mendelism-Morganism. It was the biggest mistake, but even at that time somehow managed to correct.

Of course, many directions were politicized in vain, including the economy, and too everything was supplied under the requirements of Marxism-Leninism. With all this, the main condition was carried out: the science was needed by our economy and society. And so it successfully developed. The USSR Academy of Sciences was recognized worldwide as the largest and leading scientific organization. Presidents of the Academy Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov, Alexander Nikolayevich Nesmeyanov, the best president in the history of the Academy Mstislav Vsevolodovich Keldysh, Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov were well-known scientists and made a huge contribution to science. I can also call their largest scientific achievements today. Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov, he live a little longer, would become the Nobel laureate. The work of Alexandrova on the demagnetization of the ships retained our fleet during the war, and after the war he was the creator of our atomic fleet. Nesmeyanov and Keldysh are the creators of a number of new science regions. Next - Guri Marchuk and Yuri Osipov did a lot to preserve the Academy. And then the worst thing happened. The entire high-tech economy of the country, created later and the blood of many generations was destroyed. And as a result, science has ceased to be in demand by economies and society.

Of course, the Academy has been inflicted a huge blow in 2013. Sectoral science died because the high-tech industries died. University science in financial relationship was sitting on indgradors with industry. We somehow retained at the expense of the budget, but it was impossible to merge together the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Agricanware and the Academy of Medical Sciences. It was impossible to immediately make such a gigantic academy. Then a new Russian law was adopted, a federal agency of scientific organizations was organized. Scientists are developing science, and all that this science is being done, scientists have taken away. Of course, there were crimes, in many institutes were leased. But it was necessary to fight specifically with these things, and not to take everything from the Academy. It would be the most reasonable to convey, as in the thirties, all the economy of the Academy to the Office of An Academy of Sciences, with the approval of the appointment of the head of the Academy Affairs with the Government.

As for the new leadership, I can say that Alexander Mikhailovich Sergeev is a good physicist, he is certainly good work on physics. He has infinitely hard work. The government and the country's leadership should understand the simple thing: only on the basis of modern scientific research we can return the country and new technologies, and new companies. I recently reported terrible figures about who and how to own our largest companies. I do not know how things really are, but I am afraid that we are in some respects today in the 1913 position, when very many highly developed industrial technologies were in the hands of Western companies and Western countries.

- You are often talking about the unclaiming of science in economics and society. With the economy, everything is more or less clear, many noted that we have no full cycle "Fundamental - Search - Applied Science." But why didn't the science be needed by society?

- So it is not just because science is not in demand by the economy. As a result of major practical mistakes, as a result, I admit this, the treacherous activities of some groups in the late 80s - early 90s we were in a situation where there were really empty shelves, there was an economic crisis. Although, generally speaking, in the 60s and 70s it was not. In the 80s, there was even such a joke that shelves in the stores are empty, and the refrigerators of the house are full of all. When the problems of the economy are discussed, I recommend to read the article of the greatest physics and the scientist of the 20th century and, in my opinion, the greatest scientist of all times and the peoples of Albert Einstein. In May 1949, he published an article called "Why Socialism?". At the very beginning of this article, he wrote that physicists have full right to evaluate the economy and economic development, because it is actually new forms of development, which current economists cannot, because they know only the economies of the capitalist period. One of the fundamental findings of this article Einstein is that, firstly, capitalism on the law bears the right to take each other and rob each other. The mass of people who speaks by the property begins to take it down and does it without breaking the law, but by law.

Secondly, Einstein emphasizes that the capitalist society gives rise to the oligarchy and oligarchs, it is impossible to deal with democratic methods. He also notes that capitalism carries not only such a terrible economy and the legal intercepting of property from each other, but also causes huge damage to the education system, where young people are brought up in the spirit of "how to be the first in order to happing." He saw the exit only in socialism and the planned economy. Einstein considered them the cardinal expensive development of mankind. But I warned that under the planned economy, you can create such conditions for the reasons for the personality, in which everything else will seem freedom.

The second thing, which, from my point of view, is the main thing, is that there is no other exit for our country, except to create new technologies based on scientific research and companies that are not in the West. It should be understood that we must develop education. I do it in my little university. There are 200 schoolchildren, 240 bachelor students, 150 undergraduates, 40 graduate students. We teach physics, mathematics, programming, basics of biology and medicine, condensed state physics, naturally, and our heterostructures, their use in electronics. The guys are difficult, but in the end they learn well. Science is created from the synthesis of close areas, it was before, there is now and will be in the future. Winning here may be only if you can train and correctly guess these directions. And the real scientist should always teach. There may be exceptions, but, as a rule, he must teach.

- And university teachers should be engaged in scientific work?

- And the teacher must engage in scientific work. We are doing at the university. If a person has a teaching leaning, he may have a smaller research work. But it is also necessary to do. As for education, it must be free, and it was our achievement in Soviet times. How can you take money for this and give the advantage to people by no means for their abilities?

- Zhores Ivanovich, still a couple of questions about the current activities of the Academy. Now Fano is evaluating the effectiveness of scientific institutions and divides them into three categories. What do you think about it?

- Negative. As with the work on the distribution of scientists in the class and in terms of the level, depending on how many publications they have and in which magazines. I can say that I would get into a very weak group if I was assessed by publications for which I received the Nobel Prize. For example, in St. Petersburg in the field of physiology, biomedical research has institutions. How can I compare, say, Institute of Physiology named after IP Pavlova and the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry named after I.M. Sechenov? These are different institutions, with different directions of physiology research. In the fact that you breed institutions that relate to one branch, in different categories, there is nothing good. There may be some resentment, the struggle between the institutions is not clear for what.

- But the one who will fall into the first category will receive more money than the one who will be in the second.

- I was from February 1989 to December last year, the chairman of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Before the creation of Fano, institutions were included in the department and at the same time their work was supervised by our Presidium, we organized the interaction of academic institutions with industry institutions and universities. Then, as a result of the reform, they decided that such centers were not needed. The St. Petersburg Scientific Center remained, but already as a budget scientific institution, as a small scientific institute. In December last year, Mr. Kotyukov dismissed me from the post of Chairman of the Center, without even saying "Thank you." In our academy, generally speaking, not accepted. I will survive this calmly, but I'm talking about it to demonstrate the style of work of the Fano.

- Now a new law on science is actively discussed in the Duma. The Ministry of Education and Science, this law actively protects, the Russian Academy of Sciences opposes "against". What do you think about this law?

- I do not think that you need to change the current law on science, adopted in 1996. There is nothing wrong with him, he answered the changes that occurred in the country. And instead of the new law, it would be necessary to take new amendments that are dictated by the current state of the economy and without which it is impossible to do.

- Let's go to the Nobel Prizes. For 15 years, Russian scientists, if not to take into account Andrei Game and Konstantin Novoselov, there is not a single award. You mentioned several times that, let's say, the last prizes in chemistry were issued for research in the field of biochemistry, and we have no such class of work. Are there any research and scientists in Russia that could get the Nobel Prize?

- I can not immediately call the works of the Nobel level, made in Russia by Russian scientists either in physics or in chemistry or physiology and medicine. Game and Novoselov - Well done, they have good work on graphene, but it is completely made abroad. Our last Nobel Prize was awarded in 2003 Vitaly Ginzburg and Alexey Apricot for work on the theory of superconductivity of the 50s. I received the Nobel Prize for work performed in the late 60s.

We often say that the Nobel Committee has not awarded the premiums to our scientists, although there were decent work. First of all, I would like to note that all Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry were awarded with scientists from three institutions: Fian, Fiztech and physical problems, there were real world-class scientific schools. Probably, "did not have time to" receive the Nobel Prize Opening of the Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance by Evgeny Zavedsky and outstanding work on semiconductor optics, including the prediction and discovery of "exciton" Yakov Frenkel, Yevgeny Gross and Leonid Keldash.

- You say that among those living in Russia scientists some award Nobel Prize. Should the state return those who left working abroad? Do we need state programs?

- First of all, I do not talk anything about the award of the Nobel Prizes and I have no right to talk about it. Those who left and successfully operates abroad, there are also a family, and friends, position. They will come to us if they pay great money, will work on a grant and go back. Those who did not work there, they are not needed here.

- But there are successful scientists who themselves come back. For example, the crystalograph of Artem Yoganov, who successfully worked in the United States, China, and then returned to Russia. And, according to him, he lives here very well.

- In an individual, scientists can come, but to introduce the program to return our scientists who left abroad ... I would not have done this. I repeat, one who was successful there will come to us only for a big grant and leave again. One who could not do anything there is not needed here. So no state program is needed. It is first necessary to change the level of wages to scientists. Because today they are very low.

- Fano leaders and the Ministry of Education and Science are usually answered that those who want to make decent, and so earn. For this there are grants, programs. And those who do not really want to make money get their 15 thousand.

- You can earn money in different ways. There are scientists who get under the same work of five grants from different grant holders. And there are many such people. Yes, they earn, but what way? When a person receives five grants for one job, he is a rogue. There are major scientific projects in which we must participate in order to move science. In Soviet times, we could afford to participate in a number of large projects. Today, to participate in such projects it is necessary to approach extremely weighted. In many cases, it is much more profitable to take part in a Western project, and not to do it here. These decisions should take the Academy of Sciences.

In my opinion, it is also wrong that the Kurchatov Institute, a good scientific institute, became the second scientific center, trying to play the role of A la Academy of Sciences. When the Kurchatov Institute began to include institutions that are not related to its profile. We know why this is done. Look at how much money falls on a researcher at the Kurchatov Institute and at the Institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Is it right? And if you try to call the largest scientific achievements, you have nothing to brag, nor the Kurchatov Institute. Ran foundations for such boasting even more.

- The digitalization of science, education, everything in the world is gaining momentum. Everyone discusses blockchain, cryptocurrency. What do you think of it? How will the appearance of science and scientist change?

- First of all, researchers, including the creators of the digital economy and digitalization, should come to this business very carefully. From my point of view, a big team of the Rogue starts working. You need to understand. Cryptocurrencies are a vivid example of the Zhulikov team. Today, unfortunately, the principle of obtaining large additional funds is becoming popular among scientists not necessarily for decent projects. And in digitalization it can happen even more often than in other areas.

The Royal Academy of Sciences Sweden published the names of scientists who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Prizes were awarded J.I. Alfers (Russia) and Kremer (USA) for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. In the published brief biographical certificate of laureates, the highest educational institution is indicated, which graduated from the laureate. Thus, the whole world found out that the Nobel laureate of Zhores Ivanovich Alferov graduated from the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanova (Lenin).

J.I. Alfers: Student, Professor - Nobel laureate

On October 10, 2000, the Royal Academy of Sciences Sweden published the names of scientists who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Prizes were awarded J.I. Alfers (Russia) and Kremer (USA) for the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed and optoelectronics. In the published brief biographical certificate of laureates, the highest educational institution is indicated, which graduated from the laureate. Thus, the whole world found out that the Nobel laureate of Zhores Ivanovich Alferov graduated from the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanova (Lenin).

Jorees Alfers student studied at the Faculty of Electronic Technology and finished him in 1952, having received a diploma with honors. Years of study J.I. Alferov in Lay coincided with the beginning of student construction movement. In 1949, he participated in the construction of the Krasnoborskaya HPP - one of the first rural power plants of the Leningrad region.

Back in student years J.I. Alferov began his way in science. Under the leadership of the Department of the Department of Fundamentals of the Electrovacuum Technical Engineering of Natalia, Nikolayevna created by the foundation of semiconductor film cells. His report at the Institution Conference of the Student Scientific Society (SNO) in 1952 was recognized as the best, and for him he received the first scientific award in his life - a trip to the construction of the Volga-Don Canal. For several years he was the Chairman of the Faculty of Electronic Technology.

After graduating from LETI J.I. Alfers was aimed at work in the Leningrad Physics and Technology and began to work in the laboratory V.M. Tuchkevich. Here with the participation of J.I. Alferova developed the first Soviet transistors.

In the early 60s, J.I. Alferov began to engage in the problem of heterokers. Opening J.I. Alpores ideal heteroxes and new physical phenomena - "over-section", electronic and optical restrictions in heterostructures - lasted radically improving the parameters of most known semiconductor devices and create fundamentally new ones, especially promising for use in optical and quantum electronics.

His discoveries J.I. Alfers laid the foundations of modern information technology, mainly through the development of rapid transistors and lasers. Created on the basis of research J.I. Alferov instruments and devices literally made a scientific and social revolution. These are lasers that transmit information flows through fiber optic networks of the Internet, these are technologies underlying mobile phones, devices, decorating commodity shortcuts, recording and playing CD information and much more.

Under the scientific leadership of J.I. Alferov was carried out studies of solar cells based on heterostructures, which led to the creation of photovoltaic converters of solar radiation into electrical energy, the efficiency of which approached the theoretical limit. They turned out to be indispensable for the energy supply of space stations, and are currently considered as one of the main alternative sources of energy in exchange for decreasing oil and gas reserves.

Thanks to the fundamental work of J.I. Alferov were created LEDs on heterostructures. White Light LEDs due to their high reliability and efficiency are considered as sources of lighting a new type and in the near future will replace traditional incandescent lamps, which will be accompanied by a giant electricity savings.

To the number of scientific directions that are actively developing J.I. Alfers, refers to the development of lasers based on quantum dots. The use of arrays of such quantum dots makes it possible to reduce the power consumption of lasers, as well as increase the stability of their characteristics while increasing the temperature. The world's first laser on quantum dots was created by a group of scientists working under the direction of J.I. Alferova. The characteristics of these devices are constantly improving, and today they are in many indicators superior all types of semiconductor lasers.

Academician J.I. Alfers perfectly understands that the science and education are inseparable. Therefore, he purposefully forms a system for the preparation of scientific personnel on the latest areas of science and technology, based on a wide involvement of academic institutions and leading scientists in the educational process.

In 1973, Academician J.I. Alfers, using a continuing close connection with LETI, creates and heads the first in the country the basic department in the FTHI in the country. A.F. Ioffe, whose teachers become well-known scientists. The scientific personnel training system on the base department gave excellent results. When in 2003, the thirtieth anniversary of the department was noted, the following data were shown. For 30 years, the department released about six hundred highly qualified specialists, the overwhelming majority of which began to work in the FTI them. A.F. Ioffe. More than four hundred people defended his dissertations, over thirty - doctoral, A N.N. Ledders, V.M. Ustinov and A.E. Beetles became members of the RAS Corresponding Members.

Organization of the Department of Optoelectronics was the beginning of the activities of J.I. Alferov for the creation of a holistic educational structure. In 1987, he creates a physical and technical lyceum, in 1988, organizes the Physics and Techno Faculty at the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, the decan of which he is. In 2002, at the initiative of J.I. Alferova Resolution of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences created an academic physico-technological university, which in 2006 received the status of a state institution of higher vocational education. Created educational and research structures in 2009 were merged and obtained the name of St. Petersburg Academic University - Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Center. The divisions included in it are placed in excellent buildings built through the efforts of J.I. Alferova.

Academician J.I. Alfers makes everything depends on it to support the international authority of Russian science. According to his proposal, the President of the Russian Federation has established an international Global Energy Award with his decree, which annually is awarded to three Russian and foreign scientists who have made an outstanding contribution to the development of energy.

At the initiative and chaired by J.I. Alferova held the St. Petersburg Scientific Forum "Science and Society". As part of this forum, the first meeting of Nobel laureates "Science and Progress of Mankind" took place in the year of the three hundredth anniversary of St. Petersburg. It was attended by 20 Nobel laureates in the field of physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, economics. Since 2008, the meetings of Nobel laureates became annual. Forum 2008 was devoted to nanotechnology. Forum 2009 The forum theme was information technology. The topic of the 2010 Forum - Economics and Sociology in the 21st century.

Academician J.I. Alferov is the largest Soviet Russian scientist, author of more than 500 scientific works, over 50 inventions. His works received world confession, entered the textbooks. Proceedings J.I. Alferov was marked by the Nobel Prize, Leninist and State Prizes of the USSR and Russia, the award. A.P. Karpinsky (Germany), Demidov Prize, Prize. A.F. Ioffe and Golden Medal A.S. Popova (RAS), Hyulett-Pakcardian Prize of the European Physical Society, the Medal of Stuart Ballandine Franklin Institute (USA), Kyoto Prize (Japan), many orders and medals of the USSR, Russia and foreign countries.

Zhores Ivanovich was elected by a life member of the B. Franklin Institute and a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Engineering Academy of the United States, a foreign member of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria and many other countries. He is an honorary citizen of St. Petersburg, Minsk, Vitebsk and other cities of Russia and abroad. Honorary Dr. and Professor, he was elected scientists for many universities in Russia, Japan, China, Sweden, Finland, France and other countries.

All these awards and titles deservedly crowned the work of not only the researcher, but also the organizer of science. Fifteen years J.I. Alfers headed the famous Physical Technology Institute A.F. Ioffe wounds. For more than twenty years, Zhores Ivanovich is permanent Chairman of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, whose main task is to coordinate the scientific activity of all St. Petersburg academic institutions. J.I. Alfers - Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Professor Bystrov Yu.A.

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