level, degree of development achieved in any branch of knowledge or activity (culture of work, culture of speech ...) - the degree of social and mental development inherent in someone.

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CULTURE

a historically determined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​they create. K. is a complex interdisciplinary general methodological concept. The concept of "K." it is used to characterize a certain historical era (for example, ancient K.), specific societies, nationalities and nations (K. Maya), as well as specific spheres of activity or life (K. labor, political, economic, etc.). There are two spheres of K. - material and spiritual. Material K. includes the objective results of human activity (machines, structures, results of cognition, works of art, norms of morality and law, etc.), spiritual K. unites those phenomena that are associated with consciousness, with intellectual and emotional-psychological human activities (language, knowledge, abilities, skills, the level of intelligence, moral and aesthetic development, worldview, methods and forms of communication between people). Material and spiritual K. are in organic unity, integrating into some single type of K., which is historically changeable, but at each new stage of its development inherits all the most valuable, created by the previous K., the core of K. is made up of universal goals and values, as well as historically the established ways of their perception and achievement. But acting as a universal phenomenon, K. is perceived, mastered and reproduced by each person individually, conditioning his formation as a person. The transfer of K. from generation to generation includes the assimilation of the experience accumulated by mankind, but does not coincide with the utilitarian mastery of the results of previous activities. Cultural continuity is not automatic; it is necessary to organize the system of upbringing and education, based on the scientific study of forms, methods, directions and mechanisms of personality development. Assimilation K. is a mutually directed process for which all basic principles are true. patterns of communication. - a high level of something, high development, skill (eg, work culture, speech culture). (Chernik B.P. Effective participation in educational exhibitions. - Novosibirsk, 2001.) See also Culture of behavior, Culture of speech

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custom society social spiritual

The concept of "society" has long and firmly entered our scientific and everyday vocabulary. Society is not only a collection of people. Society is a complex system. The word "system" of Greek origin means a whole, made up of parts connected with each other. Each system includes interacting parts: subsystems and elements.

There are different concepts of the meaning of the word "society":

Society is a historical stage in the development of mankind (primitive society, feudal society);

Society is humanity as a whole - in its historical and future development. This is the entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples;

Society is a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin (noble society, society of book lovers, pedagogical society).

Society is the totality of all historically developing ways of interaction and forms of uniting people, the universal connection of people with each other.

Society consists of a huge number of its constituent elements and subsystems, which are updated and are in changing connections and interactions. The subsystems include, first of all, the spheres of public life.

The following areas are distinguished in the structure of society:

Economic - relations in the process of material production;

Social - the interaction of classes, social strata and groups;

Political - the activities of state organizations, political parties;

Spiritual - morality, religion, art, philosophy. Activities of scientific, religious, educational organizations and institutions.

The word "culture" from the Latin "cultura" - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, reverence. Culture is a historically determined level of development of society, creative forces and human abilities, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​they create.

The concept of "culture" is used to characterize certain historical epochs (ancient culture), specific societies, nationalities and nations (May culture), as well as specific spheres of activity or life (work culture, political culture, artistic culture); in a narrower sense, "culture" is the sphere of the spiritual life of people.

Spiritual life is a sphere of social life associated with the production and distribution of spiritual values, with the satisfaction of a person's spiritual needs.

The spiritual sphere encompasses various forms and levels of social consciousness, which, being embodied in the process of the life of society, form a spiritual culture. These forms of social consciousness are moral (moral), scientific, aesthetic, religious, political, legal consciousness.

Spiritual needs are a state of people that prompts them to consciousness, cognition, mastery of spiritual values, to activities in the sphere of life in society.

Within the framework of spiritual life, individual elements are formed that make up the spiritual culture of society: norms, rules, patterns of behavior, laws, customs, traditions, myths, knowledge, ideas, language. All these elements are products of spiritual production.

Spiritual culture plays an important role in the life of society, acting as a means of storing and transferring the experience accumulated by people.

Ideology (from idea and ... logic), a system of views and ideas, in which people's attitudes to reality and to each other, social problems and conflicts are recognized and evaluated, and also contains the goals (programs) of social activities aimed at consolidating or changing (development ) data of public relations.

The concept of ideology was changed and refined in the course of the development of knowledge. The term "ideology" was coined by the French philosopher and economist Destut de Tracy.

Ideology is a system of ideas, value orientations, in which the fundamental, strategic interests of nations, classes, people, and countries find their expression.

Consider the interaction of ideology and culture.

Ideology is a necessary element of the culture of a political society. Ideology is the most important element of the spiritual culture of a society and underlies the material culture of a society. The tasks of ideology are often realized through culture; it is an important criterion that confirms or refutes the relevance of the current ideology. If we consider the spiritual life in Russia, from the beginning of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, we will see that ideology significantly affects the development of culture.

Ideology as the degree of social relations and ideals determines the tasks of the development of society. Ideology is the backbone of the spiritual life of society. What is the ideology, such is the whole spiritual life, and therefore culture. A society without ideology is a spontaneous development of culture. Independent progressive development of culture without ideology is impossible, because it does not give an integral, not effective development of society, but spontaneous, disorderly. Ideology always directs, integrates, streamlines the development of society. Each class, each social group, in order to strengthen in its own eyes, creates its own self-affirming ideology.

Based on the above, I agree with the statement that the culture of a society is its ideology.

The concept of "culture" Culture is a historically defined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​they create. 2. Culture - cultivation, upbringing, education, development, reverence - a historically determined level of development of society, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as the material and spiritual values ​​they create.


Approaches to Understanding Culture Technological. Culture is the totality of all achievements in the development of the material and spiritual life of society. Active. Culture is a creative activity carried out in the spheres of material and spiritual life of society. Valuable. Culture is the practical realization of universal human values ​​in the affairs and relations of people.








Types of culture: World and national. Material - associated with the production and development of m objects and phenomena of the material world, with a change in the physical nature of man. Spiritual - a set of spiritual values ​​and creative activity for their production, development and application.






Spiritual culture is the highest form of social reflection of a person's life. Reveals sense-forming ideas. Promotes self-knowledge. Helps to assert itself. Forms value orientations. Satisfies the need for self-awareness. Leads to self-realization.


Assignment What features of culture does the author highlight? Give any three arguments by which the author proves that culture is inherent only to man. Prove, using three examples illustrating the continuity in the development of culture, the validity of the statement “culture is not born out of nothing.” A number of scientists consider culture as a link between nature and society. Give three reasons to support this opinion.

In various areas of human life, he studies many sciences - history, ethnography, archeology, sociology, ethics, aesthetics, religious studies.

Each of them gives its own image of culture. Philosophical analysis of culture allows you to get an idea of ​​this multifaceted phenomenon in the most holistic and generalized form.

But no matter how diverse the definitions of culture are, they all agree on one thing: the term "" emphasizes human existence, not biological existence. The world of culture is not a consequence of the action of natural forces, but the result of the efforts of the people themselves, aimed at improving their life.

Therefore, we can define the concept of culture as a historically defined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​they create.

Culture is the result of the combined activities of people and the process of preserving, producing, distributing and consuming what is created. Man and culture mutually develop each other. Culture is impossible without a person, he is the creator or subject of culture. But man, by nature, is given only an organism that possesses certain inclinations. And only under the influence of culture (mastering the language, familiarizing with the values ​​available in society, mastering labor skills) proper human, personal qualities are manifested and a creative subject arises.

A person is not born a social being, but becomes such in the process of activity. Education and upbringing is nothing more than the mastery of culture, the process of its transmission from one generation to another.

The process of personality socialization is accompanied by the process of its individualization. Culture here appears as a complex system that absorbs all the contradictions of society. These contradictions were the reason for the formation of a pessimistic view of culture among a number of philosophers. He was the first to formulate such a point of view back in the 18th century. J.-J. Rousseau, who believed that culture was created to suppress and enslave humans. Private property makes people unequal, and therefore unhappy, generates envy, anger and competition, and the best inclinations of a person are suppressed by society.

Later formed the concept of counterculture, the founder and inspirer of which is F. Nietzsche... He denies the need for a single value system in society. A person is free to choose any values ​​for himself, without agreeing with the opinion of society and other people. Nietzsche's aphorisms are intentionally mutually exclusive in meaning, thereby showing that opposite truths can be justified and equally have the right to exist. The superman is able to drop cultural prohibitions, everything that prevents him from living, he creates a law for himself. In Russian literature, Turgenev's Bazarov is a striking representative of the counterculture, who denies all social traditions and norms. Bazarov is sometimes accused of calling for abandoning the old world without offering anything in return. But for representatives of the counterculture, it is precisely the desire to destroy any value system that is characteristic, and it would be illogical to impose another instead.

Positions of Nietzschean philosophy on the problems of culture, society and man were developed in the works of German and French existentialists. Thus, M. Heidegger spoke out against the dictatorship of the facelessness of modern bourgeois society, against the subordination of man to things. J.-P. Sartre denies any possibility of social progress, emphasizing that this does not change the person himself, forced only to adapt to circumstances. A person must choose his own actions, focusing on his own inner world. A. Camus wrote that there are no moral rules and laws in the world, the world is absurd and chaotic. Therefore, a person needs to accept life as a game and live it, playing by his own rules.

The philosophy of psychoanalysis also develops the problem of the influence of culture on a person. Z. Freud emphasized that a person in the conditions of Western culture has an unstable psyche, suffers from neuroses that arise under the influence of contradictions between their own desires and the needs of the individual and the norms and prohibitions of culture that prescribe certain behavior. One of Freud's followers E. Fromm draws attention to the fact that modern man always faces a choice: to have or to be? A person either reveals his inner dignity, or turns into a particle of market relations, and then the content of his life becomes the possession of things and money - these inauthentic attributes of being. The main human need - to be oneself - is suppressed by bourgeois civilization.

Critics of modern culture are also the philosophers of the Frankfurt School (the most prominent representative of G. Marcuse), who propose to start the struggle for freedom from universal denial. In practice, according to Marcuse, these ideas can be implemented by people on the sidelines of society, not integrated into the system of social relations - and declassed elements. The concept of universal denial was in the 60-70s. was widely taken up by the youth of the West, which forced the governments of a number of countries to create ministries of youth affairs, ensuring the conflict-free adaptation of young people to the existing cultural environment.

A purely positive assessment of modern culture was given only by representatives of the technical intelligentsia, who associate the problems of culture with successes in the field of material and technical support of mankind (such views are expressed by W. Rostow, D. Bell, R. Aron). However, the twentieth century. raised questions about the goals of scientific and technological progress and the limits of its growth, about the nuclear and environmental threat and other global problems of our time. Material comfort does not make a person happier, and the desire for comfort, as history shows, is more a sign of the decline of society than of its prosperity. First of all, a person needs the opportunity to survive on his planet and realize himself as a person.

So what is culture? This is the way of thinking and life of the people. These are material and spiritual values ​​created by the people. This is a set of relationships between people and nature. This is the peculiarity of the life of nations and peoples in a particular period of history. At the same time, these are the best achievements of all mankind - the treasures of world culture.

Typology of culture

In modern philosophy there are many concepts of cultural typology and a number of principles for analyzing these typologies.

So, typologies of cultures can be roughly divided into three groups.

A number of thinkers, to one degree or another, deny the existence of world culture as a whole and do not recognize the existence of universal laws for the existence and development of cultures, as well as meaning in the history of not only humanity as a whole, but also in the history of individual peoples. A striking representative of this direction is K. Popper, who claims that all attempts by scientists to find certain points that unite people into one whole are untenable. "There is no single history of mankind, but there is only an infinite number of stories associated with different aspects of human life."

The German thinker M. Weber also believes that there are no patterns of cultural development, materialistic or spiritual, and no concept of cultural development is therefore unable to predict the future.

That is, in this case we are talking about philosophical concepts that deny the very possibility of creating a typology of cultures.

Civilizational approach to the typology of cultures. The essence of the concept in its most general form is that human history is a set of civilizations that are not related to each other. At the same time, the laws governing the development of these civilizations exist. Representatives of such concepts deny the meaning of universal history.

Thus, O. Spengler argued that culture is a closed system of values ​​and the mutual influence of cultures affects them negatively... There is as much sense and progress in the existence of man and culture as there is in the life of a butterfly.

Spengler identified eight cultures: Egyptian, Indian, Babylonian, Chinese, Greco-Roman (Apollo), Byzantine-Arab (magic), Western European (Faustian) and Mayan culture. Spengler celebrated the birth of Russian-Siberian culture. Each culture, having completed its life cycle, dies, passing to the stage of civilization.

A. Toynbee substantiated the concept of human development as a cycle of local civilizations. Toynbee first identified 21 separate, closed civilizations, then reduced this number to 13. All civilizations, according to Toynbee, are equivalent and go through the same stages of development - emergence, growth, breakdown and decay. The universe is constantly asking questions of civilization, and as long as it is able to answer these questions, it exists. These issues today, undoubtedly, include the problem of preserving life on our planet. Civilizations are dying in agony, wars and revolutions, which cause a lot of concern to other peoples. In the twentieth century, Toynbee believes, only five major civilizations survived - Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Russian and Western.

Monistic concepts prove that the history of culture is a single natural process in which both the meaning of history and the material and spiritual progress of all mankind take place.

For example, Hegel substantiated the concept of the development of culture as a natural process in which the culture of each nation and the stages of its development represent a natural step in the improvement of the human spirit. The history of culture, being the embodiment of the world spirit, develops in time, pursuing a specific goal at each stage of its development. The general goal is the development of freedom of spirit, in relation to a person and society - this is the freedom of a person in a civil society.

The monistic concept of cultural development is defended, already from a materialist standpoint, by Marxism, which studies the most general laws of the development of human society. The subject of historical materialism is the universal laws and driving forces of society, regarded as integral, contradictory and interdependent. Marxism calls for knowing the laws of development and using the knowledge gained for the benefit of mankind.

K. Jaspers is the creator of the original concept of "axial time", which covered the period from 800 to 200 years. BC. The culture of this time spiritually changed a person.

Jaspers divided cultures into three types:

The culture of the "axial peoples"... This culture, as it were, was born a second time in the axial time, continuing its previous history. It was she who laid the foundation for the spiritual essence of man and his true history. Jaspers attributed to it the Chinese, Indian, Iranian, Jewish and Greek cultures.

Cultures not affected by the axial time and those who remained internally alien to him, despite their simultaneity with him. Jaspers attributed to them the Egyptian and Babylonian cultures, which, despite their enormous successes, could not be reborn and later became victims of external forces.

Culture of this type divides peoples into those, the basis of the formation of which was the world that arose as a result of the axial time (Macedonians and Romans) and subsequent peoples and those who remained on the sidelines of development, that is, primitive peoples.

Hegel identified three historical types of culture as three phases of the development of the absolute spirit: eastern, Greco-Roman and Germanic(European) culture. The goal of history, according to Hegel, is the development of freedom. Therefore, the criterion of cultures is the principle of awareness of freedom. “The East knew and still knows that only one is free; the Greek and Roman world knew that some were free; the German world knows that everyone is free. "

Nietzsche also distinguished three types of culture: Brahmic (Indian), Hellenic and Christian. The latter, in which we live, gave rise, according to Nietzsche, a slave psychology, obedience, fear of struggle and change, doctrinaire morality, inertia, general dullness, the psychology of the "crowd". Here, human originality, individuality, and independence act as a criterion for the typology of cultures.

Philosophical culture

Philosophical culture represents the ability to assimilate philosophical knowledge and familiarize yourself with the world of philosophical knowledge, mastering the experience of philosophical understanding of reality, acquiring the skills and abilities of philosophical expression, i.e. philosophical language. This sphere of culture is associated with the reflection of the relationship between man and the world, man and other people, as well as the attitude towards oneself as an object of research and exists in the form of philosophical concepts, schools, works of philosophers. The specialized level of culture is represented by the works of specialist philosophers, the ordinary level is represented by common sense and folk wisdom - by aphorisms, proverbs and sayings.

Of all spheres of culture, philosophical culture least of all needs social organizations, although there are connections between philosophers and philosophical schools operate. Often, philosophical culture depends on national specifics, which determines the traditional range of philosophy problems and approaches to their solution. There is no direct connection between philosophy and other spheres of culture, but we can talk about its indirect influence on religion, morality, law and science.

The essence of culture

Etymology of the word "culture". Possible definitions and aspects of culture

Tour structure and main functions.

1. The word "culture" of Latin origin and translated means "processing, improvement, cultivation." It was first used in the political treatise "Agriculture" by a Roman writer Marcus Porcius Cato in the 2nd century BC in relation to the cultivation of the land, indicating the process of human influence on nature in order to change it. The author noticed that by his labor the farmer brings the human principle into the world of nature, growing plants in which not only labor, but also knowledge is invested (ie, a person changes, “cultivates them”).

But the object of influence can be not only nature, but also man. Therefore, the Roman politician, writer and orator Cicero in the 1st century BC revolutionized the use of the term "culture". He began to use the word "cultura" together with the word "animi", which means "cultivation of the soul", i.e. the formation of the spiritual world, the upbringing of a person.

The understanding of the term "culture" has changed with the development of knowledge and society.

In the Middle Ages, a Christian culture was formed, which was understood as overcoming the limitations and sinfulness of man, the constant spiritual self-improvement of man, the realization of his spiritual kinship with God.

In the 17th century. culture is understood as the result of one's own human achievements, that which elevates a person.

In the 18-19 centuries. culture began to be considered as an independent phenomenon of social life, for the first time a theoretical understanding of this phenomenon begins. (For example, the German educator Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) understood culture as a historical stage of human development, linking it with the degree of development of sciences and enlightenment).

At this time, researchers often considered society and culture as an organism, where social institutions acted as organs and parts of the body, and sociocultural processes as physiological processes. In the XX century, various theories and concepts of culture appear. For example, the idea of ​​equality of cultures: Each nation creates its own culture, which ensures the integrity and vitality of society. Therefore, it is impossible to determine which of the cultures is better or worse, more or less developed.



The understanding of the term “culture” is still ambiguous due to the diversity and complexity of the phenomenon it denotes.

Contemporary culturology approaches the definition of culture from different points of view. In this regard, there are 5 main aspects of the study of culture:

1. Genetic: culture is seen as a product of society;

2.Axiological: culture is studied as a system of values ​​and value orientations, both material and spiritual, both in society and in individual groups and individuals.

3. Humanistic: culture is studied as the development of a person, his spiritual and creative abilities.

4. Normative: culture is analyzed as a system of norms that regulate a person's attitude to the world, society and himself.

5. Sociological: culture is viewed as the activity of historically specific social subjects (person, social group, class, society).

In modern language, the term "culture" is used in 2 meanings - broad and narrow.

In a broad sense - everything that is created or is created in society by human activity.

In a narrow - culture coincides with the sphere of spiritual creativity, with art, morality, intellectual activity.

CULTURE - a historically determined level of development of society, creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​they create.

2. The structure of culture is one of the most complex in the world. Structuring is carried out on various grounds:

1). Division of culture according to the bearer (subject).

Subjects of culture can be:

  • Personality (individual, personal).
  • Social group (youth culture, etc.).
  • Social organizations (enterprise culture, professional culture).
  • Social institutions (upbringing culture, secular, etc.).
  • Classes (proletarian, bourgeois culture).
  • Ethnicities (national, Russian culture).
  • Regional communities (culture of the West, East).
  • Humanity as a whole (world culture)

2). Structuring culture in terms of the diversity of human activity.

MATERIAL CULTURE - the world of things created by man in the process of transforming nature (technology, buildings, furniture).

The material culture includes: a) The culture of labor and material production. b) The culture of everyday life. c) The culture of topos (residence). d) Physical culture and culture of attitude to one's own body.

SPIRITUAL CULTURE - production, distribution and consumption of spiritual values ​​(knowledge, ideas) in the field of science, art and literature, philosophy, morality, etc.

The most significant types of spiritual culture are: a) Intellectual (cognitive) b) Moral (culture of moral behavior) c) Art d) Pedagogical e) Religious f) Philosophical

Some theorists identify such types of culture that include both cultures - both material and spiritual (the so-called. synthetic crops ): a) Economic. b) Environmental. c) Aesthetic. d) Political. e) Legal.

3). Structuring culture in terms of content and impact on a person.

Progressive (culture) and reactionary (anti-culture).

FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE are very diverse (their number reaches 100). There are 6 main ones:

- humanistic: the formation of the moral character of the individual, the development of a person's abilities, skills, his physical and spiritual qualities;

- broadcast of social experience(informational): accumulation, storage, systematization and transmission of information;

- epistemological(cognitive): creation of a picture of the world, knowledge of a person, society and the world;

- regulatory(normative): in culture, a person develops certain norms of behavior that maintain order in society;

- semiotic(sign): in culture, a person develops a system of signs with the help of which he expresses his knowledge;

- axiological(value): culture as the formation of values ​​and ideals.

In addition, stand out:

communicative (communication between people),

creative (transforming and mastering the world),

adaptive (protective),

relaxation (to relieve stress),

integrative (unites peoples, nations, states),

socialization (inclusion of individuals in public life, their assimilation of knowledge, values, norms of behavior),