The importance of social work with the elderly. Coursework: Social work with the elderly. Deontology as the basis of the professional activity of social workers

(Yatsemirskaya R.S., Belenkaya I.G. Social Gerontology. - M .: Vlados, 1999. - 213 p.)

Especially acute deontological problems arise when dealing with seriously ill old people who have lost the ability to self-care.

It is generally known that they are most successful in caring for the elderly. patient and balanced people. Of course, moral support is the most valuable, therefore a social worker who does not limit his activities to formal services, who has also managed to become a friendly and attentive companion, assistant and advisor, will be the perfect comforter for the old man. Too harsh, overbearing, working mainly for money or for a career, do not cope with this type of activity... In turn, old people with their life experience very easily understand and catch falsehood and insincerity in relation to them. A hasty person who does not know how to listen, is preoccupied with his own problems will never gain the trust of old people.

The social worker needs pay special attention to your appearance and the form of communication with old clients... Overly fashionable clothes, an abundance of cosmetics and jewelry do not facilitate the establishment of contacts between old people and social workers. The old people are especially distrustful of frivolous, superficial people who give promises, but do not fulfill them. Incompetence, carelessness, restlessness, long-windedness also cause vigilance from the old person to the social worker and do not contribute to the establishment of trusting contacts.

When caring for old patients who have lost the ability to self-care, the social worker with all his behavior and actions must maintain and awaken the desire for as long as possible to maintain maximum mobility and perform at least the most basic self-care activities. In any case, it is necessary respecting dignity and a sense of independence old people. The old person should become the subject of an individual approach for the social worker. Feelings of respect for an old person interest in his life path and experience usually increase the trust in the social worker, his authority as a specialist. You should never forget that when talking with an old person, you need to try to maintain an expression of interest, sympathy and goodwill on your face.... All this will allow you to get acquainted with the social history of the old person, place and living conditions, understand intra-family relationships, their significance for the old person, understand the interpersonal relationships between young family members and the old man, help resolve their internal disagreements and resentments.

The role of rehabilitation of the elderly and old people in this case should be assessed from both social and moral points of view. It also has a significant economic effect, since the restoration of the ability to self-service frees a large number of medical personnel from caring for sick elderly people, if they are admitted to a hospital, as well as relatives, eliminating the need to leave their professional activities.

Deontology is a science that studies ethical principles of behavior in the performance of their professional duties. Deontology, as a separate field, developed since ancient times, until now has been more associated with medicine, making up its separate section.

Deontology includes the basic principles, moral precepts that allow to provide effective social services to the population, excluding unfavorable factors in social work, aimed at optimizing the system of relationships between various categories of personnel of social services and clients, preventing the negative consequences of social services: professional duty, disinterestedness, professional self-control and self-control, trust between professionals and clients, professional secrecy, etc.

Too harsh, overbearing, working mainly for money or for the sake of a career, do not cope with this type of activity. In turn, old people with their life experience very easily understand and catch falsehood and insincerity in relation to them. A hasty person who does not know how to listen, is preoccupied with his own problems will never gain the trust of old people.

The old people are especially distrustful of frivolous, superficial people who give promises, but do not fulfill them. Inconsistency, carelessness, restlessness, and long-windedness also cause wariness on the part of the old person towards the social worker and do not contribute to the establishment of trusting contacts, which are necessary for both parties.

When caring for old patients who have lost the ability to self-service, a social worker with all his behavior and actions should support and awaken the desire to maintain maximum mobility for as long as possible and perform at least the most elementary self-care actions. In any case, the dignity and sense of independence of old people must be respected.

The old person should become the subject of an individual approach for the social worker. A sense of respect for an old person, interest in his life path and experience usually increase the trust in the social worker, his authority as a specialist. It should never be forgotten that when talking with an old person, you should try to maintain an expression of interest, sympathy and goodwill on your face. All this will allow you to get acquainted with the social history, place and living conditions, to understand intra-family relations, their significance for the old person, to understand the interpersonal relations between young family members and the old man, to help resolve their internal disagreements and resentments. The role of rehabilitation of the elderly and old people in this case should be assessed from both social and moral points of view. It also has a significant economic effect, since the restoration of the ability to self-service frees a large number of medical personnel from caring for sick elderly people, if they are admitted to a hospital, as well as relatives, eliminating the need to leave their professional activities.

The ethical standards of professional communication of a social worker include the following:

1. A social worker should not participate in cases involving lies, deception, forgery.

2. The social worker should clearly distinguish between his statements and actions as a private person and as a social worker.

3. A social worker should strive to improve his professional knowledge and practical experience, put his job duty above all else.

4. The social worker should make efforts to prevent inhuman or discriminatory actions against one person or groups of people.

5. The social worker should not use professional relationships to achieve personal goals.

6. A social worker engaged in scientific or research work should analyze and foresee its possible consequences for people, make sure that research participants voluntarily participate in it, inform them in advance and not pressure them while maintaining confidentiality and respect for the dignity of research participants. ...

7. The social worker must protect his wards from discomfort, harm, threats, deprivation of any rights.

8. A social worker analyzing various cases can discuss them only for a professional purpose and only with people professionally connected with them.

9. Information obtained in the course of research work should be considered confidential. With regard to the immediate ethical circumstances of the healthcare professional in front of the client, then:

10. The interests of the client should always come first.

11. The social worker should work with the client kindly, loyally, persistently, making the most of professional skills.

12. Never use the relationship with a client for personal gain.

Never exhibit, facilitate, participate in any form of discrimination based on racial prejudice or in connection with gender, age, religion, nationality, marital status, political opinion, mental or physical disabilities, or any other criterion or personality characteristic , conditions, status.

13. The social worker must inform the client about the possible risks, rights, opportunities and responsibilities presented to him by the social service.

14. You should consult with colleagues, managers, if this may be useful to the client.

15. The social worker can interrupt work with the client only in special cases, while taking measures to cause the client as little damage as possible.

16. The social worker should try to maximize the opportunity for the client to self-determine, ie. make decisions about their problems, methods of "treatment".

17. A social worker should not engage on behalf of a client in an act that violates or undermines the client's civil or legal rights.

With regard to such an important ethical issue as confidentiality, the social worker should:

Respect the client's privacy and maintain the confidentiality of all information received;

Inform the client about the boundaries of its confidentiality in each specific situation, the purpose of obtaining information and its use;

Obtain the client's consent for printing, recording of conversations, participation of a third party;

In relations with colleagues, he must be respectful, fair, honest, correct.

Collaborate with colleagues to effectively pursue professional interests. Treat with respect the opinions, qualifications, achievements of colleagues and use the appropriate channels to express judgments in this regard.

Ethical responsibility to the profession.

The social worker must adhere to and enhance the integrity, ethics, knowledge and mission of social work. The social worker should defend the dignity and integrity of the profession. The social worker must critically assess and be at the center of knowledge regarding social work. The social worker should participate in the accumulation of knowledge of social work, share research results and practical experience with colleagues. Social work, like any branch of knowledge, is in the process of constant development and enrichment with new knowledge, new experience. The above ethical standards are not unique and comprehensive, but they can provide some assistance to social workers in their daily work, the main purpose of which is to help people, strive to make society more prosperous and more perfect.
^

Social service models for the elderly

Several models of social services for the elderly have developed and are operating in the Russian Federation.

Social service includes a set of social services that are provided to elderly citizens and people with disabilities at home or in specialized state and municipal institutions.

The main principles of activities in the field of social services for elderly citizens are: provision of state guarantees; ensuring equal opportunities in obtaining social services and their availability; continuity of all types of social services; orientation of social services to the individual needs of citizens; priority of measures for social adaptation, etc.

The most important models of social services have become social services at home; semi-stationary service in day (night) departments of social service institutions; stationary social services in boarding houses, boarding houses, etc .; urgent social services; social counseling assistance; provision of living space in special homes for the elderly, etc.

^ Social service centers

The predominant model of non-stationary social services is becoming centers for social services and rehabilitation of disabled and elderly people.

Centers may have in their structure various units of social services: day care units for the elderly and disabled, social assistance at home, urgent social assistance services, etc.

The tasks of the center include identifying the elderly and others in need of social support; determination of specific types and forms of assistance, provision of various social and domestic services of a one-time or permanent nature; analysis of social services for the population; involvement of various state and non-state structures in solving the issues of providing social, medical and social, psychological, legal assistance to the elderly and other people in need.

The largest number of social service centers operate in Chelyabinsk, Samara, Rostov, Vladimir and a number of other regions.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a regional gerontological center "Uyut" has been created, which actually combines therapeutic, preventive and health-improving aspects. The difference from the existing centers is the emphasis on prevention, control of aging and associated diseases.

Social services at home- This is one of the main types of social work. Its main goal is to maximize the stay of citizens in their habitual environment, to support their personal and social status, to protect their rights and legitimate interests.

The main government-guaranteed home-based services include: catering and home delivery of groceries; assistance in purchasing medicines, essential goods; assistance in obtaining medical care and escort to medical institutions; assistance in maintaining living conditions in accordance with hygienic requirements; assistance in the organization of funeral services and in the burial of the lonely dead; organization of various social services (housing repair, provision of fuel, processing of household plots, water delivery, payment of utilities, etc.); assistance in the preparation of documents, including for the establishment of guardianship and trusteeship, the exchange of housing, placement in stationary institutions of the social protection authorities.

Departments of social assistance at home, as a rule, are organized at the municipal centers of social services or local bodies of social protection of the population.

Social services at home can be provided on a permanent or temporary basis (up to 6 months). The department is created to serve at least 60 pensioners and disabled people living in rural areas, as well as in the urban private sector, which does not have communal amenities, and in urban areas - at least 120 pensioners and disabled people.

Social services at home are free, part-paid, or full-paid. Free services are provided, for example, to single elderly citizens and people with disabilities who do not receive a supplement to their care pension or who have able-bodied relatives who are legally obliged to support them, but who live separately, as well as those living in families whose per capita income is lower than that established for a given region. the minimum level.

Thus, the main activities of the department of social assistance at home are: identification and registration of pensioners and disabled people in need of service; providing social and household and other necessary assistance at home; assistance in providing serviced persons with benefits and advantages established by the current legislation.

^ Day care departments

Day care departments are also being increasingly developed, which are also created on the basis of social service centers for the population.

They are intended for household, medical, cultural services for pensioners and disabled people, organizing their recreation, attracting them to work that they can, and maintaining an active lifestyle.

These branches are created in accordance with the Regulation to serve at least 30 people. They enroll the elderly and disabled, regardless of their marital status, but retaining the ability to self-service and active movement, on the basis of personal desire and medical opinion.

In day care departments, premises are usually allocated for a medical aid office, cultural work, workshops, a library, etc. Sleeping rooms for organizing recreation, a dining room, etc. are equipped. Pensioners and disabled people are usually served by the social assistance department free of charge.

For example, the Otradnoye Center for Day Care in Moscow annually serves more than 1200 pensioners and disabled people. During their one month stay here they are provided with two free meals a day, receive medical care, including medical gymnastics, the necessary medical advice, etc. The department has a gym and a library. For the elderly, excursions to museums, trips to cinemas, as well as concerts, lectures and talks, and other cultural and recreational activities are organized.

Day (night) units are a form of semi-stationary social services and play an important role in providing effective social support to lonely elderly people and people with disabilities.

^ Urgent social assistance

In recent years, the urgent social assistance service has been increasingly developing. The main purpose of urgent social services is to provide emergency assistance of a one-time nature to elderly citizens and disabled people in dire need of social support. Urgent social services include the following, guaranteed by the state, services: one-time provision of those in dire need of free hot meals or food sets; provision of clothing, footwear and basic necessities; one-time provision of material assistance; assistance in obtaining temporary housing; provision of emergency psychological assistance, including through the "hotline"; provision of legal assistance within the limits of their competence; provision of other types and forms of assistance, due to regional characteristics. The activity of the service is based on cooperation with other state, public organizations and institutions, charitable foundations and individual citizens.

Urgent social services are provided by these services on the basis of social services. For example, the urgent social assistance service in the Sakhalin Oblast is operating successfully. As noted in the Regulations approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, this service is intended, first of all, to provide urgent measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of citizens in dire need of social support.

^ Stationary institutions

Developing and improving the activities of non-stationary institutions and social assistance services for the elderly and disabled, social protection bodies show constant concern for creating more comfortable conditions for the life of the elderly and in stationary institutions. Boarding houses provide an opportunity for the elderly and disabled to stay there not only permanently, but also temporarily, a week and day stay is introduced into them. With the emergence of social service centers, rehabilitation centers, departments of social assistance at home and day care, the functions, volume and some aspects of the activities of inpatient institutions have changed somewhat. It is characteristic that for a long period in the country, essentially, the same number of boarding houses remained, with an increase in the number and proportion of the elderly.

So, at the beginning of 1975, 878 homes for the elderly and disabled were functioning in the RSFSR, in which more than 200 thousand people lived, and at the beginning of 1991 there were 877 of them and there were 261 thousand people in them. This is partly due to the fact that the practice of providing social assistance at home to disabled citizens was expanding, but, at the same time, the construction of new boarding houses was proceeding very slowly due to insufficient allocation of funds and a number of other reasons. Currently, there are 959 stationary institutions for the elderly and disabled people in the system of social protection of the population.

Nowadays, mainly people who need constant care, who have lost the ability to move around, enter boarding homes.

Practice shows that in boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, medical care is provided, a number of rehabilitation activities are carried out: occupational therapy and employment, leisure activities, etc. Here, work is carried out on the socio-psychological adaptation of older people to new conditions, including informing about the boarding house, living in it and newcomers, about the services provided, the availability and location of medical and other offices, etc. elderly people, their needs for feasible employment, their wishes in the organization of leisure, etc. All this is important for creating a normal moral and psychological climate, especially when people are resettled for permanent residence and to prevent possible conflict situations.

However, the functioning of boarding homes as one of the main stationary forms of social services for the elderly is associated with a number of serious problems. Among them: the degree of satisfaction of the need for boarding houses, the quality of service in them, the creation of concomitant living conditions, etc. the queue remained at the level of 18-21 thousand people, although, nevertheless, with the creation of the CSO, some reduction is observed), on the other hand, the elderly are increasingly showing a desire to live in their familiar home environment.

The changes taking place in the life of society in connection with the transition to market relations required changes to the existing legal documents on the boarding house, special boarding house and the adoption of new ones, as well as the preparation of regulatory documents on night-stay houses, on the nursing home care, about the center of social adaptation for able-bodied persons without a fixed place of residence, about the supporting boarding house, about the territorial association of social services for the elderly. Scientists and practitioners make various proposals for the improvement and promising forms of boarding schools.

Some of them believe that a systematic approach to planning and evaluating the activities of these institutions in the general structure of medical and social care for the elderly and the disabled, its differentiation and integration, specialization boarding houses of institutions and nursing departments, etc. All this will make it possible to improve assistance to the elderly and the disabled, to use and implement more efficiently differentiated financing, material and technical and drug support, and to reconstruct existing new boarding schools in accordance with the requirements of life.

^ Special residential buildings for the elderly

One of the new forms of social services is the development of a network of special residential buildings for single elderly citizens and married couples with a complex of social services.

In accordance with the approximate Regulation on a special home for single elderly people, approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population in 1994, this house is intended for permanent residence of single citizens, as well as married couples who have retained full or partial capacity for self-service in everyday life and need to create conditions for self-realization of their basic life needs.

The main purpose of creating such houses - ensuring favorable living conditions and self-service; provision of social, household and medical assistance to elderly citizens living in the country; creating conditions for an active lifestyle, including a feasible work activity.

Special homes for lonely elderly people can be built both according to a standard design and located in converted individual buildings or in part of a multi-storey building. They consist of one-two-room apartments and include a complex of social services, a medical office, a library, a canteen, points of orders for food products, laundry or dry cleaning, premises for cultural leisure and for work. They should be equipped with small-scale mechanization facilities to facilitate the self-service of residents. At such houses, around the clock operating dispatch centers are organized, provided with internal communication with residential premises and external telephone communication.

Medical care of citizens living in these houses is carried out, in accordance with the Regulations, by the medical personnel of territorial medical and preventive institutions, and the organization of social, commercial and cultural services is carried out by the relevant territorial bodies and services.

The Regulation clearly defines the basic rules, requirements and conditions for the construction and provision of housing in special residential buildings for single elderly people, accommodation, payment, etc.

It should be emphasized that on the basis of current legislation, citizens living in such houses are paid in full the pension. They have the right to priority referral to inpatient institutions of social welfare authorities.

Special residential buildings for single elderly people and married couples are one of the ways to solve the complex problem of providing social assistance, as well as a whole range of social problems of elderly citizens.

There are still few such houses in Russia, but they are getting more and more recognition and development.

^ Targeted social protection

The transition to the market and the negative processes associated with it (the rise in the cost of living, inflation, etc.) - all this contributes to the growth of the needy and the poverty of the elderly, as well as the overwhelming part of the entire population of the Russian Federation. In this crisis situation, the system of targeted social protection acquires special significance.

Social assistance and support in each region of Russia is carried out taking into account its specifics. In various regions of the country, special funds of drugs are being created in pharmacies for the elderly, disabled people and others in need, benefits have been established in paying for utilities and transport services, and in providing fuel. In specialized stores, single retirees can buy manufactured goods at low prices. Disabled citizens are provided with material assistance.

Literature:

1. Kotelnikov G. P. Fundamentals of nursing: textbook.- M .: 2004.

2. Weber VG Fundamentals of nursing. Moscow: 2004.

3. An elderly patient. / Ed. prof. L. I. Dvoretsky. Moscow: 2001.

4. Turchina Zh. E., Myagkova EG Nursing in geriatrics: teaching aid. - Krasnoyarsk: DarMa, 2005.-144s.

5.E. Yu. Stavitskaya, S.N. Shilov. Pathophysiology of aging. Tutorial. Krasnoyarsk, 2004.

6. Oslopov VN, Bogoyavlenskaya OV General patient care in a therapeutic clinic: a tutorial. -M .: GEOTAR. Media, 2005.-

7. Bolshakova T. Yu., Chupakhina V. A. Osteoarthritis: a tutorial.- Krasnoyarsk, 2003.

DEONTOLOGY IN SOCIAL WORK WITH THE ELDERLY AND OLD PEOPLE

Parameter name	Meaning
Topic of the article:	DEONTOLOGY IN SOCIAL WORK WITH THE ELDERLY AND OLD PEOPLE
Category (thematic category)	Medicine

(Yatsemirskaya R.S., Belyenkaya I.G. Social Gerontology. - M .: Vlados, 1999. - 213 p.)

Especially acute deontological problems arise when dealing with seriously ill old people who have lost the ability to self-care.

It is generally known that they are most successful in caring for the elderly. patient and balanced people. Of course, moral support is the most valuable, in this regard, a social worker who does not limit his activities to formal services, who also managed to become a friendly and attentive companion, assistant and advisor, will prove to be an ideal comforter for the old man. Too harsh, overbearing, working mainly for money or for a career, do not cope with this type of activity... In turn, old people with their life experience very easily understand and catch falsehood and insincerity in relation to them. A hasty person who does not know how to listen, is preoccupied with his own problems will never gain the trust of old people.

The social worker needs pay special attention to your appearance and the form of communication with old clients... Overly fashionable clothes, an abundance of cosmetics and jewelry do not facilitate the establishment of contacts between old people and social workers. The old people are especially distrustful of frivolous, superficial people who give promises, but do not fulfill them. Incompetence, carelessness, restlessness, long-windedness also cause vigilance. from the old person to the social worker and do not contribute to the establishment of trusting contacts.

When caring for elderly patients who have lost the ability to self-care, the social worker with all his behavior and actions must maintain and awaken the desire for as long as possible to maintain maximum mobility and perform at least the most basic self-care activities. In any case, it is extremely important respecting dignity and a sense of independence old people. The old person should become the subject of an individual approach for the social worker. Feelings of respect for an old person interest in his life path and experience usually increase the trust in the social worker, his authority as a specialist. You should never forget that when talking with an old person, you need to try to maintain an expression of interest, sympathy and goodwill on your face.... All this will allow you to get acquainted with the social history of the old person, place and living conditions, understand intra-family relationships, their significance for the old person, understand the interpersonal relationships between young family members and the old man, help resolve their internal disagreements and resentments.

The role of rehabilitation of the elderly and old people in this case should be assessed from both a social and a moral point of view. It also has a significant economic effect, since the restoration of the ability to self-care frees a large number of medical personnel from caring for sick elderly people, if they are admitted to a hospital, as well as relatives, saving them from the extremely important thing to leave their professional activities.

DEONTOLOGY IN SOCIAL WORK WITH THE ELDERLY AND OLD PEOPLE - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "DEONTOLOGY IN SOCIAL WORK WITH THE ELDERLY AND OLD PEOPLE" 2017, 2018.

Deontology (combination of Greek words: deontos - duty, due, due, logos - Science) is a science that studies the ethical principles of behavior in the performance of their professional duties. Deontology, as a separate field, developed since ancient times, until now has been more associated with medicine, making up its separate section.

Social work in its present understanding and interpretation cannot do without deontology. L.V. Topchiy and A.A. Kozlov define deontology as a set of ethical standards for the professional behavior of social workers. In deontology, they include the basic principles, moral commandments:

ü allowing to provide effective social services to the population;

ü excluding unfavorable factors in social work;

ü aimed at optimizing the system of relationships between various categories of personnel of social services and clients;

ü preventing the negative consequences of social services.

These principles, moral commandments include:

· Professional duty;

• disinterestedness;

· Professional self-control and self-control;

· Trust between specialists and clients;

· Professional secrecy, etc.

Especially acute deontological problems arise when dealing with seriously ill old people who have lost the ability to self-care.

It is well known that patient and balanced people are the most successful in caring for the elderly. Of course, moral support is the most valuable, so a social worker who does not limit his activities to formal services, who has also managed to become a benevolent and attentive interlocutor, helper and advisor, will be an ideal comforter for an old person. Too harsh, overbearing, working mainly for money or for the sake of a career, do not cope with this type of activity. In turn, old people with their life experience very easily understand and catch falsehood and insincerity in relation to them. A hasty person who does not know how to listen, is preoccupied with his own problems will never gain the trust of old people.

The social worker needs to pay special attention to his appearance and the way he communicates with old clients.

Overly fashionable clothes, an abundance of cosmetics and jewelry do not facilitate the establishment of contacts between old people and social workers. The old people are especially distrustful of frivolous, superficial people who give promises, but do not fulfill them. Inconsistency, carelessness, restlessness, and long-windedness also cause wariness on the part of the old person towards the social worker and do not contribute to the establishment of trusting contacts, which are necessary for both parties.

When caring for old patients who have lost the ability to self-service, the social worker with all his behavior and actions must support and awaken the desire to maintain maximum mobility as long as possible and perform at least the most elementary self-care actions. In any case, the dignity and sense of independence of old people must be respected.

Z. N. Khismatullina

ORGANIZATIONAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL WORK

WITH THE ELDERLY AND OLD PEOPLE

Key words: gerontology, elderly people, old people, social work with older people, technologies of social work with the elderly, deontology. gerontology, elderly people, old people, social work with elder age, technology of social work with elderly people, deontology

The article is devoted to a topical topic - the problem of social work with old people, which is currently in the focus of attention of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for the elderly and old people.

The author notes that among the key points that should be remembered when developing social work with the elderly and old people, there are the uniqueness of individual experience, the need for biological and psychological approaches to old age, the importance of the social environment with its support and mutual assistance, the social attitude towards weakness in old age. , the concept of individual resources available to any person.

The article is devoted to the theme of current interest - the issue of social work with old people, which are currently in the center of attention of many social institutions, social and research programs, aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living of elderly and old people.

Author notes that among the main points, that we must remember during the development of social work with elderly and old people, are: uniqueness of individual experience, the need of biological and psychological approaches to old age, the importance of the social environment with its support and mutual help, public attitudes toward feebleness in old age, the notion of individual resources that are available to anyone

143 million people live in Russia, of which 35 million are pensioners, that is, one in four. In 2050, a maximum of 98 million people will live in Russia, with every third Russian being over 60 years old. These are the data of the UN forecast, published by the Russian Institute for Demographic Research.

Alas, the ruthless statistics give no reason for optimism. After all, the global aging of the population is viewed not as the highest achievement of human civilization, but as a "headache" for the governments of economically prosperous and developing countries.

Are old people useful members of society, or are they an economic and moral ballast? Philosophers, poets, natural scientists, sociologists and politicians have tried to answer this question, their opinions are diverse and contradictory: from enthusiastic praise to pessimistic disdain.

At the present stage of human development, most scientists and politicians agree that with the global aging of the population, the numerous problems associated with this will increase. The "load" of the working-age population will sharply increase, and it will inevitably be necessary to intensively develop those branches of medicine that

are more closely related to maintaining the health of the elderly and old people. This additional burden will painfully affect both the state of society as a whole and the position of the pensioners themselves, since this is the least socially protected part of the population. All this emphasizes the need for correct demographic and social policy in relation to the elderly and old people.

The problems of social work with old people are currently at the center of attention of many social institutions, social and research programs aimed at ensuring an acceptable standard of living for the elderly and old people. It should be borne in mind that the older generation is in a period of human life that turns out to be post-professional, giving rise to a variety of problems - economic, psychological, medical, household, social, etc.

Retirement, that is, the termination of active labor professional activity, a narrowing of the circle of contacts, an approaching physical weakness cause an irreversible complex of psychological, value, motivational changes, which ultimately lead to the emergence of a new life rhythm or a sense of time. First of all, the social fullness of life is being lost, since the quantity and quality of relations between the elderly person and society is limited. In this situation, older people are trying to define, and this is natural, a new meaning of their lives.

All this testifies to the enormous urgency of the problem - the problem of aging of the population and, in this regard, the need in modern society for specialists in the field of social gerontology. Taking into account modern requirements for professional activity in this area, the training of such specialists should be carried out. Specialists who would not only be able to understand and accept an elderly person as he is, but would also be able to establish contact with him and solve the problems of an elderly person, taking into account the specifics of his social status. Specialists in the field of social gerontology should know the socio-psychological characteristics of the elderly, their medical problems, the specifics of communication with them, the social protection system for people of retirement age, and must also successfully navigate the current situation, skillfully apply modern technologies when working with the elderly and old people. ...

In general, the professional training of specialists in the social sphere for working with people of the "third" age should be based on a combination of theoretical and practical work of students. It is the practice that is of great importance in the formation of professionally significant character traits of the future social worker working with the elderly, reveals his professional suitability for the chosen specialty.

If we consider the tasks of a social worker working with the elderly population, the range of his responsibilities, as well as the goals and objectives of training future specialists in the field of gerontology in a single context, then we can distinguish the core that unites all the components of this difficult, but such a significant and necessary profession - this is the skill , and most importantly, the desire to go to the elderly, find forms of communication with them, work with them to help and support them.

Among the key points that should be remembered when developing social work with the elderly and old people are the uniqueness of individual experience, the need for biological and psychological approaches to old age, the importance of the social environment with its support and mutual assistance, social attitude towards weakness in old age, the concept of individual resources available to anyone.

Organizational and methodological social work with the elderly and old people includes: defining the problematic of an elderly person's address to a social worker; social diagnosis and planning of social assistance; joining efforts with other specialists in order to fully resolve the problem that has arisen; social work with the family of an elderly person.

The client and his problem

When an elderly person enters the social services department, he or she becomes a client. Its appearance means that it is the responsibility of the social worker to act on behalf of this client.

A social worker starts working with an elderly client by getting answers to questions: a) what is his problem; b) why it is a problem; c) whose problem it is; d) why this problem is important now. Thanks to these questions, it is possible to determine how many people the problem has an impact, what crisis event led the elderly person to help, etc. Before taking further actions, the social worker needs to remove the client's passivity in accepting the situation with appropriate questions and restore his initiative.

If necessary, in order to outline the complete picture, the social worker obtains consent to contact with other people, with the client's family. An elderly client's consent to cooperation is an opportunity for further discussions, interviews, family meetings, etc. ...

Diagnosis and social care planning

Diagnosing the problem begins with small set-up interviews. It is believed that at least an hour of interview is required for the diagnosis. the problem needs to be clarified. This discussion should be "generalized". This means that it covers aspects of health, daily life, emotional needs of the client, expressed in depression, anxiety or unhappiness, and a feeling of dependence. Weighing all these facts gives an understanding of the degree of difficulty of the problem.

In social diagnosis, an essential place is occupied by obtaining information about the client. Information can be obtained as a result of examining a person, his living and living conditions, environment, as well as using questionnaires. For example, the question "What is the most difficult thing for you in your everyday life?" associated with the task of identifying those factors that pose a risk to his life. Another purpose of obtaining information may be to study the social conditions of an elderly person, for example, when cleaning his apartment or room. Nutritional characteristics can also be a source of obtaining the necessary information about the client. It is important to get information about family, friends, religious beliefs, and spiritual interests of an elderly person in order to compose a holistic picture necessary for making a correct social diagnosis.

In diagnosing a client, the social worker does the following:

accepts the situation as a complex interaction of physical, mental, emotional and social factors, strengths and weaknesses of the elderly client, the significance of the situation for him;

^ balances his wants and needs;

^ agrees on a set of services and those acceptable changes for everyone involved in the client's situation.

When all the nuances have been explored, the social worker enters the planning phase of social assistance. This includes developing strategies:

^ to solve existing problems;

in order to prevent the development of problems in the future;

With the aim of renewing or strengthening the resources of the elderly client for those problems that still appear.

All planning can range from simple coordination of actions to more complex plans.

Interdisciplinary cooperation

In many situations, the social worker has to work closely with some representatives of other professions and related disciplines for the benefit and needs of the elderly client. First of all, contacts with medical workers of polyclinics or hospitals (therapists, physiotherapists, surgeons, etc.) are useful. However, these connections can be broader and involve neighbors, local government, law enforcement agencies, etc.

Any information from any source can be useful in order to better provide assistance and plan further work. The ability to coordinate such work with people of different professions, where everyone has different perspectives and a set of value orientations, requires a lot of time and development of the skills of a social worker.

Family work

It is a semantic component in social work with older people and, as a rule, begins with an understanding of the characteristics of the family of older people, with aspects of its daily life, intrafamily interactions, and intergenerational relationships. An elderly person is in some sense a part of the family with its sphere of social relations and support. Any change in his day-to-day existence must be viewed in the context of his position in the family group and its ability to respond to such changes.

Working with the family of an elderly client includes the elderly person himself, his family members, family circle and social support of the neighborhood. The context of this work arises from the attempts made by the elderly client himself, his relatives, and the environment.

The main requirements of the technology of social work with the elderly are:

1. Prevention of the causes that give rise to the problems of the elderly.

2. Promoting the practical realization of rights and legitimate interests, ensuring the possibility of self-expression of senior citizens and preventing them from being removed from active life.

3. Observance of equality and opportunities of senior citizens in receiving social assistance and services.

4. Differentiation of approaches to solving the problems of different groups of elderly people based on taking into account social risk factors that affect their situation.

5. Identification of the individual needs of senior citizens in social assistance and services.

6. Targeting in the provision of social services with the priority of assisting senior citizens in situations that threaten their health and life.

7. Use of new technologies of social work aimed at meeting the needs and requirements of older people.

8. Focus on the development of self-help and mutual support of older people.

9. Ensuring awareness of older people about the possibilities of social assistance and services.

The central element of the organizational and methodological work with the client is the development of the communication skills by the social worker, which is necessary for him to conduct social work “face to face”. To do this, you need to have different skills, but the main thing is building relationships. The first contact with a client is built on the respect, empathy and warmth that the social worker demonstrates.

A social worker needs to be able to show empathy in order to be ready to start a conversation with those who have difficulties and problems, who are in need. Empathy is a more professional feeling and response. Being empathic, the social worker understands the feelings of the other and his personal attitude in response to them, but is not filled with them. In addition to empathy, relationships need warmth and respect, which are manifested in trust, acceptance of a different point of view or personal opinion.

From a psychological point of view, communication is a two-way process of supplying and receiving information. Special attention from the social worker will be required for older clients who have difficulty communicating. Therefore, it is very useful to tactfully establish before starting a conversation whether there are any manifestations of deafness, blindness, or speech difficulties. All this makes it difficult to understand the client, but the social worker does not need to exaggerate the difficulties. Communication should be built in a normal sound register, if necessary, compensating means are used: lip reading, gesturing, drawing, recording questions and answers, the presence of relatives, loved ones or other specialists. The key is the social worker's tolerance and respect for the client's autonomy.

Following communication skills in direct work with an elderly client, there are key components: discussion, negotiations, protection of the client's interests, counseling. To have a clear plan, at the beginning of the discussion it is necessary to clarify the following points: 1) what needs to be done; 2) what resources will be required; 3) who are the participants in the discussion; 4) what is the desired goal and minimum goal; 5) what the actions will be; 6) how long will it take.

The negotiations are purely business (and probably financial), in which the expectations and aspirations of each of the parties are clarified. As a process, negotiations can be divided into phases (application, discussion, agreement, making a selected decision, etc.).

Protection of the client's interests can be defined as a certain system of actions of a social worker to support this client. But at the same time, the most active participation of the client himself is important, since older people often lose faith in their own strength. Routine planning and a skilled approach that detail the work with an older client is helpful. The effectiveness of the protection increases the client's confidence in the social worker.

Counseling as a process involves active listening, which requires the social worker to concentrate and constantly confirm that he is listening to the client. An elderly client should be listened to carefully, accepting both what was said and not expressed in words, views, silence, and non-verbal communication.

Intervention in a crisis situation. Crisis intervention theory in social work has specific implications, especially when working with older people. The social worker each time requires a different understanding of the nature of the crisis and his role in resolving it. A crisis can be triggered by an incident and threatening loss, a traumatic event that actualizes the existing ability of the elderly client and his family to resist it. In the practice of social work, situations of panic, chaos, trauma,

however, finding a solution can sometimes take weeks or months for the elderly client and his family to “mature” to fully understand the problem. Usually, after a period of stress, discomfort and attempts, there is a more or less successful reaction to the situation.

Targeted approach

The target approach is quite successfully used in work with the elderly and their families - this is one of the forms of direct work with the client. The value of the targeted approach is that:

The approach is based on reaching an agreement and establishing contact between the social worker and the client, which frees the latter from the feeling of a “grateful recipient”.

The client and the social worker work together to identify the Main Problem or assign problems in order, deciding where to start.

A time limit is set for which it is planned to achieve any results.

The actions taken are broken down into individual tasks and distributed between the client and the social worker.

Analyzing progress and setting up the next block of tasks allows you to involve some of what has already been achieved, and this, in turn, is a good way to improve the effectiveness of the intervention in social work.

The targeted approach is poorly applied in cases where there are problems in the client's mental health, severe mental deviations and defects, i.e. where the client himself is not able to accept the problem and how to work with it. In many other cases, this method is quite useful, it provides a clearer focus on the client's problem. It is also effective in working with family members and representatives of other professions to identify a range of difficulties and find solutions.

Methods for working with elderly people:

1. Method of conversation. The conversation should be based on the principles of benevolence, maximum naturalness and ease. It is necessary to prepare for it: 1) clearly understand the goal; 2) develop a conversation plan; 3) think over sample questions.

The principles of the conversation are:

Restricted speech of a social worker.

A social worker in no way should "put pressure" on the client, give him or his actions assessments, condemn.

The features of the speech of a social worker during a conversation with a client include:

1) the maximum approximation to the client's speech, including the release of speech from professional terms; 2) the social worker uses those characteristics, descriptions, etc. that the client uses; 3) the brevity and accuracy of the statements of the social worker; 4) embedding the simplest questions in the client's speech for the development of further dialogue.

In a conversation, you can use the technique of paradoxical questions, which will allow you to reveal internal contradictions and look into the true attitude of the elderly person to the subject of the conversation. It is advisable to use this technique in the case when the client “hides behind” some well-known truth, “runs away” from the situation.

The purpose of an individual conversation is to help a person overcome fixation on a traumatic experience, to help find a way out of a frustrating situation.

2. Method of role-playing games. Role-playing is the participants' replaying of a specific situation. Situations are taken from life, from the practice of family relations and reflect a certain side of these relations, usually containing a conflict. In the situation, the initial objective data are presented, the characters and their characteristics are described. Listeners are invited to take on the roles of actors and play the situation as they imagine it.

Roles can be: 1) passive - the participant will fully follow the instructions;

2) active - only general information is given, and the participant has complete freedom of action.

The situation proposed for playing is given in the most general terms. This is done for many reasons. First, it is impossible to fully formalize the life situation. Secondly, the more detailed the situation is described, the more constrained the “players” will feel. Therefore, all players are given the opportunity to supplement the situation with the details that, in their opinion, are necessary to create a sense of reality. Approximate themes of role play for older people are determined by their social roles in the family.

3. Method of social and psychological training. Provides a general impact on the personality, creates optimal conditions for the regulation of the whole organism, and also helps to increase the emotional stability of the group members.

This method has an activating effect, which is due to the creation of a special educational and experimental environment that provides older people with an understanding of what individual and group psychological events unfold in the processes of interpersonal communication, how each of the participants affects the others, what is the role of joint activity in this and what is its content.

4. Self-correction method. It is a highly effective method when working with the elderly. It includes a number of links: the acceptance of the goal by the individual, taking into account the conditions of activity, programming it, evaluating the results and correcting it. The implementation of these links presupposes the presence of a certain attitude of the elderly person to their actions and actions, the rational use of their individual capabilities.

Self-correction of actions and deeds is based on various social mechanisms of manifestation and interaction of individual characteristics. One of the mechanisms is for older people to use their opportunities and strengths.

Thus, for a social work specialist dealing with the problems of the elderly, a number of social and psychological factors are important, related to the lifestyle of the elderly, family status, the ability and desire to work, health, social conditions. In order to work with older people, you need to know their social status in the past and present, the peculiarities of the psyche, material and spiritual needs, and in this area rely on a scientific approach.

As you know, there are two main approaches to social work with the elderly and old people. Proponents of the first approach believe that all customers are the same. The difference lies only in the nature, degree of infirmity and the services they need, so social work should proceed from these needs of elderly clients.

The needs of old people may differ: by type - lack of food, inability to purchase them on their own; poor, uncomfortable housing or its complete absence; unavailability of medical care; by degree - the need to provide the full amount of assistance or in some separate parts; short-term or long-term social assistance.

Proponents of the second approach base social work on difference, not similarity, among older people. According to this point of view, clients of old and old age should be considered, first of all, as individuals, individuals, whose unique traits, characteristics and goals should be in the center of attention.

Based on this postulate, actions are planned for each individual person, and not for entire groups of older people. To implement this approach, not only versatile professional training is required, but also certain personal qualities of social workers.

Without a doubt, the quality of social work does not depend on one or another approach; in any case, conscientious performance of labor duties is the only measure of the professional suitability of a social worker.

Responsibility and observance of all statutory norms are the basic requirements for the professional competence of persons who choose to provide assistance to the elderly and old people as their activities.

At the same time, social workers should:

to provide full freedom of choice to an elderly person the most important social problem for him;

be respectful of the time of meeting with an elderly person; show a benevolent interest in the past of an elderly client;

avoid a familiar and ironic tone when communicating with an elderly client; avoid establishing too close, trusting relationships; not to impose your point of view and your will on the old person.

It is especially strictly necessary to adhere to the following rule - to be completely frank and informed about everything that concerns the fulfillment of requests and orders of the old person, to treat them with full seriousness and responsibility.

We must never forget that the most acute reminder to an old person of helplessness, powerlessness and complete dependence is the lack of information "about his case." By showing interest in the little things of everyday life that are so important for old people, offering them a choice, it is necessary to promote independence and activity, at least in everyday affairs. It is this approach that contributes to the formation and strengthening in old people of a sense of comfort, well-being and gratitude to the social worker.

The social worker is obliged to notify the elderly client at the first meeting of what social powers he has in helping him and resolving issues of concern to him.

The first commandment of the social worker should be to refrain from rash promises, assurances of the ability to quickly solve all the emotional, material, physical and other needs of old people, as well as to regulate family or neighbor relationships of the client.

In turn, the social worker is not only not obliged to fulfill all the requirements and whims of the old person, without exception, but must be able to use his authority in order to explain to him the essence of social work in a form respectful for the old person - this is the activation of the client's physical and psychological capabilities. No matter how old the person is, they need to be convinced that helping them stay independent for as long as possible is central to social services at home.

bridge in the most basic self-service. And this is possible only with his active participation, passivity will lead to a negative result, namely immobility and complete dependence, and possibly the need for stationary social services. Such a principled position of the social worker excludes the aggravation of relations and the emergence of conflict, and the elderly client understands that the social worker is not a free servant, but a partner, a companion who, on duty, is obliged to: 1) contribute to his own activity; 2) help him cope with life's difficulties on his own; 3) instill a sense of security and independence; 4) avoid infantilism, that is, the desire to have, as in childhood, a patron and performer of all desires and whims.

An elderly person as an object of social work is at the same time a subject who is able not only to realize the content and goals of work with him, but also to become or not to become her partner. That is why a social worker should actively oppose the attitude of individual elderly and old clients to perceive themselves as helpless and defenseless, and without any remorse to shift all everyday problems and even responsibility for their lives onto him.

It must be frankly admitted that among a certain part of the older population, after all the socio-economic reforms in the country, dependency began to appear, a feeling of resentment and injustice began to degenerate into social poverty, and begging and the search for all kinds of free handouts acquired the character of "labor activity." Of course, the emergence of this phenomenon was also facilitated by an aggressively intolerant attitude towards the older generation of a number of politicians, a passively indifferent attitude towards elders on the part of all production and other enterprises, intolerance and contempt for the old people of the younger generation, and the spread of gerontophobic stereotypes at the state level.

Against this background, the created system of social work with the elderly and old people and social workers, in particular, were identified as the only government link obliged to take all the care of old people in need, providing them with comprehensive (social, economic, psychological, emotional) support. and at the same time showing empathy, respect, compassion, which old people need most of all.

It can be stated that over the past period effective social work has taken shape with various groups of the older population.

The main tasks of social work with the elderly and old people are: to provide assistance in the processes of adaptation of old people to changed living conditions, to recognize and eliminate difficulties of a personal, social, ecological and spiritual nature that adversely affect them;

help to cope with these difficulties through supportive, rehabilitative, protective or corrective action;

protect them in accordance with the law, resorting to the use of power; promote wider use by each client of their own opportunities for social self-defense;

use all means and sources for social protection of people in need.

The essence of social work with people of the "third age" is to create a network of social service institutions that contribute to the formation of favorable situations, useful contacts, and decent behavior. It must provide satisfactory

meeting the needs of older people as a special social group of the population, to create a good atmosphere for worthy support of their capabilities. Social work helps to identify the positive potential of "elderly" citizens, helps to evaluate the accumulated practical experience.

The field of activity of social workers in solving various issues related to the elderly and old people is extremely extensive. Often, even with its strictest regulation, unexpected situations and problems arise that require an immediate and correct solution. The demands that social work theorists place on social workers are very high. So, social workers should initially have such qualities as:

Morality - the need to act in accordance with the requirements of ethics and morality, the need to do good and bring good to people;

Honesty - the manifestation of this quality should be both in words and in deeds;

Conscientiousness - a sense of moral responsibility for one's behavior and a warning against a purely formal attitude to one's professional duties;

Objectivity - avoid excessive emotionality in assessing the problems of the old client;

Fairness - the social worker must always be fair to his client, despite his own likes and dislikes;

Tactfulness is a quality of a person who has to deal with people who are weak, sick, irritated, whose pride is already sufficiently hurt by certain circumstances in which they find themselves;

Tolerance is a moral quality characterized by a respectful attitude to the interests, convictions, beliefs, habits of other people, the ability to accept them as they are;

Mindfulness and observation;

Endurance and composure;

Kindness and love for people;

Self-criticism - the ability to analyze your activities, the ability to correct your mistakes without looking for self-justification;

Adequacy of self-esteem - a real understanding of their professional and social capabilities to solve the client's problems, on the one hand, and on the other hand, do not underestimate self-esteem;

Patience is a must when working with old people who have poor vision or hearing impairment;

Sociability - the ability to quickly and correctly build communication;

Optimism and willpower;

Emotional stability - self-control, the ability to self-regulation, which allows a social worker to control himself in various situations of professional activity;

Striving for self-improvement;

Creative thinking.

So, social work with the elderly and old people cannot do without deontology. Deontology (a combination of Greek words: deontos - duty, due, proper, logos - science) is a science that studies the ethical principles of behavior in the performance of one's professional duties.

Deontology includes basic principles, moral precepts that allow to provide effective social services to the population, exclude unfavorable factors in social work, aimed at optimizing the system of relationships between various categories of personnel of social services and clients, preventing the negative consequences of social services: professional duty, disinterestedness, professional self-control, etc. self-control, trust between professionals and clients, professional secrecy, etc.

Especially acute deontological problems arise when dealing with seriously ill old people who have lost the ability to self-care. It is well known that patient and balanced people are the most successful in caring for the elderly. Of course, moral support is the most valuable, so a social worker who does not limit his activities to formal services, who has also managed to become a benevolent and attentive interlocutor, helper and advisor, will be an ideal comforter for an old person. Too harsh, overbearing, working mainly for money or for the sake of a career, do not cope with this type of activity. In turn, old people with their life experience very easily understand and catch falsehood and insincerity in relation to them. A hasty person who does not know how to listen, is preoccupied with his own problems will never gain the trust of old people.

The social worker needs to pay special attention to his appearance and the way he communicates with old clients. Overly fashionable clothes, an abundance of cosmetics and jewelry do not facilitate the establishment of contacts between old people and social workers. The old people are especially distrustful of frivolous, superficial people who give promises, but do not fulfill them. Inconsistency, carelessness, restlessness, and long-windedness also cause wariness on the part of the old person towards the social worker and do not contribute to the establishment of trusting contacts, which are necessary for both parties.

Literature

1. Social work with the elderly: textbook. allowance / otv. ed. A.Yu. Levagin. - Ulyanovsk: UlSU, 2002 .-- 211 p.

2. Theoretical and practical foundations of working with the elderly: a methodological guide / otv. ed. N.B. Shmeleva. - 2nd ed., Add. - Ulyanovsk: UlSU, 2007 .-- 196 p.

3. Khismatullina, Z.N. Social gerontology: textbook / Z.N. Khismatullina. - Kazan: Kazan Publishing House. state technol. University, 2008 .-- 264 p.

4. Kholostova, E.I. Social work with the elderly: textbook. manual - 4th ed. / E.I. Holostov. - M .: Publishing and trade corporation "Dashkov and K", 2006. - 348 p.