At home and on the street, we can hear many sounds: human footsteps, the ticking of a clock, the sound of rain, the singing of birds, the horn of a car. However, the sounds of human speech stand apart and differ from others, because with their help you can form words. It is known that all sounds of the Russian language are divided into two groups: consonants and vowels. When forming vowels for air, there is no barrier in the oral cavity. But in the case of the pronunciation of consonants in the oral cavity, an obstacle arises. So, what can be what groups they are divided into, what does the expression "paired consonants" mean?

Voiceless and voiced consonants

The division into these groups is as follows: voiced consonants are pronounced with the help of noise and voice, but the deaf ones consist of one noise. The first and second can form pairs of deafness / sonority. Correlative pairing is represented by 12 rows. For example: "d" - "t", "g" - "k", "z" - "s" and others. Such sounds are paired consonants. But not all consonants can pair up. They are not formed by voiced "n", "m", "l", "d", "r", as well as deaf "c", "x", "u", "h". On the letter, sounds are indicated by the corresponding letters. It's important to be careful. Paired and unpaired consonants at the end of a word or in the middle before a consonant may sound the same, but be marked different letters. To check their spelling, you need to find a word with the same root, so that after the checked consonant there is a vowel, and the sound leaves no doubt about the spelling. For example:

gris b- gri b s, gri pp- gri pp ozny;

ro T- ro T ova (cavity), ro d- ro d ova (castle).

Consonants soft and hard

Depending on the position of the tongue during the pronunciation of sounds, all consonants are divided into hard and soft. They are different phonemes. Paired consonants and unpaired consonants are distinguished. Examples of pairs: "in" - "in," , "k" - "k," , "p" - "p," and others. icon ( , ) denotes the softness of the sound during transcription. Steam does not form soft "u", "h", "d", as well as always solid "w", "g", "c". Of course, it is very important to distinguish between paired consonant sounds, hard and soft. Sometimes they even distinguish words. For example:

m ate - m ol, me l- me l b.

IN " m ate" and "me l b "highlighted consonants are soft, and in words" m ol" and "me l"- solid. Thanks to this special pronunciation, words are not confused.

When writing words, the softness of consonants can be indicated in the following ways:

  • With the help of "y". For example: skates, elk, hit.
  • Using the letters "i", "i", "e", "ё", "yu". These cases are: a wheel, a toss, a ball.

It is important to remember that in the middle of a word before a consonant, softness is not indicated by a soft sign in the following combinations: "st", "schn", "nt", "rsh", "ch", "chk", "nsh", "nch". Pay attention to the words: LF ina, spo rsh itza, mo st iki. In the highlighted combinations, the first consonant is heard softly, but is written without

The letters "ya", "e", "ё", "yu" can represent the vowels "a", "e", "o", "y" + the softness of the consonant in front of them. In other cases (at the beginning of a word, after after "b", "b") they mean two sounds. And before the sound "and" consonants will always be pronounced softly.

So, one could notice that the creation of pairs is a feature that is very characteristic of the consonant system of the Russian language. Paired consonants are combined into groups and at the same time opposed to each other. Often they help to distinguish words.

A sound is the smallest unit of language, pronounced with the help of organs. speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, human hearing perceives all the sounds that it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are unique to his native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.

33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other, form words.

36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [u], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [h "], [c"], [ d "], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [n"], [r"], [ f "], [g"], [x"].

The consonants are divided into:

  • soft and hard;

    • voiced and deaf;

    paired and unpaired.

Soft and hard consonants

The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.

At the moment of pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed against the palate more strongly than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant from each other. In order to determine in a letter whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a specific consonant.

Consonants are classified as solid in such cases:

  • if letters a, o, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
  • after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
  • if the sound is at the end of the word - [gloom], [friend], [table].

The softness of the sound is written as an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], gate - [kal'itka], fir - [p'ir].

It should be noted that the sounds [u ’], [d ’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [g].

The consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by "b" and vowels: i, e, u, i, e. For example: gene - [g "en], len - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [v" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].

Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds

According to the voicedness, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [c], [h], [g], [b], [g], [d], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].

Examples: [boron], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].

Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [dream], [noise], [u "uk], [choir], [king"], [ch "an].

Paired voiced and deaf consonants include: [b] - [n], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: true story - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - court, live - sew.

Sounds that do not form a pair: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].

Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [n] - [n"], [m] - [m"], [c] - [c"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f "], [k] - [k"], [h] - [h "], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: true story - white, height - branch, city - cheetah, cottage - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - pen, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.

Table for memorizing consonants

To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.

Table. Consonants: hard and soft

Solid - before the letters A, O, U, S, E

Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I

Hard and soft consonants
bballb"battle
VhowlV"eyelid
GgarageG"hero
dholed"tar
hashh"yawn
TogodfatherTo"sneakers
lvinel"foliage
mMarchm"month
nlegn"tenderness
PspiderP"song
Rheightp"rhubarb
WithsaltWith"hay
TcloudT"patience
fphosphorusf"firm
XthinnessX"chemistry
Unpairedandgiraffehmiracle
wscreenschhazel
ctargetthfelt

Another table will help memorize consonant sounds.

Table. Consonants: voiced and voiceless
PairedvoicedDeaf
BP
INF
GTO
DT
ANDW
WWITH
UnpairedL, M, N, R, YX, C, H, W

Children's poems for better mastering of the material

The letters are exactly 33 in the Russian alphabet,

To find out how many consonants -

Subtract ten vowels

Signs - hard, soft -

It will immediately become clear:

It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.

Soft and hard consonants are very different,

But not dangerous at all.

If we pronounce with noise, then they are deaf.

Consonant sounds proudly say:

They sound different.

Hard and soft

Actually very light.

One simple rule to remember forever:

W, C, F - always solid,

But H, W, Y - only soft,

Like cat paws.

Let's soften the others like this:

If we add a soft sign,

Then we get spruce, moth, salt,

What a clever sign!

And if we add the vowels I, I, E, E, Yu,

We get a soft consonant.

Signs-brothers, soft, hard,

We don't pronounce

But to change the word

Let's ask for their help.

The rider is riding a horse

Kon - use in the game.

1. Grammar tale.

Paired and unpaired

Once the King Alphabet and the Queen ABC arranged a fabulous ball, to which all the letters were invited. There they split into pairs and began to dance. Vowels danced with vowels, and consonants danced with consonants. The letters A - Z, U - Yu, Y - I, E - E, O - E danced a waltz. They had fun!

The consonants also danced in pairs, but their sluggishness hindered them a little, and they puffed, hissed, and whistled with zeal. These were the pairs: B - P, V - F, G - K, D - T, F - W, Z - S.

Moreover, the letters B, C, D, D, F, Z were loudly beaten with their feet to the beat of the music. Those were too loud letters.

But P, ​​F, K, T, W, S were deaf to music. The voiced letters shouted their names merrily to the beat of the music, while the unvoiced letters timidly whispered, like an echo, the names of their girlfriends. What an odd couple they were.

But there were also lonely letters at the ball. They did not want to dance at all and preferred solitude. These are L, M, H, R, Y, X, C, W, b, b.

They didn't have a couple. These are unpaired letters. Since then, this has been the case. On holidays, paired letters dance in tandem with their partner. And unpaired letters just sit quietly and look at the dancers.

2. Consonants, as you know, are deaf and voiced. Some of them are so similar to each other - real "twins"; they walk, look, dress the same. But when some speak, they are heard, while others are very difficult to hear, no matter how hard they try. These are paired in sonority - deafness. Each of this pair has its own costume to adequately represent the sound in the alphabet.

Isn't this overkill?

No, in no case, because, among other things, they also help to distinguish words by meaning: ball - heat, stake - goal, dust - true story, fishing rod - duck, etc.

These twin letters need to be learned well, as there will still be a lot of trouble with them. In the alphabet, they occupied two whole floors.

And the trouble lies in the fact that the voiced ones at the end are deafened and you need to guess (using the test word) which letter should be written. You need to change the word so that the consonant is heard clearly:

oak - oaks, eyebrow - eyebrows, eye - eyes, etc.

3. Words for spelling and commented writing.

Fur coat, hat, snowdrift, fungi, pillar, hawk, mushroom, timid, oak, fish, strong, sheepskin coat, balls, club, bug, oaks, sponge, soup, hazel grouse, chills, slushy, chilly, tooth, fragile, shell, mistake, paw, scratches, turnip, sickle, bread, teeth, ice-hole, sliver, smile, forehead, sticky, molding, club, coat of arms, creak, dove, armful, dove, cork.

V - F

Button, weed, cream, cow, pin, dexterous, healthy, watering, cheat, telegraph, floats, shop, a lot of firewood, closet, ready, giraffe, carrot, love, jacket, head, groove, beak, shoes, sleeve, prunes , tree, handsome, polite.

G - K

Snow, lungs, meadow, bow, soft, claws, ravine, enemy, circle, shore, pie, boot, accommodation, flag, cottage cheese, tongue, surgeon, friend, plow, cook, side, sound, god, around, tank, chill, haystack, pillar, south, fist, squeal, iron, Thursday, fisherman, far, wide, deep, high, kitten, wolf cub, jackdaw, fellow countryman, worm, bruise, spruce forest, glacier, sailor, oak tree, trifle, herald, traveler, companion, worker, joker.

D - T

Beds, exercise, notebook, patch, forget-me-not, sweet, breast, work, year, brother, boat, hike, tent, fur, camel, children, winches, leftovers, steamboat, entrance, riddle, old age, gait, hedge, smooth, horse, city, playground, kindergarten, remains, ford, west, hail, light, expanse, view, rare, rain, mole, side by side, crib, crossbill, thrush, newsboy, pilot, cat, code, scarves, factory, oil, entry, bridge, detachment, people , bed, duck, exit, bookmark, vegetable garden, portrait, in order, honeycomb, branch, seine, wiring, short. hide-and-seek, shaky, bear, ears, saucer, planting, bookmark, Medvedko, package, threads, sensitive, threshing, walking, machine gunner, find, cleaning, coin, dilapidated, berry, liquid, beard, towns.

W - W

Legs, spoons, cups, mugs, hedgehog, path, cart, rye, friends, plush, guardian, landscape, pillow, porridge, pies, good, handsome, snowballs, wilderness, brooch, trembling, palm, roots, insects, already, jumping, bags, flags, lily of the valley, earrings, russula, bear, drawing, mouse, mitten, girlfriend, reportage, birdie, stick, okroshka, walrus, boots, cockerel, nuts, birdie, bump, frog, snowballs, baskets, siskin , shirt, crew, book, horns, beach, luggage, chamomile, accordion, shavings, ears, scallop, gingerbread, pencil, garage, ruff, quiet, shower, reed, midge, playpen, quiet, pig, edge, jog, potatoes , paper, pita bread, toys, ladle, little brother, crown, hut, kids, hare, coward, feathers, blotter, gossip, grains, grandmother, old woman, wings, feeder, parsley, poor thing, pole, little fish, mother, freckles, kids , volushka, baby, muzzle, zimushka, baby, cake.

Z - S

Sharp, low, Mongrel, frost, elm, locomotive, haymaking, birch, tears, wagon, narrow, taste, watermelon, cargo, sail, froze, drizzle, frost, prankster, horror, fairy tale, Denis, knight, connection, lynx, gnaw, interest, eye, hung, down, cut, bandage, blouse, close, hint, collective farm, pointer, putty, flattery, climb, ointment, clipping, pole, ear, crucian carp, inscription, shepherd, Russia, request, painting, nose, slippery, pasture, radish, carry, crawl, sled, carving, lead, denouement, canopy, tray, nipple, pussy, bowl, disappeared, slices, voice, loader, copyist, viscous.

4. Find paired consonants in proverbs.

There is honey - climb into the hive.

Pick a berry, pick a box.

To eat a fish, you need to float into the water.

The tail of the head is not a pointer.

Bread is the head of everything.

Bread is a father, water is a mother.

Small spool but precious.

According to Senka and a hat.

One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon.

Honey on the tongue, and ice on the heart.

An old friend is better than two new ones.

The snow is deep - the year is good.

Grandma with porridge, and grandfather with a spoon.

Sweeter than all fruits is the fruit of honest labor.

Your eye is a diamond.

More expensive than a diamond your two eyes.

Not a fur coat warms, but bread.

5. For these nouns, select nouns with the suffix -points-.

La ... ka - _________, blue ... ka - ______,

tetra ... ka - ___________, faith ... ka - ____________,

pro ... ka - ____________, re ... ka - ______________.

6. Choose antonyms for these adjectives.

Thick - ________________, high - __________________,

Distant ________________, bitter - ___________________.

7. Select nouns with voiced and deaf consonants in the middle of the word that are suitable for the sentences.

The blizzard sweeps __________________________________________.

The students of the class made _____________________________ for the books.

8. Insert the missing consonant into the word, write down the test word.

Oshi ... ka, _________________ - var ... ka,

Boom ... ka, __________________ - no ... ka,

Bese ... ka, ___________________ - violin ... ka,

Ska ... ka, ___________________ - village ... ka,

About ... ba, ___________________ - I'll lie down ... ka.

9. Make a sentence with the words of each line.

Mouse, cat, eyes, paws.

Friendship, books and notebooks,

Coat, hat and boots,

And birch, and earrings.

10. Insert missing letters.

Snow ... ki, jump ... ki, flags ... ki, caps ... ki, nuts ... ki.

11. Choose the right words.

What is the name of the hut where the watchman lives?

Ear decoration.

Solid fastening at the waist.

Part of a table or chair.

12. The transformation of words.

Change one letter in words. Choose a test for each and write it down.

Forest - (lion), god - (dog), fairy tale - (pointer), spoon - (boat), turnip - (sliver), circle - (friend), bread - (shed), nibble - (beak), boat - (hat).

13. A chain of words.

Each new word must begin with the letter

ends with the previous one, and ends with a double voiced or deaf

consonant.

Cold - ... (grandfather - dog - gas - tooth - ford - ...).

Bus - (track - friend - year - thrush - debt - hail - ...)

Frost - (tooth - luggage - beetle - cube - ...)

14. Underline the consonant in the words, the pronunciation of which diverges from

spelling.

Flag, detachment, house, cold, ruler, ice, chalk, hike, frost, table, flower,

soup, book, glass.

15. Underline paired voiced and deaf consonants in words.

The hammer is young, the sickle is a coat of arms, the ascendant is a nose, a pond is a rod, a mouth is a rod, a raft is a fruit,

frost - rose, tooth-soup.

16. Add consonants.

Sugro ..., plant ..., this ..., moro ..., hand ....

17. Underline voiced and deaf consonants in words, add to them

test words.

Notebook - notebooks, book-book,

iron-_________, fungus-_________,

pie-________, oak trees-__________,

watchman-_______, narrow-__________.

18. Underline voiced consonants in words.

Car, oak trees, berry, leg, banner, subway, axe, sea, Saturday,

summer, molding.

19. For these words from the first column, select the words from

second column. Make suggestions with them.

the wind is soft ... kaya

bunny at ... kai

ice re ... cue

the road is hard ... cue

pillow ro ... cue

20. Underline the deaf consonants in the words.

Lilac, axe, furniture, bread, bug, peas, circus, people, book, watch, ruler, sheep.

21. Insert the missing words with paired consonants.

The student made three ____________ in the dictation.

Golden _____________ live in an aquarium.

A narrow ___________ led to the forest.

The caretaker lives in ____________.

There was a dilapidated _________ by the river bank.

In the den of the hall ... brown _____________.

22. Underline in words paired voiceless and voiced consonants in the middle

Cat - spoon, toy track,

stroller-bandage, snowballs-chuckles,

fur coat-hat, mowing-carving.

23. Write the verbs in the past tense.

Get off - ___________, get cold - ______________,

freeze - ________, disappear - _____________,

crawl -_______, bite off -______________.

24. From a poetic passage, first write out all voiced consonants, and

then deaf.

The autumn wind rises in the forests,

More and more noisy.

Dead leaves pluck and fun

In a frenzied dance carries. (I. Bunin)

25. Mistakes.

What words Andrew confuses? Will the sentences be clear in his writing?

In class, they write from dictation:

"I brought a mushroom from the forest."

Only Andrew deftly deduces:

"I brought the flu from the forest."

Well, tell me why?

Players own the bass

And the singer with an enviable pass,

Fruits float on the river

And rafts grow in the garden.

Explain why

Is he unlucky at school?

26. Find all spellings and explain their spelling.

Behind the village is a meadow,

And in the garden - onions.

And along the river - a raft,

And on a pear - a fruit.

27. Read a poem by F.I. Tyutchev.

The view of the earth is still sad, Nature has not yet woken up,

And in the spring the air breathes, But through thinning sleep

And the stalk sways dead in the field, she heard Spring

And the oil stirs the branches. And she smiled involuntarily.

1) Count how many deaf consonants are in each line.

2) Find the most "deaf" line (that is, the one with the most voiceless consonants) and the most "sonorous" (where the most voiced consonants). Read them aloud again.

3) Think about how the content of these lines is related to the number of deaf consonants?

28. Imagine that you are in your kitchen. Wow, how many different

items! I show you an object and you name it and

choose a test word for the named word.

These words are: cup, spoon, mug, spatula, frying pan, mitten -

potholder, napkin.

29. Raise the desired card (V-F, Z-S, D-T).

The stork makes a dawn ... ku - Pelican dives lo ... ko.

Then skipping, then crouching ... ku, That's what it means to train ... ka!

Octopus ... put on gloves ... ki, Rak hall ... on a scooter,

And the seal fled from the square ... ki. Everything is forward ... and he is back ....

30. Write the words: de ..., pru ..., glue ..., ry ... ka, er .... Compose text according to

these key words. Try calling the controller for help -

vowel and determine the correct spelling. What words did you test

by changing the word, and to which one did they choose a related word?

Silent consonants

Sometimes consonants

They play hide and seek with us.

They don't pronounce

But they write in a notebook.

Sometimes in words there are

Terrible consonants.

They don't pronounce

And what to write is not clear to you ...

To know how to write, not wonderful, not wonderful,

It is necessary to change the word, But it is terrible and dangerous

And behind the sound incomprehensible Letter T to write in vain.

Look for a vowel quickly. Everyone knows how lovely

The letter T is appropriate.

1. A conversation about unpronounceable consonants.

Not all consonants in words are pronounced; some of them disappear, hide. If a word with an unpronounceable consonant cannot be checked, you should remember its spelling.

Why do the sounds disappear anyway?

The fact is that three consonants in a row can be very difficult to pronounce, so we simplify their pronunciation in this way. And writing them can not be simplified. Not just because there are unpronounceable consonants. They also have their own history. For example, why do we write the letter t in the word ladder? In the Old Russian language there was a word lystvitsa. So it turned into a staircase under the influence of such words as a sugar bowl, an inkwell. As for the word flattery itself, it is formed from the verb to climb, to climb, with the help of the suffix -tv (a).

This means that the unpronounceable t in the noun ladder is the remainder of the suffix -tv(a).

2. Words for spelling and commented letters.

In some words, the letters D, T, V, L are not pronounced, but are written.

To check an unpronounceable consonant, you need to pick up

one-root word so that this consonant is well heard.

Some words cannot be verified. Remember: feeling, stairs.

D - starry, late, holiday, heart.

T - valiant, sad, bone, oral, stairs, neighborhood, area, whistled, famous, charming, furious, honest, happy, messenger, reed, cabbage, rainy, joyful, private,

Giant, regional, imperious, serf.

B - feeling, hello.

L is the sun.

The combination of sn - zn.

SN - wonderful, beautiful, terrible, dangerous, in vain, tasty, interesting, cramped, insipid, heavenly, sailing, consonant, mute, wordless.

ZN - ugly, amiable, iron, collective farm, serious, diamond.

3. Find and write down words with unpronounceable consonants. Near

write down the test words.

a) Valiant, ladder, leaf, kind, whistled, reed, briefcase,

cloud, messenger, window, hello.

b) Health, sun, leaf, heart, star, book, friend, famous,

joyful, neighborhood, column, furious, honest, holiday,

lovely.

4. Write down the words denoting the signs of objects. Paste

missing letters. Next, write down the words denoting objects.

Known ... ny (who?) .... Festive… festive (what?)… .

Sad ... ny (what?) ... . Starry ... noe (what?) ... .

Kapus ... ny (what?) ... . Honest ... ny (who?) ... .

5. Write off the text by inserting the missing letters

St ... it m ... different p ... years. Hoarfrost pushed birches in the forest, ... blues,

old ol…hu. The l ... snaya p ... Liana came to life. Applied ... bullfinches, titmouse. Under the spruce, the hare burrowed in a dream ....

Suddenly zash ... sang through the forest, a drifting snow ran. It became in l ... su t ... many. Nal… tel wind. D ... revya swayed ... fled. Paul ... drifted snowdrifts from spruce la ... . Sleep ... sprinkled. Started in ... the south.

With ... nce sanctified ... the surroundings ... ness. A crunch ... a dry branch in a dream spilled ... the body of a beautiful ... bird. The shepherd drives the flock to the pasture...bishche.

Sleep ... fell out late ... but. Sad ... st ... yat days. Everyone is waiting for a joyful holiday ... nickname.

6. Form adjectives from nouns.

Joy - ____________________,

bad weather - ___________________,

happiness - ____________________,

star - ______________________,

whistle - ______________________,

charm - ___________________.

7. Make sentences from these words and write them down. Paste

missing letters.

It is difficult to find out ours, in winter, the area ....

Covered, carpeted, snowy, everything.

Nana ... naya, the weather is worth it.

Blowing, furious ... ny, wind, cold.

Look, at, trees, sad ... but, naked.

8. Identify by ear words with unpronounceable and dubious

consonants and choose test words for them.

Frost and sun, wonderful day!

You are still dozing, my lovely friend.

Easily and joyfully plays in the heart of blood,

Desires boil - I'm happy again, young!

Three maidens by the window

Dropped in late at night...

“Hello, my beautiful prince!

Why are you quiet, like a rainy day? .. "

9. Read the poem expressively, explain all spellings, and

then try to write from memory any four that you remember

The sun looks down from the sky, but the sun will shine

Millions of years. And walks away.

The sun is pouring on the ground And a living heart

And warmth and light. Warm day and night.

So the heart is better

the sun itself,

no clouds

Don't overshadow him!

10. Riddles. Write answers with test words

The carpet is spread, Day and night it knocks,

Scattered peas: As if wound up.

Do not lift the carpet, It will be bad if suddenly

No peas to collect. This knock will stop.

(starry sky) (Heart)

Well, which one of you will answer

Not fire, but it burns painfully.

Not a lantern, but it shines brightly,

And not a baker, but bakes? (Sun)

11. From the words given in brackets, form adjectives received

write phrases.

Day (holiday); evening (late); morning (bad weather); smile (joy);

deed (honor); labor (valor); life (happiness); view (sadness).

12. Complete the proverbs with words with unpronounceable consonants.

Hands work - soul ... .

Not in force ... but in truth.

In the big ... and the distant is near.

… labor is our wealth.

… they don't watch the clock.

Reference words: happy, honest, heart, holiday, honesty.

13. Write off, replacing the highlighted words with synonyms with unpronounceable

consonants.


Similar information.


Phonetics- This is a branch of the science of language, in which sounds and their alternations are studied, as well as stress, intonation, syllable division.

Graphic arts- This is a branch of the science of language, in which the outlines of the letters of the alphabet and their relationship with the sounds of speech are studied.

Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, 10 of which are intended to denote vowels and are respectively called vowels. 21 consonants are used to designate consonants. In addition, in modern Russian there are two letters that are not sounds do not mean: b(hard sign) b(soft sign).

Vowels and consonants

All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.

1. Vowel sounds are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [i], [o], [y], [s].

2. Consonants- these are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.

A) The consonants are divided into hard and soft. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs by hardness-softness: [b] - [b′], [c] - [c′], [g] - [g′], [d] - [d′], [h] - [h′], [k] - [k′], [l] - [l′], [m] - [m′], [n] - [n′], [p] - [n′], [p] - [p′], [s] - [s ′], [t] - [t ′], [f] - [f ′], [x] - [x ′] (the apostrophe at the top right indicates softness consonant sound). For example, bow - [bow] and hatch - [l′uk].

b) Some consonants do not have correlative pairs of hardness-softness, that is, there are unpaired hard consonants[g], [w], [c] (i.e. they are always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants[sh ′], [th], [h] (i.e. they are always only soft).

Notes:

  • for sounds [th], [h], it is not customary to denote softness with an apostrophe, although in some textbooks it is indicated;
  • the sound [w ′] is indicated on the letter by the letter sch;
  • overline means double (long) sound. For example, cheek - [sh ′ika], thicket - [cup ′a], bath - [van a], cash desk - [cas a]. In some textbooks, long consonants so: [van: a] - bath.

V) Consonants formed with the participation of voice and noise are called voiced(for example, [d], [d′], [h], [h′], etc.); if only noise is involved in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t′], [s], [s′], etc.). Most voiced and voiceless consonants in Russian form voiced-deafness pairs: [b] - [p], [b′] - [p′], [c] - [f], [c′] - [f′], [g] - [k], [g′] - [k′], [d] - [t], [d′] - [t′], [h] - [s], [h′] - [s′], [g] - [w]. Wed: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew.

G) The sounds [th], [l], [l′], [m], |m′], [n], [n′], [p], [p′] do not form a correlative pair with deaf consonants, hence they are unpaired voiced(unpaired voiced consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not pair with voiced ones are unpaired deaf. These are the sounds [h], [c], [x], [x′].

3. In the flow of speech, the sound of one sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. Such a phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life, the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n′], also softens, and we get the sound [z′]. So the pronunciation of the word life is written like this: [zhyz′n′]. Rapprochement of sounding is also possible for sounds paired in sonority-deafness. So, voiced consonants in a position before deafs and at the end of a word sound closer to paired deafs. Therefore, it happens stun consonants. For example, a boat is a lo [t] ka, a fairy tale is a fairy tale [s] ka, a cart is in [s]. The reverse phenomenon is also possible, when deaf consonants in a position in front of voiced ones also become voiced, that is voiced. For example, mowing - ko [z ′] ba, request - about [z ′] ba.

The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

In Russian, the softness of consonants is indicated in the following ways:

1. Using a letterb(soft sign) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: benefit - [pol′za], elk - [los′], etc.

Note. soft sign does not indicate the softness of consonants in the following cases:

a) if it serves to separate consonants, the second of which th(yot): leaves - fox [t′ya], be-lye - be [l′yo];

b) to distinguish grammatical categories: rye (3 folds, female) - knife (2 folds, m.s.);

c) to distinguish word forms (after hissing): read (2 lit., singular), cut (form of the imperative mood), help (indefinite form of the verb), as well as adverbs: jump, back.

2. Through lettersAnd,e, yo, yu, i, indicating the softness of the preceding consonant and conveying vowels [i], [e], [o], [y], [a]: forest - [l'es], honey - [m'ot], lil - [l′il], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

3. With the help of subsequent soft consonants: cog - [in′t′ik], plum - [s′l′iva].

The sound meaning of the letters e, e, u, i

1. The letters e, e, u, i can meantwo sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:

  • at the beginning of a word: for example, spruce - [ye] l, hedgehog - [yo] zh, yula - [yu] la, yama - [ya] ma;
  • after a vowel sound: washes - mo [ye] t, sings - po [yo] t, give - yes [yu] t, bark - la [ya] t;
  • after dividing b, b: eat - c [ye] m, drink - drink [yo] t, pour - l [yu] t, zealous - ry [ya] ny.

In addition, after the separation b two sounds will be denoted by a letter And: nightingales - nightingale [yi].

2. The letters e, e, u, i indicate the softness of the preceding consonant in a position after consonants, paired in hardness-softness: fur - [m′eh], carried - [n′os], hatch - [l′uk], crumpled - [m′al].

Reminder:

  • Sounds [th], [l], [m], [n], [p] - voiced (do not have a pair of voiced-deafness)
  • Sounds [x], [c], [h], [w ′] are deaf (they do not have a pair in terms of hardness-softness)
  • Sounds [w], [w], [c] are always solid.
  • Sounds [th], [h], [sh ′] are always soft.

Phonetic analysis of the word (sound-letter analysis of the word) is an analysis of the word, which consists in characterizing syllabic structure And sound composition words; phonetic parsing words suggests elements of graphical analysis. Word for phonetic parsing in school textbooks indicated by the number 1: for example, earth 1 .

When conducting a phonetic analysis of a word, it is imperative to pronounce the word aloud. It is impossible to automatically translate a letter entry into an audio one, this leads to errors. It must be remembered that it is not the letters that are characterized, but the sounds of the word.

Phonetic order(sound-letter) word parsing (according to school tradition):

1. Write down given word, divide it into syllables, verbally indicate the number of syllables.

2. Put the stress on the word.

3. Write down the phonetic transcription of the word (we write the word in letters in a column, opposite each letter we write the sound in square brackets).

4. Describe the sounds (put a dash in front of each sound and write its characteristics, separating them with commas):

  • characteristics of a vowel sound: indicate that the sound is a vowel; percussion or non-impact;
  • characteristics of the consonant sound: indicate that the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf. You can also specify paired or unpaired in terms of hardness-softness, sonority-deafness.

5. Specify the number of sounds and letters.

Phonetic patterns(sound-letter) word parsing(a basic level of)

Earth - earth-le
z [z ′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [i] - vowel, unstressed
m [m] - consonant, solid, voiced
l [l′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [e] - vowel, stressed
__________
5 letters, 5 sounds

Blacken - black-né-yut
h [h] - consonant, soft, deaf
e [i] - vowel, unstressed
r [r] - consonant, hard, voiced
n [n ′] - consonant, soft, sonorous
e [e] - vowel, stressed
yu [th] - consonant, soft, sonorous
[y] - vowel, unstressed
t[t] - consonant, hard, deaf.
___________
7 letters, 8 sounds

Russian has 21 consonants and 36 consonants. Consonants and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [d], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], r - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].

Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).

Scheme 1. Consonant letters and consonant sounds of the Russian language.

Hard and soft consonants

Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon '] - con [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].

For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If a consonant in different words means either soft or solid sound, then the sound is paired. For example, in the word cat, the letter k denotes a solid sound [k], in the word whale, the letter k denotes soft sound[To']. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [v] and [k '] do not make a pair in hardness-softness, but make a pair [v] - [v ']. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [g] is always solid. There are no words in Russian where it would be soft [zh']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w ’], then it belongs to unpaired ones.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Thanks to voiced and deaf consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Deaf consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost covered; when they are pronounced, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.

Some consonant sounds have a similar sound in terms of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - deaf or sonorous. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.

  • paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
  • unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.

Sonorant, noisy and hissing consonants

Sonorant - voiced unpaired consonants. There are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:

  1. Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [q], [h'], [w], [w'];
  2. Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [s ], [h'].

Hissing consonants (4): [g], [h '], [w], [u '].

Paired and unpaired consonants

Consonants (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:


Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonants.

To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know