The rules of the Russian language are quite difficult to master, because many of them involve different conditions writing, as well as exceptions to the rules. Therefore, in order to write correctly, you need to clearly know and understand how the rules of the Russian language work in writing. Today we will talk about how the soft sign is written in different words.

Spelling of the soft sign

  • When is a separating soft sign written? Everything is simple here: a dividing soft sign is written after the consonants and before the vowels e, and, y, i inside the words (but not after the prefixes). Examples: family, blizzard, career, weeds.
  • A soft sign is written at the end of words after paired consonants to indicate softness: ice hole, frost, notebook.
  • The soft sign is written after the letter "o" in some words of foreign origin. Examples: postman, broth.
  • In complex numbers formed from simple ones, in which there is a soft sign, this letter is also written. For example: five - fifty; nine - nine hundred. But such numerals are an exception: seventeen, sixteen, etc. In the middle of these numerals, a soft sign is not written.
  • The soft sign is written in verbs in the imperative mood before -te and -sya (to go - go, send) and in indefinite forms before -sya (to return, cut your hair, decrease).
  • Often a soft sign is written to indicate softness at the end of words after a hard consonant (crown, cook) and in the middle of a word (mowing, less).
  • The soft sign is used in the form plural instrumental case: four, children.
  • If a consonant comes before another soft consonant, then a soft sign is placed between them in two cases. First: if, after changing the word, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft (wedding - wedding). Second: in order to denote the softness of "l": clings, boy, herring.
  • A soft sign is written in the middle of a compound word if its first part ends in ь: salvage, village council.

Soft sign after hissing

The soft sign is more often not used in words after hissing w, h, sh and u. But there are a few exceptions. Where is the soft sign written after the hissing ones?

  • In the endings of verbs after "sh" in the form of the 2nd person singular. hours of the future and the present: you draw - you draw, you play - you play.
  • At the end of nouns female in the nominative and accusative: mouse, daughter, rye.
  • Command at the end of verbs. inclinations in units number: eat, smear - smear.
  • Also, in the imperative mood in verbs, a soft sign is written before -tes and -te: smear, eat.
  • The soft sign is written in the indefinite form of the verb: guard, beware.
  • The soft sign is used in all adverbs that end in w and h, as well as at the ends of particles: away, completely, completely, only, I mean. A soft sign is not written after a hissing w in the following exception words: unbearable, already, married.

Where a soft sign is not written

  • In verbs in the form of 3 persons singular. numbers (what does he do?): cooks, draws, writes.
  • In nouns in the gender form. case plural. numbers after -en: cherry. Exceptions: young ladies, villages, hawks.
  • In plural nouns. gender numbers. case with a basis in hissing: circuses, shooting ranges, groves.
  • At the end of masculine nouns: ball, doctor, knife.
  • At the end of short adjectives: good, hot.
  • Between two soft l: illumination.
  • In combinations ch, chk, rch, lf, nsch, rsh: brighter, lamplighter, nurse.
  • In other combinations between two consonants (except those in the last paragraph): bunch, cane.

Here is such a difficult letter - a soft sign. When it is written in different words, you now know. At first glance, it is very difficult to remember this rule with numerous points, but once you learn it with examples, by analogy you will already write similar words correctly, knowing exactly whether to put a soft sign in them or not.

Spelling soft sign at the end of words after hissing
In Russian, at the end of words, sibilants (Ж, Ш, Ш and Ш) are possible in six parts of speech:

In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (FAST),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).

Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.

1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign after hissing is placed only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns I and II declensions with a hissing at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Do not forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -IC are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RURIKOVICH, VOINOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, POWERFUL).
3. Verbs with a hissing at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in an indefinite form). Please note that in verbs a soft sign may appear after the hissing and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -ТЕ, for example: BATH, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs, after hissing, a soft sign is always written (PUSH, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBELIEVABLE.
5. Pronouns with hissing at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOUR.
6. Always with a soft sign, particles are written SHOW, ONLY, BESH.
Exercise

We already knew this and did not prevent him from managing in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)

Around Petrovich's neck hung a skein of silk and thread, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“Overcoat”, N. V. Gogol)

This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, how bish_ them ... Koch and Pestryakova. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Finally, the poor fellow became, in a way, unbearable_, he decided to climb through by storm at all costs, you understand. (“Dead Souls”, N. V. Gogol)

This expression said that she had decided, without complaining, to endure her misfortune, and that her husband was the cross sent to her by God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

And how do you think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people's misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they accepted the groove, and the water could flow wherever it pleased. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

They say that his mother was very good-looking, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully_, for such an insignificant person ... (“Poor people”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

I told him... Don't cry for me: I'll try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I'm a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops only lost a few hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

It will fall by itself when it is ripe, but you will pluck it green, spoil the apple and the tree, and you will set the teeth on edge yourself. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

In a nutshell, Nikolai bought for six thousand_ seventeen stallions to select (as he said) for the casual end of his repair. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

On the other side of the fence the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Except for falsehood and lies, nothing could come out now; and falsehood and lies were contrary to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

No one has declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and wish to help them, - said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

And now in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, every day waiting for a decision. (“Anna Karenina”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Night came - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a good sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Liza slept very poorly. (" Poor Lisa”, N. M. Karamzin)

But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

And there is one key - there are more than three of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from a chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Don't worry, I won't give it to you, - the mustachioed man said resolutely and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The weeping of poor, consumptive, orphan Katerina Ivanovna seemed to have produced a strong effect on the public. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Her pale yellow, withered face tossed back, her mouth opened, her legs stretched convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Game_! - yelled Luzhin, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all flying wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Marfa Terentievna did not let up, but more and more pestered the mayor: take Bonaparte out and put it down, then in the end he was exhausted. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Whatever fires out of a gun, it will shoot through the heart, whatever it waves with a saber, then the head is off the shoulders. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He repeatedly made campaigns against the short-earners and was so eager for spectacles that no one without himself would be killed
did not trust. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, - no more mirages, no more feigned fears, no more ghosts! .. ”(“ Crime and Punishment ”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

It was thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up underfoot, that a tornado would fly in from somewhere and swallow everything, all at once ... (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their stomachs in addition. (“History of a City”, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

The exercise was prepared by N. Solovieva and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

In Russian, soft and solid mark and have one common function - separating.

1. Divider Kommersant written before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I after Russian or foreign prefixes ending in a consonant or in compound words, where the first part is two-, three-, four-, and the second part begins on E, Yo, Yu, I. For example, corrosive, subjective, two-tiered.

REMEMBER: courier, four-act.

2. Divider b written before vowels E, Yo, Yu, I, I inside the word. IN foreign words meets b before ABOUT, For example: blizzard, dress, nightingales, battalion.

3. b used to denote softness at the end of a word: shampoo, stone; after L before other consonants (except L): balm, glazier; after a soft consonant before a hard one: letter, nurse; in numerals (denoting tens and hundreds) from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900: eight hundred, seventy.

REMEMBER: b not written in combinations H And SCH with other consonants, combined letters HH, ZN, SN, NT, ST, ZD: babysit, nocturnal, monkey.

1. b is used to denote grammatical forms:

at the end of third declension nouns: mouse, rye;

at the end of adverbs ending in hissing: all the way, backward, jump, backhand(BUT: already, married, unbearable);

in the indefinite form of the verb : wash, love;

in 2nd person singular present and future tenses: eat, write;

· V instrumental: children, eight;

in particles: only.

Task 1. Rewrite the words, insert the missing letters.

1) to ... caustic, 2) from ... to reveal, 2) from ... to yat, 4) white ... floor, 5) piano ... yano, 6) ad ... jutant, 7) n ... juance, 8) nine ... yu, 9) head ... southern, 10) interview .. yuer, 11) wasp ... lamprey, 12) p ... edestal, 13) film ... capacious, 14) warm ... capacious, 15) trans ... European, 16) third ... annual, 17) three ... tiered, 18) four ... storey, 19) pass ... jans, 20) champagne ... he. 21) without ... nuclear, 22) variation ..., 23) bondage ... ero, 24) in ... reality, 25) injection ... injection, 26) from ... yang, 27) postal ... he, 28) mouse ... yakov, 29) fel…eton, 30) inter…linguistic, 31) once…unified, 32) with…emochny, 33) feld…jaeger, 34) four…tiered, 35) kan…he, 36) man…chzhur, 37) district… e, 38) hugs ... hugs, 39) con ... yuktivit, 40) drive ... drive.

Topic: Text analysis.

Exercise #1

Last year I was in trouble. I was walking down the street, slipped and fell... I fell badly, worse than ever: my face on the curb, I broke my nose, I smashed my whole face, my hand jumped out in my shoulder. It was about seven o'clock in the evening. In the city center, on Kirovsky Prospekt, not far from the house where I live.

With great difficulty he got up - his face was covered with blood, his hand hung like a whip. I wandered into the nearest entrance 5, tried to calm the blood with a handkerchief. Wherever there, she continued to whip, I felt that I was in a state of shock, the pain was getting stronger, and something had to be done quickly. And I can’t speak, my mouth is broken.

Decided to turn back home.

I was walking down the street, I think not staggering: I was walking, holding a bloody handkerchief to my face, my coat was already gleaming with blood. I remember this path well - about three hundred meters. There were many people on the street. A woman with a girl walked towards me, some kind of couple, elderly woman, a man, young guys, they all looked at me with curiosity at first, and then averted their eyes, turned away. If only someone on this path came up to me, asked what was the matter with me, if I needed help. I remembered the faces of many people - apparently, with unaccountable attention, a heightened expectation of help ...

The pain confused my consciousness, but I understood that if I lay down on the sidewalk now, they would calmly step over me, bypass me. We have to get home.

Later I thought about this story. Could people take me for a drunk? It seems to be no, it is unlikely that I made such an impression. But even if they took me for a drunk ... They saw that I was covered in blood, something happened - fell, hit - why didn’t they help, didn’t at least ask what was the matter? So, to pass by, not to get involved, not to waste time, effort, "this does not concern me" has become a familiar feeling?

Pondering, he recalled these people with bitterness, at first he was angry, accused, perplexed, indignant, but then he began to remember himself. And he looked for something similar in his behavior. It is easy to reproach others when you are in a situation of distress, but you must definitely remember yourself, I can’t say that I had exactly such a case, but I found something similar in my own behavior - a desire to move away, avoid, not get involved .. And, having convicted himself, he began to understand how familiar this feeling had become, how it warmed up, imperceptibly took root.

Unfortunately, our copious talk of morality is often too general character. And morality ... it consists of specific things - of certain feelings, properties, concepts.

One of these feelings is the feeling of mercy. The term is somewhat outdated, unpopular today and even seems to be rejected by our life. Something peculiar only to former times. "Sister of mercy", "brother of mercy" - even the dictionary gives them as "outdated." , that is, obsolete concepts.

In Leningrad, in the Aptekarsky Island area, there was Mercy Street. They considered this name obsolete, renamed the street into Textile Street.

To withdraw mercy means to deprive a person of one of the most important effective manifestations of morality. This ancient, necessary feeling is characteristic of the entire animal community, the bird community: mercy for the downtrodden and injured. How did it happen that this feeling overgrown with us, died out, turned out to be neglected? One can object to me by citing many examples of touching responsiveness, condolences, and true mercy. Examples, they are, and yet we feel, and have long been, the decline of mercy in our lives. If it were possible to make a sociological dimension of this feeling.

I am sure that a person is born with the ability to respond to someone else's pain. I think that this is innate, given to us along with instincts, with the soul. But if this feeling is not used 5 , if it is not exercised, it weakens and atrophies.

Task for the exercise:

Read the text from D. Granin's book "Fulcrum". The article is called "On Mercy". Is this text reasoning? Name the main features of the text and this type of speech, prove your opinion.

1) What is the main thesis of this text? What arguments are used to prove it? Are they enough? What is the conclusion? Do you agree with this conclusion?

2) What types of speech, besides reasoning, are used in this text?

We repeat the spelling.

1. Final consonants in prefixes (except for prefixes on s-s) over-, under-, pre-, before -, from-, about- are always spelled the same, no matter how they sound: train - grind, incision - inscription.

2. Attachments without-, air-, from-, bottom-, times-, through-, through- spelled with a letter W before vowels and voiced consonants, and with a letter WITH before voiceless consonants: tasteless, heartless, outlook, extremely, excessively.

3. In consoles times- (ras-) or roses- (ros-) spelled under stress ABOUT, written without stress A: search, look for, painting, painted.

Exception: investigative .

REMEMBER: calculation, prudent, calculate, pay off, quarrel.

4. Prefix With- written before voiceless and voiced consonants: cut down, knock down. In words here, building, health, no zgi Z included in the root.

Fill in the missing letters in the words:

and…following; ra ... to know; be…cherished; be ... coven; and ... flow; ra ... reduced; be…mortal; ra ... to provoke; ra ... trample; and ... scoop; r ... write-off; r ... detective department, r ... looking for a book, give r ... a list.

We repeat the spelling.

Prefixes pre-, at- differ in meaning:

a) prefix pre- close:

* to the meaning of the word "very": lovely;

* to the meaning of the word "in a different way": transform, reshape;

* denotes an action reaching the ultimate degree: surpass;

b) prefix at -:

* indicates spatial proximity: coastal;

* joining or approaching: approach, approach;

* performing an action in an incomplete amount: cover up, lay down;

* bringing the action to the end: swim, teach;

* an action performed in the interests of the subject: to appropriate, to pocket.

It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words:

REMEMBER: pursue, neglect, claim, obstacle, pretender, prestige, president, prerogative, punctuation marks; pretend, privilege, private, priority.

Exercise. Write out the phrases, fill in the missing letters.

1) to ... give in to dreams, 2) to ... adapt to circumstances, 3) a picture without pr ... beauty, 4) to misunderstand, 5) to ... give ridicule, 6) signs of pr ... kicking, 7) pr ... to be given to memories , 8) pr ... walking phenomenon, 9) pr ... tame the beast, 10 pr ... bizarre drawing, 11) pr ... twist, 12) pr ... block the road, 13) pr ... increase danger, 14) pr ... draft horse .

The famous Soviet-era linguist Lev Uspensky calls it the most expensive letter in the world. In his work on the origin of words, you can see how he relates to it. According to him - "she definitely does nothing, does not help anything, does not express anything." A pertinent question arises - how did the letter b appear in the Russian language, and what role was assigned to it by the creators?

The history of the appearance of the letter b

The authorship of the first Russian alphabet is attributed to Cyril and Methodius. The so-called Cyrillic alphabet, the basis of which was Greek language, appeared in 863 after the birth of Christ. In their alphabet - a solid sign was number 29 and sounded like EP. (before the reform of 1917-1918 - the 27th in a row). The letter Ъ was a short semi-vowel sound without pronunciation. It was placed at the end of a word after a solid consonant.

What then is the meaning of this letter? There are two plausible versions of this explanation.

The first option concerned the Old Slavonic letter itself. Since there were simply no spaces familiar to us at that time, it was she who helped to correctly divide the line into words. As an example: "to God's chosen king."

The second explanation is associated with the Church Slavonic pronunciation of words. It was ER that did not muffle the voiced consonant when reading the word, as we see in modern Russian.

We pronounce the words flu and mushroom, which are different in meaning, the same way - (flu). There was no such sound phonetics in the Old Slavonic language. All words are spelled and spoken. For example: slave, friend, bread. This was explained by the fact that the division of syllables in the Old Slavonic language obeyed one law, which sounded like this:

“In the Old Church Slavonic language, the ending of a word cannot have consonants. Otherwise, the syllable will be closed. What cannot be according to this law.

In view of the above, we decided to attribute EP (b) at the end of words where there are consonants. So it turns out: Deli, Traktir, Lombard or Address.

In addition to the above two reasons, there is also a third. It turns out that the letter b was used to denote the masculine gender. For example, in nouns: Alexander, magician, forehead. They also inserted it into verbs, for example: put, sat down, (past tense masculine gender).

Over time, the letter b performed the function of a word separator less and less often. But the “useless” Kommersant at the end of the words still held its positions. According to the aforementioned linguist Uspensky L.V. this little "squiggle" could take up to 4% of the entire text. And this is millions and millions of pages annually.

18th century reforms

Anyone who believes that the Bolsheviks made a control shot in the “head” of the malicious letter Kommersant and thereby cleansed the Russian language of church prejudices is a little mistaken. The Bolsheviks in the seventeenth year simply "finished off" her. It all started much earlier!

Peter himself thought about the reform of the language, especially about Russian writing. An experimenter in life, Peter has long dreamed of inhaling new life into the "decrepit" Old Slavonic language. Unfortunately, his plans only remained plans. But the fact that he moved this issue from dead center- his merit.

The reforms that Peter began from 1708 to 1710 primarily affected the church font. The filigree "squiggles" of church letters were replaced by common ones. Letters such as "Omega", "Psi" or "Yusy" have gone into oblivion. The familiar letters E and Z appeared.

IN Russian Academy Sciences began to think about the rationality of the use of certain letters. So the idea of ​​excluding Izhitsa from the alphabet arose among academicians as early as 1735. And in one of the printing publications of the same academy, a few years later, an article was published without the notorious letter Ъ at the end.

Control shot for the letter b

In 1917, there were two shots - one on the Aurora cruiser, the other at the Academy of Sciences. Someone believes that the reform of Russian writing is the merit of the Bolsheviks alone. But historical documents confirm that in this matter, royal Russia also moved forward.

In the first years of the 20th century, Moscow and Kazan linguists were already talking about the reform of the Russian language. 1904 was the first step in this direction. A special commission was created at the Academy of Sciences, the purpose of which was to simplify the Russian language. One of the questions on the commission was the notorious letter Ъ. Then the Russian alphabet lost "Fita" and "Yat". New spelling rules were introduced in 1912, but, unfortunately, they never passed the censorship then.

Thunder struck on December 23, 1917 (01/05/18). On this day, People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky A.V. signed a decree on the transition to a new spelling. The letter Ъ - as a symbol of resistance to the Bolsheviks, let out its last breath.

In order to speed up the funeral of everything that was connected with the "tsarist regime", on November 4, 1918, the Bolsheviks issued a decree on the removal of the letter Ъ from the printing houses of the matrix and letters. As a result of this, the spelling miscarriage of the Bolsheviks appeared - the apostrophe. The separator function was now played by a comma (up, down, exit).

One era ends, another begins. Who would have thought that the small letter b would become so big and important in the confrontation between the two worlds, white and red, old and new, before and after the shot!

But the letter b remained. Remained just like the 28th letter of the alphabet. In modern Russian, it plays a different role. But this is a completely different story.

When writing numerals, students often have difficulty writing a soft sign. This article provides the basics of spelling a soft sign in the middle of numerals and at the end of words. The most common mistakes and correct options with examples are also given.

When writing numerals in words, many have difficulties: almost every word of this part of speech has a spelling. A lot of rules relate to writing a soft sign in numerals. They can be divided into several groups.

Soft sign at the end of numerals

On b ends with numbers from 5 to 10, as well as all numbers that end in -twenty. Correct, for example, would be to write "seven", but not "sem", "eight", but not "eight", "fifteen", but not "fifteen".

At the end of other numerals, the soft sign is not written. A common mistake made by many is writing ь at the end of the numeral thousand in the plural form. h. R. p .: hundreds thousand.To write correctlythousand_.

Soft sign in the middle of numbers

A soft sign in the middle of a word is written in complex numbers like seventy, eight b ten, six hundred.

There is a soft sign also in the ordinal number vos b my.

This letter is written in the middle of the collective numeral vos b mero.

Letter "b" may appear in the middle of some numerals in declension:

  • In quantitative terms four in T. p.: four b me;
  • In words eighty and eight hundred in T. p. two are written b: vos b m b youth, vos b m b justices.

Spelling a soft sign in numerals: common mistakes

Very often, confused by the rules, students write ь in the middle of simple numbers: fifteen, sixteen, seventeen etc. In order to avoid such a mistake, you need to remember that in simple numbers there is only one soft sign, which is written at the end: heels b, eighteen b, thirty b .

Another common mistake in writing numerals is the omission of a soft sign in some compound words of this part of speech. For example: se md eat, eat ms from. The spelling of these numbers can be remembered by mentally breaking them into two parts: five-ten, nine-hundred, seven-hundred.

Sometimes b placed in the middle of complex numbers that are used without this letter: There were only two at the box office. b you rubles. The farm prepared four b eleven tons of feed.

To remember all the nuances associated with b in the names of numerals, you can use the following table:

The spelling of a soft sign in numerals will be remembered faster if you perform several exercises on this rule.

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