In the section on the question Which countries are included in the countries of the Greater Maghreb? given by the author Lyudmila Spitsa the best answer is Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Libya, Mauritania, Western Sahara.

Answer from in bulk[guru]
Currently, the concept of Maghreb has acquired a broader meaning in politics.
The so-called Greater Maghreb - it includes (from west to east): Western Sahara, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya.
In the Middle Ages, the concept of Maghreb also included Muslim Spain (Andalusia) and other possessions of the former Arab Caliphate in the western part. Mediterranean Sea(Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily).


Answer from I-beam[guru]

States of the Maghreb
Maghrib (Arabic المغرب - West) - the name given by medieval Arab geographers and historians to the countries located west of Egypt; survived in the Arabic language to this day.
Until now, in Arabic, this is the name of Morocco. Traditionally, the Maghreb refers to the lands between the Sahara Atlas in the south and the Atlantic or Mediterranean coast in the north, that is, the northern parts of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Currently, the concept of Maghreb has acquired a broader meaning in politics (the so-called Greater Maghreb) and includes (from west to east): Western Sahara, Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya. In the Middle Ages, the concept of "Maghreb" also included Muslim Spain (Andalusia) and other possessions of the former Arab Caliphate in the western Mediterranean (Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily).
These states received the general name "al-Maghrib" during the period of the Arab conquests. Translated from Arabic, al-Maghrib means "the country where the sun sets" or "West". The concept opposed to al-Mashrik, that is, "East". In (1956), after the independence of Morocco and Tunisia, the King of Morocco Mohammed V and the Prime Minister of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba put forward the idea of ​​creating a regional association "Great Arab Maghreb".
In Tangier (1958) and Rabat (1963), conferences of a number of Maghreb countries were held on the problem of unification. The Permanent Consultative Committee of the Maghreb countries, which included the ministers of economy of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, was established in 1964. In 1964-68, sectoral commissions were created under the committee and a number of agreements on cooperation between the Maghreb countries in different areas economy. Libya in 1970 came out of all regional organizations Maghreb. Since the same year, Mauritania has been participating in the committee as an observer.

Maghreb is a region in Africa consisting of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco (the Maghreb itself), as well as Libya, Mauritania, Western Sahara, which together form the Greater Maghreb, or the Arab West (as opposed to the Arab East - Mashriq). In the Middle Ages, the concept of the Maghreb also included Muslim Spain and other possessions of the Arab Caliphate in the western Mediterranean.

Historical Dictionary. 2000.

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Morocco from 789 to the present day.

Muslim dynasties of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya:

Dynasty Rustamidov(Western Algeria), 761-909

The name of the founder of the dynasty, Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam, speaks of his Persian origin. In 777 he became the Imam of all Ibadis, a branch of the Kharijite sect that spread widely in the 8th century among the Berber population of North Africa. Even before that, in 761, he and his associates founded the Kharijite state, the center of which was the city of Tihart (Takhart).

Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam 761 / 77-784

Abd al-Wahhab (or al-Varis)

ibn Abd ar-Rahman 784-823

Abu Said Aflah 823-872

Abu Bakr ibn Aflah 872-?

Abu-l-Yaqzan Muhammad? -894

Abu Hatim Yusuf 894-897

Yakub ibn Aflah 897-901

Abu Hatim Yusuf (secondary) 901-907

Yaqzan ibn Muhammad 907-909

The state was defeated by the Fatimids. Majority Rustamidov died, the survivors fled to the south, to the Vargala and Nufuza mountains.

Dynasty Aglabids(Ifricia), 800-909

In 765, Caliph al-Mansur appointed al-Aglab ibn Salim at-Tamimi as his governor in North Africa. But he soon died in the war against the Kharijites. His young son Ibrahim ibn Aglab was sent to Egypt for training. After that, many governors changed in North Africa, most of whom died in a troubled country. In 800, the caliph Harun ar-Rashid appointed the grown-up Ibrahim ibn al-Aglab governor of the province. The significant remoteness from the center, as well as the difficult foreign policy situation for the Caliphate, allowed Ibrahim al-Aglab to acquire a significant share of independence. Harun ar-Rashid was forced to recognize him as a vassal ruler.

The Aghlabids led a broad expansionist policy in the Middle Sea region.

Ibrahim I ibn al-Aglab 800-812

Abdallah I 812-817

Ziyadat Allah I 817-838

Abu Ikal (Affan) al-Aglab 838-841

Muhammad I 841-856

Ahmad 856-863

Ziyadat Allah II 863

Abu-l-Garanik Muhammad II 863-875

Ibrahim II 875-902

Abdallah II 902-903

Ziyadat Allah III 903-909

The dynasty's possessions were conquered by the Fatimids. The last ruler fled to Egypt because of the rebellion of the military.

Dynasties Zirids and Hammadids(Ifrikia and East Algeria), 972-1152

The Zirids came from the Sanhaji Berber tribe in the Central Maghreb. They joined the Fatimids early. When the Fatimid sultan al-Muizz moved his residence to Egypt in 969, he appointed Buluggin ibn Ziri as governor of Ifriqiya. Already in 973, Buluggin declared his independence. Further, the Zirids only formally recognized the suzerainty of the Fatimids.

Buluggin's grandson Nasir ad-Daul Badis, experiencing difficulties in managing his vast possessions, appointed his uncle, Hammad ibn Buluggin I ibn Ziri, as the ruler of their western part. Thus, the Zirid dynasty was divided into two branches - the Zirids proper and the Hammadids. Another branch of the dynasty, going from Zawi ibn Ziri, created its own state in Spain (about it in the paragraph "Muslim dynasties in the Iberian Peninsula").

Dynasty Ziridov, 972-1148

Yusuf Buluggin I ibn Ziri ibn Munad 972-984

al-Mansur ibn Buluggin 984-996

Nasir ad-Daula Badis Abu Munad 996-1016

Sharaf ad-Daula al-Muizz 1016-1062

Tamim Abu Yahya 1062-1108

Yahya Abu Tahir 1108-1116

Ali 1116-1121

al-Hasan 1121-1148

In the XII century, the Zirids paid tribute to the Sicilian Normans, but in 1148 they destroyed the Zirids state, after which al-Hasan fled to the territory of modern Algeria. Soon, Almohad troops came there under the command of Abd al-Mumin. Al-Hasan joined the latter, took part in the conquest of his former possessions from the Normans, and was appointed governor there by al-Mumin.

Dynasty Hammadids, 1015-1152

Hammad ibn Buluggin I ibn Ziri 1014 / 5-1028

al-Qaed Sharaf ad-Daulah ibn Hammad 1028-1054

al-Muhsin ibn al-Qaed 1054-1055

Buluggin II ibn al-Muhsin 1055-1062

an-Nasir ibn Alanas ibn Hammad 1062-1088

al-Mansur ibn an-Nasr 1088-1104

Badis ibn al-Mansur 1104-1106

Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Mansur 1105-1121 / 4

Yahya ibn al-Aziz 1121 / 4-1152

In 1041, the Zirids declared themselves vassals of the Abbasid caliphs and thus independent from the Fatimids. The Hammadids were Sunni, and in 1044 they also declared their independence. Therefore, the Fatimids sent hordes of Arab nomad Bedouins from the Hilal and Sulaim tribes, who had previously lived in Lower Egypt, against the Hammadids and Zirids. In battles, the nomads defeated the armies of both the Hammadids and the Zirids, drove them both to the Mediterranean coast, but they could not completely destroy both states.

In 1152, the possessions of the Hammadids were conquered by the Almohads.

Dynasty Abd al-Wadids (otherwise Zayanids, Western Algeria), 1236-1544

In 1235, the Abd al-Wad tribe (its other name is Banu Zayyan) revolted against the Almohads in Western Algeria. As a result, a new state was created with the capital in Tlemcen.

Yagamrasan ibn Zayyan 1236-1283

Abu Sayyid Usman I 1283-1304

Abu Zayyan I 1304-1308

Abu Hammu Musa I 1308-1318

Abu Tashufin Abd ar-Rahman I 1318-1337

Period 1337-1348 - Marinid occupation.

Abu Sayyid Usman II 1348-1352

Abu Thabit Loan 1348-1352

Abu Hammu Musa II 1352-1386

Abu Tashufin Abd ar-Rahman II 1386-1393

Abu Sabit Yusuf I 1393

Abu Hajjazh Yusuf II 1393-1394

Abu Zayyan Muhammad II 1394-1399

Abu Muhammad Abdallah I 1399-1401

Abu Abdallah Muhammad III 1401 - 1411

Abd al-Rahman III 1411

Sayd ibn Musa 1412

Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid 1411-1423

Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV 1423-1427

Abu Malik Abd al-Wahid (secondary) 1427-1430

Ahmad al-Mutasim 1430-1461

Muhammad V al-Mutawakkil 1461-1468

Muhammad VI al-Thawiti 1468-1505

Abu Abdallah Muhammad VII 1505-1516

Abu Hammi Musa III 1516-1526

Abu Muhammad Abdallah II 1526-1540

Abu Abdallah Muhammad VIII 1540

Abu Zayyan Ahmad 1540-1550

Hasan ibn Abdallah 1550-1553

The dynasty's possessions were conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

Dynasty Hafsids(Tunisia and East Algeria), 1228-1574

The dynasty got its name from Sheikh Abu Hafs Umar (died in 1176), a disciple of the founder of the Almohad movement Ibn Tumart and one of the military leaders Abd al-Mumin. His descendants held various high positions under the Almohads, including the governors of Ifrikiya. One of the Hafsid governors, Abu Zakariya Yahya, in 1237 refused to recognize the supreme power of the Almohad Caliph and created an independent state.

Abu Zakariya Yahya I 1228 / 37-1249

Abu Abdallaz Muhammad I al-Muntasir 1249-1277

Abu Zakariya Yahya II al-Wasik 1277-1279

Abu Ishai Ibrahim I 1279-1282

Ahmad ibn Abu Umar (usurper) 1282-1284

Abu Hafs Umar I (in Tunisia) 1284-1285

Abu Zakariya Yahya III al-Muntahab (in Bujai and Constantine until 1299) 1285-1295

Abu Abdallah Muhammad II al-Muntasir (or Abu Asid) 1295-1309

Abu Yahya Abu Bakr I al-Shahid 1309

Abu-l-Baqa Khalid 1 an-Nasir 1309-1311

Abu Yahya Zakariya I al-Lihiani (in Tunisia) 1311-1317

Abu Darba Muhammad III al Mustansir al-Lihiani 1317-1318

Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II al-Mutawakkil 1318-1346

Abu Hafs Umar II 1346-1348

Period 1348-1349 - the first occupation of Tunisia by the troops of the Moroccan Marinids.

Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad I al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil (in Tunisia) 1349-1350

Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II al-Mustansir 1350-1357

In 1357 - the second occupation of Tunisia by the troops of the Moroccan Marinids.

Abu Ishak Ibrahim II (II, in Tunisia) 1357-1369

Abu-l-Baqa Khalid (in Tunisia) 1369-1370

Abu-l-Abbas Ahmad II al-Mustansir 1370-1394

Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil 1394-1434

Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Muntasir 1434-1435

Abu Umar Usman 1435-1488

Abu Zakariya Yahya IV 1488-1489

Abd al-Mumin 1489-1490

Abu Yahya Zakariya II 1490-1494

Abu Abdallah Muhammad V al-Mutawakkil 1494-1526

Abu Abdallah Muhammad al-Hasan 1526-1534

Period 1534-1535 - the first Ottoman occupation of Tunisia.

al-Hasan (secondary) 1535-1543

Ahmad III 1543-1569

Period 1569-1573 - the second Ottoman occupation of Tunisia.

Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI 1573-1574

The power of the dynasty gradually weakened as a result of internal turmoil and because of the attacks of Christians and Turks. In 1574, the Turks finally captured Tunisia, and the last Hafsid was captured and sent to Istanbul.

Algerian regency within the Ottoman Empire

(Algeria, Tunisia, Tripolitania), 1519-1582

The pirate Urouj, the son of a potter from Mytilene (Lesbos), in 1514-1516 managed to seize power in Algeria, expelling most of the Spanish garrisons and displacing numerous local dynasties (often physically exterminating them). But in 1518 he was defeated and died in the fight against the landing of the Spanish expeditionary force. His work was continued by his brother Khair addin, who also excelled in the craft of piracy. Realizing that he did not have enough of his own forces, he recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, from whom he received the title of berleybey (1519), as well as support with troops and weapons. Gathering his strength, Khair ad-din conquered Algeria (1523) and Tunisia (1534). Later, he received the title of kapudan-pasha (commander of the Turkish fleet) from the sultan and from 1536 until his death in 1546 he lived in Istanbul. The Beylerbeyi who inherited Khair ad-din ruled a vast territory on which the modern states of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya are located. Remaining loyal vassals Turkish sultans, they had quite a lot of internal autonomy.

Urouge 1516-1518

Khair ad-din Barbarossa (1536-1546)

lived in Istanbul) 1519-1546

Hasan Ali (deputy of Khair ad-din) 1536-1543

Hasan ibn Khair ad-din (in 1543-1546 -

Deputy Khair ad-Din) 1543-1552

Salah Rais 1552-1556

Tekelerli 1556

Hasan ibn Khair ad-din (secondary) 1557-1567

Muhammad ibn Salah Rais 1567-1568

Uldj Ali (most of his regency

Uldj Ali lived in Istanbul) 1568-1587

Arab Ahmad (deputy Uldj Ali) 1571-1574

Ramdan (deputy to Uldj Ali) 1574-1577

Hasan Veneziano (Deputy to Uldj Ali) ... 1577-1580

Jafar (deputy Uldj Ali) 1580-1582

The elimination of a single regency by the Sultan and the division of its territory into three parts: Algeria, Tunisia and Tripolitania, each of which was ruled by pashas periodically appointed in Istanbul. However, the great distance from the capital of the empire very early determined the significant autonomy of these Pashalyks. Very soon the pashas there became purely nominal figures, and various military groups fought for real power.

In Algeria, from 1659, the Janissary agas ruled, then from 1671 the dei, who were first elected by the rais, and from 1689 by the army officers. All this was accompanied by conspiracies, coups, murders. From 1689 to 1830, more than thirty maids changed in Algeria. The most famous of them are Ali Melmuli (1754-1766) and Muhammad ibn Osman (1766-1791).

In Tunisia in 1590, as a result of a military coup, the rule of maids elected by the army was established. But if the first dei Osman (1590-1610) and Yusuf (1610-1637) still possessed real power, their successors gradually lost it to the detriment of the beys, who in 1612 received from the Ottoman sultan the right to hereditary transfer of office. At the end of the 17th century, the beys appointed and removed maids at their own discretion, and after 1705, the beys became full-fledged masters of Tunisia.

Dei of Algeria

Muhammad I 1671-1682

Hasan 1 1682-1683

Husain I 1683-1689

Shaban 1689-1695

Ahmad I 1695-1698

Hassan II 1698-1700

Mustafa I 1700-1705

Khusain II Khoja J 705-1707

Muhammad II Bektash 1707-1710

Ibrahim I 1710

Ali I 1710-1718

Muhammad III 1718-1724

KurdAbdi 1724-1732

Ibrahim II 1732-1745

Ibrahim III Kuchik 1745-1748

Muhammad IV 1748-1754

Ali II 1754-1766

Muhammad V 1766-1791

Hassan III 1791-1798

Mustafa II 1798-1805

Ahmad II 1805-1808

Ali III ar-Rasul 1808-1809

Ali IV 1809-1815

Muhammad VI 1815

Umar 1815-1817

Ali V Khoja 1817-1818

Husain III 1818-1830

Occupation of Algeria by France.

Bei of Tunisia

Muratid dynasty, 1612-1702

Murad I 1612-1631

Muhammad I (Hamuda) 1631-1659

Murad II 1659-1675

Muhammad II 1675

Ali 1675-1765

Muhammad III 1675

Muhammad II (secondary) 1675-1676

Ali (secondary) 1676-1688

Muhammad II (third time) 1688-1695

Ramadan 1695-1698

Murad III 1698-1702

Ibrahim al-Sharif 1702-1705

As a result of the coup d'etat of the Agha Spakhis, Ibrahim seized power, exterminated all the descendants of Hamuda, and in 1702 he became a Bey himself. But in 1705, in a skirmish with the Algerian troops, he was defeated and taken prisoner. The new agha spahiev Husain repulsed the attack and was proclaimed a bey.

Dynasty Huseinids, 1705-1957:

Husayn ibn Ali 1705-1735

Ali Pasha 1735-1756

Muhammad 1 1756-1759

Ali II 1759-1782

Hamuda 1782-1814

Osman (Usman) 1814

Mahmud 1814-1824

Sidi Husain 1824-1835

Mustafa 1835-1837

Ahmad 1837-1855

Muhammad II 1855-1859

Muhammad III as-Sadeq 1859-1882

AliSHMuddat 1882-1902

Muhammad IV al-Hedi 1902-1906

Muhammad V an-Nasr 1906-1922

Muhammad VI al-Habib 1922-1929

Ahmad Pasha 1929-1942

Muhammad VII al-Monsef 1942-1943

Muhammad VIII al-Amin I 1943 / 1956-1957

Tunisia has been a French colony since the late 1870s. In 1956, the country gained independence. Muhammad Lamin I was proclaimed king of the new independent state, but already in 1957 the monarchy was abolished and the Tunisian Republic was proclaimed.

Dynasty Sanusidov(Libya), 1837-1969

The founder of the dynasty, Muhammad ibn Ali, came from Algeria. Long time he studied first in Fez (Morocco) and then in the Hejaz. There in Mecca in 1837 he founded his Sanusiyya order. Since Algeria was captured by France, Muhammad and his supporters settled in Cyrenaica. Sanusid troops fought against the French in Sudan, and then against the Italians who captured Libya. Italy's entry into the Second world war on the side of Germany contributed to the fact that Great Britain recognized the then head of the Sanusids, Muhammad Idris, who had previously lived in exile in Egypt for about twenty years, as the Emir of the Sanusids of Cyrenaica. In 1951, he became King of the United Kingdom of Libya with Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan.

Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali as-Sanusi

al-Kabir 1837-1859

Sayyid al-Mahdi 1859-1902

Sayyid Ahmad al-Sharif (in 1918 he gave up the military and political leadership, but until his death in 1933 he retained his rank

religious chapter) 1902-1918 / 1933

Sayyid Muhammad Idris

(since 1951 - King Idris I) 1918 / 1951-1969

As a result of a military coup in 1969, the monarchy in Libya was overthrown and the Libyan Arab Republic was proclaimed (since 1977 - the Socialist People's Libyan Jamahiriya).

Used materials of the book: Sychev N.V. Book of Dynasties. M., 2008. p. 729-738.

These states received the common name "el-Maghrib" during the period of the Arab conquests. Translated from Arabic, el-Maghreb is "the country where the sun sets" or "West". The concept opposed to el-Mashrik, that is, "East". In 1956, after the independence of Morocco and Tunisia, the King of Morocco Mohammed V and the Prime Minister of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba put forward the idea of ​​creating a regional association "Great Arab Maghreb".

For many centuries, the peoples of the Maghreb countries fought against the conquerors, defended their political and economic interests. Berbers, Roman occupation, Romanization, Vandals, Byzantium, Arabs, Turks, French colonial rule - all these are pages of a long and complex history of this region. The acquisition of independence by the Maghreb countries opened a new stage in the development of these states.

In February 1989, the leaders of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania signed an agreement to create the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), a new regional political and administrative organization.

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Literature

  • Aprodov V.A. Millenniums of the Eastern Maghreb / ​​Otv. ed. E. S. Golubtsova; USSR Academy of Sciences. - M .: Nauka, 1976 .-- 152 p. - (From the history of world culture). - 42,000 copies

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Excerpt from Maghreb

He has no plan; he is afraid of everything; but the parties seize on him and demand his participation.
He is alone, with his ideal of glory and greatness developed in Italy and Egypt, with his madness of self-adoration, with his audacity of crimes, with his sincerity of lies - he alone can justify what he has to happen.
He is needed for the place that awaits him, and therefore, almost independently of his will and despite his indecision, lack of a plan, for all the mistakes he makes, he is drawn into a conspiracy aimed at seizing power, and the conspiracy is crowned with success ...
He is pushed into the meeting of the rulers. Frightened, he wants to run, considering himself lost; pretends to faint; says meaningless things that should have ruined him. But the rulers of France, formerly quick-witted and proud, now, feeling that their role has been played, are even more embarrassed than he, they say the wrong words that they should have said in order to hold on to power and destroy him.
Chance, millions of accidents give him power, and all people, as if by agreement, contribute to the establishment of this power. Accidents make the characters of the then rulers of France obedient to him; coincidences make the character of Paul I, who recognizes his authority; chance makes a conspiracy against him, not only does not harm him, but asserts his power. Chance sends Engiensky into his hands and inadvertently forces him to kill, thereby, stronger than all other means, convincing the crowd that he has the right, since he has power. Chance makes that he strains all his forces on an expedition to England, which, obviously, would have ruined him, and never fulfills this intention, but inadvertently attacks Mac with the Austrians, who surrender without a fight. Chance and genius give him victory at Austerlitz, and by chance all people, not only the French, but all of Europe, with the exception of England, which will not take part in the events that will take place, all people, despite the former horror and disgust at his crimes, now they recognize him as his power, the name he gave himself, and his ideal of greatness and glory, which seems to be all something beautiful and reasonable.
As if trying on and preparing for the upcoming movement, the forces of the west several times in 1805 m, 6 m, 7 m, 9 m year tend to the east, growing stronger and stronger. In 1811, a group of people that had developed in France merged into one huge group with the middle nations. Together with the growing group of people, the power of justification of the person at the head of the movement develops further. In the ten-year preparatory time period preceding big traffic, this man is reduced to all the crowned faces of Europe. The exposed rulers of the world cannot oppose the Napoleonic ideal of glory and greatness, which has no meaning, any rational ideal. One before the other, they strive to show him their insignificance. The King of Prussia sends his wife to beg the favor of a great man; the emperor of Austria considers it a mercy that this man receives the daughter of the Caesars in his bed; the pope, the guardian of the sanctity of nations, serves as his religion for the exaltation of a great man. It is not so much Napoleon himself who prepares himself for the performance of his role, as everything around him prepares him to take on all the responsibility of what is happening and has to be done. There is no deed, no evil deed or petty deception that he would have committed and which would not immediately be reflected in the lips of those around him in the form of a great deed. Best holiday that the Germans can come up with for him is the celebration of Jena and Auerstet. Not only he is great, but his ancestors, his brothers, his stepsons, sons-in-law are great. Everything is done in order to deprive him of the last power of reason and prepare him for his terrible role. And when he is ready, the forces are ready.