Abkhaz language. Note to the guests of Abkhazia. Abkhaz jargon. Abkhaz language in gadgets
Little Abkhazia has a huge tourism potential. Foreign tourists are very welcome in this country, who will see ancient fortresses, monasteries, churches, beautiful mountains with rivers there. But the main wealth of Abkhazia is mineral and hot springs, as well as beach resorts on the Black Sea coast with picturesque surroundings - Gagra, Sukhumi and Pitsunda, surrounded by citrus and coniferous trees.
Geography of Abkhazia
Abkhazia is located in the Caucasus at the crossroads of Western Asia and of Eastern Europe. Most states consider Abkhazia to be part of Georgia. However, Abkhazia, like Russia, does not agree with this. In the southeast, Abkhazia borders on Georgia, and in the northeast and northeast - on Russia. In the southwest, the country is washed by the waters of the Black Sea. total area– 8 665 sq. km., and the total length state border– 319 km.
Almost the entire territory of Abkhazia consists of mountains, among which there are picturesque plains. In the coastal zone there are forests and citrus plantations, and in the north - mountains and glaciers. The height of several Abkhazian peaks exceeds 4 thousand meters.
This small mountainous country has many small rivers (the longest of them are Kodor Bzyb, Gumista and Kyalasur), as well as several lakes (for example, Lake Ritsa).
Capital
The capital of Abkhazia is Sukhumi, which now has a population of more than 70,000 people. Archaeologists claim that the ancient Greek city of Dioscurias once existed on the site of Sukhumi.
Official language of Abkhazia
In Abkhazia there are two official languages- Abkhazian and Russian.
Religion
About 60% of the population of Abkhazia are Orthodox Christians, and another 16% of Abkhazians consider themselves Muslims.
State structure of Abkhazia
Abkhazia is a presidential republic. Its head is the President, elected by the people for 5 years. The President is the head of the executive branch.
The unicameral parliament in Abkhazia is called the People's Assembly, it consists of 35 deputies, who are also elected for 5 years.
Administratively, Abkhazia is divided into 7 districts.
Climate and weather
The climate in Abkhazia is humid subtropical, determined by the sea and mountains. Winter begins in mid-December, and spring - in early March. Even in winter, the air temperature rarely drops below 0C. The average air temperature in winter is +7-9C, and in summer - +26-28C. The average annual rainfall is from 1300 mm in coastal areas to 3500 mm in the mountains.
Seas in Abkhazia
In the southwest, Abkhazia is washed by the waters of the Black Sea. The length of the coast is 210 km. In summer, the sea temperature near the Abkhaz coast reaches +27C, and in September-October - +19C. It means that beach season lasts from mid-May to October.
Rivers and lakes
In summer, as a result of the melting of glaciers, the Abkhazian rivers are filled the purest water. In general, there are about 120 rivers and 186 lakes in this country. Most long rivers- Kodor, Bzyb, Gumista and Kyalasur, and the largest and beautiful lake- Ritsa.
Culture of Abkhazia
Abkhazian culture is based on folk ethical principle Apsuara (Abkhazian moral values). The meaning of this word is “to be Abkhaz”. In other words, "apsuara" is an unwritten code of Abkhazian ethnic knowledge that describes folk customs and beliefs.
founding father of the Abkhazian fiction Dmitry Gulia is considered to have published his first work in 1913.
Until now, ancient songs that reflect the life of the people have been preserved in Abkhazia. Distinctive feature Abkhazian folk singing - polyphony.
The cultural hero of the Abkhazian mythology is the hero Abrskil. He is a kind of Abkhazian Prometheus. Abrskil did not obey the gods, and as a punishment they chained him to a pillar in the depths of a deep cave.
Kitchen
Abkhazian cuisine was formed under the influence of climatic and economic factors. The main food products of the inhabitants of this country were (however, they still remain) corn, millet, and dairy products.
The main dish of the Abkhaz cuisine is hominy, porridge from cornmeal. There are several options for cooking hominy - ayladzh (hominy with fresh cheese), achamykva (hominy with milk and cheese). Amgyal cakes are made from cornmeal. Pies are most often made from wheat flour. The main meat dish is barbecue.
In addition, fresh cheese (ashvlaguan) and yogurt (ahartsvy or matsoni) are popular among the inhabitants of Abkhazia.
Almost all vegetable dishes are added Walnut. But most of all, Abkhazians love adjika seasoning (the main ingredients are red pepper, garlic and herbs), suluguni cheese and wine.
Traditional non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks- ahartsvy yogurt, atshadzyua honey drink, tea, wine and chacha (grape vodka).
Sights of Abkhazia
The ancient land of Abkhazia has many different attractions, including ancient churches and monasteries. The Top 10 best Abkhaz attractions, in our opinion, may include the following:
- Bagrat Castle near Sukhumi
- Ruins of Sebastopolis near Sukhumi
- Ruins of Anakopia in New Athos
- New Athos Monastery
- Abaata fortress in Gagra
- Temple of Simon the Zealot in New Athos
- Byzantine Anakopia fortress
- New Athos cave
- Ruins of the fortress in Pitsunda
- Church of Hypatia in Gagra
Cities and resorts
The largest Abkhaz cities are Gagra, Gudauta, Ochamchira, Tkvarcheli, Gali, and, of course, Sukhumi.
On the Black Sea coast in Abkhazia there are several excellent beach resorts- New Athos, Gagra, Avadkhara, Pitsunda, Ochamchira.
Most of the beaches in Abkhazia are pebbly and sandy (beaches with small pebbles prevail, as in Gagra). Only in Pitsunda there is a completely sandy beach. Most of the beaches are municipal, i.e. entrance to them is free. Entrance to the beaches of sanatoriums and boarding houses is paid. By the way, there are sandy beaches in Sukhumi - for example, the Sinop beach, which is 2 km long and 20 meters wide.
Almost all private beaches have a well-developed infrastructure, including volleyball courts cafes and restaurants. But the municipal beaches are not very well equipped.
Near some beach resorts there are hydrogen sulfide springs where tourists can take therapeutic mud baths. In general, there are more than 170 mineral and hot springs in Abkhazia. The most famous Abkhazian mineral spring is Auadhara, originating from a spring in the valley of the river of the same name. As for hot springs, the most popular of them are in the villages of Primorskoye and Kyndug.
Souvenirs/Shopping
Tourists from Abkhazia bring products folk art, yew products, shells, coffee Turks, daggers, knives, souvenir plates, eucalyptus and chestnut honey, tea, suluguni cheese, adjika, churchkhela, chacha, wine.
Office Hours
The shops:
Mon-Fri: 09:00-19:00
Banks:
Mon-Fri: 10:00-19:00
Visa
Ukrainians do not need to apply for a visa to visit Abkhazia. Please note that if you visited Abkhazia, then you will not be allowed into Georgia.
Currency of Abkhazia
In Abkhazia, the Abkhaz Apsar is in circulation (only commemorative coins are issued) and the Russian ruble. Credit cards only some hotels accept. Restaurants and shops.
Customs restrictions
You can import foreign currency into Abkhazia without restrictions (but the amount of more than 2 thousand dollars must be entered in the declaration), but you can take out no more than 10 thousand dollars.
Pets can be brought into Abkhazia without any special permits. Weapons (including cold weapons), antiques, jewelry made of gold and precious stones cannot be exported from the country without an appropriate permit. Sometimes problems may arise when exporting homemade wine.
1. Abkhazian language belongs to the Northcaucasian language family adyga-abkhaz group and is spoken by Abkhazians in The Republic of Abkhazia. Also spoken in Abkhazian diasporas in Turkey, Russia, some Middle East countries Europe and USA.
2. Verb is a main element of the Abkhazian language. There are many simple verbs as "abara" (root "-ba-") -to see- "atz"ara" (root "ts"a")-to go- "aura"("y") -to do- acre ("k") - to catch, agara ("ha") - to take, azhra ("g") - to dig, az "ara ("z" ") - to measure, as" ra ("s" ") - to beat, afara ("fa") - to eat, ashara ("sha") - to share etc. There are also composed verbs like "Aҟaҵara" "аҭаҵра" "alaҵara" "alhra" "anykhra" "ақәыртҵра" "anavagylara" etc.
3.Tenses in the Abkhazian language are demonstrated by endings that are simply attached to the root of the verb. Here is the table of the main tense endings.
| TENSE TIME | EXAMPLE EXAMPLE | TRANSLATION | TRANSLATION | |
| -oit (-ueit) | Sc "oit | I am going; I go | I'm going | |
| -up | Stahope | I am sitting | I am sitting | |
| -it(-t) | Sc "eit | I went | I went, I left | |
| -one (one) | Stan | I was sitting down | I sat down | |
| -n | Stan | I was sitting | I sat | |
| -P; -PC | Future Future | Step; Staasht | I will sit down | I will sit down |
| -zaueit | Stazaaueit | I will be sitting | I will be sitting | |
| -heit | Staahyeit | I have sat | I already sat down | |
| -khan | Stakhyan | I had sat | I was already sitting |
4. The construction of Abkhazian infinitive and at the same time the construction of the verbal noun is as follows:<а-“root”-ра>. Examples: abara, atz'ara etc. Also some prefixes and suffixes may be involved, so that the construction may be:<а-“prefix”-“root”-“suffix”-ра>. Examples: Adbalara, ah'ҳәaara etc.
5. A intransitive verb in active form usually consists of pronominal prefix, (some additional prefixes and suffixes may be involved), root and the temporal endings. Examples of intransitive verbs. Each of them has pronominal prefix and temporal ending:
I am going - Sc'oit
You (masculine) are going - Uts'oit
You (feminine) are going - Bts'oit
He (She) is going - Dts'oit
It is going - Itz'oit
We are going - Ҳц'oit
You (plural) are going - Cәts'oit
They are going - Itz'oit
As the pronominal prefixes substitute the pronouns it is not always necessary to use pronouns with active verbs.
Transitive verbs in active form include, beside subject "s prefix, include, if the object doesn't precede the verb directly, object" s prefix which is always "and-". Examples:
I eat (I am eating) smth - isf ` oit
But I am eating a bread
6. The Abkhazian pronouns:
I - Sarah
You (masculine) - Huara
You (feminine) - Bara
He - Iara
She - Lara
It - Iara
We - hara
You (plural) - Sәara
They - Dara
The pronominal prefixes that are attached to the verbs root are as follows
I - "s-"
You (masculine) - "u-"
You (feminine) - "b-"
He - "and-" (for transitive verbs)
"d-" (for intransitive verbs) She - "l-" (for transitive verbs)
"d-" (for intransitive verbs) It - "a-"
We - "h-"
You (plural) - "sә-"
They - "r-"
7. Verbal suffixes demonstrate some special meaning: Conditional mood is expressed by the suffixes: "-p", "-zar" "-zҭgy", "-nda", "-ndaz". Examples: Aҧara imazar, isiҭoit. If he has money, he will give it to me. Aҩnyҟa dts’ar ian dibap. If he goes home he will see his mother.
8. Negative forms of the actie verb have their own endings.
| TENSE TIME | EXAMPLE EXAMPLE | TRANSLATION | TRANSLATION | |
| -om; (uam) -ӡom (ӡuam)) | Present (continuous) dynamic | Sc "om; Sc" aӡom. | I am not going; I don't go | I don't go |
| -m (ӡam) | Present (continuous) static | Staam, Staaam | I am not sitting | I don't sit |
| -m -"root"-it, -m -"root"-ӡeit | Past indefinite | Symts "eit, Symts" aӡeit | I didn't go | I didn't go, I didn't leave |
| -omyzt (-uamyzt), -ӡomyzt (-ӡuamyzt) | Past (continuous) dynamic | Staomyzt, Staaomyzt | I was not sitting down | I didn't sit down |
| -myzt, ӡamyzt | Past (continuous) static | Staamyzt, Staazamyzt | I was not sitting | I didn't sit |
| -eye; -sham | Future Future | Starym; Stasham | I will not sit down | I won't sit |
| -zaarym | Future (continuous) static | Stazaarym | I will not be sitting | I won't sit |
| m -"root"-ts(t), m -"root"-ӡats(t) | Present perfect | Symtаts; Symtаӡац | I have not sat | I haven't sat down yet |
| -m -"root"-tsyzt, m -"root"-ӡatsyzt | Past perfect | Symtаcyzt; Symtаӡаcyzt | I had not sat | I wasn't sitting then. |
9. Imperative mood in Abkhazian has two types. a) For transitive verbs b) For intransitive verbs.
a) Imperative form of a transitive verb for singular second person is as follows "and"-"root". "and" in the begining stands for the unreasonable object that is an aim of the action. If the object is reasonable (human being), than "and" is replaced by "d". The root is often shortened in imperative form. Examples: Iga (igi) - take (this), If - eat (this), Iba (iby) - see (this),Izә - drink (this) but Dga (dgy) - take him or her, Dshy - kill him or her. Imperative form of a transitive verb for plural second person is as follows is(zә)-"root". , Izәzәy - drink (this) but Dyzҙga (dyzҙgy) - take him or her, Dysаshy.
b) imperative form of intransitive verb is "subject prefix"-"root". Examples - "Uts" a - go (you man) "Bts" a - go (you woman) "Cәts" a "- go you (plural).
c) Specific imperative forms has a verb "to give". Give me - issyҭ;, give me (plural) - issyҭҭ, give her - ilyҭ, give him - andҭ, give us - iҳаҭ, give them - iryҭ. Plural imperative give, us, give her and give him - iҳasәҭ, ilysҭ, isҭ.
Abkhazian numbers
- One - Aky
- Two - Ҩba
- Three - Xha
- Four - Ҧшба
- Five - Khaba
- Six - FBA
- Seven - Byzhba
- Eight - Aaba
- Nine - Zaba
- Ten - Toad
Sounds - pronunciation:
- gh agyezh soft "g" as in "weight"
- gә агҙы "г" plus English "w"
- Ҕ аҔа similar to the Ukrainian "g" but more hoarse and guttural
- Ҕь аҔара soft "Ҕ"
- Ҕә аҔәы "Ҕ" plus "w"
- dаdаy position your tongue as when pronouncing "d" and articulate with your lips as when pronouncing "b".
- zh azhy Soft "zh"
- zhә azhә rounded "zh". Whistle the sound "g" i.e. position your lips as if whistling
- ҙ aҙara Average between "z" and "g" and a little soft. Lit. acc. - "z" sometimes "sh"
- zә azә rounded "z". Whistle "h". Lit. acc. - zhә
- ӡ аӡы combination "dz"
- ӡ’ аӡ’ara between ӡ and English "j". Lit. acc. - ӡ, sometimes џ
- ӡә аӡәы position your lips as if whistling and say "ӡ"
- Ky akaga soft "k" as in Cyril
- ka aka after "k" followed by English "w"
- қ aқdy aspirated "k"
- ққъ ақяафыр soft қ
- қә ақә after "қ" follows English. "w"
- ҟ aҟazaara guttural "to" (like Arabic qaf). When pronouncing, the soft palate touches the root of the tongue
Ora! (abh. "hey!") - a standard form of address, an exclamation to attract the attention of the interlocutor.
Vassa is a derivative of Vasya. Something like an article. Placed randomly between words
SAGO (Saul) - (Turk. "thank you") gratitude for any action
ValtazhmOt - a driver who is not willing to greet friends and acquaintances with a car signal
Makhanya - mother
Pahan - dad
Tekhansha - aunt, "Dyahoz" - respectively, uncle
Brother (brother) - very close friend or relative
Close - close friend
Kiryuha (kent) - friend
SiafAnt (ka) - something between a pontorez and an imaginary one, closer to glamour.
RachInets - clumsy
MAJ - (appeal) kid, dude. (ex. "Ora, maj!")
Kajya - (appeal) boy
Pindos - Sukhumi Greek
Indian is a wild man
Damn - a downcast man
Kaza * b - (insult) an ill-mannered person whose behavior goes beyond certain limits
Beach - a worker for a person who gives him funds and protection
Katala - a person who did not pass the tauan (see below) on time
JmAfik - sucker
AuasA (abh. sheep) - the same as jmafik
Kid (Biksa) - girl
Pinocchio - cuckold
Travelers - visiting tourists
Golimy - bad, bad. Applied to a person who has "not all at home"
Changalist - freeloader, uninvited guest
Avtob ** d - a person who suggests a ride in any more or less chic car
KayfArik - a man who walks through life to the fullest
SAGO kid - a big-hearted person who corrects his friends
Laiba - machine
Kotsy, botas - shoes
Machkhuma - in bulk
Palivo - violation of the conditions of conspiracy
Khipish - kipish (Russian)
TauAn - debt, most often card debt
Vtsvet - in time, in the subject
Mafon or "tape recorder" - radio tape recorder
Kamp - comp
ChistogAn - branded, original (not fake)
Tselka - a new or practically new thing
Shakarno - in Abkhazia it is more than one word, it is at least: beautiful, prestigious, excellent, unique, amazing, excellent, cool, stylish, fashionable, profitable and all other words that indicate the merits of a particular thing
Halal (option: "Pure Halal") - from the heart, sincerely, disinterestedly
Knock - follow, get involved
shove - sell
Performed - did something very well
Corrected - gave something "in color"
Harness (var. Pull mazu) - help in resolving the conflict (hipisha)
Download (var. talk) - start resolving the conflict
Ask - demand something
inquire - ask
Drizzle - behave awkwardly
ChalichnUt - do, get
Dried out (option "Snort") - hide
Ora, maj, healthy! - greetings
Good no right now, parahod - the word "parahod" expresses ironic disagreement with one or another statement
I swear by my mother, I will be offended - a manifestation with all the force of the degree of possible "resentment". versions of "uffffffff" and "auffffffff" - verbalization of a spectrum of various emotions
Your mom! (var. "Your soul matal") - a phrase indicating the seriousness of the situation
Ora, brother! - the expression occurs after almost every sentence in a male conversation
Cover a glade - set a table, organize a feast
I'll cut the goat! - an offer to cover the glade with cooking goat meat and homemade wine
Ay, sago - good, liked
Cigaret, huh? - let me smoke
Important caught - arrogant
In short, I swear by mahaney, I answer - an oath
I kiss your soul - speaks of boundless love for the interlocutor
Click - press the keyboard
Mbaa! - kiss you!
Pali, what a fryer has cats! Look at the guy's shoes!
Come on now! (Come on, listen!) - something like "fuck off" or "let's not"
We, Ochamchirs… - used in all showdowns in which Ochamchirs participate
We, Gudautas… - used in all showdowns in which Gudautas participate
There are no Gudautas right now, parahod - the answer opposing side
Grammar. Singular personal pronouns.
Working with vocabulary.
Mshybzi "a! Good afternoon!
We're going to lesson 2.
There are no genders in the Abkhazian language, but there are classes: animate class (human); And inanimate class. Only humans belong to the animate class! All other animate and inanimate nature belongs to the class of inanimate. The animate class is subdivided into a subclass women and subclass men.
The personal pronouns of the Abkhazian language have both full and short forms.
Personal pronouns singular animate class (human)
We remind you that parentheses indicate that the element in them is optional.
New words and expressions (with elements of conjugation).
Try to remember them!
atzara" (indefinite form of the verb) to go; to leave.
To make it easier to remember the conjugations, let's deal with the structure of the Abkhazian verb.
a-tsa-ra - A- common (dictionary) form prefix, ca- root, -ra- suffix. When conjugated prefix A- and suffix -ra fall away.
Sarah scoit- I'm going. Here is the verb sco "it consist of c(a)- I, c(a)- root "to go", -oit- present tense suffix.
sara "sco"it - I'm going
bara "btso" it - you (woman) are going
uara "utso" it - you (man) are going
iara "dzo" it - he is coming
lara "dzo" it - she goes
Pay attention to how the faces are reflected in the verbs:
With
macaw" With
tso "it, at
macaw" at
tso "it, b
macaw" b
tso "it.
The function of conjugation is taken over by the indicators of the face.
abara"- see, see
With ara" and h bo "it - I see
b ara" and b bo "it - you (women) see
at ara" and at bo "it - you (husband) see
And ara" (and) And bo "it - he sees
l ara" and l bo "it - she sees
agar"- take, take; take away; carry away
With ara" and h go "it - I take
b ara" and b go "it - you (women) take
at ara" and at go "it - you (husband) take
And ara" (and) And go "it - he takes
l ara" and l go "it - she takes
The personal prefix and third person singular are often omitted, so even when it is not present, we will give it in parentheses to make it easier for you to translate.
Before voiced consonants, the indicator of the first person s (a) turns into voiced s (a), for example, and h goit (and With goit "I take").
Remember these words!
atzara"- to go, go, leave. Sara "sco" it - I'm going.
aara"- come; arrive. Bara "baaue" it - You (women) come.
abara"- see. Lara "ilbo" it - She sees.
agar"- take, take; take away; carry away. Iara "(and) yoke" it - He takes.
macaw"(abra") - here, here.
ana"- there.
bzi "a bara"- be in love. Sara "bzi" a byzbo "it - I love you (female). Sara" bzi "a uzbo" it - I love you (husband). Sara "san bzi" a dyzbo "it - I love my mother
ankhara"- to live, live. Lara"ara"dynho"it - She lives here. Iara"ana"dynho"it - He lives there.
ay "sura- Job
amshy "n- the sea. Sara "amshy" n ah sco "it - I'm going to the sea.
Exercise 1
For each pronoun in the left column, you need to choose the appropriate form of the verb from the right. Try it!
Sample:
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