What are anaerobes in biology. Aerobic and anaerobic organisms. General properties for aerobes and anaerobes

Anaerobes I Anaerobes (Greek negative prefix an- + aēr + b life)

microorganisms that develop in the absence of free oxygen in their environment. They are found in almost all samples of pathological material in various purulent-inflammatory diseases, they are conditionally pathogenic, sometimes pathogenic. Distinguish facultative and obligate A. Facultative A. are able to exist and multiply both in oxygen and in an oxygen-free environment. These include coli, Yersinia, Streptococcus, and other Bacteria .

Obligate A. die in the presence of free oxygen in environment. They are divided into two groups: those that form, or clostridia, and bacteria that do not form spores, or the so-called non-clostridial anaerobes. Among clostridia, causative agents of anaerobic clostridial infections are distinguished - botulism, clostridial wound infection, tetanus. Non-clostridial A. include gram-negative and gram-positive rod-shaped or spherical bacteria: fusobacteria, veillonella, peptococci, peptostreptococci, propionibacteria, eubacteria, etc. Non-clostridial A. are an integral part of the normal microflora of humans and animals, but at the same time play an important role in the development of such purulent-inflammatory processes as lung and brain abscesses, pleural empyema, phlegmon of the maxillofacial region, otitis media, etc. Most anaerobic infections (Anaerobic infection) , caused by non-clostridial anaerobes, refers to endogenous and develops mainly with a decrease in the body's resistance as a result of surgery, cooling, impaired immunity.

The main part of clinically significant A. are bacteroids and fusobacteria, peptostreptococci and spore Gram-positive rods. Bacteroides account for about half of purulent-inflammatory processes caused by anaerobic bacteria.

Bibliography: Laboratory methods research in the clinic, ed. V.V. Menshikov. M., 1987.

II Anaerobes (An- +, syn. anaerobic)

1) in bacteriology - microorganisms that can exist and multiply in the absence of free oxygen in the environment;

Anaerobes are obligate- A., dying in the presence of free oxygen in the environment.

Anaerobes facultative- A., able to exist and multiply both in the absence and in the presence of free oxygen in the environment.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First health care. - M.: Bolshaya Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what "Anaerobes" are in other dictionaries:

Modern Encyclopedia

- (anaerobic organisms) are able to live in the absence of atmospheric oxygen; some types of bacteria, yeast, protozoa, worms. Energy for life is obtained by oxidizing organic, less often inorganic substances without the participation of free ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (gr.). Bacteria and similar lower animals, capable of living only with total absence air oxygen. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. anaerobes (see anaerobiosis) otherwise anaerobionts, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Anaerobes- (from the Greek an negative particle, aer air and bios life), organisms that can live and develop in the absence of free oxygen; some types of bacteria, yeast, protozoa, worms. Obligate, or strict, anaerobes develop ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from a ..., an ... and aerobes), organisms (microorganisms, mollusks, etc.) that can live and develop in an oxygen-free environment. The term was introduced by L. Pasteur (1861), who discovered butyric fermentation bacteria. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. ... ... Ecological dictionary

Organisms (mainly prokaryotes) that can live in the absence of free oxygen in the environment. Obligate A. receive energy as a result of fermentation (butyric acid bacteria, etc.), anaerobic respiration (methanogens, sulfate-reducing bacteria ... Dictionary of microbiology

Abbr. name anaerobic organisms. Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al. 1978 ... Geological Encyclopedia

ANAEROBES- (from Greek a negative frequent, aer air and bios life), microscopic organisms that can draw energy (see Anaerobiosis) not in oxidation reactions, but in splitting reactions as organic compounds, and inorganic (nitrates, sulfates, etc.) Big Medical Encyclopedia

ANAEROBES Organisms that develop normally in the complete absence of free oxygen. In nature, A. are found everywhere where organic matter decomposes without access to air (in deep layers of soil, especially waterlogged soil, in manure, silt, etc.). There are… Pond fish farming

Ow, pl. (unit anaerobe, a; m.). Biol. Organisms capable of living and developing in the absence of free oxygen (cf. aerobes). ◁ Anaerobic, oh, oh. Ah, bacteria. Ah, the infection. * * * anaerobes (anaerobic organisms), able to live in the absence of ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (anaerobic organisms), organisms that can live and develop only in the absence of free oxygen. Obtain energy from the oxidation of organic or (less commonly) not organic matter without free oxygen. To anaerobes ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Encyclopedia Biology. 2012

Classification division of prokaryotes

The species diversity of these non-nuclear ones is enormous: science has described only 10,000 species, and there are supposedly more than a million species of bacteria. Their classification is extremely complex and is carried out based on the commonality of the following features and properties:

morphological - form, mode of movement, ability to sporulate, and others);
physiological - breathing with oxygen (aerobic) or an anoxic variant (anaerobic bacteria), according to the nature of metabolic products, and others;
biochemical;
similarity of genetic characteristics.

For example, the morphological classification by appearance subdivides all bacteria as:

Weight loss is related to temperature, humidity, and air velocity in smokers, as well as product characteristics. Weight loss fluctuates between high limits due to a change in the ratio of fat cells and the size of the product and ranges from 6 to 12% depending on the composition of the product and the duration of smoking.

Chemical changes other than those listed above are also associated with the salt process, in which the action of silite and nitrite produces the characteristic red color. As a result of smoking, the amount of nitrite in the product is reduced by about 25%. Most of the chemical changes that occur are due to temperature, which causes protein denaturation. There are also some enzymatic changes.

rod-shaped;
winding;
spherical.

The physiological classification in relation to oxygen divides all prokaryotes into:

anaerobic - microorganisms whose respiration does not require the presence of free oxygen;
aerobic - microorganisms that need oxygen for their life.

Anaerobic prokaryotes

Anaerobic microorganisms fully correspond to their name - the prefix an-denies the meaning of the word, aero is air and b-life. It turns out - airless life, organisms whose breathing does not need free oxygen.

Improved digestibility and organoleptic properties influence the action of smoke temperature components and actions that cause swelling of collagen and succulence and thus increase the softness of the product and increase the digestibility index.

Other vitamins suffer little change from smoking. Smoking methods are classified according to smoking temperature, smoking temperature and duration, and smoking method. After smoking, smoking in the smoke stream and smoking with the help of liquid preparations are released. Smoking in the main stream of smoke can be of two types: particulate smoke and colloidal smoke, in which all components are in gaseous smoke, and the smoke color is not observed incorrectly called smokeless smoking.

Anoxic microorganisms are divided into two groups:

facultative anaerobic - able to exist both in an environment containing oxygen, and in its absence;
obligate microorganisms - dying in the presence of free oxygen in the environment.

It subdivides the obligate group, according to the possibility of spore formation, into the following:

Smoking preparations can be made by spraying a liquid with a liquid product, by immersing the product in liquid or liquid smoke, among others. Additional bacteria can increase in the presence or absence of air. This module describes the causes of unsorted anaerobes. Generally, anaerobic bacteria associated with human infection are relatively aerotolerant. Bacteria can survive for 72 hours in the presence of oxygen, although they do not thrive in this environment. Significantly fewer pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, which are also part of the normal flora, die after brief exposure to oxygen, even at low oxygen concentrations.

spore-forming clostridia - gram-positive bacteria, most of which are mobile, characterized by intensive metabolism and high variability;
non-clostridial anaerobes - gram-positive and which are part of the human microflora.

Clostridia properties

Spore-forming anaerobic bacteria are found in large numbers in the soil and in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. Among them, more than 10 species are known that are toxic to humans. These bacteria produce highly active exotoxins specific to each species.

Patient approach. A number of issues need to be considered in the approach of a patient with suspected anaerobic bacteria infection. Most of these microbes are harmless side effects, and there are very few diseases. In order for these microorganisms to cause infection, they must overcome normal mucosal barriers. To prevent the occurrence of these infections, conditions are required, especially a low redox potential. These conditions include areas of trauma, areas of tissue destruction, compromised sclerosis, or complications of pre-existing infections that cause necrosis.

The respiration and growth of aerobes is manifested as the formation of turbidity in liquid media or, in the case of dense media, as the formation of colonies. On average, it takes about 18 to 24 hours to grow aerobes under thermostatic conditions.

General properties for aerobes and anaerobes

All these prokaryotes do not have a pronounced nucleus.
They reproduce either by budding or division.
Carrying out respiration, as a result of the oxidative process, both aerobic and anaerobic organisms decompose huge masses of organic residues.
Bacteria are the only living things whose respiration binds molecular nitrogen into an organic compound.
Aerobic organisms and anaerobes are capable of respiration over a wide range of temperatures. There is a classification according to which nuclear-free unicellular organisms are divided into:

psychrophilic - living conditions in the region of 0 ° C;
mesophilic - vital temperature from 20 to 40 ° C;
thermophilic - growth and respiration occurs at 50-75 ° C.

Similarly, myonecrosis may be associated with mixed anaerobic infections. These infections often occur in close proximity to soft tissue infections. Hematogenous seeding of the bone is rare. Fusobacteria were isolated in pure culture from osteomyelitis adjacent to the perinasal sinuses. Anaerobic and microaerophilic membranes have been described as significant pathogens in cranial or mastoid infections. Most of these patients have uncontrolled peritoneal infection, developing into septic cervical venous thrombophlebitis and leading to hematogenous spread that tends to the joints.

Organisms that are able to obtain energy in the absence of oxygen are called anaerobes. Moreover, the group of anaerobes includes both microorganisms (protozoa and a group of prokaryotes) and macroorganisms, which include some algae, fungi, animals and plants. In our article, we will take a closer look at anaerobic bacteria that are used to treat wastewater in local wastewater treatment plants. Since aerobic microorganisms can be used along with them in wastewater treatment plants, we will compare these bacteria.

Unlike anaerobic osteomyelitis, most cases of anaerobic pyoarthritis are not polymicrobial and may be hematogenous. Anaerobes are important pathogens in infections affecting prosthetic joints; in these infections, the causal organisms belong to the normal flora of the skin. In patients with osteomyelitis, the safest source for culture is a bone biopsy obtained in such a way that it does not contain uninfected skin or subcutaneous tissue. If mixed color isolates from bone biopsy, treatment should target all isolates.

Classification

What are anaerobes, we figured it out. Now it is worth understanding what types they are divided into. In microbiology, the following classification table for anaerobes is used:

Facultative microorganisms. Facultative anaerobic bacteria are called bacteria that can change their metabolic pathway, that is, they are able to change respiration from anaerobic to aerobic and vice versa. It can be argued that they live facultatively.
Capneistic representatives of the group able to live only in an environment with a low content of oxygen and a high content of carbon dioxide.
Moderately strict organisms can survive in an environment containing molecular oxygen. However, they are unable to reproduce here. Macroaerophiles can both survive and multiply in an environment with a reduced partial pressure of oxygen.
Aerotolerant microorganisms differ in that they cannot live facultatively, that is, they are not able to switch from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration. However, they differ from the group of facultative anaerobic microorganisms in that they do not die in an environment with molecular oxygen. This group includes most butyric bacteria and some types of lactic acid microorganisms.
obligate bacteria quickly perish in an environment containing molecular oxygen. They are able to live only in conditions of complete isolation from it. This group includes ciliates, flagellates, some types of bacteria and yeasts.

Effect of oxygen on bacteria

Any environment containing oxygen aggressively affects organic life forms. The thing is that in the process of life of various forms of life or due to the influence of certain types of ionizing radiation, reactive oxygen species are formed, which are more toxic in comparison with molecular substances.

When anaerobe is recognized as the main pathogen or a single pathogen isolated from a joint, the duration of treatment should be similar to that of arthritis caused by aerobic bacteria. Treatment includes pre-existing disease management, antimicrobial therapy, temporary joint immobilization, percutaneous drainage of collections, and usually removal of infected prostheses or internal fixation devices. Drainage and surgical debridement, such as secretectomy, are necessary to remove necrotic tissue that will support anaerobic infections.

The main determining factor for the survival of a living organism in an oxygen environment is the presence of an antioxidant functional system in it, which is capable of elimination. Typically, such protective functions are provided by one or several enzymes at once:

cytochrome;
catalase;
superoxide dismutase.

At the same time, some anaerobic bacteria of a facultative species contain only one type of enzyme - cytochrome. Aerobic microorganisms have as many as three cytochromes, so they feel great in an oxygen environment. And obligate anaerobes do not contain cytochrome at all.

The gate of entry can often be deduced with a pre-existing condition that likely favored spread in the circulating stream by identifying the microorganism and understanding its normal site of existence. Initial manifestations are determined by the entrance gate and reflect local conditions. The clinical picture may be similar to that seen in sepsis with aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Although other complications of anaerobic bacteremia have been described, such as septic thrombophlebitis and septic shock, the incidence of these complications in association with anaerobic bacteria is low.

However, some anaerobic organisms can act on their environment and create a suitable redox potential for it. For example, certain microorganisms reduce the acidity of the environment from 25 to 1 or 5 before breeding. This allows them to protect themselves with a special barrier. And aerotolerant anaerobic organisms, which release hydrogen peroxide in the course of their life, can increase the acidity of the environment.

Anaerobic bacteria are potentially dangerous and require rapid diagnosis and treatment. Mortality appears to increase with patient age in the case of polymicrobial infections and with the impossibility of an outbreak. Endocarditis Endocarditis with anaerobes is rare.

However, anaerobic streptococci, often misclassified, are more often responsible for this disease than is estimated. Gram-negative anaerobes are uncommon causes of endocarditis. Unorganized anaerobic bacteria are components of the normal flora from the mucosal surfaces of humans and animals. The main reservoirs for these bacteria are the oral cavity, the gastrointestinal tract, the tegument, and the female genital tract. Anaerobic bacteria are not found in significant numbers in the normal intestine until the distal ileum. in the large intestine, the proportion of anaerobes, as well as total bacteria increases significantly.

Important: to provide additional antioxidant protection, bacteria synthesize or accumulate low molecular weight antioxidants, which include vitamins A, E and C, as well as citric and other types of acids.

How do anaerobes get energy?

Some microorganisms obtain energy from the catabolism of various amino acid compounds, such as proteins and peptides, as well as the amino acids themselves. Typically, this process of releasing energy is called putrefaction. And the environment itself, in the energy exchange of which many processes of catabolism of amino acid compounds and amino acids themselves are observed, is called a putrefactive environment.
Other anaerobic bacteria are able to break down hexoses (glucose). In this case, different splitting methods can be used:
- glycolysis. After it, fermentation processes occur in the environment;
- oxidative pathway;
- Entner-Doudoroff reactions that take place under the conditions of mannanoic, hexuronic or gluconic acid.

In this case, only anaerobic representatives can use glycolysis. It can be divided into several types of fermentation, depending on the products that are formed after the reaction:

alcoholic fermentation;
lactic fermentation;
type of enterobacteria formic acid;
butyric fermentation;
propionic acid reaction;
processes with the release of molecular oxygen;
methane fermentation (used in septic tanks).

Features of anaerobes for a septic tank

Anaerobic septic tanks use microorganisms that are able to process wastewater without oxygen. As a rule, in the compartment where the anaerobes are located, the processes of wastewater decay are significantly accelerated. As a result of this process, solid compounds fall to the bottom in the form of sediment. At the same time, the liquid component of the wastewater is qualitatively cleaned from various organic impurities.

During the life of these bacteria, a large number of solid compounds are formed. All of them settle at the bottom of the local treatment plant, so it needs regular cleaning. If cleaning is not carried out in a timely manner, then the efficient and well-coordinated operation of the treatment plant can be completely disrupted and put out of action.

Attention: the sediment obtained after cleaning the septic tank should not be used as fertilizer, as it contains harmful microorganisms that can harm the environment.

Since anaerobic representatives of bacteria produce methane during their vital activity, treatment facilities that work with the use of these organisms must be equipped with an effective ventilation system. Otherwise, an unpleasant odor can spoil the surrounding air.

Important: the efficiency of wastewater treatment using anaerobes is only 60-70%.

Disadvantages of using anaerobes in septic tanks

Anaerobic representatives of bacteria, which are part of various biological products for septic tanks, have the following disadvantages:

The waste that is generated after the processing of sewage by bacteria is not suitable for fertilizing the soil due to the content of harmful microorganisms in them.
Since during the life of anaerobes, a large number of dense sediment, its removal must be carried out regularly. To do this, you will have to call the vacuum cleaners.
Wastewater treatment using anaerobic bacteria is not complete, but only a maximum of 70 percent.
A sewage treatment plant operating with these bacteria can emit a very unpleasant odor, which is due to the fact that these microorganisms emit methane during their life.

The difference between anaerobes and aerobes

The main difference between aerobes and anaerobes is that the former are able to live and reproduce in conditions with a high oxygen content. Therefore, such septic tanks are necessarily equipped with a compressor and an aerator for pumping air. As a rule, these local wastewater treatment plants do not emit such an unpleasant odor.

In contrast, anaerobic representatives (as the table of microbiology described above shows) do not need oxygen. Moreover, some of their species are able to die with a high content of this substance. Therefore, such septic tanks do not require pumping air. For them, only the removal of the resulting methane is important.

Another difference is the amount of sediment formed. In systems with aerobes, the amount of sludge is much less, so the cleaning of the structure can be carried out much less frequently. In addition, the septic tank can be cleaned without calling the vacuum trucks. To remove thick sediment from the first chamber, you can take an ordinary net, and to pump out the activated sludge formed in the last chamber, it is enough to use a drainage pump. Moreover, the activated sludge from the treatment plant using aerobes can be used to fertilize the soil.

Bacteria are present everywhere in our world. They are everywhere and everywhere, and the number of their varieties is simply amazing.

Depending on the need for the presence of oxygen in the nutrient medium for the implementation of vital activity, microorganisms are classified into the following types.

Obligate aerobic bacteria, which are collected in the upper part of the nutrient medium, the flora contained the maximum amount of oxygen.
Obligate anaerobic bacteria, which are located in the lower part of the environment, as far as possible from oxygen.
Facultative bacteria mainly live in the upper part, but can be distributed throughout the environment, as they do not depend on oxygen.
Microaerophiles prefer a low concentration of oxygen, although they gather in the upper part of the environment.
Aerotolerant anaerobes are evenly distributed in the nutrient medium, insensitive to the presence or absence of oxygen.

The concept of anaerobic bacteria and their classification

The term "anaerobes" appeared in 1861, thanks to the work of Louis Pasteur.

Anaerobic bacteria are microorganisms that develop regardless of the presence of oxygen in the nutrient medium. They get energy by substrate phosphorylation. There are facultative and obligate aerobes, as well as other types.

The most significant anaerobes are bacteroides

The most important aerobes are bacteroids. About fifty percent of all purulent-inflammatory processes, the causative agents of which can be anaerobic bacteria, are bacteroids.

Bacteroides are a genus of Gram-negative obligate anaerobic bacteria. These are rods with bipolar coloration, the size of which does not exceed 0.5-1.5 by 15 microns. They produce toxins and enzymes that can cause virulence. Different bacteroids have different resistance to antibiotics: there are both resistant and susceptible to antibiotics.

Energy production in human tissues

Some tissues of living organisms have increased resistance to low oxygen content. Under standard conditions, the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate occurs aerobically, but at elevated physical activity and in inflammatory reactions, the anaerobic mechanism comes to the fore.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an acid that plays important role in the production of energy by the body. There are several options for the synthesis of this substance: one aerobic and as many as three anaerobic.

Anaerobic mechanisms of ATP synthesis include:

rephosphorylation between creatine phosphate and ADP;
transphosphorylation reaction of two ADP molecules;
anaerobic breakdown of blood glucose or glycogen stores.

Cultivation of anaerobic organisms

Exist special methods for growing anaerobes. They consist in replacing air with gas mixtures in sealed thermostats.

Another way is to grow microorganisms in a nutrient medium to which reducing substances are added.

Culture media for anaerobic organisms

There are common culture media and differential diagnostic nutrient media. Common ones include the Wilson-Blair medium and the Kitt-Tarozzi medium. For differential diagnostic - Hiss medium, Ressel medium, Endo medium, Ploskirev medium and bismuth-sulfite agar.

The basis for the Wilson-Blair medium is agar-agar with the addition of glucose, sodium sulfite and iron dichloride. Black colonies of anaerobes are formed mainly in the depth of the agar column.

Ressel's (Russell's) medium is used in the study of the biochemical properties of bacteria such as Shigella and Salmonella. It also contains agar-agar and glucose.

Wednesday Ploskirev inhibits the growth of many microorganisms, so it is used for differential diagnostic purposes. In such an environment, pathogens of typhoid fever, dysentery and other pathogenic bacteria develop well.

The main purpose of bismuth sulfite agar is the isolation of salmonella in its pure form. This environment is based on the ability of Salmonella to produce hydrogen sulfide. This medium is similar to the Wilson-Blair medium in the technique used.

Anaerobic infections

Most anaerobic bacteria living in the human or animal body can cause various infections. As a rule, infection occurs during a period of weakened immunity or a violation of the general microflora of the body. There is also the potential for pathogens to enter external environment, especially late autumn and in winter.

Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria are usually associated with the flora of the human mucous membranes, that is, with the main habitats of anaerobes. Typically, these infections multiple triggers at once(to 10).

The exact number of diseases caused by anaerobes is almost impossible to determine due to the difficulty in collecting materials for analysis, transporting samples, and cultivating the bacteria themselves. Most often, this type of bacteria is found in chronic diseases.

Anaerobic infections affect people of all ages. At the same time, children have a level infectious diseases above.

Anaerobic bacteria can cause various intracranial diseases (meningitis, abscesses, and others). Distribution, as a rule, occurs with the blood stream. In chronic diseases, anaerobes can cause pathologies in the head and neck: otitis media, lymphadenitis, abscesses. These bacteria are dangerous to both the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. With various diseases of the urogenital female system, there is also a risk of developing anaerobic infections. Various diseases of the joints and skin can be the result of the development of anaerobic bacteria.

Causes of anaerobic infections and their symptoms

Infections are caused by all processes during which active anaerobic bacteria enter the tissues. Also, the development of infections can cause impaired blood supply and tissue necrosis (various injuries, tumors, edema, vascular disease). mouth infections, animal bites, lung diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease and many other diseases can also be caused by anaerobes.

AT different organisms infection develops in different ways. This is influenced by the type of pathogen, and the state of human health. Because of the difficulties associated with diagnosing anaerobic infections, the conclusion is often based on assumptions. Differ in some features of the infection caused by non-clostridial anaerobes.

The first signs of infection of tissues with aerobes are suppuration, thrombophlebitis, gas formation. Some tumors and neoplasms (intestinal, uterine and others) are also accompanied by the development of anaerobic microorganisms. With anaerobic infections, an unpleasant odor may appear, however, its absence does not exclude anaerobes as the causative agent of the infection.

Features of obtaining and transporting samples

The very first study in determining infections caused by anaerobes is a visual inspection. Various skin lesions are a common complication. Also, evidence of the vital activity of bacteria will be the presence of gas in infected tissues.

For laboratory research and establishing an accurate diagnosis, first of all, it is necessary to competently get matter sample from the affected area. For this, a special technique is used, thanks to which normal flora does not get into the samples. best method is aspiration with a straight needle. Obtaining laboratory material by smears is not recommended, but possible.

Samples not suitable for further analysis include:

sputum obtained by self-excretion;
samples obtained during bronchoscopy;
smears from the vaginal vaults;
urine with free urination;
feces.

For research can be used:

blood;
pleural fluid;
transtracheal aspirates;
pus obtained from the abscess cavity;
cerebrospinal fluid;
lung punctures.

Transport samples it is necessary as soon as possible in a special container or plastic bag with anaerobic conditions, since even a short-term interaction with oxygen can cause the death of bacteria. Liquid samples are transported in a test tube or in syringes. Swabs with samples are transported in test tubes with carbon dioxide or pre-prepared media.

In the case of diagnosing an anaerobic infection for adequate treatment, it is necessary to follow the following principles:

toxins produced by anaerobes must be neutralized;
the habitat of bacteria should be changed;
the spread of anaerobes must be localized.

To comply with these principles antibiotics are used in treatment, which affect both anaerobes and aerobic organisms, since often the flora in anaerobic infections is mixed. At the same time, appointments medications, the doctor must evaluate the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microflora. The agents that are active against anaerobic pathogens include: penicillins, cephalosporins, champhenicol, fluoroquinolo, metranidazole, carbapenems and others. Some drugs have a limited effect.

To control the habitat of bacteria, in most cases, surgical intervention is used, which is expressed in the treatment of affected tissues, drainage of abscesses, and ensuring normal blood circulation. Surgical methods should not be ignored because of the risk of life-threatening complications.

Sometimes used ancillary therapies and also because of the difficulties associated with exact definition infectious agent, empiric treatment is used.

With the development of anaerobic infections in the oral cavity, it is also recommended to add as many fresh fruits and vegetables to the diet as possible. The most useful are apples and oranges. The restriction is subjected to meat food and fast food.

All living organisms are divided into aerobes and anaerobes, including bacteria. Therefore, there are two types of bacteria in the human body and in nature in general - aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobes need to get oxygen to live while it is not needed at all or not required. Both types of bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, taking part in the decomposition organic waste. But among the anaerobes, there are many species that can cause health problems in humans and animals.

Humans and animals, as well as most fungi, etc. are all obligatory aerobes that need to breathe and inhale oxygen in order to survive.

Anaerobic bacteria, in turn, are divided into:

optional (conditional) - they need oxygen for more effective development, but can do without it;
obligate (mandatory) - oxygen is deadly for them and kills after a while (it depends on the species).

Anaerobic bacteria are able to live in places where there is little oxygen, such as the human mouth, intestines. Many of them cause diseases in those areas human body where there is less oxygen - throat, mouth, intestines, middle ear, wounds (gangrene and abscesses), inside acne, etc. In addition to this, there are beneficial species that aid digestion.

Aerobic bacteria, compared to anaerobic bacteria, use O2 for cellular respiration. Anaerobic respiration means an energy cycle with less efficiency for energy production. Aerobic respiration is the energy released in a complex process where O2 and glucose are metabolized together inside the cell's mitochondria.

With strong physical exertion, the human body may experience oxygen starvation. This causes a switch to anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscles, during which lactic acid crystals are produced in the muscles, since carbohydrates are not completely broken down. After this, the muscles later begin to ache (krepatura) and are treated by massaging the area to speed up the dissolution of the crystals and flushing them out naturally in the bloodstream over time.

Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria develop and multiply during fermentation - in the process of decomposition of organic substances with the help of enzymes. At the same time, aerobic bacteria use the oxygen present in the air for energy metabolism, compared to anaerobic bacteria, which do not need oxygen from the air for this.

This can be understood by doing an experiment to identify the type by growing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in liquid culture. Aerobic bacteria will congregate at the top to take in more oxygen and survive, while anaerobic bacteria tend to congregate at the bottom to avoid oxygen.

Nearly all animals and humans are obligatory aerobes that require oxygen for respiration, while staphylococci in the mouth are an example of facultative anaerobes. Individual human cells are also facultative anaerobes: they switch to lactic acid fermentation if oxygen is not available.

Brief comparison of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

Aerobic bacteria use oxygen to stay alive.
Anaerobic bacteria need minimum quantity oxygen or even die in its presence (depending on the species) and therefore avoid O2.
Many species among those and other types of bacteria play an important role in the ecosystem, taking part in the decomposition of organic matter - they are decomposers. But mushrooms are more important in this regard.
Anaerobic bacteria are the cause various diseases various diseases, from sore throat to botulism, tetanus and others.
But among the anaerobic bacteria there are also those that are beneficial, for example, break down harmful to humans vegetable sugars in the intestine.