Sound is the smallest unit of language, pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, human hearing perceives all the sounds that it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are unique to his native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.

33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other, form words.

36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [u], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [h "], [c"], [ d "], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [n"], [r"], [ f "], [g"], [x"].

The consonants are divided into:

  • soft and hard;

    • voiced and deaf;

    paired and unpaired.

Soft and hard consonants

The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.

At the time of pronunciation soft sound the tongue is pressed against the palate more strongly than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant from each other. In order to determine in a letter whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.

Consonants are classified as solid in such cases:

  • if letters a, o, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
  • after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
  • if the sound is at the end of the word - [gloom], [friend], [table].

The softness of the sound is written as an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], gate - [kal'itka], fir - [p'ir].

It should be noted that the sounds [u ’], [d ’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [g].

The consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by "b" and vowels: i, e, u, i, e. For example: gene - [g "en], len - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [v" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].

Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds

According to the voicedness, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [c], [h], [g], [b], [g], [d], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].

Examples: [boron], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].

Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [dream], [noise], [u "uk], [choir], [king"], [ch "an].

Paired voiced and deaf consonants include: [b] - [n], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: true story - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - court, live - sew.

Sounds that do not form a pair: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].

Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [n] - [n"], [m] - [m"], [c] - [c"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f "], [k] - [k"], [h] - [h "], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: true story - white, height - branch, city - cheetah, cottage - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - pen, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.

Table for memorizing consonants

To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.

Table. Consonants: hard and soft

Solid - before the letters A, O, U, S, E

Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I

Hard and soft consonants
bballb"battle
inhowlin"eyelid
GgarageG"hero
dholed"tar
hashh"yawn
togodfatherto"sneakers
lvinel"foliage
mMarchm"month
nlegn"tenderness
PspiderP"song
RgrowthR"rhubarb
WithsaltWith"hay
tcloudt"patience
fphosphorusf"firm
XthinnessX"chemistry
Unpairedandgiraffehmiracle
wscreenschhazel
cgoalthfelt

Another table will help memorize consonant sounds.

Table. Consonants: voiced and voiceless
PairedvoicedDeaf
BP
ATF
GTo
DT
ANDW
WFROM
UnpairedL, M, N, R, YX, C, H, W

Children's poems for better mastering of the material

The letters are exactly 33 in the Russian alphabet,

To find out how many consonants -

Subtract ten vowels

Signs - hard, soft -

It will immediately become clear:

It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.

Soft and hard consonants are very different,

But not dangerous at all.

If we pronounce with noise, then they are deaf.

Consonant sounds proudly say:

They sound different.

Hard and soft

Actually very light.

One simple rule to remember forever:

W, C, F - always solid,

But H, W, Y - only soft,

Like cat paws.

Let's soften the others like this:

If we add a soft sign,

Then we get spruce, moth, salt,

What a clever sign!

And if we add the vowels I, I, E, E, Yu,

We get a soft consonant.

Signs-brothers, soft, hard,

We don't pronounce

But to change the word

Let's ask for their help.

The rider is riding a horse

Kon - use in the game.

Solid unpaired: [w], [w], [c] .

Soft unpaired: [th"], [h"], [w":].

The designation of the softness of consonants in writing

Let's digress from pure phonetics. Consider a practically important question: how is the softness of consonants indicated in writing?

There are 36 consonants in Russian, including 15 pairs of hardness-softness, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants. There are only 21 consonants. How can 21 letters represent 36 sounds?

For this, they are used different ways:

iotized letters e, yo, yu, i after consonants except sh, w and c, unpaired in hardness-softness, indicate that these consonants are soft, for example: uncle- [t’o´t’a], uncle -[Yes Yes] ;

letter and after consonants except sh, w and c. Consonants denoted by letters sh, w and c, unpaired hard. Examples of words with a vowel and: nothing- [n’i´tk’i], sheet- [l'ist], cute- [cute'] ;

letter b, after consonants except sh, w, after which the soft sign is an indicator of the grammatical form. Examples of soft words : request- [proz'ba], stranded- [m'el'], distance- [gave '].

Thus, the softness of consonants in writing is transmitted not by special letters, but by combinations of consonant letters with letters i, e, e, u, i and b. Therefore, when parsing, I advise you to turn Special attention to adjacent letters after consonants.

§eight. Place of formation of consonants

Consonants differ not only in the signs you already know:

deafness-voicedness,

hardness-softness

Formation method: bow-slit.

The last, fourth sign is important: place of education.
The articulation of some sounds is carried out by the lips, others - by the tongue, its different parts. So, the sounds [p], [p '], [b], [b '], [m], [m '] are labial-labial, [c], [c '], [f], [f ' ] - labio-dental, all the rest - lingual: front-lingual [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [n '], [s], [s '], [s ], [h '], [w], [g], [w ':], [h '], [c], [l], [l '], [p], [p '] , middle lingual [th '] and back lingual [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '].

Positional changes in sounds

Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional vowel changes. Reduction

People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it.
Speech is a sound stream, but a stream organized in a certain way. The conditions in which a particular sound appears are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, the stressed syllable, the unstressed syllable, the position before the vowel, the position before the consonant - these are all different positions. We will figure out how to distinguish between strong and weak positions, first for vowels, and then for consonants.

Strong position one in which the sounds are not subject to positionally determined changes and appear in their main form. A strong position is distinguished for groups of sounds, for example: for vowels, this is a position in a stressed syllable. And for consonants, for example, the position before vowels is strong.

For vowels, the strong position is stressed, and the weak position is unstressed.
In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and not pronounced as distinctly as under stress. This change in vowels weak position called reduction. Due to reduction, fewer vowels are distinguished in the weak position than in the strong position.

Sounds corresponding to stressed [o] and [a], after hard consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. Normative in the Russian language is recognized as "akanye", i.e. nondiscrimination O and BUT in an unstressed position after hard consonants.

Under stress: [house] - [lady] - [o] ≠ [a].

without stress: [d a ma´] -at home´- [d a la´] -dala´ - [a] = [a].

Sounds corresponding to stressed [a] and [e], after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. The normative pronunciation is "hiccups", i.e. nondiscrimination E and BUT in unstressed position after soft consonants.

under stress: [m'ech '] - [m'ach '] - [e] ≠ [a].

without stress: [m’ich’o´m] - sword´m -[m'ich'o´m] - ball´m - [and] = [and].

What about the vowels [and], [s], [y]? Why was nothing said about them? The fact is that these vowels in a weak position undergo only quantitative reduction: they are pronounced more briefly, weakly, but their quality does not change. That is, as for all vowels, an unstressed position for them is a weak position, but for a schoolchild these vowels in an unstressed position do not represent a problem.

[ski'zhy], [in _lu'zhu], [n'i't'i] - both in strong and weak positions, the quality of vowels does not change. Both under stress and in an unstressed position, we clearly hear: [s], [y], [and] and write the letters with which these sounds are usually denoted.

Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional changes of consonants

For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before a vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, doing phonetic parsing, do not be afraid to make a mistake, characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dacha] - country house,[t'l'iv'i´zar] - television,[s’ino´n’ima] - synonyms,[b'ir'o´zy] - birches,[karz "and´ny] - baskets. All consonants in these examples are before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.

Strong positions in voicelessness:

before vowels: [there] - there,[ladies] - ladies,

before unpaired voiced [p], [p '], [l], [l '], [n], [n '], [m], [m '], [th ']: [dl'a] - for,[tl'a] - aphids,

Before [in], [in ']: [own'] - mine,[ringing] - ringing.

Remember:

In a strong position, voiced and deaf consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions in deafness-voicedness:

in front of pairs for deafness-voicedness: [sla´tk’y] - sweet,[zu´pk'i] - teeth.

Before deaf unpaired ones: [aphva´t] - girth, [fhot] - entrance.

at the end of a word: [zoop] - tooth,[dup] - oak.

Positional changes of consonants according to deafness-voicedness

In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced ones become deaf, i.e. deafened, and the deaf - voiced, i.e. voiced. Positional changes are observed only in paired consonants.


Stunning-voicing of consonants

Voiced stunning occurs in positions:

before paired deaf people: [fsta´v'it'] – in put,

at the end of a word: [clat] - treasure.

Voicing of the deaf happens in position:

before paired voiced: [kaz'ba´] – to With bba´

Strong positions in hardness-softness:

before vowels: [mat'] - mother,[m'at'] - crush,

at the end of a word: [won] - out,[out'] - stink,

before labial-labial: [b], [b '], [n], [p '], [m], [m '] and back-lingual: [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x[, [x'] for sounds [s], [s'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [ n], [n '], [p], [p']: [sa´n'k'i] - Sa'nki(genus pad.), [s´ank'i] - sled,[bu´lka] - bun,[bu´l'kat'] - gurgling

all positions for sounds [l] and [l ’]: [forehead] - forehead,[pal'ba] - a shot.

Remember:

In a strong position, hard and soft consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions in hardness-softness and positional changes in hardness-softness.

Before soft [t '], [d '] for consonants [c], [h], which are necessarily softened:, [z'd'es'],

before [h '] and [w ':] for [n], which is necessarily softened: [po´n'h'ik] - donut,[ka´m'n'sh': ik] - mason.

Remember:

In a number of positions today, both soft and hard pronunciation is possible:

before soft front lingual [n '], [l '] for front lingual consonants [c], [h]: snow -[s'n'ek] and, piss off -[z’l’it’] and [zl’it’]

Before soft anterior lingual, [h ’] for anterior lingual [t], [d] - lift -[pad’n’a´t’] and [padn’a´t’] , take away -[at’n’a´t’] and [atn’a´t’]

Before soft anterior lingual [t "], [d"], [s "], [s"] for anterior lingual [n]: vintik -[v’i´n "t" ik] and [v’i´nt’ik], retirement -[p'e´n's'iy'a] and [p'e´ns'iy'a]

Before soft labials [c '], [f '], [b '], [n '], [m '] for labials: write in -[f "p" isa't '] and [fp" is'at '], rhyme(dat. pad.) - [r'i´f "m" e] and [r'i´fm" e]

Remember:

In all cases, in a weak position, positional softening of consonants is possible.
Writing a soft sign with positional softening of consonants is a mistake.

Positional changes of consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation

Assimilation of consonants

The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by the likeness of sounds if they are similar in some way and at the same time are close.

Learn the list:

[c] and [w] → [w:] - sew

[h] and [g] → [g:] – compress

[s] and [h '] - at the root of words → [w':] - happiness, account
- at the junction of morphemes and words → [w':h'] - comb, dishonest, with what (a preposition followed by a word is pronounced together, like one word)

[s] and [w':] → [w':] - split

[t] and [c] - in verb forms → [ts:] - smiles
- at the junction of prefix and root → [cs] - sprinkle

[t] and [ts] → [ts:] - unhook

[t] and [h’] → [h’:] - report

[t] and [t] and [w’:]←[c] and [h’] - Countdown

[d] and [w ':] ← [c] and [h '] - counting

Distinguishing consonants

Dissimilarity is the process of positional change, the opposite of likening.

[g] and [k '] → [x'k '] - light

Simplifying consonant clusters

Learn the list:

vstv - [stv]: hello, feel
zdn - [zn]: late
zdts - [sc] : under the bridle
lnts - [nts]: sun
NDC - [nc]: Dutch
ndsh - [nsh:] landscape
ntg - [ng]: x-ray
RDC - [rc]: heart
rdch - [rh']: heart
stl - [sl ']: happy
stn - [sn]: local

Pronunciation of groups of sounds:

In the forms of adjectives, pronouns, participles, there are letter combinations: wow, him. AT place G they pronounce [in]: him, beautiful, blue.
Avoid spelling. say the words him, blue, beautiful right.

Letters and sounds

Letters and sounds have different purposes and different nature. But these are comparable systems. Therefore, the types of relationships need to be known.

Types of ratio of letters and sounds:

1. The letter denotes a sound, for example, vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.

2. The letter does not have its own sound value, for example b and b: mouse

3. The letter stands for two sounds, for example, iotized vowels e, yo, yu, i in positions:

o the beginning of a word,

o after vowels,

o after separators b and b.

4. The letter may indicate the sound and quality of the preceding sound, such as iotized vowels and and after soft consonants.

5. The letter may indicate the quality of the previous sound, for example b in words shadow, stump, firing.

6. Two letters can mean one sound, often a long one: sew, squeeze, rush

7. Three letters correspond to one sound: smile - ts -[c:]

Ownership oral speech very important for social life and development of the individual. great attention in the study of a native (or foreign) language is given colloquial speech — correct pronunciation phonemes. There are many words that differ only in individual sounds. Therefore, special attention is paid to the functioning of the organs of speech and sound formation.

Sound production

Sound formation occurs as a result of mental and speech activity of a person. The vocal apparatus consists of the diaphragm, larynx, epiglottis, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal and oral cavity, uvula, palate (soft and hard), alveoli, teeth, tongue, lips.

The tongue with the lower lip is actively involved in sound production. teeth, palate, upper lip remain passive.

The production of sounds (phonemes) includes:

  • respiration, breathing
  • phonation - the use of the larynx and vocal folds to create phonemes,
  • articulation - work for sound production.

Noisy (deaf) Russian

There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian language, and much more sounds - 42. There are 6 vowel phonemes consisting of a clear voice. The remaining 36 sounds are consonants.

In the creation of 16 consonant phonemes, only noise is involved, which is formed as a result of overcoming certain obstacles by the exhaled air flow, which are interacting speech organs.

[k, ], [n, ], [s, ], [t, ], [f, ], [x, ], [h, ], [u, ], [k], [n], [s ], [t], [f], [x], [c], [w] - deaf consonants.

To learn how to determine which consonants are deaf, you need to know their main features: how and in what place they are formed, how vocal folds are involved in their production, whether there is palatalization during pronunciation.

Formation of noisy consonants

In the process of producing deaf consonant phonemes, the interaction of various organs of the speech apparatus occurs. They can close with each other or form a gap.

Deaf consonants are born when the exhaled overcomes these barriers. Depending on the type of obstacles, deaf phonemes are divided into:

  • stop plosives [k, p, t, k, p, t];
  • occlusive fricatives (affricates) [c, h,];
  • slotted (fricative) [s, f, x, u, s, f, x, w].

Depending on the places where barriers are formed, among deaf phonemes there are:

  • labial-labial [n, n];
  • labio-dental [f, f];
  • anterior lingual dental [s, s, t, t, c];
  • anterior-lingual palatine-tooth [h, u, w];
  • posterior lingual posterior palate [k, x, k, x].

Palatalization and velarization

Noisy phonemes are classified according to the degree of tension in the middle of the language. When in the process of sound production the anterior and middle area language, a palatalized consonant (soft) deaf sound is born. Velarized (hard) phonemes are produced by raising the root of the tongue to the back of the soft palate.

6 soft and 6 hard noisy deaf phonemes make pairs, the rest do not have pairs.

Paired deaf consonants - [k, - k], [n, - p], [s, - s], [t, - t], [f, - f], [x, - x]; [c, h, sh, u,] - deaf unpaired consonants.

Articulation

The combination of all the work of the individual organs of the speech apparatus involved in the pronunciation of phonemes is called articulation.

In order for speech to be understandable, one must be able to clearly pronounce sounds, words, sentences. To do this, you need to train your speech apparatus, work out the pronunciation of phonemes.

Having understood how deaf consonants are formed, how to pronounce them correctly, a child or an adult will master speech much faster.

Sounds [k - k, x - x,]

Lower the end of the tongue, slightly move away from the incisors of the lower jaw. Open mouth. Raise the back of the tongue so that it comes into contact with the border zone of the raised soft and hard palate. Through a sharp exhalation, the air overcomes the barrier - [k].

Press the end of the tongue against the lower front teeth. Bring the middle and back of the tongue closer to the middle-posterior region of the hard palate. Exhale - [to,].

In the production of phonemes [x - x,] the organs of speech are arranged similarly. Only between them remains not a link, but a gap.

Sounds [p - p,]

Close the lips, leave the tongue free to lie, slightly move its tip away from the lower incisors. Exhalation. The air jet breaks through the lips - [p].

The lips are the same. Press the end of the tongue against the incisors of the lower jaw. Raise the middle of the tongue to the hard palate. A sharp push of air overcomes the labial barrier - [p,].

Sounds [s - s,]

Stretch your lips, almost close your teeth. Touch the end of the tongue to the front teeth of the lower jaw. Bend the tongue, lifting the middle back to the palate. Its lateral edges are pressed against the upper chewing teeth. The air flow passes through the groove formed in the middle of the tongue. Overcomes the gap between the alveolar arch and the anterior back of the tongue - [s].

The phoneme [s, ] is pronounced similarly. Only the middle of the tongue rises higher, and the front arches more (the groove disappears).

Sounds [t - t,]

Open lips. Rest the end of the tongue against the incisors of the upper jaw, forming a bow. A jet of exhaled air breaks through the barrier with force - [t].

The position of the lips is the same. Press the tip of the tongue against the lower incisors. Touch the upper alveolar arch with the front of the tongue, creating a bow. Under the pressure of the air jet, an obstacle is overcome - [t, ].

Sounds [f - f,]

Slightly retract the lower lip and press the upper incisors against it. Raise the back of the tongue to the back of the soft palate. On exhalation, the air passes through a flat gap formed by the lip and teeth - [f].

Lips and teeth in the same position. Move the tip of the tongue to the lower incisors. Raise the middle part of the tongue to the palate. The air flow penetrates through the labio-dental fissure - [f,].

Sound [ts]

Sound is produced in two stages:

  1. Stretch slightly tense lips. Press the end of the tongue to the front lower teeth. Raise the front of the tongue, closing with the hard palate (just behind the alveolar arch).
  2. The air flow enters the oral cavity. Slightly bend the tongue - raise the middle part, lower the back, press the lateral edges to the chewing teeth. The bow turns into a gap and the air comes out - [c].

Sound [h,]

Phoneme formation consists of two phases:

  1. Slightly round and push the lips. Press the end and front of the tongue against the hard palate and alveolar arch, creating a barrier.
  2. Push out the air: at the place of the connection between the tongue and the palate, a gap will be obtained. At the same time, it is necessary to raise the middle of the tongue - [h,].

Sound [w]

Slightly rounded lips push. Raise the end of the tongue to form a narrow passage with the palate and the alveolar arch (1st gap). Lowering the middle of the tongue, raise its back (2nd gap). Press the edges to the chewing teeth, forming a bowl. Exhale smoothly - [sh].

Sound [u,]

The lips are slightly extended and rounded. Raise the end of the tongue to the alveolar arch, without pressing, so that there is a gap. Raise the tongue to the hard palate (except for the front part), press the edges against the molars of the upper jaw. Exhale slowly. The central part of the tongue goes down, creating a groove through which the air flow passes. The tongue tenses - [u,].

In a speech stream, voiceless consonants coexist with other phonemes. If a vowel follows after a noisy phoneme, then the lips assume a position for the articulation of the latter.

Comparison of noisy deaf and voiced phonemes

Voiced are phonemes, in the formation of which both voice and noise are involved (the latter predominates). Some voiced have paired sounds from among the deaf.

Paired deaf consonants and voiced: [k - g], [k, - g, ], [p - b], [p, - b,], [t - d], [t, - d, ], [ s - h], [s, - h, ], [f - c], [f, - c, ], [w - g].

Voiced and voiceless unpaired consonants:

  • [d, l, m, n, p, l, m, n, p] - voiced (sonorous);
  • [x, h, u, x, c] - noisy deaf.

Designation of noisy phonemes by letters

The ability to write well is just as important as speaking. Mastery writing is fraught with even greater difficulties, since some sounds on paper can be recorded different letters or letter combinations.

Deaf consonants when written are transmitted by similar letters if they are in strong positions.

According to deafness-voicedness: before a vowel, [in - in,], other noisy ones (applicable to paired deaf people!).

By hardness-softness: before the vowel, [b, m, g, k, p, x, b, m, g, k, p, x,] - for sounds [s, s, t, t, ], at the end the words.

In other cases, to determine the correct letter (or combination of letters) for a deaf consonant phoneme, one must use certain rules Russian language. And sometimes you just need to remember the correct spelling of words (dictionaries).

A lot of trouble with letters, that's the kind of people they are.

Sounds change without asking, and they pretend to be different.

How much trouble these letters and sounds bring to children! Learn the letters, and then also remember when and what sound they represent! And the sounds of these oh-oh-oh, how many. How to remember everything voiced and voiceless consonants?

Everything, it turns out, is very simple, if you properly set up the child.

Oh, I already wrote. But consonants are not only hard and soft, but also voiced - deaf. And they bring so much trouble in the form of mistakes to children! How to teach a child to correctly identify?

Just memorizing voiced and deaf consonants is a losing business. Even if the child remembers, it will be very difficult for him to apply this knowledge. But if the child understands how voiced and deaf sounds are obtained, learns to hear them and identify them by signs, then it will be easy for him to remember.

Let's take a look at ourselves first voiced and voiceless consonants.

In Russian, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, depending on the participation of the voice in the pronunciation of the sound. How to define it? Pronounce a single consonant sound and put your hand to your throat. If the vocal cords vibrate, then this is ringing sound. If not, then deaf. Check with your child and say the sounds B - P, M or X. Did you notice?

Voicedness or deafness can be defined differently. Cover your ears with your palms and pronounce the consonant sound. Did you hear a voice or noise? If a voice is heard, then the sound is sonorous, if the noise is deaf.

And so you can easily and simply determine voiced or voiceless consonant. At first, this method is very good. But if the child continues like this, then it will take a lot of time. The child will not have time to complete the work in the lesson. Therefore, it is necessary that the child remember the consonants voiced and deaf.

And here we need to remember that the brain can perceive information in different ways - through hearing, sight or sensations. This means that in order for the child to remember the information, it is necessary to influence all the systems of the child.

Determining the voicedness and deafness of consonants by ear, we have already included hearing in the work. Putting a hand to the throat, we connected the sensations. Now we need to connect and vision. To do this, you need to make a plate or drawing, where to designate voiced and deaf consonants with some symbols.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired. So, when compiling such a scheme or tablet, it is necessary to place paired consonants side by side. You can use any symbols that remind the child that the sound is voiced or deaf. So in this scheme, voiced consonants are indicated by a bell, and deaf ones by headphones.

Draw a similar sign with your child. Let him independently place the letters near the desired symbol, and you only control and direct the actions of the child. Remember that a person will remember well only what he did on his own.

Play the resettlement of letters on floors or houses with the desired symbol several times and the child will perfectly remember voiced and deaf consonants. Hang this sign in a prominent place and periodically return to it, ask the child to tell, show, name some sounds.

So, playing, repeating the already familiar properties of sounds and letters, you will help your child learn the basics of the Russian language without difficulty, memorize voiced and voiceless consonants.

Have questions? Write in the comments to get an answer.

In the meantime, get a portion of positive and watch a wonderful cartoon. We will learn from this resilient monkey to find the good in everything.

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveness" of our native language is the merit of its constituent words. But before you learn how to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.

When studying a language with a child, you need to clearly let him understand the differences between oral and written speech. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is, and what is a letter.

Sounds are what we perceive with our ears. Our brain easily separates what is related to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.

A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But, here for the child lies very great difficulty. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper in different words can differ both in one direction and in the other.

How many letters and sounds in the Russian language and alphabet and their ratio

IMPORTANT: We hear sounds and can make our own speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! There are sounds in all languages. Even in those where there is no writing.

In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced. "b" and "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.

There is also such a "school" word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] pronounced sound [S].

There are still a lot of words in Russian that are not pronounced the way they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.

Alphabet

Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for each people who created their own language, it differs in features characteristic of this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that uses a particular people, there is a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all letters used in writing, standing in strict order.

The alphabet of the Russian language has 33 letters and looks like this:

The alphabet is the base of any language that everyone who learns it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Of course. But, in addition to being able to express your thoughts, you need to learn how to write and read. And this can not be done without knowing the alphabet.

Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, a small primer that the child can take with him on walks or trips.

In our computerized age, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help you learn the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can connect your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be of interest to the child. Then the training will go faster and more efficiently.

INTERESTING: Teachers came up with a very interesting and fun way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we should not forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, collect them from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter that the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.

Vowel sounds and letters

Introducing the alphabet to a child is a very exciting activity. But, this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue the study of its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.

Those letters that are pronounced lingeringly are called vowels.

  • There are 10 vowels in Russian "A", "E", "E", "I", "O", "U", "S", "E", "Yu", "I"
  • 6 vowels [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s]. Usually vowels in school curriculum should be highlighted in red.

We have already found out the difference between the elementary particles of the language.

Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotated. They mean one or two sounds.

From this table - this difference can be seen again:

INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter "Yo". Today it is mistakenly considered that it was introduced into our alphabet by Karamzin. But, it's not. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783 at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters "IO" to one "Yo".

Stressed and unstressed vowels

  • Stressed vowel pronounced with great force and does not change.

For example: sn e g, st ý l, sh a f

  • unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.

For example: to O rzina (heard instead of O, sound BUT), m E two d (In the first unstressed vowel instead of E, is heard And), pl E cho (vowel And heard instead E).

IMPORTANT: The stress is not put in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.

Vowels Iotated letters I, Yu, E, Yo make the consonant sound in front of them soft and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], ё → [o], yu → [y], i → [a ].

For example:

  • At the beginning of a word: hedgehog [y'ozhik]
  • In the middle of a word: shelter [at y'ut]
  • At the end of a word: gun [rouge y'o]

Hard and soft vowels directly affect consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in a word "package"), and soft (in the word "cookie").

Consonants and letters

Consonants are called such because of the inclusion of consonants in their composition. There are 36 consonants in Russian:

Soft sounds are marked with an apostrophe.
And 21 consonants:

Consonants and sounds soft and hard: table

Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but "Hand"- solid. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. Soften the sounds of iot vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" and "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:

  • "White"
  • "Love"
  • "Friday"

Also softens the sounds of the letter "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. Important role plays presence soft sign at the end of a word:

  • "Linen" and "laziness"

A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:

  • "Skates"

Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table

Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Voiced are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a deaf sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.

Voiced consonants are formed when an air stream passes through the oral cavity and the vocal cords vibrate. This results in consonants such as:

To make it easy to remember deaf consonants, remember the expression: STEPKA DO YOU WANT A PIECE? - FI!

If you delete all vowels from this expression, only deaf consonants remain.

Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table

By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:

Paired and unpaired voiced and deaf consonants: table

In Russian, it is customary to distinguish pairs of deaf-voiced consonants:

The remaining consonants are unpaired:

Sometimes there is a "forced" deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This is due to the position of the sound in the word. A common example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] and booth [butka].

Sonorant- voiced unpaired consonants. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]

Noisy consonants - there are voiced and deaf:

  1. Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [c], [h'], [w], [w'];
  2. Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [h], [h '].

Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:

Hissing consonants

Consonants "AND", "SH", "H" and "SCH" are called hissing. These letters bring some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. While studying these letters, the child should know the rules:

  • "ZhI" — "SHI" write with "AND"
  • "CHA" — "ShA" with a letter "BUT"
  • "CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"

Letters "AND" and "H" are voiced, and the other two ( "SH" and "SCH") deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that it is impossible to pronounce from without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce hissing consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment to these sounds.

The letter "and short" denotes the consonant sound th

Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets where the Cyrillic alphabet is used. In the Russian alphabet, this letter occupies the 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and voiced consonant J.

It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil type was introduced (as opposed to the church type), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" missing an important part. At the same time, the sound that was designated by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" in the letter succeeded under Peter I. But, at the same time, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.

Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, to such sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still refers to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.

Which letters have multiple sounds?

Ribbon of letters and sounds for elementary school

Very good help in learning the Russian language in various manuals. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, develop reading skills in children faster and facilitate the phonetic analysis of a word.

Even at first glance "Tape of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from the case. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can self-teach their child literacy with this tool.