"Grandfather Mazai and hares." Fairy tale in poetic form by Nikolai Nekrasov. The poem "Grandfather Mazai and hares
In August, near Small Vezha,
With old Mazay I beat snipes.
Somehow, it suddenly became especially quiet,
In the sky the sun played through the clouds.
The cloud was small on it,
And burst into violent rain!
Straight and bright, like steel bars,
Raindrops hit the ground
With a swift force ... Me and Mazai,
Wet, they hid in a shed.
Children, I will tell you about Mazai.
Coming home every summer
I stay with him for a week.
I like his village
In the summer, cleaning it beautifully,
From time immemorial, hops will be born in it miraculously,
All of it is drowning in green gardens;
Houses in it on high pillars
(Water understands all this area,
So the village rises in the spring,
Like Venice). Old Mazai
He loves his lowland to the point of passion.
He is a widow, childless, has only a grandson,
To walk on a thorny road is boredom for him!
Forty miles straight to Kostroma
He does not care to run away through the forests:
“The forest is not a road: according to the bird, according to the beast
You can fire it." - And the goblin? - "I do not believe!
Once in courage, I called them, waited
All night long, I didn't see anyone!
For the day of mushrooms you pick up a basket,
Eat lingonberries, raspberries in passing;
In the evening the chiffchaff sings softly,
As if in an empty barrel hoopoe
hoots; the owl scatters by night,
The horns are sharpened, the eyes are drawn.
At night ... well, at night I myself became timid:
It's very quiet in the forest at night.
Quiet as in a church when they served
Service and firmly closed the door,
What kind of pine creaks
Like an old woman grumbling in a dream ... "
Mazay does not spend a day without hunting.
If he lived nicely, he would not know care,
If only their eyes did not change:
Mazay often began to poodle.
However, he does not despair:
Grandpa will blurt out - the hare leaves,
Grandfather threatens with a slanting finger:
"You lie - you fall!" - good-naturedly shouts.
He knows many funny stories
About glorious village hunters:
Kuzya broke the trigger of the gun,
Matches carries a box with him,
He sits behind a bush - he will lure the grouse,
He will put a match to the seed - and it will burst!
Walks with a gun another trapper,
Carries a pot of coals with him.
"Why are you carrying a pot of coals?" -
It hurts, dear, I'm chilly with my hands;
If I now follow the hare,
First I sit down, put down my gun,
I will warm my hands over the coals,
Yes, then I'll shoot at the villain! -
"That's the hunter!" - Mazay added.
I confess, I laughed heartily.
However, a mile of peasant jokes
(How are they worse, however, noblemen?)
I heard stories from Mazai.
Children, I wrote one for you ...
Old Mazai loosened up in the barn:
"In our swampy, low-lying land
Five times more game would be conducted,
If they didn’t catch her with nets,
If only they didn’t crush her with snares;
Hares here too - sorry for them to tears!
Only spring waters surging
And without that they are dying by the hundreds, -
No! not much more! the men are running
They catch, and drown, and beat them with hooks.
Where is their conscience?
I went in a boat - there are a lot of them from the river
It catches up with us in the spring flood -
I'm going to catch them. The water is coming.
I see one small island -
Hares on it gathered in a crowd.
With every minute the water was getting closer
To the poor animals; left under them
Less than an arshin of earth in width,
Less than a fathom in length.
Then I drove up: they babble with their ears,
Themselves from the spot; I took one
I commanded the rest: jump yourself!
My hares jumped - nothing!
The oblique team just sat down,
The whole island disappeared under water:
“That's it! I said, don't argue with me!
Listen, bunnies, grandfather Mazai!“
That way Gutorya, sailing in silence.
A column is not a column, a bunny on a stump,
Crossing his paws, he stands, unfortunate,
I took it too - the burden is not great!
Just started paddle work
Look, a hare is swarming by the bush -
Barely alive, but fat as a merchant!
I covered her, fool, with a zipun -
I was shaking violently… It wasn't too early.
A knotty log floated past,
Sitting, and standing, and lying in a layer,
A dozen hares were saved on it
“I would take you - but sink the boat!”
It’s a pity for them, however, but it’s a pity for the find -
I got hooked on a knot
And dragged a log behind him ...
It was fun for women, children,
How I rolled the village of bunnies:
"Look: what old Mazai is doing!"
OK! admire, but do not interfere with us!
We found ourselves behind the village in the river.
This is where my bunnies really went crazy:
They look, they stand on their hind legs,
They rock the boat, they don’t let row:
The shore was seen by slanting rogues,
Winter, and a grove, and thick bushes! ..
I drove a log tightly to the shore,
He moored the boat - and “God bless!” said ...
And in full spirit
The bunnies are gone.
And I told them: “Wow!
Live, animals!
Look oblique
Now save yourself
And chur in winter
Don't get caught!
Aim - boom!
And you will lie down ... U-u-u-x! ..“
Instantly my team fled,
Only two couples left on the boat -
Very wet, weakened; in a bag
I put them down and brought them home.
During the night, my patients warmed up,
Dried up, slept, ate tightly;
I took them out to the meadow; out of the bag
He shook it out, hooted - and they gave an arrow!
I followed them all with the same advice:
"Don't get caught in winter!"
I do not beat them either in spring or summer,
The skin is bad, it sheds obliquely ... "
In August, near Small Vezha,
With old Mazay I beat snipes.
Somehow, it suddenly became especially quiet,
In the sky the sun played through the clouds.
The cloud was small on it,
And burst into violent rain!
Straight and bright, like steel bars,
Raindrops hit the ground
With a swift force ... Me and Mazai,
Wet, they hid in a shed.
Children, I will tell you about Mazai.
Coming home every summer
I stay with him for a week.
I like his village
In the summer, cleaning it beautifully,
From time immemorial, hops will be born in it miraculously,
All of it is drowning in green gardens;
Houses in it on high pillars
(Water understands all this area,
So the village rises in the spring,
Like Venice). Old Mazai
He loves his lowland to the point of passion.
He is a widow, childless, has only a grandson,
To walk on a thorny road is boredom for him!
Forty miles straight to Kostroma
He does not care to run away through the forests:
“The forest is not a road: according to the bird, according to the beast
You can fire it." - And the goblin? - "I do not believe!
Once in courage, I called them, waited
All night long, I didn't see anyone!
For the day of mushrooms you pick up a basket,
Eat lingonberries, raspberries in passing;
In the evening the chiffchaff sings softly,
As if in an empty barrel hoopoe
hoots; the owl scatters by night,
The horns are sharpened, the eyes are drawn.
At night ... well, at night I myself became timid:
It's very quiet in the forest at night.
Quiet as in a church when they served
Service and firmly closed the door,
What kind of pine creaks
Like an old woman grumbling in a dream ... "
Mazay does not spend a day without hunting.
If he lived nicely, he would not know care,
If only their eyes did not change:
Mazay often began to poodle.
However, he does not despair:
Grandpa will blurt out - the hare leaves,
Grandfather threatens with a slanting finger:
"You lie - you fall!" - good-naturedly shouts.
He knows many funny stories
About glorious village hunters:
Kuzya broke the trigger of the gun,
Matches carries a box with him,
He sits behind a bush - he will lure the grouse,
He will put a match to the seed - and it will burst!
Walks with a gun another trapper,
Carries a pot of coals with him.
"Why are you carrying a pot of coals?" -
It hurts, dear, I'm chilly with my hands;
If I now follow the hare,
First I sit down, put down my gun,
I will warm my hands over the coals,
Yes, then I'll shoot at the villain! -
"That's the hunter!" - Mazay added.
I confess, I laughed heartily.
However, a mile of peasant jokes
(How are they worse, however, noblemen?)
I heard stories from Mazai.
Children, I wrote one for you ...
Old Mazai loosened up in the barn:
"In our swampy, low-lying land
Five times more game would be conducted,
If they didn’t catch her with nets,
If only they didn’t crush her with snares;
Hares here too - sorry for them to tears!
Only spring waters will rush
And without that they are dying by the hundreds, -
No! not much more! the men are running
They catch, and drown, and beat them with hooks.
Where is their conscience?
I went in a boat - there are a lot of them from the river
It catches up with us in the spring flood -
I'm going to catch them. The water is coming.
I see one small island -
Hares on it gathered in a crowd.
With every minute the water was getting closer
To the poor animals; left under them
Less than an arshin of earth in width,
Less than a fathom in length.
Then I drove up: they babble with their ears,
Themselves from the spot; I took one
I commanded the rest: jump yourself!
My hares jumped - nothing!
The oblique team just sat down,
The whole island disappeared under water:
“That's it! I said, don't argue with me!
Listen, bunnies, grandfather Mazai!
That way Gutorya, sailing in silence.
A column is not a column, a bunny on a stump,
Crossing his paws, he stands, unfortunate,
I took it too - the burden is not great!
Just started paddle work
Look, a hare is swarming by the bush -
Barely alive, but fat as a merchant!
I covered her, fool, with a zipun -
I was shaking violently… It wasn't too early.
A knotty log floated past,
Sitting, and standing, and lying in a layer,
A dozen hares were saved on it
“I would take you - but sink the boat!”
It’s a pity for them, however, but it’s a pity for the find -
I got hooked on a knot
And dragged a log behind him ...
It was fun for women, children,
How I rolled the village of bunnies:
"Look at what old Mazai is doing!"
OK! admire, but do not interfere with us!
We found ourselves behind the village in the river.
This is where my bunnies really went crazy:
They look, they stand on their hind legs,
They rock the boat, they don’t let row:
The shore was seen by slanting rogues,
Winter, and a grove, and thick bushes! ..
I drove a log tightly to the shore,
He moored the boat - and "God bless!" said…
And in full spirit
The bunnies are gone.
And I told them: “Wow!
Live, animals!
Look oblique
Now save yourself
And chur in winter
Don't get caught!
Aim - boom!
And you will lie down ... U-u-u-x! .. "
Instantly my team fled,
Only two couples left on the boat -
Very wet, weakened; in a bag
I put them down and brought them home.
During the night, my patients warmed up,
Dried up, slept, ate tightly;
I took them out to the meadow; out of the bag
He shook it out, hooted - and they gave an arrow!
I followed them all with the same advice:
"Don't get caught in the winter!"
I do not beat them either in spring or summer,
The skin is bad, it sheds obliquely ... "
Interesting story about animals. A story about rabbits. A story about kindness and love for animals
Nikolay Nekrasov. Grandfather Mazai and hares
In August, near Small Vezha,
With old Mazay I beat snipes.
Somehow, it suddenly became especially quiet,
The sun played through the clouds in the sky.
The cloud was small on it,
And burst into violent rain!
Straight and bright, like steel bars,
Raindrops hit the ground
With a swift force ... Me and Mazai,
Wet, they hid in a shed.
Children, I will tell you about Mazai.
Coming home every summer
I stay with him for a week.
I like his village
In the summer, cleaning it beautifully,
From time immemorial, hops will be born in it miraculously,
All of it is drowning in green gardens;
Houses in it on high pillars
(Water understands all this area,
So the village rises in the spring,
Like Venice). Old Mazai
He loves his lowland to the point of passion.
He is a widow, childless, has only a grandson,
Walking on a thorny road is boredom for him!
Forty miles straight to Kostroma
He does not care to run away through the forests:
“The forest is not a road: according to the bird, according to the beast
You can fire it." - "And the goblin?" - "I do not believe!
Once in courage, I called them, waited
All night, I didn't see anyone!
For the day of mushrooms you pick up a basket,
Eat lingonberries, raspberries in passing;
In the evening the chiffchaff sings softly,
As if in an empty barrel hoopoe
hoots; the owl scatters by night,
The horns are sharpened, the eyes are drawn.
At night ... well, at night I myself became timid:
It's very quiet in the forest at night.
Quiet as in a church when they served
Service and firmly closed the door,
What kind of pine creaks
Like an old woman grumbling in her sleep...
Mazay does not spend a day without hunting.
If he lived nicely, he would not know care,
If only their eyes did not change:
Mazay often began to poodle.
However, he does not despair:
Grandpa will blurt out, the hare leaves,
Grandfather threatens with a slanting finger:
"You lie - you fall!" - shouts good-naturedly.
He knows many funny stories
About glorious village hunters:
Kuzya broke the trigger of the gun,
Matches carries a box with him,
He sits behind a bush - he will lure the grouse,
He will put a match to the seed - and it will burst!
Walks with a gun another trapper,
Carries a pot of coals with him.
"Why are you carrying a pot of coals?"
- “It hurts, dear, I'm chilly with my hands;
If I now follow the hare,
First I sit down, put down my gun,
I will warm my hands over the coals,
Yes, then I’ll shoot at the villain! ”
"That's the hunter! “- Mazai added.
I confess, I laughed heartily.
However, a mile of peasant jokes
(How are they worse, however, noblemen?)
I heard stories from Mazai.
Children, I wrote one for you ...
Old Mazai loosened up in the barn:
"In our swampy, low-lying land
Five times more game would be conducted,
If they didn’t catch her with nets,
If only they didn’t crush her with snares;
Hares, too - they are sorry to tears!
Only spring waters will rush
And without that, they are dying by the hundreds, -
No! not much more! the men are running
They catch, and drown, and beat them with hooks.
Where is their conscience?
I went in a boat - there are a lot of them from the river
It catches up with us in the spring flood, -
I'm going to catch them. The water is coming.
I see one small island -
Hares on it gathered in a crowd.
With every minute the water was getting closer
To the poor animals; left under them
Less than an arshin of earth in width,
Less than a fathom in length.
Then I drove up: they babble with their ears,
Themselves from the spot; I took one
I commanded the rest: jump yourself!
My hares jumped - nothing!
The oblique team just sat down,
The whole island was lost under water.
“That's it! I said, don't argue with me!
Listen, bunnies, grandfather Mazai!
That way Gutorya, sailing in silence.
A column is not a column, a bunny on a stump,
Crossing his paws, he stands, unfortunate,
I took it - the burden is small!
Just started paddle work
Look, a hare is swarming by the bush -
Barely alive, but fat as a merchant!
I covered her, fool, with a zipun -
I was shaking violently... It wasn't too early.
A knotty log floated past,
A dozen hares were saved on it.
“I would take you - but sink the boat!”
It’s a pity for them, however, but it’s a pity for the find -
I got hooked on a knot
And dragged a log behind him ...
It was fun for women, children,
How I rolled the village of bunnies:
“Look at what old Mazai is doing!”
OK! admire, but do not interfere with us!
We found ourselves behind the village in the river.
This is where my bunnies really went crazy:
They look, they stand on their hind legs,
They rock the boat, they don’t let row:
The shore was seen by slanting rogues,
Winter, and a grove, and thick bushes! ..
I drove a log tightly to the shore,
The boat moored - and "God bless!" said...
And in full spirit
The bunnies are gone.
And I told them: "Wow!"
Live, animals!
Look oblique
Now save yourself
And chur in winter
Don't get caught!
Aim - boom!
And you will lie down... Uuuh!..»
Instantly my team fled,
Only two couples left on the boat -
Very wet, weakened; in a bag
I laid them down and brought them home,
During the night, my patients warmed up,
Dried up, slept, ate tightly;
I took them out to the meadow; out of the bag
He shook it out, hooted - and they gave an arrow!
I followed them all with the same advice:
"Don't get caught in the winter!"
I do not beat them either in spring or summer,
The skin is bad, it sheds a scythe ... "
Dear parents, it is very useful to read the fairy tale "Grandfather Mazai and the Hares" by Nekrasov N.A. to children before going to bed, so that a good ending to the fairy tale pleases and calms them and they fall asleep. All images are simple, ordinary and do not cause youthful misunderstanding, because we encounter them daily in our everyday life. Each time, reading this or that epic, one feels incredible love with which images are described environment. All heroes were "honed" by the experience of the people, who for centuries created, strengthened and transformed them, devoting great and deep meaning children's education. Dozens, hundreds of years separate us from the time of creation of the work, but the problems and customs of people remain the same, practically unchanged. The plot is simple and old as the world, but each new generation finds in it something relevant and useful for itself. A person's worldview is formed gradually, and such works are extremely important and instructive for our young readers. The tale "Grandfather Mazai and the Hares" by N. A. Nekrasov is definitely worth reading for free online, there is a lot of kindness, love and chastity in it, which is useful for educating a young individual.
In August, near Small Vezha,
With old Mazay I beat snipes.
Somehow, it suddenly became especially quiet,
In the sky the sun played through the clouds.
The cloud was small on it,
And burst into violent rain!
Straight and bright, like steel bars,
Raindrops hit the ground
With a swift force ... Me and Mazai,
Wet, they hid in a shed.
Children, I will tell you about Mazai.
Coming home every summer
I stay with him for a week.
I like his village
In the summer, cleaning it beautifully,
From time immemorial, hops will be born in it miraculously,
All of it is drowning in green gardens;
Houses in it on high pillars
(Water understands all this area,
So the village rises in the spring,
Like Venice). Old Mazai
He loves his lowland to the point of passion.
He is a widow, childless, has only a grandson,
Walking on a thorny road is boredom for him!
Forty miles straight to Kostroma
He does not care to run away through the forests:
“The forest is not a road: according to the bird, according to the beast
You can fire it." - And the goblin? - "I do not believe!
Once in courage, I called them, waited
All night, I didn't see anyone!
For the day of mushrooms you pick up a basket,
Eat lingonberries, raspberries in passing;
In the evening the chiffchaff sings softly,
As if in an empty barrel hoopoe
hoots; the owl scatters by night,
The horns are sharpened, the eyes are drawn.
At night ... well, at night I myself became timid:
It's very quiet in the forest at night.
Quiet as in a church when they served
Service and firmly closed the door,
What kind of pine creaks
Like an old woman grumbling in a dream ... "
Mazay does not spend a day without hunting.
If he lived nicely, he would not know care,
If only their eyes did not change:
Mazay often began to poodle.
However, he does not despair:
Grandpa will blurt out - the hare leaves,
Grandfather threatens with a slanting finger:
"You lie - you fall!" - shouts good-naturedly.
He knows many funny stories
About glorious village hunters:
Kuzya broke the trigger of the gun,
Matches carries a box with him,
He sits behind a bush - he will lure the grouse,
He will put a match to the seed - and it will burst!
Walks with a gun another trapper,
Carries a pot of coals with him.
"Why are you carrying a pot of coals?" —
It hurts, dear, I'm chilly with my hands;
If I now follow the hare,
First I sit down, put down my gun,
I will warm my hands over the coals,
Yes, then I'll shoot at the villain! —
"That's the hunter!" - Mazay added.
I confess, I laughed heartily.
However, a mile of peasant jokes
(How are they worse, however, noblemen?)
I heard stories from Mazai.
Children, I wrote one for you ...
Old Mazai loosened up in the barn:
"In our swampy, low-lying land
Five times more game would be conducted,
If they didn’t catch her with nets,
If only they didn’t crush her with snares;
Hares, too - they are sorry to tears!
Only spring waters will rush
And without that, they are dying by the hundreds, -
No! not much more! the men are running
They catch, and drown, and beat them with hooks.
Where is their conscience?
I went in a boat - there are a lot of them from the river
It catches up with us in the spring flood -
I'm going to catch them. The water is coming.
I see one small island -
Hares on it gathered in a crowd.
With every minute the water was getting closer
To the poor animals; left under them
Less than an arshin of earth in width,
Less than a fathom in length.
Then I drove up: they babble with their ears,
Themselves from the spot; I took one
I commanded the rest: jump yourself!
My hares jumped - nothing!
The oblique team just sat down,
The whole island disappeared under water:
“That's it! I said, don't argue with me!
Listen, bunnies, grandfather Mazai!
That way Gutorya, sailing in silence.
A column is not a column, a bunny on a stump,
Crossing his paws, he stands, unfortunate,
I took it - the burden is not great!
Just started paddle work
Look, a hare is swarming by the bush -
Barely alive, but fat as a merchant!
I covered her, fool, with a zipun -
I was shaking violently… It wasn't too early.
A knotty log floated past,
Sitting, and standing, and lying in a layer,
A dozen hares were saved on it
“I would take you - but sink the boat!”
It’s a pity for them, however, but it’s a pity for the find -
I got hooked on a knot
And dragged a log behind him ...
It was fun for women, children,
How I rolled the village of bunnies:
"Look at what old Mazai is doing!"
OK! admire, but do not interfere with us!
We found ourselves behind the village in the river.
This is where my bunnies really went crazy:
They look, they stand on their hind legs,
They rock the boat, they don’t let row:
The shore was seen by slanting rogues,
Winter, and a grove, and thick bushes! ..
I drove a log tightly to the shore,
The boat moored - and "God bless!" said…
And in full spirit
The bunnies are gone.
And I told them: “Wow!
Kostroma village of Spas-vezhi
The poem "Grandfather Mazai and hares"
In June 1870, Nekrasov first arrived in Yaroslavl by train (railway traffic from Moscow to Yaroslavl opened in February 1870). For the first time along with him came to him civil wife Zinaida Nikolaevna, with whom the poet met recently.
According to A.F. Tarasov, Nekrasov arrived in Karabikha in mid-June 384 , but, most likely, it happened at the turn of the second and third decades of the month *** .
Shortly after arriving in Karabikha, Nekrasov wrote perhaps his most famous poem, “Grandfather Mazai and Hares,” which he immediately sent to M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to his Vitenevo estate near Moscow. Already on July 17, 1870, he replied: “Your poems are lovely.” 385 . Consequently, the poem was written approximately between June 25 and July 10, 1870 (and it was published in the January issue of Otechestvennye Zapiski for 1871).
Unfortunately, the poem "Grandfather Mazai and Hares" has practically not been studied in terms of the history of its occurrence. A.F. Tarasov believes that in the summer of 1870, together with Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasov, "through Greshnevo (...) went to Kostroma places" 386 . This, in his opinion, is confirmed by the fact that the sketches of the poem “How a coward is celebrated”, which refers to the visit of the poet Greshnev (“In the morning we visited our village, where I was born and grew up”), “are on the back of a sheet with rough sketches” Grandfather Mazai...” (II, 732)” 387 . A.F. Tarasov suggests that in 1870 Nekrasov and Zina visited the Shoda. It has already been written above that we doubt the poet’s arrival in Shoda in 1870: the son of Gavrila Yakovlevich, Ivan Gavrilovich, in his stories, would probably mention that once Nekrasov visited Shoda with his wife. It also seems doubtful to us that Nekrasov’s trip “to Kostroma places” in the summer of 1870. There is no evidence that Nekrasov and Zinaida Nikolaevna then traveled further than Greshnev. Apparently, the impetus for writing "Grandfather Mazai ..." was other circumstances (about them below).
We do not know when and how Nekrasov met the prototype of his Mazai. However, there is some data in this regard. In the Pushkin House, a sheet with Nekrasov's draft notes was preserved, on which the following entries were made: "Grandfather Mazai and the hares" and "The hare is as gray as an onuch" 388 . M. V. Teplinskii suggested that these notes refer to the period between 1866 and 1870. 389 About the entry “Grandfather Mazai and Hares”, the researcher noted: “The name of the famous poem by Nekrasov, written in 1870. The idea of a poem and its title could have originated with Nekrasov even earlier, which is confirmed by the following considerations. The village of Malye Vezha mentioned in the poem is located in the same Miskovskaya volost of the Kostroma province, where Nekrasov hunted with Gavrila, to whom he dedicated Korobeinikov (1861). The poet hunted in these places in the early 60s, and it was then that he could have the idea of a poem (...) " 390 .
V. N. Osokin suggested that Nekrasov’s grandfather Mazay appears not only in a poem about hares. According to him, the story of Mazai is also the basis of the poem "Bees" (1867), which is a story of an unnamed old beekeeper. According to V. N. Osokin, the old beekeeper and grandfather Mazai are one and the same person. “You come to this conclusion,” he writes, “comparing the language of grandfather Mazai with the speech of an old beekeeper from “Bees”. The beekeeper is grandfather Mazai " 391 . One cannot but agree with this assumption (more on this below). The poem "Bees" is dated March 15, 1867 and, therefore, we can assume that Nekrasov met Mazai no later than the summer of 1866.
In addition to “Grandfather Mazai and Hares”, the village of Vezha, where Mazai lived, Nekrasov mentioned in the drafts of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”, which says:
In Vezhy on the market day (III, 560).
The name Vezha is too rare to doubt that it is the same village where Mazay lived is meant. However, this mention does not give us anything. Vezhi are mentioned in the drafts of the last part of the poem "A Feast for the Whole World", on which the poet worked in 1876-1877, that is, 6-7 years after writing the poem about Mazai. Thus, Nekrasov, most likely, met the prototype of grandfather Mazai in 1865 or 1866 (in 1864 Nekrasov went abroad and did not come to Karabikha) and then heard from him a story about how he saved hares in the spring flood. Why was the poem about grandfather Mazai written only in 1870? Perhaps, as A.F. Tarasov believes, the poet visited Vezhi this year, once again met with the prototype of Mazai, and, remembering the story about hares, wrote his famous poem? However, it is likely that the situation was different. Nekrasov, apparently, had been planning to write a poem about Mazai for a long time, but, apparently, the decisive impetus for writing it was the idea of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to publish a book for children, consisting of his stories and poems by Nekrasov 392 (why the poet immediately sent the finished poem to him). Apparently, it is to this remaining unfulfilled plan that we owe the appearance of the poem “Grandfather Mazai and Hares”. Who knows, if it weren’t for M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, in the remaining few years of Nekrasov’s life, his hands might not have reached “Grandfather Mazai ...”.
Zaretsk region - the land of grandfather Mazai
If Gavrila Yakovlevich Zakharov lived in the north of the Miskovskaya volost, then thanks to a poem about grandfather Mazai, he entered Russian literature South part this volost, which makes up a significant part of the Kostroma District. Zarechye (Zaretsky Krai, Zaretskaya side) was the western part of the Kostroma district, lying beyond the Kostroma River, which locals has long been (not to be confused with the city of the same name) more often called "just the River" 393 . About 10 thousand years ago, after the retreat of the last glacier, here, in the lowlands between the future cities of Kostroma and Yaroslavl, a huge lake formed, which served as one of the sources of the great water artery which we call the Volga. Gradually, the lake disappeared, leaving behind a lowland area with many lakes, rivers and swamps, about which the geologist A. A. Krasyuk wrote at the beginning of the 20th century: “... an original area that stands out for its originality not only in the region of the Kostroma Territory, but and the entire Upper Volga region (...) " 394 .
Historically, the Kostroma District was divided into two unequal parts: a large one - "monastery" and a smaller one - "corvée", whose names reflected the history of the region. Since the 15th-16th centuries, a significant part of the Zarechye belonged to the Ipatiev Monastery, located at the confluence of the Kostroma River with the Volga, and from late XVI century and the Moscow Chudov Monastery (the latter was located in the Moscow Kremlin). After the secularization reform of 1764, the local peasants from the monasteries became state-owned and did not know the power of the landowners (except for the area of the village of Petrilova). However, according to tradition, until the beginning of the 20th century, the villages that once belonged to the Chudov and Ipatiev monasteries were called "monastery" * (in local pronunciation - "monastyrshina"), and the Petrilov district - "corvee" ("barshina") 397** . The village of Vezha, where grandfather Mazai lived, belonged to the “monastery”.
The main feature of the lowland Zaretsk region was that during the spring flood it was flooded with the waters of the Volga and Kostroma, and the flood lasted for a month and a half. A number of descriptions of those who saw this truly majestic picture of the spill have been preserved. A. A. Krasyuk: “The floodplain is flooded 30 versts wide and up to 70 versts north of the mouth of the Kostroma River. In April, all this space is a vast water surface, which in stormy weather presents a very impressive picture. From the elevated bedrock bank, magnificent views open up to the floodplain, especially after the water has subsided, when at the end of May the entire floodplain space is covered with a bright green carpet of meadow vegetation; patches of shrubs and oak groves are scattered among the meadows, distinguished by their dark green color. 399 . A. V. Fedosov: “In the spring, during the flood, the whole area is under water. The Volga and Kostromka flood for thirty-five versts, flooding the meadows, and it's fun to run on a small steamboat going from Kostroma to the town of Buya, right through the meadows past the villages of Shungi, Sameti, Miskova, to watch how the tops of half-flooded forests stick out of the water, how reluctantly they rise whole schools of migratory geese from it, how swift herds of teals and pintails whistle their wings, how lonely, in a tight heap crowded on piles and braided mounds of darkened huts and baths of rare villages, and how brightly and festively the sun shines, the water sparkles, the young sky turns blue and warm spring air trembles in the distance 400 . L.P. Piskunov: “The spring flood was unusually peculiar. The whole lowland from the Ipatiev Monastery to the village. Glazov on the river. Soti in the Yaroslavl region (from south to north) and from the village. Bukhalova to the settlement of Coastal (from west to east) from the end of March to the middle of May was flooded with water. Huge forests sank into the water, leaving rare islands of land. Anyone who has been in a flooded forest on a sunny day on a boat at this time will never forget the charms of nature, filled with birdsong, ducks quacking, frogs croaking, gulls screaming, black grouse cooing, and huge caviar pikes tossing and turning in water-filled bushes and deadwood. The forest is clean and transparent, there is no leaf yet. Only on willows and red tail appeared lambs" 401 .
The specificity of the Zaretsk region was reflected in the peculiarities of the planning of its villages and in the unique originality of local buildings. * .
Due to the fact that local villages were located on small hills, where houses were built close to each other due to crowding, household buildings, in particular baths, were placed on high piles on high piles flooded in spring. In the Zaretsk region there was and, it seems, the only wooden church on stilts in Russia - the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord in the village. Spas-Vezhi (Spas).
Regular floods fertilized the soil, and in the floodplain Zarechensk meadows, great amount fine hay ** .
The abundance of lakes, rivers and swamps facilitated hunting and fishing. Most of the hay, fish and game were sold by the locals to nearby Kostroma.
In the very center of the District there were three villages located close to each other - with. Spas (Spas-Vezhi), d. Vezhi and d. Vederki *** , which formed one church parish.
In the course of archaeological excavations that have been carried out since 1995 on a small island left from the village of Vezha on the Kostroma reservoir, it turned out that people lived on the site of Vezha already in the Neolithic era (5th millennium BC), and they constantly settled here from 12th century 406 About the origin of the name "Vezhi" there are various versions. Philologist S. Eremin in the 20s. century wrote: “The name of the village of Vezha people leads from a fishing hut (the population here is ancient fishermen), although there is another option - “about 800 years ago, he settled here in the vicinity of a fugitive and built himself a vezha for housing (different shards and bones are found in the vicinity) , then, when an alluvium formed, the building was moved to the current place of the village ”" 407 . In the language of our ancestors, the word "vezha" had a number of meanings: a light residential building, a fortress tower, an outbuilding, a fishing ground with buildings 408 . Considering that, up to the flooding of the village in the 50s. XX century, fishing was one of the main occupations of its inhabitants, most likely, the name of the village came from last value the term "vezha" is a fishing ground with buildings.
The village of Vezha stood on the left bank of the Iledomka river. * (a tributary of the river Sot). This river was small: it flowed from the Iledomsky (Idolomsky) lake and after four versts flowed into the Sot River. According to the memoirs of local old-timers, in narrow places the width of Iledomka was about 30 meters, in wide places - about 70. Iledomka connected all three villages standing close to each other: Vezha stood on its left bank, Vederki - on the right, Spas - on the left .
Like most villages in the Zaretsk Territory, the village of Vezha was a small hillock (or “mane”, as the local old-timers say) rising among the meadows, densely built up with residential buildings. In 1858, 56 families or 368 people lived in Vezhy 410 . In the center of the village stood a wooden chapel 411 . We have not been able to find documentary evidence of what saint or holiday it was dedicated to. However, given that the patronal feast of Vezha was Ilyin's Day (August 20, old style), when a torzhok was held in the village 412 , we can say with absolute certainty that the chapel in Vezhy was built and consecrated in the name of the holy prophet Elijah.
It is noteworthy that until the revolution, Vezhi was officially called not a village, but a churchyard. In the list of populated places, published in 1877, it appears: “Vezhi (Vezhi churchyard), village at the river. Ildomka" 413 - i.e. d. Vyozhy (Vyozhy churchyard). In a similar edition, published in 1907, it says: "Vezhi pog." 414 , i.e. the churchyard of Vezha. In the parish registers of the Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Spas (Spas-Vezhi), which have come down to us since 1879, Vezhi is never called a village, but always a churchyard. L.P. Piskunov testifies: “Our villages: Vezhi, Vederki and Spas were called Pogostye. They said: “We came from Pogostya”, or: “We went to visit Pogostya” ” 415 . The fact that the village of Vezhy until the beginning of the 20th century was officially listed as a graveyard, of course, is not accidental. In Vezhy, there has long been a legend that initially they wanted to build a church not in the Spas, but in Vezhy. L.P. Piskunov writes: “... there is a legend about the place of its construction. Initially, they wanted to arrange it in the village of Vezha; it was said that a forest of logs was brought to the construction site, and after a week or two this forest disappeared in one night. And there were no traces of his disappearance, they said: as if flying through the air. And he ended up in the Savior - on the spot where the church later stood; the forest was taken away again to Vezha. New ones were brought from the forest, and again after a week or two everything disappeared and again turned out to be in the place where the church was later built. It happened three times, and the vezhans backed down and said: “This is God’s command, so be it.” 416 . Such legends, of course, are not born from scratch. It is possible that initially in the old days the temple really stood in Vezha, and only then was transferred to Spas. Apparently, in the past, the center of the Vezha churchyard, the churchyard itself, was located in the future village of Vezha, and then, most likely, due to spring floods, the church was moved to the future village of Spas.
The village of Vezha was surrounded on all sides by rivers, lakes and swamps. In addition to Idolomka, the rivers Sot and Uzoksa flowed near the village. Sot flowed through the Lyubimsky and Danilovsky districts of the Yaroslavl and Kostroma districts of the Kostroma provinces, not far from Vezha, having taken in the Idolomka, it flowed into the Great Lake * .
The Uzoksa River flowed out of the Great Lake and flowed into the Kostroma River a little higher than its mouth. In summer, the inhabitants of Vezha usually got to the city of Kostroma by boat along the waterway: Idolomka, Sot, Great Lake, Uzoksa, r. Kostroma.
Within a radius of one to three versts around the village there were lakes: Vezhskoye (Vezhevskoye), Iledomskoye, Pershino, Semyonovskoye, and Velikoye, which lay on the border of the Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces. All these lakes were 1-2 versts long and 0.5 versts wide; the largest was the Great (more than two and a half miles in length, and more than a mile in width) 418 .
At the same distance, Vezha was surrounded by swamps: Vezhevskoye, Echeinskoye and Ostryakovo. At 6-7 versts - beyond Sotya, already on the territory of the Yaroslavl province, the huge Zasot swamp stretched.
A verst to the east of Vezha lay the village of Spas-Vezhi (Spas). In the documents of the XVI - XX centuries. it was called differently - Spas under Vezhy ** , Saved that in Vezha, Spas-Vezhi, Spas. TO late XIX century, the village had two names: the older one - Spas-Vezhi and the new one - Spas. By the beginning of the 70s. XIX century in the Savior there were 43 yards 420 . The village was the center of the local parish, here stood the wooden Transfiguration Church standing on stilts. When the first temple appeared here is unknown. For the first time, the churchyard of Vezha on the Iledomka River was mentioned in 1581. 421 when Tsar Ivan the Terrible, among other villages of the Zaretsk side, granted a graveyard to the Chudov Monastery * . It should be recalled that the word "graveyard" in the XVI-XVII centuries. still kept his ancient meaning- the center of the rural district (and at the same time - the name of this district). In the documents of the XVI-XVII centuries. Vezhinsky (Vezhsky) churchyard is often referred to as the name of a rural district 422 . The parish church on the churchyard of Vezha was first mentioned in the cadastral book of 1629-1630, when two wooden churches stood here - a tented one in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord (summer) and a Klet one "with a meal" in the name of the Monks Zosima and Savvaty of Solovetsky (winter). IN early XVIII century, the tented Transfiguration Church burned down. Soon, a new wooden Transfiguration Church was built “on the old burnt church site”, which was consecrated in the autumn of 1713 by the rector of the Ipatiev Monastery, Archimandrite Tikhon 423 . Like, most likely, its predecessor, the new Church of the Transfiguration stood on high oak piles (locally - "dead ends"). Apparently, the warm Zosima-Savatiev Church was not damaged by the fire and stood next to the Transfiguration Church until the second half of XVIII centuries, when it, apparently, burned down. They did not begin to restore it: it probably burned down after 1764, when all the estates were taken away from the Chudov Monastery, including the churchyard of Vezha, and the parishioners themselves, who had become state peasants from the monastery peasants, apparently had no strength to build a new winter church. was not enough. Apparently, at the same time, that is, in the second half of the century, near the Church of the Transfiguration, a high hipped bell tower was built separately standing on oak piles (apparently, earlier the bell tower was attached to the Zosima-Sabbatievskaya Church and burned down with it). “There are many traditions and legends about the construction of the church and its builders,” writes IV Makovetsky. In one legend about the construction of the church, the masters who built it, the Muliev brothers, two famous carpenters in the Volga region, originally from Yaroslavl, are mentioned. They themselves chose the forest, they themselves harvested it, and they cut the forest six kilometers away, up the Kostroma River. So far in this protected forest the road that goes from the village of Ovintsy to the river is called the “Muliyevs' path”. The brothers were large in stature and possessed extraordinary strength. The two of them lifted the log and rolled it onto the log cabin of the church. In memory of their work, they carved their names on the upper crown of the log house, under the very ridge of the church. This inscription was seen by the carpenter Vasily Andreevich Novozhilov from the village of Vederki, 95 years old, sheathing the church after a fire in 1876 (except for him, no one dared to climb to such a height) ” 424 .
The Church of the Transfiguration belonged to the so-called Klet churches (from the word "cage", that is, a frame). It consisted of a central quadrangle with a high gable roof, to which two more log cabins were nailed: a refectory (from the west) and a five-sided altar (from the east). The steep roof of the quadrangle was crowned with a dome upholstered with aspen plowshare on a small tetrahedral frame cut into the middle of the roof ridge. Hanging galleries surrounded the church on three sides. The temple stood on oak piles three meters high. Next to it was a stand-alone monumental hipped bell tower of the traditional “octagon on a quadrangle” type, crowned with a high octagonal tent. The bell tower, like the temple, was raised above the ground on eight oak ridges-dead ends. The church was surrounded by hillocks of the parish cemetery with wooden crosses.
The fact that the temple stood in the area flooded in the spring flood, gave worship in it a unique originality. As a rule, at the time of the spill, the Easter holiday fell. On Easter night, people came to the temple in boats. On the boats, to the sound of bells, with the singing of the festive troparion, with the glowing lights of candles in the hands of the pilgrims, the traditional procession around the church took place at midnight.
On boats in the spring, upon arrival, and religious processions. L.P. Piskunov writes: “At the end of the past, and even more early times(old people and parents told me) during large rises in water, when some houses began to flood, the priests organized a kind of religious procession - on big boats icons-gonfalons were installed, and holding icons in their hands, a whole flotilla of several boats traveled around the villages with a prayer service, asking for the mercy of God so that a fire, storm, pestilence would not happen. The priest stood in the boat and, swinging the censer, sang prayers, and the deacon, and the choristers, and all the parishioners sang along. So we went around in boats three times. Then they got out of the boats, went to the chapel, which stood in the middle of our village of Vezha, and there the prayer service continued. So it was in Vederki, Savior - there, too, there were chapels in the middle of the village. At this time, while the prayer service was going on, the psalmist rang the bell in the bell tower in the village of Spas. In calm weather, the ringing of the bell on the water could be heard for 10-12 kilometers. 425 .
There is no doubt that the whole life of grandfather Mazai was connected with the Transfiguration Church: he was baptized in it, he got married in it, his funeral took place here, and right there, in the cemetery near the walls of the temple, his earthly journey ended.
In 1855-1865. Priest Fr. Yevlampy Yunitskiy * , whom grandfather Mazai, of course, knew well.
One verst northeast of Vezha was the village of Vederki. In place of Vederok, people lived in ancient times. In 2000, as a result of an archaeological survey on the island that remained from the village, stone tools were found - arrowheads and darts, piercings, etc. 428 . Later, a village arose on a small hill, which was originally called "Vedernitsa" 429 . It is difficult to say why the village got its name. It is clear that its root is the word "bucket", perhaps the first settler had such a nickname. For the first time the village of Vedernitsa was mentioned in 1581, in the charter of Ivan the Terrible. In the early 70s. XIX century in Vederki there were 47 yards 430 .
As you know, Nekrasov writes about the village of Mazaya:
The houses in it are on high pillars (II, 321).
Based on these words, in the illustrations to the poem, artists often draw houses in the village of Mazaya on poles. However, this is not entirely true. Most of the residential buildings in Vezhy, as elsewhere, stood firmly on the ground. True, as L.P. Piskunov writes, by the 30s of the 20th century in Spas, Vezha and Vederki there were several residential and public buildings located on the edge of the villages, which stood on pillars 431 . It is quite possible that there were such houses in Vezhy in Nekrasov times. But most of all, the Vezhevsk "village" is known for its baths on stilts, which, of course, in the first place, Nekrasov had in mind.
Baths on stilts surrounded Spas, Vezhi, Vederki and a number of other villages in the Zarechye. V. I. Smirnov, who worked in these places in 1926, wrote: “Near the villages (200-250 meters), pile baths were scattered in the meadow, where it was drier, in piles. From a distance, such a group of baths, scattered without any order and plan, on crooked, spaced, as if on walking legs, piles, presents a strange picture of huts on chicken legs. 432 . Architect I. V. Makovetsky, who visited here in 1949, left vivid description baths at the Savior. “The picture that opened before our eyes,” he wrote, “when we drove up to vil. Saved * , was really extraordinary and made a strong impression on a person who first came to this area. Among weeping willows of bizarre shape and unusual size, at the level of bird nests, on high four-meter pillars, resembling rather dry tree trunks, chopped huts hung in the air with small portage windows, with narrow and long stairs descending to the ground, along which residents quickly climbed with buckets of water, bundles of brushwood, and above, on the platform, children sat dangling their legs and tried to get a noisy herd passing under them with a long branch. These were baths, picturesquely spread out large groups around the village and came to life every Saturday evening when they began to drown" 433 . In 1926 there were 30 pile baths in Vezhy 434 .
A feature of the Kostroma District was that enterprising local peasants were engaged in the cultivation of hops, which brought them a considerable income. Nekrasov writes about the village of Mazaya:
In the summer, cleaning it beautifully,
From time immemorial, hops will be born in it miraculously ... (II, 321).
Due to spring floods, the inhabitants of the Zarechye could not engage in arable farming and therefore were forced to look for other means of subsistence. “Conditions of the soil,” wrote Fr. Jacob Nifontov, - first of all, they were forced to turn to hop growing, which, being developed here to a significant extent, serves not only as a means of subsistence, but also constitutes a source of wealth for local peasants, so that those villages where hop growing is developed are distinguished by a special prosperity, which is not it is difficult to notice from their external environment. The houses in these villages are large, spacious, not without a pretense of panache; the clothes of the inhabitants are not only neat, but partly rich and luxurious” 435 . It is not known when the local peasants began to grow hops. It is believed that hop-growing appeared here “since the foundation of the villages. The data for this conjecture are the hops themselves. To protect them from storms, there are still huge old oaks, elms, birches and aspens, located in rows along the outskirts of the hop-growers. In this order, they could not grow on their own, and were obviously planted; because now, when breeding new hop plants, they are always lined with trees” 436 . Speaking about the spread of hops in the District, Fr. Jacob Nifontov wrote in 1875: “Currently, hop growing is widespread only in one Miskovskaya volost, in the villages of Miskov, Zharki, Kunikov, Spas-Vezhi and in the villages of Vezha, Vederki and Ovintsy; but in the latter hop-growing is not as significant as in the former" 437 . In the second half of the 19th century, hops from the District were sent in “large quantities” to fairs in Rybinsk, Rostov the Great, Bezhetsk, Vesyegonsk, Vologda, Gryazovets, etc. 438
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