Without going into the course of the development of labor activity itself, we note only a few more essential points in addition to what has already been said about the tool activity of monkeys.

First of all, it is important to emphasize that, as we have seen, any object used by an animal to solve a specific problem in a specific situation can be a tool. The tool of labor, on the other hand, must certainly be specially made for certain labor operations and implies knowledge of its future use. They are made for the future even before the possibility or need for their use arises. In itself, such activity is biologically meaningless and even harmful (a waste of time and energy “for nothing”) and can only be justified by foreseeing the emergence of such situations in which one cannot do without tools.

This means that the manufacture of labor tools presupposes the foreseeing of possible causal relationships in the future, and at the same time, as Ladygina-Kots showed, the chimpanzee is unable to comprehend such relationships even when preparing a tool for its direct use in the course of solving a problem.

Connected with this is the important circumstance that, during the use of tools by the monkeys, the tool does not at all retain its "working" meaning. Outside the specific situation of solving the problem, for example, before and after the experiment, the object that served as a tool loses all functional significance for the monkey, and it treats it in exactly the same way as any other “useless” object. The operation performed by the monkey with the help of the tool is not fixed on it, and outside of its direct use the monkey treats it indifferently, and therefore does not keep it permanently as a tool. In contrast to this, not only does man store the tools he has made, but the tools themselves store the methods of influence carried out by man on natural objects.

Moreover, even with the individual manufacture of a tool, there is a production of a social object, because this object has a special way of using it, which is socially developed in the process of collective labor and which is assigned to it. Each tool of a person is the material embodiment of a certain socially developed labor operation.

Thus, a fundamental change in all behavior is associated with the emergence of labor: from the general activity aimed at the immediate satisfaction of a need, a special action is singled out, not directed by a direct biological motive and gaining its meaning only with the further use of its results. This is one of the most important changes in the general structure of behavior, marking the transition from the natural history of the animal world to the social history of mankind. With the further development of social relations and forms of production, such actions, not directly directed by biological motives, occupy an ever greater place in human activity and finally acquire decisive importance for all his behavior.

Genuine tool making presupposes the impact on the object not directly by effector organs (teeth, hands), but by another object, i.e. the processing of the manufactured tool of labor must be carried out with another tool (for example, a stone). Findings of just such products of activity (flakes, chisels) serve for anthropologists as true evidence of the presence of labor activity in our ancestors.

At the same time, according to Fabry, when manipulating biologically "neutral" objects (and only such could become tools), although monkeys sometimes act on one object on another (Fig. 24), they pay attention to the changes that occur with the object. direct impact, i.e. with the “tool”, but not to the changes that occur with the “processed” (“second”) object, which serves no more than a substratum, a “background”. In this respect, monkeys are no different from other animals. The conclusion suggests itself that these objective actions of monkeys are in their essence directly opposite to the instrumental labor activity of a person, in which, of course, it is not so much the changes in the instrument of labor that accompany it that are important, but the changes in the object of labor (the homologue of the “second object”). Obviously, only under certain experimental conditions is it possible to switch the attention of monkeys to the “second object”.

However, the manufacture of a tool (for example, hewing one stone with the help of another) requires the formation of such specific methods of influencing the “second object”, such operations that would lead to very special changes in this object, thanks to which only it will turn into a tool of labor. A clear example of this is the manufacture of the most ancient tool of labor of primitive man (a stone hand ax, Fig. 50), where efforts should have been directed to creating a pointed end, i.e. the actual working part of the tool, and a wide, rounded top (nucleus, core), adapted to firmly hold the tool in the hand. It was on such operations that human consciousness grew.

It is quite natural that from the creation of the first tools of labor such as the hand ax of the Shellic era, and even more so the primitive tool (flakes) of the Sinanthropus from the pre-Chelchian era, there was still a long way to the manufacture of various perfect tools of labor of a person of the modern type (neoanthrope) (Fig. 51). Even at the initial stage of the development of the material culture of a neoanthrope, for example, Cro-Magnon man, there is a huge variety of types of tools, including for the first time composite tools appear: dart tips, flint inserts, as well as needles, spear throwers, etc. Particularly noteworthy is the abundance of tools for dressing guns. Later, such stone tools as an ax or a hoe appear.

Rice. 50. Flint hand ax of the Shellic era

Rice. 51. Late Paleolithic tools

The use of tools in one's life was considered a privilege of a person. It turned out that this was not the case. Animals can also use all sorts of ready-made items environment and can make tools themselves.

Woodpecker finch, having reached the course of the insect, flies in search of a cactus thorn. Armed, he takes a thorn at one end and puts it into the hole, trying to drive the insect out of the shelter. If it is "stubborn" and does not want to get out, the reel pierces it on the edge of the thorn and then pulls out its delicacy.

There are times when birds of prey, in order to cope with the victim, are not enough of their powerful tools - beak and claws. And then improvised means come to the rescue. Vultures only with the help of stones manage to break strong ostrich eggs. The bird takes a stone in its beak and very accurately throws it at the egg. This can be repeated several times, until the egg cracks and abundant nutritional contents flow from it.

sea ​​otter or sea otter - in order to overcome the shells of a mollusk or the spines of a hedgehog, he uses a stone. He dives and pulls out a fist-sized flat rock from the bottom. Then he turns on his back, puts a stone on his chest and, holding the shell tightly in his paws, beats it hard on an impromptu anvil. The stone he likes is carried with him under his arm.

The chimpanzee, using a strong stick, makes a hole in the termite mound, tears off a thin stalk of grass, moistens it with saliva and sticks it into the hole. Termites rush to seal the hole, which the chimpanzee carefully takes out with the help of a blade of grass and forwards to the mouth, stick to the wet blade of grass.

If the fishing gear for some reason does not fit, the chimpanzee corrects it. So, if there are side shoots on the branch, the monkey removes them. If it is a stalk of grass and it is bent, then she gnaws off the tip with her teeth. To enhance some of their actions, chimpanzees use stones.

Dolphins tore their lips and wrapped their noses in pieces, apparently in order to avoid scratches while hunting for seabed

Ants and wasps cut leaves and use them as containers to transport food and water. And single wasps break up clods of earth with small pebbles.

guns
guns
animals
animals
Made by Titova Alina,
3rd grade student MBOU
Secondary School No. 2, Rudny
Smolensk region
Head Rogova N.N.,
teacher primary school

It is generally accepted that
the use of tools distinguishes man from
animals. Throughout the history of mankind
it is a story of development and improvement
guns. However, our ancestors were not
the first inhabitants of this planet,
who have learned to expand their
opportunities with the help of non-living
items.

Find out how to use
animal tools for expansion
their capabilities through
Target:
inanimate objects.

What are animals for?
tools are used:
getting food,
providing a comfortable living environment,
communications,
aggression


Gun actions are observed in:
few types of insects
in birds,
in mammals (slightly more common in anthropoid
monkeys) in the areas of behavior:
 food (breaking a food object with a stone),
 comfortable (scratching with a foreign object),
 communication (contact through
subject),
 defensive (throwing an object at an enemy)
Sometimes an object is pre-adapted to

use as a tool.

1515 representatives
representatives
animal kingdom,
animal kingdom,
using tools
using tools
work in everyday
work in everyday
life
life

crows
crows
sticks and
use sticks and
use
branches to
get
to get
branches
log insects,
from logs
insects
dumped walnuts
dumping walnuts
in front of moving
in front of moving
machines to
to
machines
crack open the shell, and
, and
crack the shell
even use
even use
waste paper in
waste paper in
as a rake or
as a rake or
sponges..
sponges

elephants
scratch their backs with sticks,
scratch their backs with sticks,
fanned by leaves,
fanned by leaves,
thus driving away the flies,
thus driving away the flies,
chew the bark to make it
to make her
chew the bark
porous enough for
porous enough for
absorption drinking water.
absorption of drinking water.
But perhaps the most
But perhaps the most
amazing property elephants
artistic
are their artistic
are their
capabilities. Rangers
Rangers
capabilities.
zoos give brushes to elephants, and
these sensual creatures
these sensual creatures
demonstrate extraordinary
demonstrate extraordinary
talent!
talent!

hutches
used in nest building
tools:
Bowlers of Australia and New Guinea,
to attract a partner, males
barbequers build a complex dwelling -
carefully constructed "hut", in
the creation of which are often used
various items like lids from
bottles, beads, glass fragments and
in general, everything that can be found and that
attracts attention.


stones and wooden tools
cracking nuts,
cracking nuts,
for picking fruit
knocking fruit from trees
from the trees
sticks
sticks for
fighting off enemies, hunting.
fighting off enemies, hunting.
sharp spears from sticks for hunting.
Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee
PP
pp
ai
mm
aa
tt
yy
use
use
termite sticks,
termite sticks,
twigs and straws
twigs and straws - to
fish out
- to extract
insects, especially aggressive
especially aggressive
insects,
tuned or poisonous termites
previously
(straws they are preliminarily
(they are straws
slobber to make them
drooling
to make them sticky
sticky).

Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee
stuffed into hollows
stuffed into hollows
grass to collect
to collect
water flowing in and
water flowing in
squeeze it out
then squeeze it out
then
into your own mouth.
into your own mouth.

Gorillas
Gorillas
measure depth
measure depth
pond with the help
pond with the help
staff.
staff.

Orangutans
Orangutans
open the lock
may
can open the lock
using paper clips.
using paper clips.

capuchins
capuchins
stone
make stone
make
knives hitting pieces
knives hitting pieces
flint on the floor until
until
flint on the floor
get sharp edges.
get sharp edges.

Dolphins
Dolphins
tore lips and and
tore lips
wrapped in pieces
wrapped in pieces
noses, obviously
noses, obviously
to avoid
in order to avoid
in order to
scratches during
scratches during
seabed hunting
seabed hunting
Dolphins surround
Dolphins surround
fish flock "bag"
fish flock "bag"
from air bubbles
from air bubbles
confusing fish and not
confusing fish and not
giving them
giving them
spread out.
spread out.

Ordinary
Ordinary
vultures
vultures
manipulate the stones
at
manipulate stones
help of the beak and beat them to
help of the beak and beat them to
ostrich egg
as long as the ostrich egg
until
break them down and get the bone
brain. And some predatory
brain. And some predatory
birds kill turtles.
birds kill turtles.
won't crack..
will not crack
So are the eagles
So are the eagles
throw the dice to
throw the dice to

Eagles
Eagles
lambs
lambs
throw the dice to
, to
throw the dice
break them down and get them
break them down and get them
Bone marrow.
Bone marrow.
And some predator birds
And some birds of prey
smash turtles.
smash turtles.

Octopuses
Octopuses
This guy in the photo
This guy in the photo
carries two
carries two
shells and in and in
shell halves
halves
danger
case of danger
case
closes them and
closes them and
is hiding.
way, hiding.
the way
And another kind of octopus
And another kind of octopus
rips off tentacles
rips off tentacles
jellyfish and and waving
jellyfish
waving them
them
time
as a weapon during
as a weapon in
attacks.
attacks.

reel
reel
pricks a worm
impales
worm thorn
sharp fish
sharp fish
prickly like a fisherman
like a fisherman

Ants,
Ants,
creating a developed
creating a developed
agricultural
agricultural
system, cut the leaves and
system, cut the leaves and
use them as
use them as
containers for
containers for
transportation of food and water.
transportation of food and water.

tropical
tropical
ants
ants
tailors
tailors
as tools
as tools
own
use... their own
use...
larvae: while only members
while some members
larvae:
families hold the edge
families hold the edge
leaves joined together
leaves joined together
others take in the jaw
others take in the jaw
larvae and drive them from
larvae and drive them from
one sheet to another
one sheet to another
many allocated
many allocated
cobweb larvae
cobweb larvae
fasten sheets.
fasten sheets.

WaspsWasps
breaking up clods of earth
breaking up clods of earth
help of small stones.
help of small stones.

Greens
Greens
night heron
night heron
use
use
fishing lures,
fishing lures
to force the fish
to force the fish
get close to
get close to
impact distance.
impact distance.
seen how some
seen how some
scatter
heron scatter
night heron
food such as
I'm going to the water
such as
on the water
bread crumbs to
bread crumbs to
attract fish.
attract fish.

Maritime
Maritime
otter
otter
picks up at the bottom along with prey
stone, and one is flat.
two two stones
, and one is flat.
Then, lying belly up on
Then, lying belly up on
surface of the water (this is their favorite
pose), the sea otter puts on his chest
shell or
flat stone, on it a shell or
flat stone, on it
sea ​​urchin, and hits them from above
, and hits them from above
sea ​​urchin
second stone
second stone

spatter fish
spatter fish
uses as
uses as
a trickle of water. .
trickle of water guns
guns
Shooting it from under
Shooting it from under
surfaces, sprinkler
surfaces, sprinkler
knocks down those sitting above
in the water sitting above
knocks down
insects.
her insects.

Crabs
dress in marine
dress in marine
anemones by pulling them
pulling them
anemones,
on your back. Usually they
on your back. Usually they
do it for the purpose
do it for the purpose
Beautiful.
Beautiful.
disguise, although in others
although in others
disguise,
cases, probably just
cases, probably just
to look like
to look
to many owners of these birds
learn about this skill when
learn about this skill when
a piece
pet using a piece
pet using
metal or plastic
metal or plastic
lifts the cage lock. .
raises the cage lock
It is known that palm
It is known that palm
cockatoo (shown in the photo)
cockatoo (shown in the photo)
covers the beak
covers the beak
leaves to twist
to twisting
leaves
open the nuts with a movement
open the nuts with a movement
just like a man
just like a man
I would take a towel
I would take a towel
increase friction for
increase friction for
bottle opening.
bottle opening.

bird
bird
tailor
tailor
vegetable
spinning from vegetable
spinning from
fibers real thread and
real threads and
fibers
stitching the leaves
sews leaves together
them
building his own nest.
building his own nest.

More such animals
More such animals
who use tools
who use tools
case by case (the
constantly, but occasionally
(those
constantly, and
moreover, that the concept of "tool" has no
any defined boundaries.
a pole against which a horse itches,
can also be considered a tool).
can also be considered a tool).

Famous
Famous
Inherit or
Inherit or
study?
Deutsch
scientist I.Able
scientist I.Able
Deutsch
study?
Eibesfeldt raised a finch chick to a full
isolation from other birds, and when the pupil
grew up
cage
grew up
cage
a few sticks.
a few sticks.
researcher
researcher
planted
planted
v
v
And then it turned out that the bird from birth
“knows” that food can be reached with a chopstick, but
don't understand how to do it at all
experimental bird clumsily and haphazardly
stuck a wand into the crack in the cage.
Only one conclusion could be drawn:
only one could be done:
Conclusion
extract
help
skill
help
extract
skill
"tool" the young finch learns from his
relatives.
relatives.
prey
prey
With
With

Figaro is a bird of the Goffina cockatoo family. He lives in a zoo located in Austria near Vienna. Recently, the parrot has shown the ability to make simple tools, although no one has taught him how to do it.

For a long time it was believed that the Goffin cockatoo did not know how to use tools at all. To the surprise of researchers, Figaro elegantly demonstrated not only his ability to use, but also to make such tools.

Researchers from Oxford and Vienna photographed Figaro as he used his strong beak to cut off long tree branches that had penetrated his cage in order to rake in objects beyond the reach of his beak with their help. How did he even learn this?

“Figaro managed to get to the nuts every time we put them in there, and every time he made new tools for this,” Alice Auersperg, lead researcher at the University of Vienna, told the press. - This shows that this species cockatoo, although not accustomed to using tools, is characterized by curiosity, has a relatively big brain and the ability to create tools.

Birds use bread bait to catch fish s

As it turned out, in the bird kingdom and throughout the animal world, Figaro is not so unique in his ability to use “tools”.

Other types of birds have also mastered the use of sticks and stones for their needs, and some of them even managed to create their own "tools". Among the feathered crows are known for their skills in the use of tools. Those that live in urban environments have demonstrated their ability to use them when needed. For example, why not use a passing car to crack a very hard nut? Crows in Japan have been seen laying hard nuts at crosswalks, waiting for a passing car to do the back-breaking work for them. And when the cars left, the crows went to the nuts crushed on the road and feasted on their contents.

Seagulls also showed their ability to use tools. In order to crack open the shells of the mollusks they intended to eat, they simply flew them high into the sky and threw them onto the rock ledges. There were also cases of them using pieces of bread as bait for fish that they wanted to eat. There are herons that use popcorn as bait to catch fish.

Making a cork for a well with water

When dolphins search for food at the bottom of the sea, they dig the seabed with their nose, as if scanning it. But this is not very convenient for them. In 2005, researchers from Australia and the US reported on a group of dolphins that wrapped their noses in a material that protected them but did not prevent them from finding food in the seabed.

Dolphins are known for their love of play. There is evidence that they invented such a game for themselves - the manipulation of air bubbles with the help of the nose.

Let's not forget the monkeys, demonstrating a variety of techniques for using tools. Dr. Thomas Brown of the Max Planck Institute in Germany described in his study a gorilla using a long cane to determine the depth of the water in a pool it was crossing. The same scientist observed another gorilla using a plank as a bridge while crossing a deep body of water.

In 2007, African chimpanzees demonstrated to researchers from American University Iowa is the process of making simple spears from wooden sticks by sharpening them with teeth.

And elephants also demonstrate their abilities. When they meet a fence on their way, which is under electric voltage, they use long boards or large stones thrown at the side of the fence to break it or sever electrical wiring.

In southern Africa, an elephant was observed that protected a well of water from "other people's eyes" in order to use it if necessary. He plucked the bark from the nearest tree, chewed it until a large ball was obtained, with which he then closed the well with water like a cork, and sprinkled sand on top. When he was thirsty, he returned to the well, removed the layer of sand, opened the cork and drank the water.