Primorsky Krai is one of the unique objects of the territory of the Far East with a variety of medicinally valuable types of mineral waters. However, the degree of exploration of the predicted mineral water resources does not exceed 2%. Depletion of mineral water reserves is not observed, due to the fact that the withdrawal does not exceed their resources. Mineral water in the Primorsky Territory they are used for spa treatment, bottled as medicinal and medicinal-table drinking.

In our region there are resorts for treatment and recreation of the population, which use mineral springs. At present, four large sanatoriums operate on the basis of the Shmakovskoye carbonic water deposit. The Shmakovskoye field is located in the Kirovsky region.

The ecology of the latter was touched upon by the Department of Biology of the Vladivostok State Medical University at a conference that took place in 2000. The last conference, which took place at the department, as well as touching upon the topic of the ecology of ground and surface waters, took place only seven years later, in the spring of this year.

Kirovsky district is an agricultural area. The main reservoirs are the Ussuri, Belaya, Khvishchanka rivers. The main source of pollution of the Ussuri River in the village of Kirovsky is the community sewerage system of the village, wastewater flows into the river without preliminary treatment. The Belaya and Khvishchanka rivers do not suffer from anthropogenic influence, as they flow mainly bypassing settlements.

In the region there are about 90 artesian wells of fresh water and about 10 wells of mineral waters such as "Shmakovskaya", "Lastochka", which have medicinal properties. The main remedies of the resort are carbon dioxide mineral springs, the beautiful nature of the central part of Primorye, the amazing flora of the Ussuri taiga, dietary food from organic products.

On July 23, 2002, an exhibition-tasting "Inspection of the quality of drinking and mineral waters of the Primorsky Territory" took place in the regional center. Within the framework of the exhibition, a tasting of the mineral and drinking water... Based on its results, the best producers of mineral and drinking water in the region were named, which were marked with appropriate diplomas. In the nomination "For High Water Quality", LLC "Plant Lastochka" was awarded a 1st degree diploma.

According to the report for 2000, the Kirovsky district was the cleanest of all the districts of the Primorsky Territory from an environmental point of view. However, anthropogenic influence on surface and ground waters has always taken place in our region. Discharge of household waste, runoff of untreated water through sewers, man-made accidents - this is far from the limit of the negative human impact on water. This is confirmed by the incident that took place in July 2003 exactly one year after the "Swallow" triumph. Waste oil and carbide were pumped into a well located near the Medvezhya hill, next to the Shmakovka resort, with the help of special equipment, in the Kirovsky region of the region. The source belonged to the company "SLAVDA", which is engaged in bottling drinking fresh water. According to experts, this poisoning of just one well could lead to the death of other sources of mineral water in the vicinity. Fortunately, the pollution has been eliminated. This was the second attempt by the attackers to prevent the start of industrial development of the source, the first time it was not possible to identify the culprits, as well as the second.

According to the 2006 report, the inspectors of the Rosprirodnadzor Department did not establish any cases of pollution of groundwater, as well as mineral springs by enterprises of the Primorsky Territory. But it must be remembered that there is a connection between surface and groundwater, these are common sources of nutrition, replenishment of reserves. Therefore, by polluting the former, we, one way or another, negatively affect groundwater.

The well-being of the Russian Federation primarily depends on the health of citizens, which in turn depends on the environment.

Bibliographic reference

Bogdan V.N., Verevkina L.V. MINERAL WATERS OF THE PRIMORSKY KRAI // Fundamental research. - 2007. - No. 12-2. - S. 259-260;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=4138 (date of access: 03.06.2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"

1.2 Water resources (surface, ground and sea waters)

Surface land waters

In 2009, 400.66 million m3 of wastewater was discharged into surface water bodies in the Primorsky Territory, of which 286.09 million m3 without treatment, 53.57 million m3 insufficiently treated.

Water discharge into water bodies in comparison with 2008 increased by 22.06 million m3 / year, at the same time there was a decrease in the amount discharged into water bodies without wastewater treatment by 0.69 million cubic meters.

The main sources of pollution were wastewater from utilities, the coal industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, transport, as well as surface runoff from the polluted catchment area. The quality of surface waters was assessed using complex indices and indicators: MPC (maximum permissible concentration), UKIZV (specific combinatorial index of water pollution), etc.

In 2009, the water quality of no water body corresponded to the class of “clean” or “slightly polluted” waters. Analysis of the hydrochemical state of the surface waters of the Primorsky Territory, taking into account a comprehensive assessment and according to individual hydrochemical indicators, made it possible to determine a priority list of water bodies requiring priority implementation of water protection measures. The priority list includes the rivers Dachnaya, Spasovka (1 km below Spassk-Dalny), Kuleshovka, Knevichanka, Komarovka, Rakovka, Razdolnaya, Rudnaya (table 1.2.1.)

Table 1.2.1.

Priority list of water bodies requiring priority implementation of water protection measures

Water body, point, target	The value of the UKIZV 2007	The value of the UKIZV 2008	The value of the UKIZV 2009	Water quality class in 2009	Water quality trend
R. Rudnaya, r. settlement Krasnorechensky, "1 km below the village"					deterioration
R. Rudnaya, Dalnegorsk, "1 km above the village of Goreloe";					deterioration
R. Rudnaya, Dalnegorsk, "9 km below the waste water discharge of JSC" Bor "					improvement
R. Dachnaya, Arsenyev, "within the city, 0.05 km above the mouth"					stabilization
R. Razdolnaya, Ussuriysk, "500 m below the waste water discharge of the GOS"					deterioration
R. Razdolnaya, Ussuriysk, “within the boundaries of the village. Terekhovka "					deterioration
R. Spasovka, Spassk-Dalny, "1 km below the city"					improvement
R. Kuleshovka, Spassk-Dalny, "0.05 km above the mouth"					stabilization
R. Knevichanka, Artem, "1 km below the village of Artemovskiy"					stabilization
R. Komarovka, Ussuriysk, "0.5 km above the mouth"					deterioration
R. Rakovka, Ussuriysk, "0.05 km above the mouth"					deterioration

The groundwater

The total amount of resources and groundwater reserves of the Primorsky Territory as of January 1, 2010 amounted to 6.067 million m3 / day, which is less than 1% of the resource potential of Russia. Most of them are concentrated in the central (1.645 million m3 / day) and northern (3.982 million m3 / day) parts of the region, while the groundwater reserves in the south of Primorye, where the bulk of the population of the region live, is only 0.44 million m3. / day

The operational reserves of drinking groundwater as of January 1, 2009 amounted to 1.443 million m3 / day, including 1.295 million m3 / day prepared for industrial development.

Currently, there are 68 deposits and 5 areas of fresh groundwater (with operational reserves that have passed the state examination) in the region, of which 63 deposits and 7 autonomous areas are intended for domestic and drinking water supply, 3 deposits are for industrial bottling, 62 deposits are prepared for industrial development.

Of these, 27 deposits and plots are in the distributed fund (exploited, licenses for the right to use subsoil have been issued), 46 are in the unallocated fund (not exploited, there are no water intake facilities). The state of the reserves of the latter is subject to reassessment due to the expiration of the estimated period for calculating the reserves (25 years), changes in the water management and environmental situation (development).

There are 10 mineral water deposits on state records in the Primorsky Territory with a total reserves of 3.508 thousand m3 / day, of which 2.676 m3 / day are prepared for industrial development.

There are also known about 80 occurrences of undeveloped mineral waters that are not registered with the state.

The provision of explored operational reserves of groundwater per person in the Primorsky Territory is 0.74 m3 / day.

In 2009-2010, the share of groundwater use in the total balance of household and drinking water supply in the whole region was 27%. The priority use of underground sources for domestic drinking water supply (from 61 to 100%) is still typical for the northern and central regions of the region. In the south of Primorye, the surface water of reservoirs remains the main source of water supply for the population. The percentage of groundwater use for domestic drinking water supply in the southern regions ranges from 2 to 42%.

The volume of fresh groundwater production in 2009 and 2010 remained at the level of 2008 - about 150 thousand m3 / day.

The volume of production for mineral waters in 2010 decreased and amounted to 259.5 m3 / day against 2009 - 332.2 m3 / day.

One of important aspects control over the use of subsoil in the issue of groundwater extraction is licensing. In 2010, there were 588 licenses for the right to extract underground waters in the region, of which 21 were licenses for mineral waters. Compared to 2009, the number of licenses issued in 2010 increased slightly - 54 licenses were issued against 39 in 2009.

In 2009-2010 state monitoring of the state of subsoil in the territory of the region included monitoring of groundwater and monitoring of exogenous geological processes at the federal and facility (local) levels. Territorial and municipal levels of monitoring of the state of subsoil in the territory of the region are still absent.

The qualitative composition of groundwater in the region as a whole remains stable. The hydrochemical composition of groundwater is mainly due to natural factors. Groundwater is substandard in terms of the content of iron, manganese, silicon, lithium, aluminum and barium. Technogenic impact on groundwater is expressed mainly in the deterioration of microbiological indicators.

Groundwater pollution is local and mostly temporary. The maximum pollution is found on the territory of large settlements. The most susceptible to pollution is the aquifer of alluvial Quaternary sediments, hydraulically connected with the waters of surface streams and waters of pre-Cenozoic formations, characterized by the greatest fracturing (carbonate, intrusive complexes) and unprotected from the surface from the penetration of polluted runoff - washout.

The highest concentration of pollutants is observed during spring floods (March-April), or during the passage of summer typhoons (August). Deterioration of microbiological properties, manifests itself mainly in the spring-summer period and is associated with the infiltration of pollution along with precipitation and flood waters. The centers of pollution are, as a rule, of a temporary nature and are recorded at those water intakes, within the sanitary protection zones of the II belt, in which the residential units are located.

The ecological state of the deposits of mineral waters currently remains satisfactory.

On the territory of the region, the main types of technogenic load on groundwater include:

Exploitation of underground waters at water intake areas for domestic and drinking water supply; extraction of mineral waters;

Extraction of groundwater and mine water in the development of solid minerals;

Backwater of groundwater in the zones of influence of reservoirs;

Influence of urban and industrial agglomerations;

Changes in the quality of groundwater under the influence of agricultural facilities.

The degree of study of the impact of the listed types of technogenic load on groundwater is not equivalent.

Extraction of groundwater. In 2010, water withdrawal for group water intakes amounted to 174.77 thousand m3 / day, for single water withdrawals - 19.51 thousand m3 / day. Depletion of groundwater reserves during the operation of water intakes does not occur. All water intakes operate in a stable mode. The operational reserves of the MPPV approved by the results of exploration work are fully confirmed during the operation of water intakes (with the exception of the Glukhovsky MPV).

Depletion of groundwater resources occurs in areas where solid minerals are mined (drainage, mine, mine drainage) and at industrial sites located within flooded areas (water drainage). In the reporting year, on the territory of the region, 11 mining enterprises carried out centralized drainage of groundwater from 4 quarries, 5 coal pits, 3 mines and one mine. The volume of drainage by water reduction systems in 2009 amounted to 69.78 thousand m3 / day. (1.1% of the value of groundwater resources in the territory of the region).

In general, in the region, the influence of mining enterprises on the hydrodynamic regime of groundwater levels is not significant.

Backwater of groundwater in the zones of influence of reservoirs. About 120 reservoirs have been built in the region, including 24 reservoirs with a volume of more than 1 million m3. For water supply of large cities and industrial settlements of the region, 15 reservoirs are used. Special observations over the study of the groundwater regime were carried out only in the zone of influence of the Artyomovsk reservoir - the main source of water supply for the cities of Vladivostok and Artem. The storage capacity of the reservoir is 118.2 million m3 with a standard head of 72.5 m, water withdrawal - up to 400 thousand m3 / day.

Influence of urban and industrial agglomerations. The greatest technogenic load falls on the territories occupied by urban and industrial agglomerations. Technogenic impact on groundwater in urban and industrial agglomerations is mainly in the change in the qualitative composition of groundwater. The main sources of groundwater pollution are landfills for household and industrial waste, waste water storage facilities, treatment facilities, oil depots, fuel and lubricants storage facilities.

It should be noted that in last years in the region, programs have been developed and are being implemented aimed at reducing the technogenic load on the environment, including on surface and underground waters.

Impact of waste water. On the territory of the region, 230 water users have 400 organized wastewater discharges into surface water bodies or to the relief. The total wastewater disposal is 535 million m3 per year, including 510 million m3 to surface water bodies. The main volume of wastewater (460 million m3) is discharged into surface watercourses or onto the relief without treatment or insufficiently treated - 460 million m3. The volume of storm sewage is about 15 million m3 / year. Groundwater pollution occurs both through surface watercourses, with which they have a close hydraulic connection, and through the aeration zone with atmospheric precipitation on the territory of settlements. The main polluting ingredients: nitrogen compounds, phenols, synthetic surfactants, organic substances, oil products. Contamination of groundwater (including microbial) is constantly observed at borehole and gallery water intakes in Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Dalnerechensk, Dalnegorsk.

Impact of agricultural facilities. Agricultural objects (livestock farms, poultry farms) are a source of concentrated supply to the surface of organic substances, nitrogen, chlorine, potassium compounds, phenols, phosphates and trace elements of feed additives. Sources of pollution in the aeration zone are classified as hazard classes 3 and 4 and are potential sources of groundwater pollution.

The influence of agricultural facilities, as well as the use of fertilizers in agricultural fields, on the quality of groundwater in the region has not been practically studied.

At present, of the identified types of technogenic load on groundwater, only the exploitation of groundwater has been sufficiently studied.

In spite of high degree the provision of the territory of Primorye with predicted resources and explored reserves of groundwater, there is a constant shortage of drinking water in the region. Over the years, it has remained practically at the same level; in general, along the edge it is about 50% of the current demand. In large settlements (cities, urban-type settlements), it is largely due to the low degree of development of explored groundwater reserves and can be eliminated or significantly reduced with the commissioning of explored deposits. The main reason for the non-development of explored groundwater deposits is the lack of financial resources.

Recently, the number of ownerless wells has sharply increased on the territory of the region, especially in rural areas. According to the results of a survey of water intake facilities by the Primorsky monitoring department, carried out in 8 administrative districts of the region, the number of abandoned wells is from 20 to 50% of the total number of active and suspended wells.

Sea waters

Compared to 2008, the water quality class of the Zolotoy Rog Bay changed from class VI “very dirty” to class V “dirty”, Diomed bays - from class V “dirty” to IV class “polluted”, the Vostochny Bosphorus Strait - from class V “ dirty "to IV class" polluted ". The water quality class of the Ussuriysky Bay (IV class “polluted”) and the Nakhodka Bay (III class “moderately polluted”) has not changed.

The water quality class of the Amur Bay, calculated for two autumn months (in 2008 - for 5 months), changed from class V “dirty” to III class “moderately polluted”.

A decrease in the water quality class of the Amur Bay does not mean an improvement in its ecological state. According to long-term data, the greatest pollution in the bay occurs in the spring-summer period, and in 2009 observations during these periods were not carried out due to the lack of watercraft for sampling.

Compared to 2008, the level of pollution with oil products in the Zolotoy Rog Bay decreased 2.5 times, b. Diomede - 3.7 times, the Eastern Bosphorus - 1.8 times, in the Amur Bay - 2.9. In the Ussuriisk Bay, there is an increase in oil pollution; in 2009 the average annual concentration was 1.2 times higher than the average annual indicator of 2008. In the Nakhodka Bay, the average annual concentration of oil products remained practically unchanged. In the Amur Bay, the average annual concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in 2009 decreased by 2.9 times.

Along with a slight decrease in the pollution of the waters of the Golden Horn and Diomede Bays and the Vostochny Bosphorus Strait with oil products, an increase in their content in the bottom sediments of these water areas was noted: a twofold increase in the Golden Horn and Diomede Bays and 1.5 times in the Vostochny Bosphorus Strait.

The bottom sediments of the Ussuriisk Bay are the least polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons, the greatest pollution was noted in the Zolotoy Rog Bay.

In 2009, there were no significant changes in the total number of bacterioplankton and its biomass in all water areas.

There were also no significant changes in the number of saprophytic heterotrophic bacteria in the studied water areas in comparison with 2008.

According to the data of social and hygienic monitoring in 2009, the quality of seawater in the places of water use of the population as a whole in the Primorsky Territory deteriorated in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators, there was some improvement in microbiological indicators.

Figure 1.1.4. Indicators of sea water quality in places of water use of the population

Inconsistency in the quality of seawater in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators is noted in color, transparency, odor, BOD5.

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The natural healing resources of the Far East are based on favorable natural and climatic conditions, mineral waters and reserves of sulphide silt mud.

For many centuries, the hot healing waters of the Kamchatka resort of Paratunka have healed the wounds of great travelers - the discoverers of this mysterious land of geysers and volcanoes. Suffice it to recall the shots from the film "Sannikov's Land", which captured bathing in thermal springs. Plunging into the bliss of thermal waters, travelers noticed how quickly their strength was restored. Only today in the thermal springs of Kamchatka tired skiers relieve stress after skiing on the slopes of Goryachaya Mountain. The pool with thermal water is visible from afar, through the clouds of steam. The water temperature in the springs and the hot waterfall is from 39 to 70 0 C. In the Kuril Islands you can take sulfur baths at the foot of the Mendeleevsky volcano - hot springs are everywhere and some of them are tiled like a mini-pool. Hot water can also be found right near the sea - hot springs sometimes come out right in the surf - you can find yourself with one foot in hot water at 30-40 0 C, and the other in cool water at 15 0 C.

The first written mentions of a hot spring beyond the Arctic Circle are found in the documents of the church archive of the village of Yamsk for 1905-1906. They say that the Talsky spring, 256 km northeast of Magadan, was discovered in 1868 by the merchant Afanasy Bushuev. An enterprising merchant who found a source, according to local residents, froze Tal water and sold it to the population as a healing agent. In the mid 50s. Talaya resort was opened on hot (up to 98 0 C) springs of nitrogen chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium waters.

Resorts and sanatoriums have been built at the deposits of carbonic mineral waters: Shmakovka, Sinegorsk Mineral Waters, Sakhalin)

Nitrogen-siliceous thermal waters - the basis of the natural resources of the Kuldur resorts, the Jewish Autonomous Region; Paratunka, sanatoriums "Pearl of Kamchatka", sanatorium-preventorium "Sputnik, Kamchatka; resort Talaya, Magadan region. The waters are effective for diseases of the musculoskeletal system, peripheral nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Healing muds are various types of silt deposits that form on the bottom of water bodies, sea estuaries and lakes. Silt sulphide mud (sanatoriums "Sadgorod", "Okeansky Voenny", "Primorye", "Ocean" - the Vladivostok resort area; "Sinegorsk Mineral Waters", "Sakhalin", "Miner" - Sakhalin; "Paratunka", "Pearl of Kamchatka" , "Sputnik" - Kamchatka) contain hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon dioxide. The sapropel mud (sanatorium "Talaya", Magadan region) has a high content of organic matter, but there are few salts.

Primorsky Krai

The waters of the Primorsky Territory are not only rivers and lakes, but also mineral, medicinal springs that come to the surface from the very heart of the mountain ranges, saturated with chemical elements that provide medicinal properties.

Primorsky mineral springs are diverse in composition, origin, medicinal use and effects on the body. More than a hundred sources of mineral water have been studied on the territory of the region, their reserves are so huge that it is enough to meet the needs of the entire Far East and Siberia. There are several types of mineral waters such as: cold carbon dioxide, thermal nitrogen, nitrogen-methane.

Cold carbonated waters are used in the Primorsky Territory for indoor and outdoor use. They are locally distributed within the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif of pressure-free waters, and in the zones of the Primorsky artesian basin. Carbonic waters are intended mainly for patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Carbonic waters have a peculiar effect on the nervous system, they increase the excitability of the central nervous system, and have a calming effect on the cerebral cortex. Mineral carbonic waters are intensively used by the population in the regions of their natural outcrops to the surface. Nitrogen thermal waters in the Primorsky Territory are represented by 12 springs with a water temperature of over 20 degrees, reaching the surface in the eastern part of the Sikhote-Alin hydrogeological massif. The main deposits of such waters are represented by Chistovodnye, Amginsky, Sinegorsky and several other springs. Use Nitrogen siliceous thermal waters in the form of baths. bathing, showers, inhalations, intestinal lavages. Their therapeutic effect is mainly associated with gaseous nitrogen, which, while the patient is in the bath, settles on the surface of the skin, providing a kind of physico-thermal effect. Nitrogen penetrating through the skin has an analgesic effect.

If you trace the map of mineral springs, then almost throughout the entire territory of the Primorsky Ridge, you can find their presence, differing only in the chemical composition and degree of mineralization. And if we talk about the sources in general, then there are simply a great many of them on the territory of the region.

At large mineral springs in Primorye, medical sanatoriums are being built to help people get rid of various diseases, or to undergo a course of treatment for prophylaxis. There are medicinal springs, where people independently heal with mineral waters, equipping the territory, each gradually contributing to the common cause.

Over 40 sanatoriums are located in the Primorsky Territory. They can simultaneously accommodate more than 6.5 thousand people.

Shmakovka resort is located in the valley of the Ussuri River, in one of the the most beautiful corners the central part of Primorye. Natural healing factors: dry and warm summers, calm and sunny winters, rich vegetation and mineral carbonic waters similar to narzan. There are four sanatoriums in Shmakovka: Zhemchuzhina, Izumrudny, Shmakovsky military sanatorium of the Far Eastern Military District and the sanatorium named after 50th anniversary of October. The rest of the seaside health resorts are mainly concentrated in the suburban area of Vladivostok. Among them are both well-known sanatoriums (Sadgorod, Amur Bay, Okeansky Voenny, Primorye, etc.), and quite young - former departmental boarding houses and rest homes that have created their own medical base (Moryak, "Ocean", "Builder", etc.). The main therapeutic factor of most Vladivostok sanatoriums is sea silt sulphide mud, extracted from the bottom of the Uglovoe Bay, on the shore of which the Sadgorod sanatorium is located with the only department for spinal patients in the Far East. "Amur Bay" is considered the best cardiological sanatorium in the region with a department for the rehabilitation of patients who have suffered a heart attack. There is a similar department in the Okeansky military sanatorium, not far from which, almost at the very coast of the sea, there is a former rest house, and now the Tikhookeansky sanatorium, the only one in the Far East, in which homeopathy is the main method of treatment.

Khabarovsk region

Anninsky mineral and thermal waters are a hydrogeological natural monument of federal significance. The Anninskie waters are located in the Ulchsky region in the valley of the Amurchik stream, 6.5 km from the village of Susanino.

The water in the spring is alkaline (Pn = 8.5-9.4), slightly mineralized (0.32 g / l) and has a temperature of 53 0 C. The composition of the water is sulfate-hydrocarbonate, sodium with an increased content of fluorine and silicic acid (60-96 mg / l).

Since 1966, the Anninskie Vody resort, the first in the Russian Far East, has been operating on the basis of the mineral spring. There is also a balneological hospital and a children's sanatorium near the waters. The waters of the Annensky spring are used in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Mineral spring "Teplyi Klyuch" is located 17 km from the city of Vyazemsky, Khabarovsk Territory and is included in the list of specially protected areas. The waters of the source flow into the river "Third seventh", which, in turn, flows into the Ussuri.

The source is a small pit 2 by 3 meters in size, from the bottom of which underground mineral waters and gases rise. Then the water flows into a slightly larger reservoir and goes into the stream.
For the first time, the source was discovered by prisoners of Stalin's camps who worked in the vicinity of these places. It was they who first drew attention to the surge of strength and health after drinking the spring water. The fame of the source quickly spread around and already residents of many other regions began to come to the source and take the healing water with them in whole flasks. Currently, few people use this mineral water for internal use, preferring more water treatments.

The water in the spring rarely drops below 16-18 degrees Celsius, even in the most severe frosts. Therefore, bathing in the spring is especially popular during Epiphany holidays. According to people who took winter baths at the source, it is simply impossible to convey positive emotions and a huge surge of strength and health that you experience after bathing. The healing effect is enhanced by the fish that live in the spring all year round. Their pleasant nibbling enhances the healing effect.

The only inconvenience for visiting the source is the unsatisfactory condition of the road. Therefore, it is recommended to go here in a cross-country vehicle after the Great Holiday - at this time the road condition is the best and there is the least likelihood of getting stuck in a rut.

Tumninsky thermal mineral spring is located in the valley of the Chope River, 9 km from the railway station Tumnin (Vaninsky district). The spring water is clear, bluish, slightly mineralized (0.21 g / l), alkaline (Pn = 8.65), with a temperature of 46 ° C. The composition of the water is sulphate-bicarbonate sodium with an increased content of fluorine and silicic acid.

Tumninsky hot spring was opened in 1939 by engineer Cherepanov. Although in fact, wild animals were the first to discover its healing properties, many came to him to heal wounds. This was used by local hunters, always hunting the beast here. It was precisely in order not to reveal the rich hunting place that they kept the secret about the hot spring.

Currently, the source is very popular among the population of the Khabarovsk Territory and other regions of Russia.

The Jewish Autonomous Region has several healing springs. The most famous is Kuldur, on the basis of which the resort complex "Kuldur" operates, which includes several sanatoriums, including those for mothers with children. Kuldur sanatoriums are health resorts of national importance, where treatment is carried out using hot mineral springs containing silicic acid. The spring water after cooling to 35-38 0 С is used in the treatment of radiculitis, polyarthritis, skin, gynecological diseases, etc. According to its chemical composition, it belongs to low-mineralized nitrogen-siliceous hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium alkaline waters with a high fluorine content. Radon water was found in one of the wells, which makes it possible to organize a radon hospital.

Kamchatka Krai

The sanatorium-resort zone of Kamchatka is the region of the Paratunsky hot geothermal springs. The main therapeutic factors of the Kamchatka sanatoriums are: low-mineralized nitrogenous siliceous water of the Nizhneparatunskoye deposit and sulphide mud. Specialization - treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, nervous system, skin and gynecological diseases.

Hot springs of the Nalychevo valley

Talovskie sources Along the left bank of the Vershinskaya river of the Nalychevsky natural park, there are 3 groups of springs, the water temperature in which maintains a constant temperature of 38 degrees. The springs of Kamchatka are highly mineralized, which is why they deposit a large amount of red precipitation. The combination of the greenery of the surrounding forest and red sediments creates a spectacular picture.

Aagskie mineral springs

Among tourists, Aagskie mineral springs are called "Aagskie narzans". They lie at the foot of the inactive volcano Aag. The site with the springs is located at the bottom of the valley of the source of the Shumnaya River. The path to them is incredibly picturesque. Among the stones, covered with a white coating of mineral deposits, cold water breaks through in thin streams. Some of them burst outward in the form of small fountains, others more calmly. The water in them has a slightly sour taste, with a slight smell of sulfur compounds.

Timonovskie hot springs

There is a legend about a seriously ill elder Timon, who was one of the first clergymen of the 18th century to preach the Christian faith in Kamchatka. Once he was offered to cure a disease in hot water, which was allegedly heated by a perfume. Timon agreed to try his luck. People took him to a bear's corner, leaving him there alone. A little time passed and in the spring they came to visit Timon's father, to check whether he was alive. To their great surprise, he was not only alive, but also healthy and strong. That is why people took him for a saint and consecrated everything in the area in his name. Whether this story is true, or a simple legend, no one can confirm, but the fact that the waters in this area are especially useful is a fact. It is useful to take general baths here, as well as to use water for drinking. You can be accommodated in the houses.

Khodutkinsky thermal springs

At the foot of the extinct volcanoes Priemysh and Khodutka, some of the most beautiful places are the Khodutkinsky hot springs of Kamchatka. Some of the largest springs are located right in the volcanic funnel. Water flows out of numerous holes and forms a stream. Throughout the clearing, springs are "scattered", which, when gathered together, turn this stream into a whole river, the depth of which is 1.5 meters and the width is almost 30 meters. At the very base of the griffins, the water temperature is high, and is 80 degrees, the temperature decreases smoothly with the flow. These springs of Kamchatka have become a famous natural monument, which more and more people come to visit every year.

Zhirovsky hot springs

Mountain, tundra, seascapes of the Zhirovaya River area attract attention with a variety of rare species of flora and fauna. The air here is clear and clean, and a varied microclimate and a long snow-covered winter period warm up the interest of tourists in this fabulous place. Health tourism is well developed here. Here, in the valley with two thermal springs, fishermen and hunters come to rest and be treated. These springs of Kamchatka are located only 10 km from the ocean coast.

Vilyuchinsky hot springs

These Kamchatka springs lie at the very foot of the Vilyuchinsky volcano. Thanks to this, the Vilyuchinskaya Valley looks even more picturesque. In addition, the slope overlooks the oceanic bays.

Country hot springs

North of the Mutny volcano, near the Skalistaya volcano, one can observe the Dachnye hot springs Kamchatskie. They are made up of several groups scattered in hollows and ravines. The largest of them can be called the western group, which is located in a large ravine. Steam flows on the slope of the volcano, and powerful steam-water fountains erupt from the bottom. These sources carry out the most heat from the depths of the hydrothermal Mutnovsky basin, therefore a geothermal power plant is built very close by.

Bath thermal springs

Bath thermal springs are hot springs of Kamchatka located in the upper reaches of the Bannaya river. This is one of the largest places of origin of mineral waters. The thermal water in these springs is curative. In addition to wellness treatments, you can have a good rest here. In winter, you can travel by snowmobile, in summer, walking and quad biking. The path runs through Nakchinskoe - one of the many lakes in the region. On the western side, the Khazlan ridge adjoins the lake, on the eastern edge - the Bystrinsky ridge. There is also an inactive volcano Vazhkazhets, a natural monument, whose height is more than 1500 m.

Sakhalin Region

The resort resources of the Sakhalin region are represented mainly by mineral waters and curative silt mud. 22 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk there are unique Sinegorsk mineral springs of sodium bicarbonate chloride water with a high arsenic content, similar to the arsenic carbonic waters of Chvizhepse and Sochi. In the area of springs, in a picturesque valley, closed from sea winds, there are the leading sanatoriums of the region - "Sinegorsk Mineral Waters" and "Sakhalin". They have a modern medical facility.

22 km from Kholmsk, on the shores of the Tatar Strait, there is the Chaika sanatorium), and in the vicinity of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - the Gornyak sanatorium). Sea silt sulphide mud is used as a healing factor in both health resorts.

Mud volcano. 18 km from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is located natural monument- mud volcano. It is a geological formation that periodically spews mud and gases, often with water and oil. Usually mud volcanoes are located in areas of oil and gas fields. The largest mud volcanoes in Russia are located on the Taman Peninsula and Sakhalin. There are the same in Azerbaijan, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Central America. The waters of such volcanoes contain bromine, iodine, boron. This allows the mud to be used for medicinal purposes. Three regions with active mud volcanoes are concentrated on Sakhalin Island.

Daginsky thermal springs. In the eastern part of Sakhalin in the region bay Dagi, near the village of Goryachy Klyuchi, there are Daginsky thermal springs. Oroch reindeer herders were the first to notice their healing properties. The outlet of the springs is a funnel-shaped depression in the muddy shore of the bay. Here act five hot springs, two of them are drinking. In composition, the water differs from other Sakhalin springs in its high content of silicic acid and high alkalinity. There is a sanatorium not far from the exits.

Magadan Region

The Talaya resort is the only sanatorium and resort facility in Russia located beyond the Arctic Circle, in the zone of permafrost. The climatic conditions of Taloy, despite their general severity, compare favorably with the surrounding areas. The number of hours of sunshine is 710. The wealth of the resort is hot, almost boiling (98 ° C) low-mineralized nitrogen waters and silt mud.

The first written mentions of the Talsk source are found in the documents of the church archive of the village of Yamsk for 1905-1906 years... They say that the Talsk spring was discovered in 1868 by the merchant Afanasy Bushuev. An enterprising merchant who found a source, according to local residents, froze Tal water and sold it to the population as a healing agent.
A neurological spa was founded in 1940. The beautiful surroundings of the resort, the silence, purity and transparency of the air have a beneficial effect on a person, and have a calming effect on the nervous system.

Indications for treatment: diseases of the skin, musculoskeletal system and peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and liver. The main healing factor: healing mud and mineral waters. The resort is located a little away from the Kolyma tract, which connects it with Magadan.

For the region with a harsh climate, picturesque corners with a special microclimate in places where hot waters exit are noteworthy. Many thermal water outlets are known in the Magadan Region. The hot springs closest to Magadan are located on the Khmitevsky peninsula. This

Motykley hot springs. It is interesting to visit the springs in the spring, to swim in the springs when there is snow around. In the summer hiking route, you will have to stock up on anti-mosquito - a significant part of the path passes through swampy terrain. With a boat at your disposal, you can visit the springs in 2 days.

Thanon lakes near the village of Serdyakh there is a picturesque corner, which has long been chosen by Magadan hunters and fishermen. Summer evenings over this vast plain, where many rivers and hundreds of lakes have found shelter, there is an extraordinary calm. Only water flows lazily, and restless birds call in each other. And there, on the plain, in the gray gloom, it is not the saucers of the lakes that glow with spots - then a fog rises above them. A little later, the spots merge into a continuous strip, covering the lakes with the river for the night. It is impossible to bypass all the lakes - there are many of them. Moving approximately in a southerly direction (heading for Mount England), you can visit the most significant lakes. In some places there are weak paths, but mostly you have to walk along the hummock. You are constantly accompanied by the tart smell of wild rosemary. In the depressions not occupied by lakes, there are glades of snow-white cotton grass. These places are much more comfortable than near the Serdyakhsky lakes - there is a forest everywhere. Trees surround the lakes. Frozen in calm, they seem bewitched. In summer, small lakes warm up. Hunting tents are located near large, dry, elevated places. You will see broods of duck on the lakes more than once.

Amur region

Fresh, mineral and thermal underground waters are widespread. Fresh groundwater is ubiquitous. In general, for the purpose of water supply in the region, the use of underground sources is 65%, while in rural settlements, water supply is based exclusively on underground waters. Explored 25 deposits (areas) of fresh groundwater, 13 of them are in operation. The explored operational reserves of groundwater are 551.6 thousand m 3 / day. There are 42 known mineral water springs and wells.

Of all the Amur sources, four have been studied: Gonzhinsky, Ignashinsky, Byssinsky and Esaulovsky.

Gonzhinsky used for medicinal purposes. Is in middle lane region, in the western part of the Amur-Zeya plateau. The first literary information about the source refers to the period of research and construction of the railway in 1912 (A.V. Lvov, A.V. Gerasimov). In 1916, according to archival data in the journal of meetings of the medical council of the railway, the issue of a medical institution at the Gonzhinsky source was considered. In 1939, geologists A.G. Frank-Kamensky, N.M. Vaksberg published brief information about the Gonzhinsky source in the reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The water is chemically cold, low-mineralized, hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesian. Of particular importance in the therapeutic effect belongs to carbon dioxide, cations of calcium, magnesium, lithium, iron, as well as the microelements that make up its composition.

There is evidence of its multifaceted effects on the body. Urine flow sharply increases, the amount of chlorides, cholesterol and urea in the blood decreases, water has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, analgesic and antihistamine effect. With diseases of the kidneys and liver, patients have a significant recovery of impaired functions. In terms of chemical composition, the water of the Gonzhinsky spring is close to the Kislovodsk narzan, but differs from it in a lower temperature, lack of sulfate anions, and better taste.
It has a pronounced diuretic effect due to the content of carbon dioxide and a number of trace elements, enhances urodynamics, promotes the evacuation of sand, salts, small stones from the urinary tract, and increases the motor function of the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. A good therapeutic effect is noted in some liver diseases, polyarthritis, radiculitis.
Ignashinsky is located in the Skovorodinsky district - in a picturesque area, 8 km from the village of Ignashina. Ignashino is the last pier on the Amur within the Amur Region. A motor road leads from the pier to the source.

Ignashinskaya mineral water is widely used for medicinal purposes in the local hospital. However, the medicinal properties of this water are not yet fully understood. At the congress of medical workers in 1919, indications for treatment were established: "anemia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, urine sand, urinary stones, gallstones, nervous diseases, renal diseases, compressed heart defects, catarrh of the bladder and some others" ( Minutes of the VIII Congress of Workers of the Amur Region. 1920, p. 282).

Excellent natural conditions, pine forest make the Ignashinsky mineral spring very promising for development not only as a health resort in the Amur Region, but also as a resort in the Far East.

Byssinsky

The source as such is not here. Mineral waters, emerging from the Byssa River, saturate the coastal sand. It is enough to dig a hole, and it accumulates hot water.

So the people who got here did - they dug deep, up to one and a half meters, holes, and their walls were strengthened with log cabins (so that the sand would not collapse). Hot water accumulated in the log cabins. There are several such holes. The water temperature ranges from 37 to 42 0 C. In winter, the water in these pits does not freeze. From above, they are covered with snow, but the water temperature is kept within 18 0 C.

The waters are slightly mineralized (up to 450 mg / l), carbonated with nitrogen (96.2%), hydro-carbonate-chloride-sulphate composition, with the smell of hydrogen sulfide. Fluorine content - up to 0.3 g / l, silicic acid - up to 73.6 mg / l, carbon dioxide - 24 mg / l. Trace elements: arsenic, manganese, titanium, gallium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, lithium, copper.

Esaulovsky located in the southeast of the region, 5 km from railway station Esaulovki. The source comes out in the wide valley of the Udurchukan River, the right tributary of the Khingan. The hills overgrown with Korean cedar and birch, Amur velvet and linden, Manchu walnut and hazel make this area extremely picturesque.

The spring water is colorless and amazingly transparent. A slight smell of hydrogen sulfide indicates the presence of sulfur compounds in it. In terms of the composition of the water, this spring is close to the Kuldur springs, differing from them in a lower content of hydrogen sulfide and a low temperature, equal to only 4 0 C. The source is used by local residents for treatment.

Being slightly mineralized, it has no strict contraindications and is used as a dining room. This is a delicious refreshing drink that healthy people can drink as a preventive measure: it promotes normal digestion, removes toxins from the body.

Materials from various Internet sources

Primorsky Krai- a constituent entity of the Federation in the southeast of the Asian part of Russia. From the east it is washed by the waters of the Sea of Japan, which has a narrow shelf near the coast of the region, which abruptly drops off to a depth of 3000 m and more at depths near the coast of 50–100 m. The coast is heavily indented in the south, where the large Peter the Great Bay is divided into a number of small bays. The central and eastern parts of the region are occupied by the Sikhote-Alin mountains, in the west is the eastern outskirts of the East Manchurian mountainous country... Between them are the Khanka Lowland, which extends from the southern borders of Lake Khanka to the Amur Bay, and the Ussuri Lowland, which extends from the northern borders of the Khanka Lowland to the mouth of the Bolshaya Ussurka River.

Primorsky Krai is part of the Far Eastern Federal District. The administrative center is Vladivostok.

The territory of the region is 164 673 km 2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) - 1 923 116 people.

Surface water resources

The territory of the Primorsky Territory belongs to the basin of the Japanese Sea of the Pacific Ocean, and the Tatar Strait, which connects the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk. Water bodies in the region belong to the basins of medium and small rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan and the basin of the Amur River, which flows into the Amur estuary of the Tatar Strait.

The river network of Primorsky Krai is represented by 56,821 rivers with a total length of 140,965 km (the density of the river network is 0.86 km / km 2), most of which belong to small rivers and streams. A characteristic feature of most coastal rivers is their relatively short length, due to the fact that the watershed line runs near the Pacific coast. In the upper reaches, most rivers have a pronounced mountainous character, in the middle and lower reaches of the valley, as a rule, they widen, the slopes decrease, the rivers flow calmly, forming channels and bends. The rivers are fed with mixed water, with the advantage of rainfall. The water regime of the rivers of the Primorsky Territory is characterized by a low extended flood with high rainfall floods during the typhoon period (July – August), sometimes causing catastrophic floods, and a low winter low-water period. Rivers freeze in November - early December, open up in early March - April. The largest rivers of Primorsky Krai in the basin of the river. The Amur is the Ussuri with its tributaries Bolshaya Ussurka and Bikin. Among the rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan, the largest are Tumannaya (only a small part of it flows through Russia in the lower reaches), Razdolnaya, Samarga, Partizanskaya, Avvakumovka, Kievka and others. Among the regions federal district The Primorsky Territory ranks third in terms of the density of the river network after the Sakhalin Region and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and among the regions of Russia - the fifth place.

The functions of providing public services and managing federal property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department of Water Resources of the Amur BWU in the Primorsky Territory.

Powers in the field of water relations delegated to the subjects Russian Federation, the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Primorsky Territory carries out the functions of providing public services and managing regional property in the field of water resources in the region.

On the territory of the region, the State Program "Environmental Protection of the Primorsky Territory" for 2013-2020 is being implemented, which includes the subprogram "Development of the water management complex of the Primorsky Territory" water impact, clearing, deepening and regulation of river channels, performing pre-flood surveys in flood-prone sections of river channels, increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the monitoring system of water bodies in the Primorsky Territory.

In preparing the material, the data of the State Reports "On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of water resources of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of lands in the Russian Federation in 2015" were used, collection “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016". The ratings of regions for surface and groundwater resources do not take into account the indicators of cities of federal significance -

Climate

According to the classification of B.P. Alisova (1974) The Far East (including Primorsky Krai) belongs to the monsoon region temperate zone... It is characterized by a seasonal change in air currents arising under the influence of thermal contrasts between the continent and the ocean, as well as changes in the location of the seasonal centers of action of the atmosphere (CAA) and tropospheric fronts (polar and arctic).

Atmospheric processes typical for winter prevail from November to March. In September, a vast area begins to form on the Asian continent high pressure- Asian winter anticyclone.

The second CDA, which determines the circulation and weather in the cold season over East Asia and the North Pacific, there is the Aleutian depression centered over the southwestern Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands.

Winter processes reach their greatest development in January. Between these centers of atmospheric action, a powerful high-altitude frontal zone (HFZ) is formed on the border of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean, which is associated with extremely active cyclonic activity over Far Eastern seas and the North Pacific. The central part of the VFZ is most often located over Japan. Cyclones arising in the VFZ area are rapidly shifting to the northeast, i.e., to the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean and to the Bering Sea, where the Aleutian depression is formed.

Due to this distribution of baric fields throughout the winter, the central and eastern regions of the Asian continent (including the Primorsky Territory) are under the influence of the eastern periphery of the Asian winter anticyclone. As a result, the region is dominated by dry and cold continental air, which determines clear frosty weather with a predominance of northern and northwest winds – winter monsoon... The monsoon circulation in winter causes lower air temperatures in the Primorsky Territory than at the same latitudes in the European part of Russia. For example, average annual temperature air in Vladivostok is 4.0 ° С, and in Sochi, located at the same latitude (about 43 ° N), 14 ° С.

The winter monsoon is characterized by clear dry weather with low precipitation: only 8–20% of precipitation from the annual norm (from 40 mm on the Khanka plain to 150–200 mm on the coast of the Sea of Japan.

Snow cover persists in the cold season from 2 months in the southern regions of the Sea of Japan coast and up to 3 months in the north of Primorsky Krai. The greatest depth of snow cover is observed in protected areas in the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin and ranges from 41 to 54 cm; in the northern regions of the region it is 28–52 cm, and in the rest of the region - 11–30 cm.

In the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin, such dangerous phenomena, how avalanches, and with hurricane winds "Windblows"- vast areas of fallen forests (Korotkiy et al., 2005).

In spring (April-May) favorable conditions for anticyclones disappear. The Asian anticyclone begins to collapse and disappears completely in May.

Weather in Primorsky Krai in spring months in 62% of days it is determined by cyclonic circulation.

South and southeastern winds caused by anticyclones that form over the Sea of Okhotsk carry cold and humid air to the Primorsky Territory and especially to its coast. Therefore, on the coast of the region, the spring months (the second half of April and May) are cold and cloudy, with frequent fogs and drizzling rains.

Summer (June-August) is characterized by active development of cyclonic activity over the Asian continent (Far Eastern depression over the Amur basin) and anticyclogenesis (North Pacific and Okhotsk anticyclones). Average weather in summer months in the Primorsky Territory, 66% of the days are determined by the field of reduced pressure.

The interaction of the summer Far Eastern depression with the North Pacific and Okhotsk anticyclones determines the intense transfer of warm and humid air masses from the ocean to the mainland in the summer monsoon, starting from the Far Eastern regions.

Summer monsoon two stages of development pass in time. At the first stage, these winds take a southeast direction. Winds bring relatively cold sea air from the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk to the coast of Primorsky Krai, causing cool cloudy weather with fogs and drizzling rains on the coast of Primorsky Krai. In June, the maximum number of foggy days is observed - up to 19–20.

The second stage of the summer monsoon lasts from July to September, i.e. during a period of fairly good warming up of the entire northern hemisphere. A vast area of high pressure is increasing over the Pacific Ocean, contributing to the powerful removal of air masses from the ocean, the moisture content of which is much higher than the moisture content of the monsoon air masses of the first stage. In contrast to the first stage, circulation factors play the main role in the development of the monsoon of the second stage.

Southeast winds during cyclones, including tropical cyclones (typhoons), carry very humid and warm oceanic masses of not only maritime temperate air, but also maritime tropical air to the Primorsky Territory. Therefore, from the second half of July to September, heavy and heavy rains fall. The values of the maximum daily precipitation falling at this time in Primorye reach up to 90–100 mm in intermontane valleys, and up to 260 mm in the south of the region.

An important feature of the summer processes in the Far East is the emergence of typhoons in the regions of the Far East, which are associated with the peak of floods in annual cycle.

Typhoons reach Primorsky Krai and the Sea of Japan along southern parabolic trajectories (Fig. 1.11).

The main season of typhoon release to the temperate latitudes of the Far East (including in the Primorsky Territory) lasts from July to September.

Rice. 1.11. Cyclone trajectories over the Sea of Japan (Physical Geography ..., 1990)

Typhoons overlooking the Primorsky Territory and other regions of the Far East cause great material damage to the national economy. Maximum speeds winds are observed mainly on the coast, where the influence of the orography of the area and cape effects largely affects the increase in wind. The maximum wind speeds in Primorsky Krai, caused by typhoons, are observed in the range from 20 to 35 m / s on the coast, especially on the islands.

During the period of typhoon impact (1–2 days), precipitation of up to 350–400 mm can fall at some meteorological stations in Primorsky Krai (Posiet, Kraskino, Vladivostok, etc.). The most intense rains are also observed in August and September.

In autumn (September-November), there is a transition from the flight type of circulation to the winter one. In the Primorsky Territory, in the first half of autumn, there is usually a relatively warm, dry and sunny weather. The end of summer and the beginning of autumn are the best and most favorable seasons for recreation. This is explained by the fact that in the autumn months, as well as in the spring, there is a frequent movement of western anticyclones in the zone of 50 ° N, which determine good weather. Already in September, in the Primorsky Territory (especially on the coast), a high frequency of northerly winds (34%) is noted, in November they become predominant (70%). In October, a winter type of atmospheric circulation is established over the Far East. Despite this, even in October, and in some years and in the first decade of November, the air in the south of the region warms up to + 18 ... + 22 °.

Significant wind parameters of the territory, especially on the coast, create good conditions for the development of wind energy.

Compared to the corresponding latitudes of the European part of Russia, Primorsky Krai is distinguished by large monthly values of total and direct solar radiation in winter, which is explained by the greater frequency of clear weather during the winter monsoon: in December, the differences reach 50%.

Under real cloud conditions, the annual arrival of the total radiation ranges from 4609-5028 MJ / m² (as in the Crimea). This is a serious prerequisite for the development of solar energy.

The greatest number of sunshine per year falls on the continental regions of the region. Thus, on the Khanka Plain, the annual number of hours of sunshine increases from north to south from 2120 to 2490 hours. The smallest annual number of hours of sunshine (1910–2050) is observed in the northern part of the Sea of Japan from st. Belkin to st. Golden, due to heavy cloudiness and frequent continuous fogs.

South of st. Belkin along the entire coast of the Sea of Japan Peter the Great, the number of hours of sunshine increases from 2050 to 2390 hours.

The nature of the circulation of the atmosphere and the relief of the area determine mainly the temperature regime of the territory of the Primorsky Territory.

The average annual temperature in the northernmost coastal point (Cape Golden) is 1.9 °, and in the southernmost (Cape Gamov) + 5.6 °.

Winters are too cold for such relatively low latitudes, especially in areas open to free access of cold continental air from the central continent. This is the valley of the river. Ussuri, the area of the Khanka lowland and the south of the Primorsky Territory. In Vladivostok, thanks to the free access of cold northern winds along the river. Ussuri and Razdolnaya, the average January air temperature is -14.4 °, i.e. 10 ° colder than the corresponding latitudes on the US coast, and 20 ° colder than southern France.

Frosts in the middle of winter are associated with the predominance of cold continental air. Average January temperatures in these areas are about -20, -24 °. The absolute minimum is -49 ° (Dalnerechensky district), in Vladivostok -30 °.

Average winter temperatures vary from -20 ° in the north to -10, -12 ° in the bays of Peter the Great (Fig. 1.12). Frequent thaws are also typical for winter. Rapid temperature transitions through 0 ° create conditions for ice. Its danger increases sharply with the prevalence of mountain slopes.

Sikhote-Alin is a natural climatic border between the eastern coastal and western foothills. Stretching mainly from the southwest to the northeast, Sikhote-Alin plays a double role in the distribution of both winter and summer temperatures on the western and eastern slopes of the mountains. It is a barrier that prevents the free flow of cold air from the continent into the Sea of Japan in winter and the transfer of warm air there in summer. The same mountain barrier does not allow cold sea air in summer and relatively warm sea air in winter to penetrate deep into the continent. At the same time, Sikhote-Alin contributes to stagnation of air and its strong cooling during the night hours of the winter period. As a result, the average monthly air temperatures in January on the western slopes of the Sikhote-Alin are 10–11 ° lower than on the eastern slopes.

In the warm season, the temperature is distributed over the territory of the region in a rather peculiar way. The average summer temperature is from June to August on the coast of the Hall. Peter the Great is 15.5-17.8 °, on the eastern foothills of the Sikhote-Alin 12.9-17.2 °, on the western foothills of the Sikhote-Alin - 16.5-18.8 °.

Absolute maximum temperatures air in the summer varies over the territory of the region from 32 to 40 °, in Vladivostok 35 °.

Average duration the frost-free period in the region varies widely: from 90 days in the northern part of the Sikhote-Alin mountains to 195 days in the southern part of the coast. Peter the Great (fig. 1.11). The amount of precipitation increases from west to northeast and southeast from 500 to 900 mm. The largest annual precipitation - 800-900 mm - is noted on west coast Hall. Peter the Great, on the western slopes of the northern part of Sikhote-Alin. In the northern part of the river valley. Ussuri, the annual amount is 700 mm and decreases to 550 mm in the central part of the Khanka plain.

Of the annual precipitation on cold period accounts for about 10-20%, warm - up to 80% of the annual precipitation, and the minimum - in January-February. The maximum precipitation in almost the entire territory is confined to August.

The earliest (in the first decade of October) snow cover appears on the peaks of the Sikhote-Alin. On the coast of the Sea of Japan, snow cover appears at the end of the second decade of November in the north, and in the middle of the third decade of November in the south.

The number of days with snow cover on the territory under consideration on average per winter is 140–210 in the foothills and on the peaks, 85–140 on the Khanka plain, on the coast of the Sea of Japan from 45 in the south to 140 in the north. These features determine the duration of the ski season in the south of the region is 3–3.5 months, in the north - up to 5 months.

Inland waters... About 6000 rivers with a length of more than 10 km flow through the territory of Primorsky Krai (Resursy ..., 1972). This creates conditions for the active development of small hydropower.

A large number of precipitation, mountainous relief, relatively low evaporation determine the significant density of the river network. The density of the river network is relatively high: for every square kilometer of the surface there is 0.73 km of the river network: the maximum density (up to 1.8 km / km 2) is confined to the southwestern part of the region, including the Peter the Great Bay. A characteristic feature of the Far Eastern rivers is their relatively small length, this is due to the fact that the line of the world watershed runs near the Pacific coast.

There are significant differences in the structure of the Primorye river network, which is due to the asymmetric position of the main watershed. Thus, rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan are characterized by small sizes, channels with rapids, rifts and waterfalls, a fast current where there are narrow steep slopes of the valleys. The rivers flowing from the western slope of the Sikhote-Alin are characterized by a long, relatively calm flow in the middle and lower reaches, where they flow in wide valleys with low, swampy slopes.

The monsoon climate predominantly determines the rainfall supply of rivers, because snow cover is small and groundwater supply is relatively weak. The rivers of Primorye are characterized by a flood regime during the warm period, the edges and extreme unevenness and instability during the cold period.

Frequently recurring large floods, the formation of which occurs relatively quickly and reaches a considerable height, are the cause of floods, often catastrophic. Their characteristics are given below.

The water regime of the rivers is characterized by spring floods, which are superimposed by rain floods. It takes place in April-May (the value of the spring runoff is 20-30% of the annual volume). The warm season is characterized by an intense flood regime, and the floods follow one after another almost continuously, in some years they occur in October and even early November.

Floods in Primorye are caused mainly by summer-autumn rains, which are associated with the entry of tropical cyclones into the territory and the removal of humid sea air masses. The Primorsky Territory belongs to the storm-hazardous regions of the country. More than half of all observed catastrophic floods in Primorsky Krai occur in August – September.

Floods that do not lead to large flooding of developed territories are observed almost every year, and in some years the territory is flooded two or three times. Catastrophic, simultaneously covering several large basins and leading to significant or complete flooding of settlements, industrial enterprises and agricultural land, are repeated once every 7–12 years.

1975-2002 in the region (Kulikova, 2005) 18 floods occurred, of which 8 were large, and among the last 3 were catastrophic (1989, 2000 and 2001).

Floods cause the following negative phenomena: flooding of agricultural fields and settlements, destruction of infrastructure (roads, bridges, pipelines, power lines and communications), buildings and structures, soil, pollution, as well as loss of property and crops, etc. flooding affects 178 settlements, including cities - Vladivostok, Ussuriisk, Nakhodka, Partizansk, Spassk-Dalny, Lesozavodsk, Dalnerechensk. More than 200 thousand people live in the flooded area and there are 320 thousand hectares of agricultural fields. The water level in the rivers rises to 8.5 m(1989, Typhoon Judy).

Note that according to statistics in the world from natural processes the greatest damage is caused by floods - 40%, tropical cyclones - 20%, earthquakes and droughts - 15%, the rest - 10% (Daneva, 1991). In Primorye, floods also rank first in terms of damage.

In winter (December - March), the runoff is low, but rather stable; its value is 4–5% of the annual volume.

The rivers of the Primorsky Territory are full of water. WITH square kilometer much more water flows here per year (from 10 to 20 l / s) than the average for Russia. An exception is the West Primorskaya Plain, where from 1 km 2 flows from 0.5 to 5 l / s. The rivers of the region are predominantly mountainous, with high flow rates, with rapid and high rises in water levels during heavy rains.

The main water artery – Ussuri river which is flat. It crosses almost the entire territory of the region from south to north and collects most of the waters flowing from the western slope of the Sikhote-Alin. Its catchment area within Russia is 136 thousand km 2. Length to the confluence with the river. Amur 897 km, of which 600 km are located in the Primorsky Territory. The largest right tributaries within the Primorsky Territory are mountain rivers Bol. Ussurka and Bikin. The second largest watercourse is the r. Razdolnaya, the sources of which and the upper course are located on the territory of the PRC. This determines the transboundary nature of its pollution by the waters of the Primorsky Territory. The length of the river is 245 km; 191 km is located on the territory of the Primorsky Territory. The catchment area within the territory is 6.82 thousand km 2. It brings to the Amur Bay an average of about 2.5 km 3 of water per year. Another large river is the r. Foggy, with a catchment area equal to 33.8 thousand km 2. It almost entirely flows through the territory of the PRC, which also determines the transboundary nature of pollution for the region. The mouth of this river with a catchment area of 25.8 km 2 is located in Primorye. Nevertheless, it brings to its territory a huge volume of water - 4.9 km 2, which is almost 50% of the river water reserves in the south of Primorye.

A relatively large river in southern Primorye and the most economically important is the r. Partisan. Its catchment area is 4140 km 2, the length of the river is 142 km. It carries to the Gulf of America about 1 km 3 of water per year.

In total, all rivers carry 10.3 km 3 of water into the Peter the Great Bay (including the runoff of the Tumannaya River). For the prospect of economic development, this amount will not be enough for the most densely populated and industrially developed territory of the region, which makes water supply especially relevant.

A characteristic feature of all rivers of the Primorsky Territory is the extreme uneven distribution of their flow in a year. On the one hand, they are very shallow in winter, until the runoff almost completely disappears, even on large rivers... On the other hand, they are full of water during the summer-autumn showers. Overflowing, they flood the main areas, causing huge damages to the economy of the region. The great unevenness of the river flow complicates the use of their waters by the branches of the national economy.

The rivers of Primorye are the habitat and spawning of many valuable fish species, mainly salmonids. They also have a large supply of hydropower resources and there is a plan for the construction of small hydroelectric power plants, but so far this potential of the region is practically not used.

Lakes and swamps distributed mainly within the lowlands. There are 4684 lakes in Primorye. There are especially many of them in the valleys of the Razdolnaya and Ussuri rivers.

Oz. Hanka - the largest of the Far Eastern lakes is located in the center of the Khanka lowland (the northern part of the lake is within the PRC). The total catchment area of the lake. Khanki (without the lake mirror) is 16 890 km 2, including 15 370 km 2 on the territory of Russia.

In terms of the lake has pear-shaped with an extension in the northern part. Mirror area at higher, average and lower levels respectively is 5010, 4070, 3940 km 2. Despite the fact that 24 rivers flow into the lake (Ilistaya, Melgunovka, Komissarovka, Spasovka, etc.), and only one flows out (Sungach river), it is shallow: the average depth of the lake. Khanka is 4.5 m, and the maximum depth at the steep northwestern shores is 6.5 m.

The water in the lake is muddy, because frequent winds form powerful drift and compensatory currents, which cause active circulation of the lake's water masses in the vertical plane. The lake is very vulnerable in ecological terms, considering its extreme shallowness and the predominance of aleuropelites in bottom sediments, which well deposit pollutants.

The climate of Primorsky Krai is not conducive to the formation of swamps, as a result of which the area of bogs and wetlands is not large here. Temporarily waterlogged meadows with mineral soils, which are widespread on the plains of Primorye, cannot be classified as bogs. In intermontane valleys, the peat thickness reaches 3.5 m.

The main part of the bog massifs is located in the Khanka-Ussuri lowland, to the east and south of the lake. Hunks.

On the map of erosional regions of Primorye, compiled by A.I. Stepanova, three erosive regions were identified. The first erosional region includes rivers flowing from the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin. This area is characterized by a weak development of erosion processes (erosion coefficient A is less than 2 tons (km 2 / year). Low intensity of erosion processes is a consequence of dense forest cover (up to 95%) and the presence of hard-to-erode bedrocks. The sediment runoff of the rivers of this area is formed mainly due to channel erosion processes.

The second erosional region includes the central part of the Primorye Territory (including the basins of the Ussuri, Bolshaya Ussurka, Bikin, Khor rivers). The average value of the erosion coefficient is 8 t / km 2 per year. The intensification of erosion in this area is facilitated by the partial plowing of catchments and the violation of the integrity of the vegetation cover. In some places, the value of the erosion coefficient increases to 12 t / km 2 (the Khor River).

Sediment runoff is formed mainly due to rain washout of soils and channel erosion. The third region includes the river basin. Razdolnaya, where the most favorable conditions for the manifestation of erosion. The value of the erosion coefficient is more than 10 t / km 2 per year. The high intensity of erosion processes is due to anthropogenic impact.

The intensity of washout by rainwater is determined by the value of fictitious turbidity. Fictitious turbidity refers to the ratio of the average annual rainfall to the volume of liquid precipitation. The rivers of South Primorye are characterized by highest values fictitious turbidity, which is 0.027–0.045 kg / m 3, which is associated with a significant intensity of liquid precipitation and a loose composition of alluvial sediments, when river valleys are widely used in agriculture. The smallest value of fictitious turbidity - 0, 007 kg / m 3 is observed on the rivers of the east coast. The basins of these rivers are more than 90% covered with forest.

Geographically, according to the intensity of rain washout, three regions have been identified. The first includes the rivers of the east coast of the Sea of Japan and the rivers of Lake. Hanks; the annual washout is 4–5 t / km 2. The second (5 - 10 t / km 2) includes the rivers of the Ussuri basin. The third is the rivers of the most economically developed south of Primorye: Artemovka, Razdolnaya, where the rain washout reaches 10–20 t / km 2.

The groundwater are of great strategic importance for water supply to the population during the war years and in emergency situations.

The hydrogeological conditions of Primorsky Krai are very diverse. Various types of groundwater are developed here. V mountainous areas The most developed are the fissure waters of the weathering crust of metamorphic rocks. In areas with developed tectonic fracturing, there are fractured-vein waters, and in areas of basalt plateaus of volcanic origin, fractured-stratal groundwater is developed. Within the limits of loose deluvial sediments on the mountain slopes, there is an upstream, which exists for a short time after rainfall. On the flat areas located within the artesian basins of tectonic troughs and intermontane depressions, various types of pore and porous-stratal unconfined waters are widespread in loose sedimentary Cenozoic sediments. In those areas where karst limestones are developed, karst waters can be found.

Sea waters... Among them, the Peter the Great Bay stands out (see Fig. 1.12) - the southernmost water area of the Russian Far East. Its western border is the mouth of the river. Tumannoy (Tyumen-Ula, Tumangan), and the eastern one - Cape Povorotny. The area of the bay is 9750 km 2, the length of the coastline together with the islands is about 1500 km. The bay includes water areas of a lower order. In total, there are 137 bays and bays in it, of which the bays of the 2nd order stand out: Posieta, Amursky, Ussuriysky, Strelok, Vostok, Nakhodka; and 3rd order: Slavyanka and Uglovoy. There are numerous islands in the bay - Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Reineke, Askold, Ricarda, Bolshoi Pelis, Furugelma, Lisiy and others, in total 54. The bay is named by N.N. Muravyov-Amursky in 1859 in honor of Peter I.

Less favorable in temperature and climatic terms is the sea area of the region north of Cape Povorotny. Mostly open shores are located here, although small bays (Olga, Vladimir, Rynda) and bays (Kievka, Sokolovskaya, Rudnaya Pristan, Valentin, etc.) stand out.

The water mass of the Peter the Great Bay has a complex structure that changes with the seasons (Yurasov, 1987). Its hydrological regime is formed by the monsoon climate and water exchange with the vast water area of the Sea of Japan. In winter, the hydrological characteristics from the surface to the deep-water part of the bay are relatively uniform, which contributes to an even distribution of pollutants. In summer, the water mass is highly differentiated, which makes it possible to distinguish within it “secondary water masses” or water modifications - estuarine, coastal surface and subsurface.

In the coastal zone, lenses of estuarine and coastal surface waters are formed, which differ from each other in the heterogeneity of the horizontal and vertical structure associated with the difference in thermal, chemical and wave regimes. The benthos habitat and the distribution of hydrochemical parameters depend on the thermal regime. Temperature is the limiting habitat factor for many species of benthic plants and animals.

The surface layer of water has a clear annual variation, in which the minimum average monthly temperature (-1.6-1.9º) falls on the period January-February (Lastovetsky, 1978), and the maximum value is in August (the monthly average is 19-23º). In closed bays, the water warms up to 28-30º. In the vertical section of the water column, the temperature gradually decreases to a depth of 40–50 m, and below it remains constant - about 2º. The shallow part of the bay is characterized by the greatest contrast of seasonal temperatures: in summer, the waters warm up strongly (up to 23º), and in winter their intense cooling (up to -1.9º).

Salinity is largely determined by river flow, water exchange with the open sea and ice formation. The average long-term annual salinity in the bay increases southward from 26.5 0/00 to 33.5 0/00 (Lastovetskiy, 1978). The minimum salinity is observed in July-August, the maximum in January-February.

The coastal waters of closed bays and low-order bays (Vostok, Strelok and others) are characterized by a significant contrast in the salinity value. Among them, the maximum contrast is observed in the Amur Bay, where at its top during the period of maximum continental runoff (July-August) salinity is 2–9 0/00, while in the open part near Cape Gamov it is 27–30 0/00 (Vinokurova, 1977). Summer desalination affects the water layer up to 15 m thick, at depths over 30 m salinity is constant and amounts to 33–34 0/00 (Podorvanova et al., 1989).

The natural conditions of the bay contribute to the abundant saturation of water with oxygen, but anthropogenic activity strongly interferes with this process, especially noticeable in closed areas, where its content often decreases (Dulepov et al., 2002).

The swell in the bay depends on the wind regime and on the relief of the coastal zone. In summer (from May to August), the waves of the southern points, mainly southeastern ones, prevail, in winter (from November to March) the northern and northwestern ones. In spring and autumn winds of alternating directions blow. It was already indicated above how this affects the ecological situation of the water area.

According to the "Handbook on the waves of the coastal zone of Primorye" (1976), in the characterized water area, three types of regions are distinguished, differing in wave regime: protected, semi-protected and open.

Protected areas are closed water areas with limited communication with the open sea (Golden Horn, Chazhma, Nakhodka, Wrangel and others). They are clearly dominated by wind waves (90–99%). In winter, these waters are covered with ice, which is periodically broken by ships, and in summer the waves of the southern points prevail (50–70%). In spring and autumn, the share of southern (20-50%) and northern (30-50%) waves is approximately equal. At the same time, wave heights of up to 0.25 m (48–61%) prevail, with an observed maximum of 2–2.5 m (b. Nakhodka). Calm repeatability reaches 30%.

Semi-sheltered areas have a great connection with the open sea (Former Troitsa, Bay Slavyanka, Former Anna and others). It is also dominated by wind waves (70–90%), mainly up to 0.25 m (23–50%). The maximum recorded wave height reached 3 m. In the annual cycle, the highest frequency of occurrence was observed in the waves of the northern, northeastern and southeastern directions.

Open areas (Boisman, Rudnev, Rifovaya and others bays) have free water exchange with the open sea. The wave regime here is determined by swell waves, which prevail in the summer period (60–70%) and wind waves with the highest frequency (60–70%). In winter, waves dominate in the northwestern (30–60%) and western (20–40%) directions, and in summer, in the southern and eastern (70–90%) directions. Here, the most frequent waves are 0.25–0.75 m (40%) and 0.75–1.25 m (30%) with a maximum in the bay of 3.5–6 m with a repeatability of 1–2%. Moreover, in the Sea of Japan, the wave height can reach 12 m (Atlas ..., 1968). Such high waves are caused by the passage of typhoons, causing severe damage, especially in the coastal strip.

From these data, it follows that the lowest hydrodynamic activity is characteristic of closed areas, which determines their greatest ecological vulnerability.

The tidal phenomena in the bay are of an irregular semidiurnal character with an amplitude of 0.19–0.34 m.

Surge fluctuations in the level (up to 25 cm) are influenced by monsoons and are seasonal in nature. In summer, southerly winds, respectively, cause a rise in sea level, in winter, northerly winds cause overturning phenomena.

The constant current of the bay is a branch of the cold Primorsky current, the waters of which at a speed of 0.3–0.5 m / s, passing from the northern part of the sea along the eastern shores, make a counterclockwise cycle and leave along the western coast again into the open sea. In the bay itself, the branches of this current collide with a thin warm jet from the East Korean Current (Fig. 1.13).

Rice. 1.13. Scheme of constant surface currents in the hall. Peter the Great (based on materials from the Pacific Fleet Hydrographic Service, Atlas of Peter the Great Bay ..., 2003)

Alongshore currents, excited by waves, are developed in a narrow coastal part. Their direction depends on the excitement, which determines the strong variability. These currents generate alongshore sediment movements, which is especially clearly traced on the accumulative areas of the coast (Khasan seashore and the tops of the bays). They show the transfer of contaminated fine fractions from ecologically unfavorable zones (from the bays of Razboynik, Abrek, Nakhodka).

The runoff currents with a velocity of 0.2–0.5 m / s are determined by the hydrological regime of the rivers. They are most developed in the northern and western parts of the bay, especially during periods of floods. Ice in the coastal zone of the bay appears in November-December and can persist until March, the maximum ice formation is observed in February, especially widespread in the summit of the Amur Bay, which contributes to the phenomenon of fish death from oxygen starvation.