constitutional monarchy. Constitutional Monarchy: Examples of Countries. Countries with a constitutional monarchy: list

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY, (limited monarchy) a kind of monarchical form of government in which the power of the monarch (see MONARCH (head of state)) is limited by the constitution, there is an elected Legislature parliament and independents ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

A state in which the power of the head is limited by the constitution. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D., 1865. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY A state in which the power of the head ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

a constitutional monarchy- Monarchy, where the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, i.e. Legislative functions are transferred to parliament, and executive functions to the government ... Geography Dictionary

A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY- a kind of monarchical form of government, a state in which the power of the monarch is significantly limited by an elected representative body (parliament). This is usually determined by the constitution, which the monarch has no right to change. As a rule, K.m. ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

A constitutional monarchy- (English constitutional monarchy) state structure, in which the power of the monarch (king, emperor, etc.) is limited by the constitution (legislative functions are transferred to parliament, executive government) ... Encyclopedia of Law

- (limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy), a form of government in which the power of a lifelong ruler - a monarch - is more or less limited to one of political institutions, which are the constitution, parliament, higher ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

A constitutional monarchy- a monarchy in which the power of the monarch is limited by parliament (England, Belgium, Sweden) ... Popular political vocabulary

a constitutional monarchy- see also. limited monarchy. a special kind of monarchical form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, there is an elected legislature parliament and independent courts. First appeared in the UK at the end of ... ... Big Law Dictionary

A form of government in which the monarch, although he is the head of state, however, unlike an absolute or unlimited monarchy, his power is limited by the constitution. K.m. It is customary to subdivide into dualistic and parliamentary. AT… … Law Encyclopedia

See article Monarchy… Big soviet encyclopedia

Books

Metamorphoses of the history of Russia. Volume 3. Pre-capitalism and constitutional monarchy, L. S. Vasiliev. Third volume research project dedicated to the fourth metamorphosis of Russia. The reforms of the 1860s and 1905 created a socio-political and private legal basis that made it possible to make a leap towards ...
Metamorphoses of the history of Russia. Pre-capitalism and constitutional monarchy. Volume 3, Vasiliev L.S. The third volume of the research project is devoted to the fourth metamorphosis of Russia. The reforms of the 1860s and 1905 created a socio-political and private legal basis that made it possible to make a leap towards ...

a form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution (as opposed to an absolute monarchy). There are two main forms of KM: dualistic and parliamentary. AT modern era K.m.: Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, Sweden.

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A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

a form of government in which the monarch, although he is the head of state, however, unlike an absolute or unlimited monarchy, his power is limited by the constitution. K.m. It is customary to subdivide into dualistic and parliamentary. In a dualistic (dualism - duality) monarchy, state power is shared by the monarch and parliament, elected by all or a certain part of the population. Parliament exercises legislative power, the monarch - executive. He appoints a government that is responsible only to the front. Parliament does not influence the formation, composition and activities of the government. Legislative powers of parliament are limited, the monarch has the right of an absolute veto (that is, without his approval, the law does not enter into force). It can issue its acts (decrees) having the force of law. The monarch has the right to appoint members of the upper house of parliament, dissolve parliament, often for an indefinite period, while it depends on him when new elections are held, and for the corresponding period he has full power. Jordan and Morocco are considered states with a dualistic monarchy. In a parliamentary monarchy, the parliament occupies a dominant position, has supremacy in relation to the executive branch. The government is officially and actually dependent on Parliament. It answers only to Parliament. The latter has the right to control the activities of the government; if parliament expresses no confidence in the government, it must resign. Such a monarch is characterized by the words "reigns, but does not rule." The monarch appoints the government or head of government, however, depending on which party (or their coalition) has a majority in parliament. The monarch either has no veto power or exercises it at the behest ("advice") of the government. He cannot legislate. All acts emanating from the monarch are usually prepared by the government, they must be countersigned (countersigned) by the signature of the head of government or the relevant minister, without which they cannot legal effect. At the same time, one should not consider the monarch in a parliamentary monarchy only as a decorative figure or a relic left from feudal times. The presence of a monarchy is considered one of the factors of internal stability state system. The monarch stands in a supra-party struggle and demonstrates political neutrality. In his appeals to parliament, he can raise problems important for the state that require legislative solutions and the consolidation of society. Parliamentary monarchies - Great Britain, Belgium, Japan, Denmark, Spain, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Thailand, Nepal, etc.

Monarchy(from the Greek monarhia - autocracy) is a form of government in which power is fully or partially concentrated in the hands of the sole head of state - the monarch. Distinguish between unlimited (absolute) and limited (constitutional) monarchies . Absolute monarchy characterized by the sovereignty of the head of state. Preserved mainly in Asia ( Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman, Qatar). Under the sultans and emirs, there are sometimes deliberative bodies, the so-called. quasi-parliaments, but with very limited possibilities. A constitutional monarchy characterized by the limitation of the power of the monarch by Parliament. Depending on the degree of restriction, dualistic (dual) and parliamentary monarchies are distinguished. Under a dualistic monarchy, the powers of the head of state are limited in the sphere of legislation, but broad in the sphere of executive power. The monarch has the right to appoint a government that is responsible to him. Under a parliamentary monarchy, the power of the head of state practically does not extend to the sphere of legislation and is significantly limited in the sphere of executive power. The government is formed by a parliamentary majority and is accountable to parliament, not to the monarch. Thus, "the monarch reigns, but does not rule." Such a monarchy in Great Britain, Sweden,. Denmark, Spain, Belgium, Japan and other countries. In Russia, there is an Orthodox monarchical order Union - Pramos, which supports and disseminates monarchist ideas.

AT monarchy the source of power is one person. The head of state receives his post by inheritance, regardless of voters or representative bodies of power. There are several types of monarchical form of government:

- absolute monarchy (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman) - omnipotence of the head of state;

- a constitutional monarchy - a state in which the powers of the monarch are limited by the constitution.

The constitutional monarchy is divided into dualistic (Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco), in which the monarch is endowed with predominantly executive power and only partially with legislative, and parliamentary , where the monarch, although considered the head of state, actually has representative functions and only partially executive, and sometimes also has the right to veto decisions of parliament, which he practically does not use. The vast majority of Monarchy in a specific form is preserved today in almost a third of the countries of the world (Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Spain)

11. State as an institution of the political system of society.

Political institutions are relatively highly organized social and political system formations, characterized by a stable structure, deep integration of their elements, diversity, flexibility and dynamism of their functions.

it- bringing people together to meet a specific and important need or achieve a specific goal of a personal, group or social nature.

political institutions- this is the family, the state, its bodies (parliament, president, government, court), parties, education, health, social security systems, factories, banks, markets, scientific and cultural organizations and institutions, mass media, religion, and many others.

They are characterized by a clear delineation of the functions and powers of each of the subjects of interaction, the consistency of their actions, a fairly high and strict level of control and regulation.

Concepts of the genesis of the state.

The state appears as a result of the decomposition of the tribal system, the gradual isolation from the society of leaders and their entourage and the concentration of managerial functions, resources of power and social privileges in them under the influence of a number of factors . The most important of them:

The development of the social division of labor, the allocation of managerial labor in order to increase its efficiency in a special industry and the formation of this special body - the state;

Emergence in the course of development of production of private property, classes and exploitation (Marxism).

Without denying the influence of these factors, most modern scholars still do not link the existence of the state directly with the emergence of private property and classes. In some countries, education historically preceded it and contributed to the class stratification of society. In the course of historical development, as class antagonisms are erased and society is democratized, the state becomes more and more a supra-class, national organization;

The conquest of some peoples by others (F. Oppenheimer, L. Gumplovich and others). The influence of the conquests on the education and development of the state is undoubted. However, it should also not be made absolute, losing sight of other, often more important factors;

Demographic factors: changes in the reproduction of the human race itself, an increase in the number and density of the population, the transition of peoples from a nomadic to a settled way of life, the prohibition of incest and the regulation of marriage relations between clans. All this increased the need for communities to regulate the relationships of ethnically close people;

Psychological factors. Some authors (Hobbes) consider fear of aggression from other people, fear for life and property as the strongest motive that prompts a person to create a state. Others (Locke) put in the forefront the reason of people, which led them to an agreement on the creation of a special body - the state, which is better able to ensure the rights of people than traditional forms of community life. The contractual theories of the state are supported by some real facts. So, for example, a contractual system of reigning existed in ancient Novgorod, where an agreement was concluded with a prince invited for a certain period;

anthropological factors. They mean that the state form of organization is rooted in the very social nature of man, its development. Even Aristotle argued that man, as a highly collective being, can exist only within the framework of certain forms of community life. The state, like a family and a village, “is a natural form of community life.” It arises as a result of the development of human nature and, with the help of law, brings fair, moral principles into people's lives.

In the scientific literature, some other factors affecting the formation of states and their features are also noted; geographical location, presence or absence of natural boundaries, climatic conditions, fertile lands, etc. Numerous studies have shown that the state arises and develops under the influence of a number of factors, among which it is hardly possible to single out any one as defining.

Existing for many millennia, the state changes along with the development of the whole society, of which it is a part.

From the point of view of the peculiarities of the relationship between the state and the individual, the embodiment in the state structure of rationality, the principles of freedom and human rights, in the development of the state, one can single out two global stages : traditional and constitutional , as well as intermediate stages that combine the features of traditional and constitutional states, for example, totalitarian statehood.

Traditional states arose and existed mainly spontaneously, on the basis of customs and norms of ancient times. They had institutionally unlimited power over their subjects, denied the equality of all people, did not recognize the individual as a source of state power. Monarchies were a typical embodiment of such a state.

constitutional the state is an object of conscious human formation, management and regulation. It does not seek to cover with its regulatory influence all manifestations of human life - its economic, cultural, religious and political activity, and is limited only to the performance of functions delegated by citizens and not violating the freedom of the individual. In general, the constitutional stage in the development of the state is associated with its subordination to society and citizens, with the legal certainty of the powers and scope of state intervention, with the legal regulation of the activities of the state and guarantees of human rights. In a word, it is connected with the appearance of the constitution.

The term itself "constitution" in science it is used in two senses.

The first of these, denoted by the term "real constitution", goes back to Aristotle, who in his famous "Politics" interpreted the constitution as "a certain order for the inhabitants of one state." In other words, a real constitution is a political system, a stable model of state activity. This code does not necessarily take the form of a set of laws inherent in modern states. It may have the character of religious-political commandments or unwritten age-old traditions to which the current laws of the state are subject.

In the second, most common sense, the term "constitution" is a set of laws, a legal or normative act. It is a system of fixed laws that determine the foundations, goals and structure of the state. The Constitution acts as if the text of a "social contract" concluded between citizens and the state, and regulating its activities. It gives the state of a modern, constitutional type the necessary legitimacy.

November 5, 2015

What forms of government exist in modern world? Where on the planet are countries still ruled by kings and sultans? Find answers to these questions in our article. In addition, you will learn what a constitutional monarchy is. You will also find examples of countries of this form of government in this publication.

The main forms of government in the modern world

To date, there are two main models government controlled: monarchist and republican. By monarchy is meant a form of government in which power belongs to one person. It can be a king, emperor, emir, prince, sultan, etc. Second distinguishing feature monarchical system - the process of transferring this power by inheritance (and not by the results of popular elections).

Today there are absolute, theocratic and constitutional monarchies. Republics (the second form of government) are more common in the modern world: they are about 70%. The republican model of government assumes the election of the supreme authorities - the parliament and (or) the president.

The most famous monarchies of the planet: Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Japan, Kuwait, United United Arab Emirates(UAE). Examples of country-republics: Poland, Russia, France, Mexico, Ukraine. However, in this article we are only interested in countries with a constitutional monarchy (you will find a list of these states below).

Monarchy: absolute, theocratic, constitutional

There are three types of monarchical countries (there are about 40 of them in the world). It can be theocratic, absolute and constitutional monarchy. Let us briefly consider the features of each of them, and dwell on the last in more detail.

In absolute monarchies, all power is concentrated in the hands of one person. He makes absolutely all decisions, realizing the internal and foreign policy of their country. The clearest example of such a monarchy can be called Saudi Arabia.

In a theocratic monarchy, power belongs to the highest church (spiritual) minister. The only example such a country is the Vatican, where the absolute authority for the population is the Pope. True, some researchers classify Brunei and even Great Britain as theocratic monarchies. It's no secret that the Queen of England is also the head of the church.

A constitutional monarchy is...

A constitutional monarchy is a model of government in which the power of the monarch is significantly limited.

Sometimes he can be completely deprived of supreme authority. In this case, the monarch is only a formal figure, a kind of symbol of the state (as, for example, in Great Britain).

All these legal restrictions on the power of the monarch, as a rule, are reflected in the constitution of a particular state (hence the name of this form of government).

Types of constitutional monarchy

Modern constitutional monarchies can be parliamentary or dualistic. In the first, the government is formed by the country's parliament, to which it reports. In dualistic constitutional monarchies, ministers are appointed (and removed) by the monarch himself. Parliament only has the right of some vetoes.

It is worth noting that the division of countries into republics and monarchies sometimes turns out to be somewhat arbitrary. After all, even in the most democratic states certain aspects of the succession of power (the appointment of relatives and friends to important government posts) can be observed. This applies to Russia, Ukraine and even the United States.

Constitutional Monarchy: Examples of Countries

To date, 31 states of the world can be attributed to constitutional monarchies. The third part of them is located in the Western and Northern Europe. About 80% of all constitutional monarchies in the modern world are parliamentary, and only seven are dualistic.

The following are all countries with a constitutional monarchy (list). The region in which the state is located is indicated in brackets:

Luxembourg (Western Europe).
Liechtenstein (Western Europe).
Principality of Monaco (Western Europe).
Great Britain (Western Europe).
Netherlands (Western Europe).
Belgium (Western Europe).
Denmark (Western Europe).
Norway (Western Europe).
Sweden (Western Europe).
Spain (Western Europe).
Andorra (Western Europe).
Kuwait (Middle East).
UAE (Middle East).
Jordan (Middle East).
Japan (East Asia).
Cambodia (Southeast Asia).
Thailand (Southeast Asia).
Bhutan (Southeast Asia).
Australia (Australia and Oceania).
New Zealand (Australia and Oceania).
Papua New Guinea (Australia and Oceania).
Tonga (Australia and Oceania).
Solomon Islands (Australia and Oceania).
Canada (North America).
Morocco (North Africa).
Lesotho (South Africa).
Grenada (Caribbean).
Jamaica (Caribbean).
Saint Lucia (Caribbean).
Saint Kitts and Nevis (Caribbean).
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Caribbean).

On the map below, all these countries are marked in green.

Is constitutional monarchy the ideal form of government?

There is an opinion that the constitutional monarchy is the key to the stability and welfare of the country. Is it so?

Of course, a constitutional monarchy is not capable of automatically solving all the problems that arise before the state. However, she is ready to offer society a certain political stability. After all, in such countries a constant struggle for power (imaginary or real) is absent a priori.

The constitutional-monarchical model has a number of other advantages. As practice shows, it was in such states that it was possible to build the world's best social security systems for citizens. And we are talking not only about the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

You can take, for example, the same countries of the Persian Gulf (UAE, Kuwait). They have much less oil than in the same Russia. However, in a few decades, from poor countries, whose population was exclusively engaged in grazing in oases, they were able to turn into successful, prosperous and fully established states.

The most famous constitutional monarchies of the world: Great Britain, Norway, Kuwait

Great Britain is one of the most famous parliamentary monarchies on the planet. The head of state (as well as formally another 15 Commonwealth countries) is Queen Elizabeth II. However, one should not think that she is a purely symbolic figure. The British Queen has a powerful right to dissolve Parliament. In addition, it is she who is the commander-in-chief of the British troops.

The Norwegian king is also the head of state, according to the Constitution, which has been in force since 1814. To quote this document, Norway is "a free monarchical state with a limited and hereditary form of government." Moreover, initially the king had broader powers, which gradually narrowed.

Another parliamentary monarchy since 1962 is Kuwait. The role of the head of state here is played by the emir, who has broad powers: he dissolves the parliament, signs laws, appoints the head of the government; he also commands the troops of Kuwait. It is curious that in this amazing country women are absolutely equal in their political rights with men, which is not at all typical for the states of the Arab world.

Finally

Now you know what a constitutional monarchy is. Examples of countries of this form of government are present on all continents of the planet, except for Antarctica. These are the gray-haired wealthy states of the old woman-Europe, and the young richest countries of the Middle East.

Is it possible to say that the most optimal form of government in the world is precisely a constitutional monarchy? Examples of countries - successful and highly developed - fully confirm this assumption.

A constitutional (limited) monarchy is a special kind of monarchical form of government in which the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, there is an elected legislative body - parliament and independent courts. Such a monarchy first arose in Great Britain at the end of the 17th century. as a result of the bourgeois revolution. The characteristic institutions of this type of monarchy are such areas as the countersignature and the civil list.

A countersignature is a fastening of an act of the monarch by the signature of the head of government or a minister, which means that the minister who fastened it bears legal and political responsibility for this act. Formally, it is explained by the fact that the monarch, as head of state, is not responsible for his actions. The countersignature was introduced in England in early XVIII century as effective remedy limits on the power of the king. It is the appearance of the countersignature that can be considered the moment of the final victory of the constitutional monarchy in England, as in other countries. Civil List - the amount of money annually allocated for the maintenance of the monarch in constitutional monarchies. The size of this amount is fixed by law at the beginning of each reign and may be further increased, but not reduced.

Dualistic monarchy

The dualistic monarchy is historically a transitional form from absolute to parliamentary monarchy. The power of the monarch is limited by the constitution. Under a dualistic monarchy, the government formally bears dual responsibility - to the monarch and parliament, but in reality, as a rule, obeys the will of the monarch. It is as a dualistic monarchy that one can characterize the form of government that existed in Russian Empire from October 17, 1905 to February Revolution 1917, as well as in Kaiser's Germany (1871-1918).

The power of the monarch under a dualistic monarchy is limited in the legislative area of Parliament. At the same time, the monarch has an unlimited right to dissolve parliament and the right to an absolute veto over adopted laws. The government is formed by the monarch, so the real political power kept by the monarch.

characteristic feature dualistic monarchy is the formal legal division of state power between the monarch and parliament.

The executive power is in the hands of the monarch, the legislative power is in the hands of the parliament. Dualistic monarchies in the modern world include Bahrain (also referred to as an absolute monarchy), Jordan, Kuwait (also referred to as an absolute monarchy), Luxembourg, Monaco, Liechtenstein, United Arab Emirates (also referred to as an absolute monarchy), Thailand, Nepal, Malaysia.

parliamentary monarchy

A parliamentary monarchy is a more progressive form of a constitutional monarchy. It is characterized by the fact that the monarch purely nominally performs his functions. Even if the constitution gives him great powers (as, for example, in the Netherlands, Denmark), he cannot use them on his own. All acts emanating from the monarch require the official approval of the ministers. In a number of parliamentary monarchies (Japan, Sweden), the monarch, according to the constitution, even formally, does not have any significant powers.

Parliamentary monarchy- a constitutional monarchy in which the monarch does not have significant powers compared to the government and plays a predominantly representative or ceremonial role. Under a parliamentary monarchy, the government is responsible to the parliament, which has formal supremacy among other organs of the state.

The parliamentary monarchy is distinguished by the fact that the status of the monarch, both legally and in fact, is limited in all spheres of state power, including the legislative and executive. Legal limits on the monarch's power may be enshrined in higher laws (such as a constitution or statute) or in precedent decisions issued by the supreme courts. Legislative power is wholly vested in Parliament, and executive power is vested in the government, which is responsible for its activities to Parliament. Thanks to this, parliamentary monarchy can be combined with parliamentary democracy. In this case, the government is formed by the party or coalition of parties that received the majority of votes in parliament during the general election. The head of such a government is usually called the prime minister. Another type of constitutional monarchy is a dualistic monarchy, where, unlike a parliamentary monarchy, the monarch has extensive powers of authority and is actually the head of the executive branch.

Tyranny

According to Aristotle: the distortion of the monarchy is tyranny.

Tyranny is the power of a selfish ruler. The tyrant is peculiar cruel methods reign (a very important feature by which a tyrant was identified in subsequent eras). Aristotle notes that the tyrant is in a sense outside of society. He owns the thesis: "The legitimate king is guarded by citizens, the tyrant is guarded by mercenaries."

Tyrannies are often the result of social upheavals. They are characteristic when a tradition is broken and damaged. It is precisely because of this that two periods in history produced an incredible number of tyrants. The first is the period of struggle between democracies and aristocracies in Greek policies. The second is the Italian Renaissance.

Consider an example of tyranny in the history of our fatherland. There were only two tyrants in the history of Rus'.

The first Russian tyrant - Ivan IV 6. The legality of his coming to power could be called into question due to the circumstances of his birth, but there was no other contender for the throne and formally, he came to power in a completely legal way, as an heir. The tyrannical experience of his reign begins with the oprichnina. By provocation, he unleashed the Levonian War (the classic technique of a tyrant) - Alexei Basmanov's detachment captured Narva without permission. As a result, the war began, and in an extremely unfavorable situation for us - with a strong risk of causing the creation of a coalition of several strong powers, which happened later, when Sweden entered the war after Poland.

The second tyrant in Rus' was Peter I. A. Tolstoy in the novel Peter the Great pays the most serious attention to the formation of Peter's character, and explains the emergence of his cruelty by objective reasons. Life itself was his constant teacher. It was she who called him to oppose the old regime, the old way of Russian life. Peter saw desolation, theft, backwardness in everything, and this caused him terrible anger. In essence, the entire Petrine era is permeated with the heroic struggle of the Russian people for their national existence, for their independence.

The presence of tyrants in our history has been repeatedly used in political speculation, stating that Russians are eternal slaves and love tyrants very much. In fact, not a single nation in its history has escaped tyrants. So, back in the Middle Ages, England, which created democracy, not only municipal, but also parliamentary, received its tyrant a little earlier than us. He was Henry VIII, a typical renaissance tyrant. By the way, in England, Parliament even acted under him and, more obediently than any Supreme Council, unanimously voted for all the proposals of the tyrant.

The success of tyranny is based on the fact that the tyrant exceeds the level of cruelty acceptable in a given society, in a given era. Saying that the tyrant is cruel, we will not say anything, because cruelty is a historical concept to a certain extent. Starting to impale, Ivan IV abruptly stepped over society's ideas about the possible level of cruelty, and society was numb with horror. At present, the term "tyranny" in everyday life has lost its original meaning. It is used mainly in a figurative sense evaluatively, as a characteristic of a cruel ruler or government.

Having considered the main forms of government, we note the absolute monarchy. This is the most acceptable and just form of government and should not be confused with tyranny, since all absolute monarchies accepted the principle of inviolability of private property. None of the absolute monarchs decided on mass confiscations, which tyrants easily decided on. Secondly, absolute monarchs tried not to destroy traditions. Respect for one's own culture is a virtue preserved by an absolute monarchy.

6 Lazarev V.V. General theory of law and state. - 3rd edition Revised and enlarged. - M.: Yurist 2012. - S. 89