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In early September, Hawaii will host the World Conservation Congress. One of the tasks of the forum is to work on the conservation of biological and landscape diversity and the development of a system of specially protected natural areas... To achieve this goal, the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program was established. It unites specially protected natural areas and covers a wide variety of ecosystems: from coastal zones and islands to mountainous areas, wetlands, rainforest and arid zones.

On this moment the World Network of Biosphere Reserves already includes more than 630 sites located in 119 countries. TASS will introduce you to some of them.

Kronotsky biosphere reserve

Located in the eastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kronotsky Nature Reserve is one of the oldest in Russia. Covers an area of ​​over 1 million hectares. On its territory is the famous Valley of Geysers - the only geyser field in Eurasia with an abnormally high biodiversity and high contrast of natural conditions and microclimate.

The reserve also contains thermal lakes, waterfalls and eight active volcanoes. The highest is Kronotskaya Sopka (3528 meters).

Caucasian biosphere reserve

The Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve is the largest and oldest specially protected natural area in the North Caucasus. The reserve is located within three regions of the Russian Federation - Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Previously, this territory was the location of the Caucasian Bison Reserve. Today, in addition to bison, the park is inhabited by red deer, brown bears, West Caucasian tours, chamois, lynxes, roe deer and wild boars.

In the summer of 2016, here from the Center for the reintroduction of the Central Asian leopard.

"Lake Neusiedler See" in Austria

Neusiedler See is the fourth largest lake in Central Europe. Its area is approximately 315 sq. kilometers, with an average depth of about one meter. The lake is about 20 thousand years old. It arose at the end ice age as a result of vibrations of the earth's crust.

The flat saline lake is a unique biosphere reserve. To the south and southeast of it there are national parks: the Austrian "Neusiedlersee-Seewinkel" and the Hungarian "Fertö-Hanshag".

"Galapagos Islands"

Biosphere Reserve "Galapagos Islands" covers 97% of the territory of the islands of the same name in the Pacific Ocean. The archipelago belonging to the state of Ecuador is of volcanic origin. The last eruption was recorded here on May 13, 2005, with lava flows and columns of smoke erupting from the volcano of Fernandina Island.

Lives on the islands a large number of unique species of animals (endemic), including the Galapagos tortoise and the Galapagos conolof (iguana).

There are strict rules on the territory of the reserve. It is forbidden not only to feed and touch animals, but also to collect, and even move from place to place any natural objects, including shells, bones and pieces of wood.

Yellowstone

First in the world national park"Yellowstone" (founded March 1, 1872) is located in the United States, in the states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. The park is famous for its geysers and hot springs. Yellowstone got its name from the river of the same name, along which Indian tribes used to live. Literally translated - "Yellow Stone". The banks of the river flowing on a high mountain plateau were covered with yellow boulders.

The reserve is home to Lake Yellowstone, one of the largest alpine lakes in North America. It is located in the center of the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. Several eruptions have been recorded over the past 2 million years.

"Bialowieza Forest"

"Bialowieza Forest", located on the territory of Poland and Belarus, is the largest forest in central Europe and is the remains of a relict primeval plain forest.

The total area of ​​the protected lands of the park is more than 150 thousand hectares. There are almost 1,000 species of vegetation in the reserve.

Socotra

Socotra is one of the world's most isolated archipelagos, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. Long isolation formed a unique flora and fauna, thanks to which the archipelago is included in the list world heritage UNESCO.

There are over 800 rare plant species on Socotra, of which more than a third are endemic. One of the most amazing representatives local flora can be considered a rare tree - dracaena dragon (also dracaena cinnabar-red and "dragon tree"). If the bark is damaged, a thick red mass emerges from the tree.

"Jeju Island"

On the territory of the largest island South Korea Jeju is the extinct volcano Hallasan - the most high mountain in the country. The unique nature of the island is protected by UNESCO.

In 2011, according to the results international competition Jeju has been recognized as one of the seven new wonders of nature.

"Mariposa Monarca"

Biosphere Reserve "Mariposa Monarca" (monarch butterflies) is a conservation area in the Mexican state of Michoacan and partly in the state of Mexico City, created to preserve the wintering habitat of this species of butterflies. There are eight colonies in the park. Up to a billion individuals winter here from November to March.

The reserve is located in a wooded mountainous terrain at an altitude of about 3 thousand meters above sea level.

Butterflies hibernate on tree branches. One butterfly weighs no more than 0.5 grams, but due to the huge number of insects, trees sometimes break under their weight.

"Serengeti"

The ecosystem of the Serengeti region in Tanzania is one of the oldest and best preserved on Earth. The name comes from the Masai word siringet ("endless plains").

The reserve is home to about 500 bird species and 3 million large animals.

One of the features of the park is the annual migration of animals. During the dry period (October-November), herds of wildebeests, gazelles and zebras move from north to south, where there are short tropical rains at this time. With the onset of the rainy season (April-June), animals migrate to the west and north. During their annual migrations, animals travel 3,000 kilometers.


Amazon rainforest

The Amazon rainforest is the largest in the world a tropical forest, which captures the territory of nine states. The Amazon jungle covers 5.5 million square meters. kilometers - half of the total area of ​​the remaining tropical forests on the planet.

These forests are distinguished by a huge variety of flora and fauna. Every tenth described species of animal or plant is concentrated in Amazonian jungle... There are about 40 thousand species of plants, 3 thousand species of fish, more than 1,000 species of birds, almost 500 species of mammals, as well as the largest variety of plants on Earth, including 16 thousand species of trees.

"Hortobagy"

Hortobagy is the oldest national park in Hungary. Occupies an area of ​​more than 800 sq. kilometers, which makes it the largest protected area in the country. Most of the "Hortobadi" are saline pastures. It is the largest natural pasture in Europe. More than 200 families of shepherds live on the territory, who preserve the traditional way of life of the Magyars.

There are also swamps, water bodies, oak groves.

The park is home to over 300 bird species. Among the most notable are cranes, bustards, herons, buzzard eagles.

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Cover photo: Alexander Petrov / TASS, EPA / ZSOLT CZEGLEDI

Voronezh, Caucasian and Danube Biosphere Reserves are the largest nature conservation regions located in the post-Soviet space. What is a biosphere reserve? First of all, it is a protected area with a unique natural ecological system. In addition, monitoring and research is constantly being carried out on it and the land adjacent to it.

The history of the Voronezh reserve

By your creation state reserve owes primarily to beavers. Because before the start of research on the territory of this national park there was a hunting menagerie, into which deer and beavers were first brought. The latter formed a fairly large colony.

The history of the reserve dates back to 1919. Then an expedition was sent here to study nature. Group researchers it took four long years to fully explore the territory on which the Voronezh Biosphere Reserve is now located. After that, the leader of the expedition asked to organize a permanent guard of beavers in order to prevent their destruction.

Already in 1923, a protected area was created, which ran along the Usman River, where less than a hundred beavers lived then. Thanks to human care, the number of beavers has increased significantly, and they are no longer on the verge of extinction. In 1927, the protected area officially became a nature reserve. And in 1985 it became biosphere.

Main goals

The Voronezh Biosphere Reserve is located on the territory of the Voronezh and Lipetsk regions. Its area is more than 30 thousand hectares. The symbols of the reserve are the figures of a beaver and a deer, framed by branches.

Nowadays, this place is a unique natural area, which presents a variety of animals and flora.

The main tasks of the employees are the preservation of island forests, the richness of animal species, and the study of the ecological situation. In addition, the Voronezh State Biosphere Reserve is a place where researchers are actively involved in environmental education population.

Vegetable world

On the territory of the modern reserve there is a huge number of rare plants. Here is an amazing combination of oak, pine, birch and aspen trees.

In hot weather, flowers of egg capsules, water lilies and water colors appear on lakes and forest rivers. In addition, in this area, especially along the Ivnitsa River, a huge number of common ostrich grows. And on the shore of Lake Chistoye you can see the rarest species of plants - common pseudo-stone.

Animal world

The creation of the reserve is associated with the appearance of beavers, therefore, the protection and enhancement of these and other species of animals is the main focus of our work. The Voronezh Biosphere Reserve is inhabited by a large number of large mammals. These are wild boars, roe deer, elk and red deer.

The most numerous predator of the reserve is the common fox. However, there are also more large predators such as wolves. Undoubtedly, the most important place in the life of the reserve is occupied by beavers, which from several dozen have multiplied to several hundred.

The Voronezh Biosphere Reserve is inhabited by nine marten species. Badgers are also common. However, the most common are animals of the hamster family. Among this species, you can most often find various voles, for example, common, bank, water and dark voles.

The reserve is also home to many birds. Most often, you can find geese, sparrows and falcons.

The history of the Danube Biosphere Reserve

The history of this protected place originates in 1981, when the Danube floodplains were created on the basis of the branch of the Black Sea reserve. Then he occupied an area of ​​almost 15 thousand hectares. Thanks to a grant from the World Bank in 1995, it was possible to organize a huge Danube Biosphere Reserve on the basis of a small protected area.

It received its current size in 1998, after by the decree of the head of state its territory increased to almost 50 thousand hectares. The territory of the modern reserve includes the Stentzivsko-Zhebriyanskie floodplains, the Zhebriyanskaya ridge, the Ermakov channel island. It is part of it and fisheries, which is nearby.

The program for the development of protected areas envisages expanding the Danube Nature Reserve by 2015 at the expense of the most valuable wetlands in its ecosystem, which are located from the city of Reni. Consequently, soon the reserve will occupy all the territories of the most valuable wetlands of the Danube region.

Scientists' activities

The Danube Biosphere Reserve was created in order to protect the unique nature of the Danube region. Scientists carefully study the nature of the Danube Delta, conduct background monitoring of the ecological state, and also educate the population.

In addition, research is carried out in the field of conservation, as well as environmental protection. Special meaning has a study of anthropogenic factors that affect the state of the ecosystem as a whole. Events are also held here to help reduce the man-made impact on nature to a minimum.

The reserve cooperates with international organizations, including work under the programs of UNESCO. Thanks to this, public attention is actively attracted to environmental issues this region.

Not only changes in the flora and fauna of the reserve are being studied, but also hydrological and climatic changes. There is also ongoing monitoring of the state of the Danube waters, swamps and small rivers.

Flora of the reserve

The flora of the reserve is rich in unique plants. Its flora includes almost 600 different species. Such a variety of flora is preserved thanks to the very fertile soil, as well as the large amount of moisture. In addition, the soil contains a huge amount of silt brought by the river.

The most popular plant species are reeds. On the banks of the Danube, you can see willow thickets, which are about 100 meters wide. In this area, there are white, three-stalked, loshka and other species of this plant. In the coastal part of the reserve, you can find bush amorph, sea buckthorn, and tamorizkus.

Small areas of aquatic vegetation can be seen in the tall grass. White shield-leaved floaters, floating walnut and floating salvinia are rare plant species that abound in the biosphere reserve. Until recently, photos of unique species could only be seen in the Red Book of Ukraine. But thanks to the efforts of scientists rare plants now they feel comfortable in natural conditions.

Fauna

The fauna of the Danube Reserve is also unique. The greatest number of species falls on birds. This feature of the reserved place is due to the large amount of food resources. Here you can see gull, goose, coot, swan, ducks and tern. In addition, there are also rare bird species. Among them, one cannot fail to mention the pink pelican, spoonbill, curly pelican and red-breasted goose. On the territory of the reserve, not only birds rest during the flight, but also some waterfowl species winter.

About 100 species of fish can also be found here. Some of their species are very rare, for example, umber, chop small and large, sturgeon, and Danube salmon. Among mammals in the territory of the reserve you can find wild pigs, forest cat and a raccoon dog, as well as several dozen reptiles and amphibians. Among the inhabitants of the reserve there are more than 20 species of insects, which are listed in the Red Book.

History of the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve

Its history began in 1924. It was from this time that this protected area began to be protected at the legislative level. Previously, the organization "Kuban Hunt" was located here. The area of ​​the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve is more than 250 thousand hectares. This reserve is unique in its beauty and diversity of species of flora and fauna.

Caucasian Biosphere Reserve in 1999 was included in the list natural sites UNESCO that are of worldwide importance. The territory has been part of the international network of biosphere reserves since 1997. This is the only reserve of the Greater Caucasus, which is located at an altitude of almost 3.5 km above sea level.

Security activities

The Caucasus Biosphere Reserve is an object on the territory of which environmental and educational activities are carried out. But what is a biosphere reserve and what are its main goals?

The Caucasian Reserve is a strictly protected area where you can find rare natural objects of important natural or scientific value. Its employees are engaged in researching rare species found on its territory, monitoring the mechanisms of the biosphere, as well as observing the impact of technogenic factors on living organisms, as well as protecting them from these factors.

An important role in the work of the scientists of the reserve is played by the protection of its territory from economic activity, because it should remain without any changes introduced to nature by humans. Researchers consider funds to be their assistants. mass media that help to educate the population.

Reserve landscape

The Caucasian National Reserve has a unique geographical location. Here you can see high-mountain plateaus, rocks, hollows, cuesta ridges, many small lakes and mountain rivers, coniferous and mixed forests.

What is a biosphere reserve in such a place? It has a mountainous relief characterized by vertical zoning. There is a nival, subalpine belt, mixed forests, coniferous and beech forests and others. In the gorges, you can see forests and meadows, as well as lakes and mountain streams. The peaks of the mountains are covered with eternal glaciers, in which many rivers of the reserve originate.

Vegetation

The flora of the reserve is diverse. On the same territory, there are both tundra plants and heat-loving ones. In total, the flora of the region numbers almost 3 thousand species, of which more than 200 species are occupied by trees and shrubs.

Unique fir trees grow on the territory of the reserve. In addition, here you can find plants that have survived from the pre-glacial period. These are holly, yew, laurel and ginseng. There is also a large number of various berry, fruit and medicinal plants.

Fauna of the Caucasian Reserve

Natural reserves are primarily created to preserve the unique animals that live in a particular region. V Caucasian reserve more than 70 species of mammals live. Among them are wild boar, bear, red deer, lynx, Kuban wolf, foxes, badger, martens and other rare animals. The mighty bison are of particular importance for the reserve.

In addition, more than 240 bird species can be found on the territory of the reserve. These are such rare species as bearded vulture, griffon vulture, golden eagle. Many of these birds nest on the territory of the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve.

The pride of the reserve is a huge variety of fish, of which there are about 20 species. Most often, brook trout can be seen in the rivers. In addition, there are ten species of amphibians such as the newt, tree frog and Caucasian cross, as well as nearly 20 species of reptiles. The most common of these are the Caucasian lizard and the viper. There are many mushrooms growing on the territory of the reserve - almost a thousand species. Among them are 20 of those included in the Red Book.

The biosphere reserve is a place of sustainable nature conservation. World Network of Biosphere Reserves - the names of old and new biosphere reserves, which are approved by UNESCO.

The first biosphere reserves date back to 1976. In 2014, there are already 631 of them worldwide, in 119 countries. About the most amazing biosphere reserves in the world.

1. Mexico: Guadalupe Guadalupe Island

Biosphere reserve with an area of ​​253.8 km2, which belongs to Mexico. It is 241 km from the Baja California coast, on the coast The Pacific... The impressive thing is the island and ITS wide variety of marine life and flora. Guadalupe is the only refuge for several marine populations of birds and mammals, which are at the stage of their extinction.

THIS island is ALSO home to the largest colony of elephant seals in the Pacific, and many marine species living there are unique. Guadalupe is currently considered one of the best places in the World for Great White Sharks. The island has become a nature reserve since 1975.

2. Spain: Picos de Europa

Picos de Europa National Park is located in the central part of the Cantabrian Mountains with 4600 inhabitants. Both Beyos gorges are located within this park, two of the most impressive Oses in the Country.

As for the wildlife of the park, there are many protected species such as the Cantabrian capercaillie, bearded and brown bears. The most famous animals in Picos de Europa are the Cantabrian chamois, the Spanish ibex (which had previously disappeared from the area), and the Iberian wolf.

In terms of flora, we can find several types of forests. Here is the survival zone of the Atlantic mixed forests: oaks and hazelnuts, maples, limes, ash, chestnut and Walnut... The most characteristic inhabitants of the forest are: roe deer (Capreolus Capreolus) and wild boar (Sus SCROFA); badger (Meles Meles); marten (Martes Martes); ermine (Mustela ermine), weasel (Mustela snowy).

3. Colombia: Andean belt

Located on the belt of the Andean ridge in the south of Colombia, it consists of Three National Parks: Cueva de los Guácharos National Park, Puracé National Park and Nevado del Huila National Park; includes snow-capped peaks up to 5750 m high.

Andean Belt Biosphere Reserve Especially RICH in birds: condor, golden eagle and tapir National Park de Puracé is a volcanic belt - 7 craters, hot springs, waterfalls and lagoons. Several ethnic groups living in this Andean strip (Guambianos, Paeces, Yanconas, Kokonucos, Polindaras and INGAS) have preserved their traditions and culture.

4. Venezuela: Orinoco Delta

This privileged location in Venezuela has a large biological diversity and land of a unique aquatic ecosystem. There are over 2000 plant species, 151 mammals and nearly 500 bird species.

Mainly from the estuary and coastal mangroves, among the amazing wealth of fauna, we can find wonderful mammals: sea ​​cows and small sea dogs. Among the birds are pink spoonbills, osprey, and among the reptiles are very characteristic of this area of ​​the Anaconda.

Delta Orinoco - land of indigenous Warao people. Their name means "inhabitants of the water" ("Waha", below the river bank and "Arao"). They are considered the old population of Venezuela, so respect their culture and traditions - this is their reservation on the banks of the great Orinoco.

5. Peru: Huascaran

A national park and biosphere reserve since 1977, this area, also known as “High Park”, is one of the most important protected natural areas in Peru. It is bordered by the highest and largest tropical mountain range in the world.

The forests are perfectly preserved. More than 700 glaciers that form lagoons. Seasonal thaws make the area a biodiversity hub.

6.Germany: Bavarian forest

Impressive mid-High mountain systems in the eastern part of Bavaria. The hills expand to the Czech Republic and Austria. The Bavarian Forest National Park was created as the first of its kind in Germany in 1970, and it is the most large nature reserve in the country. Outside, it joins itself another national park on the Czech side, and together they form a large forest reserve in Europe.

7.United States of America: Congaree National Park

Eastern United States (South Carolina), high deciduous forests... The Congaree River flows through the entire park - 60.7 km2 (57%) Wildlife.

It has campsites and offers hiking, canoeing, kayaking. Bald Cypress is the most common tree in the park. Among the animals are lynxes, deer, wild pigs, coyotes, armadillos and turkeys. In its waters are amphibians, turtles, snakes, alligators, and many species of fish.

8. China: Huanglong

Huanglong in the northeastern part of Sichuan province, in the southern part of the Minshan mountains. The area is known for its colorful pools of calcite deposits, especially in Huanglongou (Yellow Dragon Galli), as well as for its diverse forest ecosystems, snow-capped peaks, waterfalls and hot springs.

THIS region is home to the giant panda and the Sichuan golden snub-nosed monkey. Huanglong Biosphere Reserve since 2000.

9.Russia: Lapland

The Lapland Biosphere Reserve in the Arctic Circle has a subarctic climate - permafrost (permanent ice cover on the earth's surface)

With breathtaking landscapes, Mysterious northern lights, white forests and wild reindeer.

10. Indonesia: Komodo National Park

This national park is located in the Indonesian archipelago, and consists of three large islands: Komodo, Padar Rinca, Gili, and many other small islands. They are of Volcanic Origin and 4000 people live there.

The national park was established in 1980 with the aim of protecting the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).

On November 11, 2011, Komodo National Park WAS Declared one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The Komodo dragon, the great symbol of this biosphere reserve, is 3 m long and weighs about 70 kg.

Biosphere reserves- these are nature conservation, research institutions of international importance, which are created with the aim of preserving the most typical natural complexes biosphere, implementation of background environmental monitoring, study of the environment natural environment, its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

According to Article 17 of the Law of Ukraine "On the NRF of Ukraine", biosphere reserves are created on the basis of natural reserves, national natural parks with the inclusion of territories and objects of NRF of other categories and other lands and belong to the world global network of biosphere reserves.

For biosphere reserves, a differentiated regime for the protection of reproduction and the use of natural complexes with functional zoning is established: a reserved zone, a buffer zone and a zone of anthropogenic landscapes.

Protected area - includes territories intended for the preservation and renewal of the most valuable natural and minimally disturbed natural complexes by anthropogenic factors, the gene pool of flora and fauna. Its regime is determined in accordance with the requirements for natural reserves.

Buffer zone- includes territories allocated for the purpose of preventing negative impact on protected area economic activities in the surrounding areas. Its regime is established in accordance with the requirements for protected zones of natural reserves.

Zone of anthropogenic landscapes- includes territories of traditional land use, forest use, water use, places of settlements, recreation and other types of economic activities. It covers the periphery of the buffer zone and is not limited in space.

Within the boundaries of biosphere reserves, zones of a regulated reserve regime can be distinguished, which include regional landscape parks, sanctuaries, nature reserves in compliance with the requirements of protection. Adjustable reserve mode It is used for ecosystems in which, under an absolutely protected regime, undesirable natural or anthropogenic changes occur, which lead to the degradation of protected ecosystems or their components.

The beginning of the creation of the World System of Biosphere Reserves within the framework of the UNESCO International Scientific Program "Man and the Biosphere" falls on 1973. In this program, a section was highlighted, which provided for the protection of natural areas with the available gene pool. In this regard, it was planned to create a wide network of biosphere reserves, which will represent unique and interesting ecosystems for science.

Functions of biosphere reserves:

Conducting long-term scientific research in natural and economically modified ecosystems in order to study the natural environment and its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors;


Protection of typical natural complexes of the biosphere;

Conducting background environmental monitoring.

To preserve the genetic diversity of plant and animal species.

All scientific research, observation of the state of the natural environment and other activities of biosphere reserves are carried out taking into account international programs... So, according to the project of the system of biosphere reserves of the IUCN ( International union protection of nature and natural resources), the network of biosphere reserves should include primary landscapes and territories close to them with varying degrees of development and changes in natural complexes. Thus, the modern classification of biomes of the Earth and their subdivisions is considered as the basis for creating a network of biosphere reserves.

In this regard, when choosing a site for a biosphere reserve, three categories are distinguished:

1) natural areas representing biomes, their main subdivisions and transition zones;

2) sites that are unique or have natural properties of exceptional value;

3) territories changed as a result of human activity.

At the same time, the area of ​​biosphere reserves should provide living space even for animals with very high mobility and contribute to the preservation of the viability of their populations. For migratory species, strict protection of the territory of breeding grounds should be ensured, since their safety is a determining condition for the survival of the species.

According to the functional features, research work is planned in biosphere reserves: conducting long-term observations of the state and changes in the environment; research to identify the consequences of the impact on the natural environment of anthropogenic human activities; research on environmental monitoring, which are included in the global monitoring system; research carried out under the projects of the program "Man and the Biosphere". To carry out this work, for each biosphere reserve, long-term plans and regional working groups are being created to ensure cooperation with other reserves.

Currently, biosphere reserves are an integral part of the global system of monitoring and control of the state of the natural environment - this is the main feature by which biosphere reserves differ from natural ones. In this regard, complex observations of the influence of the main pollutants on all media come to the fore. The observation program, containing a list of the most dangerous pollutants, includes indicators: prevalence, persistence, the possibility of transmission by food chains and accumulation in the human body, toxicity and transformation into more hazardous compounds. As a rule, in the atmospheric air, observations of sulfur dioxide, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, aerosols are carried out; v atmospheric precipitation, soil and biota for organochlorine compounds, heavy metals, and in water bodies also for oil products.

There are currently about 300 biosphere reserves in the world. In Ukraine, 4 reserves have the status of biosphere reserves: Askania-Nova, Black Sea, Carpathian, Danube.

Biosphere reserve "Askania-Nova" (1898) appeared in history as a territorial unit in 1828, thanks to Duke Ferdinand Friedrich von Anhalt-Keten as a colony of the principality of Anhalt-Keten. In the fall of 1826, the duke turned to the Russian chargé d'affaires in Leipzig with a request to organize a colony for sheep breeding in Russia, therefore, after some time, by the Imperial Decree of the Tsar, the Duke of Anhalt-Keten was allocated 50,000 acres of land in southern Russia (the territory of present-day Ukraine). The name New Askania was borrowed from the parental county of Askania in Europe. After the death of the Duke, "Askania-Nova" passes into the possession of the Duke of Dessau, who sells the estate to Baron Friedrich von Falz-Fein. And already in 1874 the baron established a zoo, and in 1887 - Botanical Garden... In 1914 the estate was visited by the Russian Tsar Nikolai ΙΙ, and in 1921 Askania-Nova was declared a nature reserve. In 1956 the reserve was transferred to the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. It includes a section of feather-grass-fescue steppe, zoological and dendrological parks. In 1985, "Askania-Nova" was included by the Bureau of the International Coordination Council for the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere" in the international network of biosphere reserves. The area of ​​the reserve is 33397.6 hectares.

Carpathian Biosphere Reserve created in 1968, and in 1992 - included in the international network of biosphere reserves. Its area is 57880 hectares and includes several scattered massifs, as well as two botanical reserves of national importance "Black Mountain" and "Yulivskaya Gora". Out of 1950 representatives of the flora of the Carpathian Mountains, 868 species were found in the reserve, including 52 rare ones. Favorable natural conditions favor the reproduction of fauna: bears, deer, roe deer, wild boars, martens, squirrels, hares and others. Owls and woodpeckers live here among the birds, and trout is found in the Luzhanka River.

Currently in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve, work is being carried out on a comprehensive study ecological systems low and high mountains of the Ukrainian Carpathians; methods of preservation, restoration and distribution of representatives of the Carpathian flora, the hydrological regime of the territory, rational ways of protecting mountain-forest soils and methods of combating natural phenomena are determined.

Black Sea State Biosphere Reserve located in the south of Ukraine in separate sections along the northwestern coast of the Black Sea. The idea of ​​creating the reserve is based on the fact that it is located on the migration route of birds that nest in the northern regions of our country and in other European countries. In addition, it is an ideal wintering place for waterbirds. Therefore, the reserve is included by the Ramsar Convention in the list of territories of international importance.

As a research institution, the Black Sea Reserve has existed since 1933. Its area at that time was 13,025 hectares, however, over the years, the borders have changed several times. In 1983, the Black Sea State Biosphere Reserve was organized with with total area 87 348 hectares and is considered the largest on the territory of Ukraine . Moreover, the protected area is 5 times larger than the protected area. The vegetation in the reserve is mainly represented by forest, steppe, meadow and bog species. The insect world of the reserve is very interesting. There are stag beetles, ant lion, marble beetles and a large number of butterfly species.

Danube Biosphere Reserve located in the south-west of Ukraine and is the most valuable wetland area of ​​the country. It was created in 1998 on the basis of nature reserve"Danube Plavni" with an increase in the area to 46.4 thousand hectares. The reserve in the reserve is subject to the landscapes of the Danube floodplains, unique for Europe, of the islands of the lowland of the delta, which are separated by deep inter-island internal canals. The flora of the reserve is also interesting, numbering 563 plant species. Among them: common reed, narrow-leaved cattail, buckthorn buckthorn, bush amorph, several types of orchids. The fauna is represented by amphibians, reptiles, as well as many species of birds. In addition, favorable natural conditions favor the reproduction of fish: Atlantic sturgeon, Danube salmon, large chop, stellate sturgeon, catfish and others.

The reserve has an equally rich world of insects, 21 of which are listed in the Red Data Book.

All biosphere reserves of Ukraine are included in global network biosphere reserves. In addition, the World Network of Biosphere Reserves includes the Uzhansky National Park with the Nadsyansky Regional Landscape Park as part of the Ukrainian-Polish-Slovak transboundary biosphere reserve "Eastern Carpathians" and the Shatsky National nature Park as part of the Ukrainian-Polish international biosphere reserve "Western Polesie".

The World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America is a regional subdivision of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, created under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program. The European network of biosphere reserves is the largest of the regional networks. Meetings of representatives of the European network have been held almost every two years since 1986. The last conference, EuroMAB-2009, was held in the village of Stara Lesna, Slovakia, from October 26 to November 1, 2009. The conference was attended by 113 delegates from 22 countries. At the beginning of 2011, there were 162 biosphere reserves in Europe and North America (Table 5).

Table 5 - Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America

The largest are reserves:

Northeast Greenland National Park is the only national park in Greenland. It is also the northernmost national park and the largest national park in the world. Its area - 972,000 km² - exceeds the area of ​​163 countries (separately). It occupies an area in the north of East Greenland, east of North Greenland and part of West Greenland, including northern and northeast coast Greenland with inland lands. In the extreme southwest, near the borders with the Kaasuitsup commune, in a strait near several kilometers of the coast of the region, there is the end of the borders with Canada. The park was formed on May 22, 1974, and took its current form in 1988. In 1977, it received the status of an international biosphere reserve. It is not included in the territory of any municipality and is managed by the Greenland Department of Nature and Environment. The park is home to from 5 to 15 thousand musk oxen - 40% of the world population. There are also many polar bears and walruses in coastal areas. Other mammals include arctic fox, ermine, reindeer, lemming and arctic hare. The reindeer and wolf disappeared from the park in 1900 and 1934. accordingly, although wolves periodically visit the park. Among other mammals different types seals, seals, narwhals and whales. Of the birds that hatch their offspring in the park - the polar loon, different kinds geese, tundra partridge, snowy owl, polar falcon, crows. The flora of the park is rather poor, represented mostly by mosses and lichens. Flowering plants include dwarf willows and birches.

Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve is one of the oldest reserves in Russia. As a state, it was formed in 1934 on the site of the Soboliniy Reserve, which had existed since 1882. Kronotsky State Reserve is located in the eastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula and covers an area of ​​1,147,619.37 hectares, including 135,000 hectares. (1,350 sq. Km) of the adjacent three-mile Pacific Ocean. There are 8 active volcanoes (including the Kronotskaya volcano, height - 3,528 m), thermal lakes, geysers (the famous Valley of Geysers), waterfalls. On the territory of the reserve there are forests of stone birch (Erman birch), thickets of cedar and dwarf alder. In the basin of Lake Kronotskoye, coniferous forests of Okhotsk larch with the participation of Ayan spruce and Taush white birch are widespread. Floodplain forests are widespread along rivers; the main forest-forming species are Maximovich's poplar, chozenia, Sakhalin willow, and hairy alder. In the second tier of floodplain and coniferous forests there are Asian bird cherry, green-pulp hawthorn, Kamchatka mountain ash. In the undergrowth of stone birch forests, the common mountain ash is elderberry, which has large sweet fruits, the wild rose, in the extreme south of the reserve there is Kamchatka elder, where the northern border of the distribution of this species passes. The caldera of the Uzon volcano is a unique area of ​​complex manifestation of modern geological and microbiological processes: thermal springs and water bodies create unusual conditions for the development of thermophilic organisms. Lake Kronotskoye is the largest freshwater lake in Kamchatka. The lake is inhabited by a freshwater form of sockeye salmon (kokanee) and three endemic species of mountain char. This unique ecosystem can serve as a reference for monitoring research. Mammals include sable, elk, ermine, bighorn sheep, brown bear, lynx, squirrel, fox, wolverine, and others. Pinnipeds are also located here. There are no reptiles, only 1 species of amphibians - the Siberian salamander. The most important role of the reserve in the conservation of the brown bear: the largest protected wild population of these animals in Russia (more than 700 individuals) lives here, which ensures their stable safety on the peninsula. Wild reindeer are currently preserved only on the territory of the reserve, and the fate of this species depends on the safety of the population in the protected area.

Polesski is a national park in eastern Poland. Created in 1990 with an area of ​​48.13 km². At present, the area of ​​the park is 97.62 km², of which 47.8 km² are occupied by forests. Polesie National Park and adjacent areas form the Western Polesie Biosphere Reserve, recognized by UNESCO in 2002. The park is also adjacent to the reserve on the Ukrainian side of the border. The park is recognized by the Ramsar Convention as an important wetland. The territory of the park is flat, with numerous lakes and peat bogs. The fauna includes 21 fish species, 12 amphibian species, 6 reptile species and 150 bird species. Of 35 species of mammals, moose, otters, beavers and bats can be distinguished.