And one of the oldest reserves in Russia. Founded on May 12, 1924. Large role in the organization Caucasian reserve belongs to Christopher Georgievich Shaposhnikov, a former forester of the Belorechensky forestry of the Kuban hunting.

The reserve occupies land Krasnodar Territory, The Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic of the Russian Federation, is closely adjacent to state border with Abkhazia. Separated from the main territory, in the Khostinsky district of Sochi, there is the subtropical Khostinsky department of the reserve - the world famous yew and boxwood grove, with an area of ​​302 hectares. The total area of ​​the reserve is 280 335 hectares. It is surrounded by a protected zone, numerous wildlife sanctuaries and natural monuments, and the Sochi national park.

The reserve is located on the border of the temperate and subtropical climatic zones. Warm and humid climate in the low mountains it has a subtropical character with positive average temperatures in January (+ 4.2 °) and high average temperatures in July and August (20 ° and 21 °).

In the mountains, the snow cover lasts for five months or more. Summers are moderately warm (average July temperatures are from 16 to 22 °), the annual precipitation is 700-1200 mm, the maximum is in early summer.

The mountainous relief causes the altitudinal zoning of the climate, which determines the belt distribution of landscapes and their integral components - soils and vegetation. For every 100 meters of rise above sea level, the temperature drops by 0.5 ° C. Soils change from subtropical yellow soils in the foothills to primitive mountain ones in the highlands. The main soils of the reserve are brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow.

Fauna: 89 species of mammals, 248 - birds, including 112 nesting ones, 15 species of reptiles, 9 - amphibians, 21 - fish, 1 - cyclostomes, more than 100 species of molluscs and about 10,000 species of insects. The exact number of worms, crustaceans, arachnids and many other groups of invertebrates remains unclear.

Representation of mammal species in the reserve by families: hedgehogs, mole, shrew, horseshoe the bats, smooth-nosed bats, mice, hares, squirrels, sleepyheads, jerboas, hamsters, mice, canines, bears, raccoons, martens, felines, pigs, deer, bovids.

From large mammals the reserve includes bison, red deer, brown bear, West Caucasian tur, chamois, lynx, roe deer and wild boar.

Many animals of the reserve have a limited distribution (endemic), or are living witnesses of past geological eras (relics). There are especially many of them among invertebrates, as well as fish, amphibians and reptiles.

The endangered species of our planet have found their last refuge in the protected natural boundaries. Of the vertebrates of the reserve, 8 species are included in the IUCN Red Data Book, and 25 species are included in the RF Red Data Book. And together with invertebrates, 71 species are included in the state and regional Red Data Books.

The fauna of the reserve is heterogeneous; there are representatives of the Mediterranean, Caucasian, Colchian and European faunas.

Flora: has 3000 species, of which more than half are vascular plants. The predominant families are aster (223 species), bluegrass (114), cut (108), legumes (82), etc. The forest flora includes more than 900 species, some of which are also found in the mountain-meadow belt. Total number alpine plants exceeds 800 species. Trees and shrubs are 165 species, including 142 deciduous, 16 evergreen deciduous and 7 conifers.

The flora of the reserve is characterized by the presence of ancient species and representatives of limited distribution. Every fifth plant in the reserve is endemic or relict.

Ferns (about 40 species), orchids (more than 30 species), evergreen and wintergreen species, and a large number of ornamental plants make the flora of the reserve unique.

Most of the reserve is covered with forest vegetation, and only in the highlands are subalpine and alpine meadows developed.
The Red Book of Russia includes 55 species of plants growing on the territory of the Caucasian Reserve.

Numerous lakes give the mountain landscape of the reserve a special uniqueness. There are more than 120 of them. They are small in area and often completely free of ice only by mid-summer. The largest lake of the reserve is the Silence Lake, with an area of ​​the water surface of 200 thousand square meters.

Some areas of the reserve (Lagonak Upland, Fisht, Oshten, Pshe-ha-Su, Acheshbok, Tru, Akhun, etc.) are karst landscapes with very big amount caves. Thus, there are over 130 of them on the Lagonaki Highlands.
Glaciers are not uncommon in the reserve. There are about 60 of them in total, and the total area is 18.2 square kilometers.

The Caucasian Reserve is the main part, the core, of the territory of the World natural heritage UNESCO. The nomination "Western Caucasus" was adopted on November 30, 1999 at the XXIII Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. The reserve has become the fifth site in Russia to be assigned similar status(Certificate of the World Natural Heritage of UNESCO dated December 4, 1999).

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

BIOSPHERE RESERVE BIOSPHERE RESERVE

biosphere reserve, a protected area with reference sites for any of the main biomes of the Earth. In the tasks of B. z. includes the preservation of natural ecosystems and gene pool the region, study and monitoring natural environment in it and in the adjacent territories (security zone, neighboring economically developed districts). For B. i. usually use the territory of nature reserves, nat. parks and other protected areas. In 1973, in connection with the development of work under the Man and the Biosphere program, UNESCO put forward the idea of ​​creating a world biosphere system. as a scientist. bases of this program. Theoretical the basis for the coordinated work of the system B. z. serves specially developed IUCN together with UNEP "Classification of biogeographic provinces", in a cut of 14 basic. biomes unite more than 200 biogeographic. provinces representing diversity natural communities Earth. B. z. naib, fully cover the biomes of mixed mountain and high-mountain systems (41 b. z., including 10 - in America, 24 - in Europe, 7 - in Asia). The first B. z. were formally established in 1976, by 1985 St. 250 B. z. in 62 countries of the world; in the USSR - 17 (Berezinsky, Caucasian, Prioksko-Terrasny, Repeteksky, Sary-Cheleksky, Sikhote-Alinsky, Central Chernozemny, etc.).

.(Source: "Biological encyclopedic Dictionary. " Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial board .: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin et al. - 2nd ed., Revised. - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

biosphere reserve

Protected by laws, incl. international, reference areas of certain natural areas(taiga, steppe, tundra, etc.), where typical biological diversity, observations of natural biogeocenoses, scientific research is being carried out. Such reserves are created on the basis of international and national programs under the auspices of UNESCO. In 2001, there were 368 biosphere reserves in the world, located in 91 countries, with a total area of ​​260 million hectares; in Russia 21 biosphere reserve(Caucasian, Prioksko-Terrasny, Oksky, Sikhote-Alinsky, etc.).

.(Source: "Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia." Ed. A. P. Gorkin; Moscow: Rosmen, 2006.)


See what "BIOSPHERE RESERVE" is in other dictionaries:

    Diagram of the number of biosphere reserves by region Biosphere reserve recognized within the framework of the UNESCO "Man and the Biosphere" area with untouched or slightly altered economic activities, nature, where local ... ... Wikipedia

    A typical site of nature, untouched or slightly modified by economic activity. A typical biosphere reserve is a self-regulating natural system. Biosphere reserves are allocated under the UNESCO Man and ... ... Financial vocabulary

    Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    biosphere reserve- Natural reserve, which is included in the international system biosphere reserves performing global environmental monitoring ... Geography Dictionary

    biosphere reserve- - EN biosphere reserve Protected land and coastal areas that are approved under the Man and Biosphere program (MAB) in conjunction with the Convention on International Trade in ... ... Technical translator's guide

    Protected area (reserve, national park, etc.), where the protection of the most representative for a given zone natural complexes combined with scientific research, long-term environmental monitoring and conservation education ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

    Protected area (nature reserve, national park, etc.), on the swarm of protection naib. representative natural complexes for this zone are combined with scientific. issled., long-term. environmental monitoring and education in the field of nature conservation. The creation of B. z. (with… … Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

    Kenozersky National Park, FGU NP "Kenozersky" National Park in the Arkhangelsk Region. Kenozersky National Park was formed by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on December 28, 1991. The territory of the park is a natural and historical ... Wikipedia

    Ukr. Danube biosphere reserve ... Wikipedia

Books

  • Atlas of the Geysernaya river valley in the Kronotsky nature reserve (+ 2 pairs of 3D glasses),. Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, formed in 1934, preserves unique natural resources our country. Among them is the amazing natural complex of the valley ...

The World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America is a regional subdivision of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, created under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program. The European Network of Biosphere Reserves is the largest of the regional networks. Meetings of representatives of the European network have been held almost every two years since 1986. The last conference, EuroMAB-2009, was held in the village of Stara Lesna, Slovakia, from October 26 to November 1, 2009. The conference was attended by 113 delegates from 22 countries. At the beginning of 2011, there were 162 biosphere reserves in Europe and North America (Table 5).

Table 5 - Biosphere reserves in Europe and North America

The largest are reserves:

Northeast Greenland National Park is the only national park in Greenland. It is also the northernmost national park and the largest national park in the world. Its area - 972,000 km² - exceeds the area of ​​163 countries (separately). It occupies an area in the north of East Greenland, east of North Greenland and part of the territory of West Greenland, including the northern and northeastern coasts of Greenland with inland lands. In the extreme southwest, near the borders with the Kaasuitsup commune, in a strait near several kilometers of the coast of the region, there is the end of the borders with Canada. The park was formed on May 22, 1974, and took its current form in 1988. In 1977 it received the status of an international biosphere reserve. It is not included in the territory of any municipality and is administered by the Greenlandic Department of Nature and Environment. The park is home to from 5 to 15 thousand musk oxen - 40% of the world population. There are also many polar bears and walruses in coastal areas. Among other mammals, the Arctic fox, the ermine, reindeer, lemming and arctic hare. The reindeer and wolf disappeared from the park in 1900 and 1934. accordingly, although wolves periodically visit the park. Among other mammals different types seals, seals, narwhals and whales. Among the birds that hatch their offspring on the territory of the park are the polar loon, various species of geese, the tundra partridge, the polar owl, the polar falcon, and crows. The flora of the park is rather poor, represented mostly by mosses and lichens. Flowering plants include dwarf willows and birches.

Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve is one of the oldest reserves in Russia. As a state, it was formed in 1934 on the site of the Soboliniy Reserve, which had existed since 1882. Kronotsky state reserve is located in the eastern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula and covers an area of ​​1,147,619.37 hectares, including 135,000 hectares. (1,350 sq. Km) of the adjacent three-mile Pacific Ocean. There are 8 active volcanoes (including the Kronotskaya volcano, height - 3,528 m), thermal lakes, geysers (the famous Valley of Geysers), waterfalls. On the territory of the reserve there are forests of stone birch (Erman birch), thickets of cedar and dwarf alder. In the basin of Lake Kronotskoye, coniferous forests of Okhotsk larch with the participation of Ayan spruce and Taush white birch are widespread. Floodplain forests are widespread along rivers, the main forest-forming species are Maksimovich's poplar, chozenia, Sakhalin willow, and hairy alder. In the second tier of floodplain and coniferous forests there are Asian bird cherry, green-pulp hawthorn, Kamchatka mountain ash. In the undergrowth of birch forests, the common mountain ash is elderberry, which has large sweet fruits, the dog rose, in the extreme south of the reserve, the Kamchatka elder is found, where the northern border of the distribution of this species passes. The caldera of the Uzon volcano is a unique area of ​​complex manifestation of modern geological and microbiological processes: thermal springs and water bodies create unusual conditions for the development of thermophilic organisms. Lake Kronotskoye is the largest freshwater lake in Kamchatka. The lake is inhabited by a freshwater form of sockeye salmon (kokanee) and three endemic species of mountain char. This unique ecosystem can serve as a reference for monitoring research. The mammals include sable, elk, ermine, bighorn sheep, brown bear, lynx, squirrel, fox, wolverine, and others. Pinnipeds are also located here. There are no reptiles, only 1 species of amphibians - the Siberian salamander. The most important role of the reserve in the conservation of brown bears: the largest protected wild population of these animals in Russia (more than 700 individuals) lives here, which ensures their stable safety on the peninsula. Wild reindeer are currently preserved only on the territory of the reserve, and the fate of this species depends on the safety of the population in the protected area.

Polesski is a national park in eastern Poland. Created in 1990 with an area of ​​48.13 km². At present, the area of ​​the park is 97.62 km², of which 47.8 km² are occupied by forests. Polesie National Park and adjacent areas form the Western Polesie Biosphere Reserve, recognized by UNESCO in 2002. The park is also adjacent to the reserve on the Ukrainian side of the border. The park is recognized by the Ramsar Convention as an important wetland. The territory of the park is flat, with numerous lakes and peat bogs. The fauna includes 21 fish species, 12 amphibian species, 6 reptile species and 150 bird species. Of 35 species of mammals, moose, otters, beavers and bats.

The biosphere reserve is a place of sustainable nature conservation. World Network of Biosphere Reserves - the names of old and new biosphere reserves, which are approved by UNESCO.

The first biosphere reserves date back to 1976. In 2014, there are already 631 of them worldwide, in 119 countries. About the most amazing biosphere reserves in the world.

1. Mexico: Guadalupe Guadalupe Island

Biosphere reserve with an area of ​​253.8 km2, which belongs to Mexico. It is 241 km from the Baja California coast, on the Pacific Ocean. An impressive thing is the island and ITS wide variety of marine life and flora. Guadalupe is the only refuge for several marine populations of birds and mammals, which are at the stage of their extinction.

THIS island is ALSO home to the largest colony elephant seals v Pacific and many marine species living there are unique. Guadalupe is currently considered one of the best places in the World for Great White Sharks. The island has become a nature reserve since 1975.

2.Spain: Picos de Europa

Picos de Europa National Park is located in the central part of the Cantabrian Mountains with 4600 inhabitants. Both Beyos gorges are located within this park, two of the most impressive Oses in the Country.

As for the wildlife of the park, there are many protected species such as the Cantabrian capercaillie, bearded and brown bears... The most famous animals in Picos de Europa - Cantabrian chamois, Spanish Mountain goat(which had previously disappeared from the area), and the Iberian WOLF.

In terms of flora, we can find several types of forests. Here is the survival zone of the Atlantic mixed forests: oaks and hazelnuts, maples, limes, ash, chestnut and Walnut... The most characteristic inhabitants of the forest are: roe deer (Capreolus Capreolus) and wild boar (Sus SCROFA); badger (Meles Meles); marten (Martes Martes); ermine (Mustela ermine), weasel (Mustela snowy).

3. Colombia: Andean belt

Located on the belt of the Andean ridge in the south of Colombia, it consists of Three National Parks: Cueva de los Guácharos National Park, Puracé National Park and Nevado del Huila National Park; includes snow-capped peaks up to 5750 m high.

Andean Belt Biosphere Reserve Especially RICH in birds: condor, golden eagle and tapir National Park de Puracé is a volcanic belt - 7 craters, hot springs, waterfalls and lagoons. Several ethnic groups living in this Andean strip (Guambianos, Paeces, Yanconas, Kokonucos, Polindaras and INGAS) have preserved their traditions and culture.

4. Venezuela: Orinoco Delta

This privileged location in Venezuela has a large biological diversity and land of a unique aquatic ecosystem. There are over 2000 plant species, 151 mammals and nearly 500 bird species.

Mainly from the estuary and coastal mangroves, among the amazing richness of the fauna, we can find wonderful mammals: sea cows and small sea dogs. Among the birds are pink spoonbills, osprey, and among the reptiles are very characteristic of this area of ​​the Anaconda.

Delta Orinoco - land of indigenous Warao people. Their name means "water dwellers" ("Waha", below the river bank and "Arao"). They are considered the old population of Venezuela, so respect their culture and traditions - this is their reservation on the banks of the great Orinoco.

5. Peru: Huascaran

National Park and Biosphere Reserve since 1977, this area, also known as "High Park", is one of the most important protected natural areas in Peru. It is bordered by the highest and largest tropical mountain range in the world.

The forests are perfectly preserved. More than 700 glaciers that form lagoons. Seasonal thaws make the area a biodiversity hub.

6.Germany: Bavarian Forest

Impressive mid-High mountain systems in the eastern part of Bavaria. The hills expand to the Czech Republic and Austria. The Bavarian Forest National Park was created as the first of its kind in Germany in 1970, and it is the most large nature reserve in the country. Outside, it joins itself another national park on the Czech side, and together they form a large forest reserve in Europe.

7.United States of America: Congaree National Park

In the eastern United States (South Carolina), there are tall deciduous forests. The Congaree River flows through the entire park - 60.7 km2 (57%) Wildlife.

It has campgrounds and offers hiking, canoeing, kayaking. Bald Cypress is the most common tree in the park. Among the animals are lynxes, deer, wild pigs, coyotes, armadillos and turkeys. In its waters are amphibians, turtles, snakes, alligators, and many species of fish.

8. China: Huanglong

Huanglong in the northeastern part of Sichuan province, in the southern part of the Minshan mountains. The area is known for its colorful pools of calcite deposits, especially in Huanglongou (Yellow Dragon Galli), as well as for its diverse forest ecosystems, snowy peaks, waterfalls and hot springs.

THIS region is home to the giant panda and the Sichuan golden snub-nosed monkey. Huanglong Biosphere Reserve since 2000.

9.Russia: Lapland

The Lapland Biosphere Reserve in the Arctic Circle has a subarctic climate - permafrost (permanent ice cover on the earth's surface)

With breathtaking landscapes, Mysterious northern lights, white forests and wild reindeer.

10.Indonesia: Komodo National Park

This national park is located in the Indonesian archipelago, and consists of three large islands: Komodo, Padar Rinca, Gili, as well as many other small islands. They are of Volcanic Origin and 4000 people live there.

The national park was established in 1980 with the aim of protecting the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).

11th November 2011 Komodo National Park WAS Declared One of the Seven natural wonders Sveta. The Komodo dragon, the great symbol of this biosphere reserve, is 3 m long and weighs about 70 kg.

Biosphere reserves are environmental, scientific research institutions of international importance, which are created with the aim of preserving in natural state the most typical natural complexes of the biosphere, the implementation of background environmental monitoring, the study of the natural environment, its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

According to Article 17 of the Law of Ukraine "On the NRF of Ukraine", biosphere reserves are created on the basis of natural reserves, national natural parks with the inclusion of territories and objects of NRF of other categories and other lands and belong to the world global network of biosphere reserves.

For biosphere reserves, a differentiated regime for the protection of reproduction and use of natural complexes with functional zoning is established: a reserved zone, a buffer zone and a zone of anthropogenic landscapes.

Protected area - includes territories intended for the preservation and renewal of the most valuable natural and minimally disturbed natural complexes by anthropogenic factors, the gene pool of flora and fauna. Its regime is determined in accordance with the requirements for natural reserves.

Buffer zone- includes territories allocated for the purpose of preventing negative impact on protected area economic activity in the surrounding areas. Its regime is established in accordance with the requirements for protected zones of natural reserves.

Zone of anthropogenic landscapes- includes territories of traditional land use, forest use, water use, places of settlements, recreation and other types of economic activities. It covers the periphery of the buffer zone and is not limited in space.

Within the boundaries of biosphere reserves, zones of a regulated reserve regime can be distinguished, which include regional landscape parks, wildlife sanctuaries, nature reserves in compliance with the protection requirements. Adjustable reserve mode It is used for ecosystems in which, under an absolutely protected regime, undesirable natural or anthropogenic changes occur, which lead to the degradation of protected ecosystems or their components.

The beginning of the creation of the World System of Biosphere Reserves within the framework of the UNESCO International Scientific Program "Man and the Biosphere" falls on 1973. In this program, a section was highlighted, which provided for the protection of natural areas with the available gene pool. In this regard, it was planned to create a wide network of biosphere reserves, which will represent unique and interesting ecosystems for science.

Functions of biosphere reserves:

Conducting long-term scientific research in natural and economically modified ecosystems in order to study the natural environment and its changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors;


Protection of typical natural complexes of the biosphere;

Conducting background environmental monitoring.

To preserve the genetic diversity of plant and animal species.

All scientific research, observation of the state of the natural environment and other activities of biosphere reserves are carried out taking into account international programs... So, according to the project of the IUCN biosphere reserve system ( International union protection of nature and natural resources), the network of biosphere reserves should include primary landscapes and territories close to them with varying degrees of development and changes in natural complexes. Thus, the basis for the creation of a network of biosphere reserves is considered modern classification biomes of the Earth and their subdivisions.

In this regard, when choosing a site for a biosphere reserve, three categories are distinguished:

1) natural areas representing biomes, their main subdivisions and transition zones;

2) sites that are unique or are distinguished by natural properties of exceptional value;

3) territories changed as a result of human activity.

At the same time, the area of ​​biosphere reserves should provide living space even for animals with very high mobility and contribute to the preservation of the viability of their populations. For migratory species, strict protection of the territory of breeding grounds should be ensured, since their safety is a determining condition for the survival of the species.

According to the functional features, research work is planned in biosphere reserves: conducting long-term observations of the state and changes in the environment; research to identify the consequences of the impact on the natural environment of anthropogenic human activities; environmental monitoring studies, which are included in world system monitoring; research carried out under the projects of the "Man and the Biosphere" program. To carry out this work, for each biosphere reserve, long-term plans and regional working groups are being created to ensure cooperation with other reserves.

Currently, biosphere reserves are an integral part of the global system of monitoring and control of the state of the natural environment - this is the main feature by which biosphere reserves differ from natural ones. In this regard, complex observations of the influence of the main pollutants on all media come to the fore. The observation program, containing a list of the most dangerous pollutants, includes indicators: prevalence, persistence, the possibility of transmission along the food chain and accumulation in the human body, toxicity and transformation into more hazardous compounds. As a rule, in the atmospheric air, observations are made of sulfur dioxide, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, aerosols; v atmospheric precipitation, soil and biota for organochlorine compounds, heavy metals, and in water bodies also for oil products.

There are currently about 300 biosphere reserves in the world. In Ukraine, 4 reserves have the status of biosphere reserves: Askania-Nova, Black Sea, Carpathian, Danube.

Biosphere reserve "Askania-Nova" (1898) appeared in history as a territorial unit in 1828, thanks to Duke Ferdinand Friedrich von Anhalt-Keten as a colony of the principality of Anhalt-Keten. In the fall of 1826, the duke turned to the Russian chargé d'affaires in Leipzig with a request to organize a colony for sheep breeding in Russia, therefore, after some time, by the Imperial Decree of the Tsar, the Duke of Anhalt-Keten was allocated 50,000 acres of land in southern Russia (the territory of present-day Ukraine). The name New Askania was borrowed from the parental county of Askania in Europe. After the death of the Duke, "Askania-Nova" passes into the possession of the Duke of Dessau, who sells the estate to Baron Friedrich von Falz-Fein. And already in 1874 the baron established a zoo, and in 1887 - Botanical Garden... In 1914 the estate was visited by the Russian Tsar Nikolai ΙΙ, and in 1921 Askania-Nova was declared a nature reserve. In 1956 the reserve was transferred to the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. It includes a section of feather-grass-fescue steppe, zoological and dendrological parks. In 1985, "Askania-Nova" was included by the Bureau of the International Coordination Council for the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere" in the international network of biosphere reserves. The area of ​​the reserve is 33397.6 hectares.

Carpathian Biosphere Reserve created in 1968, and in 1992 - included in the international network of biosphere reserves. Its area is 57880 hectares and includes several scattered massifs, as well as two botanical reserves of national importance "Black Mountain" and "Yulivskaya Gora". Out of 1950 representatives flora There are 868 species of the Carpathian Mountains in the reserve, including 52 rare ones. Favorable natural conditions contribute to the reproduction of fauna: bears, deer, roe deer, wild boars, martens, squirrels, hares and others. Owls and woodpeckers live here among the birds, and trout is found in the Luzhanka River.

Currently, work is underway in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve on a comprehensive study ecological systems low and high mountains of the Ukrainian Carpathians; methods of preservation, restoration and distribution of representatives of the Carpathian flora, the hydrological regime of the territory, rational ways of protecting mountain-forest soils and methods of combating natural phenomena are determined.

Black Sea State Biosphere Reserve located in the south of Ukraine in separate sections along the northwestern coast of the Black Sea. The idea of ​​creating the reserve is based on the fact that it is located on the migration route of birds that nest in the northern regions of our country and in other European countries. In addition, it is an ideal wintering place for waterbirds. Therefore, the reserve is included by the Ramsar Convention in the list of territories of international importance.

As a research institution, the Black Sea Reserve has existed since 1933. Its area at that time was 13,025 hectares, however, over the years, the borders have changed several times. In 1983, the Black Sea State Biosphere Reserve was organized with with total area 87 348 hectares and is considered the largest on the territory of Ukraine . Moreover, the protected area is 5 times larger than the protected area. The vegetation in the reserve is mainly represented by forest, steppe, meadow and bog species. The insect world of the reserve is very interesting. Stag beetle, ant lion, marble beetle and a large number of types of butterflies.

Danube Biosphere Reserve is located in the south-west of Ukraine and is the most valuable wetland area of ​​the country. It was created in 1998 on the basis of nature reserve"Danube Plavni" with an increase in the area to 46.4 thousand hectares. The reserve in the reserve is subject to the landscapes of the Danube floodplains, unique for Europe, of the islands in the lowland of the delta, which are separated by deep inter-island internal canals. The flora of the reserve is also interesting, numbering 563 plant species. Among them: common reed, narrow-leaved cattail, buckthorn buckthorn, bush amorph, several types of orchids. The fauna is represented by amphibians, reptiles, as well as many species of birds. In addition, favorable natural conditions favor the reproduction of fish: Atlantic sturgeon, Danube salmon, large chop, stellate sturgeon, catfish and others.

The reserve has an equally rich world of insects, 21 species of which are listed in the Red Data Book.

All biosphere reserves of Ukraine are included in global network biosphere reserves. In addition, the World Network of Biosphere Reserves includes the Uzhansky National Park with the Nadsyansky Regional Landscape Park as part of the Ukrainian-Polish-Slovak transboundary biosphere reserve "Eastern Carpathians" and the Shatsk National nature Park as part of the Ukrainian-Polish international biosphere reserve "Western Polesie".