The main economic activity of the enterprise. Human economic activity
Section 2. Organization of economic activity
This section of the textbook continues the study of the system of economic relations. After considering the subsystem of socio-economic relations, we will now understand the subsystem of organizational and economic relations, without which economic activity cannot exist and develop. This will allow us to find out how production is organized, by whom it is controlled and in what organizational, economic and legal forms it achieves its intended goals.
Topic 4. Enterprises and organizations in the economy
4.1. Economic and legal characteristics of the enterprise
The primary link in the system of social production is the enterprise (firm). Company is an independent economic entity created for the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services in order to meet social needs and make a profit.
A manufacturing enterprise is characterized by production, technical, organizational, economic and social cohesion.
Industrial and technical unity is determined by a complex of means of production that have technological unity and interrelation of individual stages of production processes, as a result of which the raw materials and materials used at the enterprise are converted into finished products... They also allow you to provide services and perform certain work in order to make a profit.
Organizational unity is determined by the presence of a single team and a single leadership, which is reflected in the general and organizational structure of the enterprise.
Economic unity is determined by the generality of the economic results of work - the volume of products sold, the level of profitability, the amount of profit, the funds of the enterprise, etc., and, most importantly, the extraction of profit acts as the main goal of the activity.
However, an enterprise is, first of all, not a production, not an economic, but a social unit. An enterprise is a collective of people of various qualifications, connected by certain socio-economic relations and interests, and making a profit serves as the basis for meeting the needs (both material and spiritual) of the entire team. Therefore, the most important tasks of the enterprise are: payment to the personnel of socially fair wages that would ensure the reproduction of labor; creation of normal working and rest conditions, opportunities for professional growth, etc.
An enterprise is not only an economic entity of the economy, but also entity ... A legal entity is an organization that owns, economically or operatively controls separate property and is responsible for its obligations with this property, can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights on its own behalf, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and defendant in court. Legal entities must have their own balance sheet or estimate.
A legal entity is subject to state registration and acts either on the basis of the charter, or the articles of association and articles of association, or only the articles of association.
The charter reflects: organizational and legal forms of the enterprise (firm); Name; mailing address; subject and purpose of the activity; statutory fund; the procedure for distribution of profits; control bodies; list and location of structural units that make up the company; conditions for reorganization and liquidation.
Firm - a legally independent business unit. It can be either a large enterprise or organization, or a small company. A modern firm usually includes several businesses. If the firm consists of one enterprise, both terms are the same. In this case, the enterprise and the firm designate the same object of economic activity. The firm in relation to its constituent production units is the body of entrepreneurial management. Usually it is the firm, and not the enterprise, that acts as an economic entity in the market, implements a pricing policy, competes, participates in the distribution of profits, sets the pace and determines the directions of scientific and technological progress.
A variety of enterprises operate in the economy. They differ from each other in a number of ways: industry affiliation; sizes; the degree of specialization and the scale of production of the same type of product; methods of organizing production and the degree of its mechanization and automation; organizational and legal forms, etc.
Signs industry affiliation enterprises serve: the nature of the raw materials consumed in the manufacture of products; purpose and nature of the finished product; technical and technological community of production; working hours throughout the year. So, enterprises and organizations in our country are distributed in statistics, primarily in three groups of production sectors (parts of the national economy):
mining;
processing;
distributing electricity, gas and water.
The importance of these sectors can be judged by general economic indicators (the number of organizations, the volume of goods shipped and the financial result) - Table 8.
Table 8.
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1. Key performance indicators of mining, manufacturing and distribution of electricity, gas and water in 2007 |
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Number active organizations: | |
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Mineral extractors | |
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Manufacturing | |
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Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | |
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The volume of shipped goods of own production, works and services performed on their own, billion rubles: | |
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Mining | |
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Manufacturing industries | |
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Production and distribution of electricity, gas, water | |
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Balanced financial result (profit minus losses), RUB bln | |
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2. Agriculture has the following structure (according to 2008 data, as a percentage of the total) |
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Agricultural organizations | |
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Households of the population | |
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Peasant (farm) farms | |
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3. In construction in 2008, there were: |
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Construction organizations | |
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The volume of work performed (in actual prices of 1995, billion rubles) | |
By appointment finished products all enterprises are divided into two large groups: those producing means of production and those producing consumer goods.
Based on technological community distinguish between enterprises with continuous and discrete production processes, with a predominance of mechanical and chemical production processes.
By working hours throughout the year distinguish between year-round and seasonal enterprises.
Based on size of the enterprise are divided into large (with more than 500 employees), medium (with 101 to 500 employees) and small with up to 100 employees). The main criterion for assigning an enterprise to one of these groups is not only the number of employees, but also the amount of permissible cash turnover.
By specialization and scale of production enterprises of the same type are divided into specialized, diversified and combined.
Enterprises can be distinguished on other grounds as well. For example, depending on the different types of economic and legal relations and the nature of production activities, such enterprises differ, for example:
rental that manufactures products, performs work and provides services using property on the basis of a lease agreement (for a specified period);
venture- a small enterprise in knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy, carrying out scientific research, engineering development and introduction of innovations of a risky nature;
closed(in some countries), which has an agreement that only union members or those wishing to join a union will be recruited to this establishment;
open in which both union members and non-union members are recruited;
collective, which was created either upon redemption of a state enterprise, or upon acquisition of enterprise property by a labor collective.
The classification of enterprises has essential when developing standard documentation for homogeneous enterprises, applying standard design and technological solutions, production structure and other purposes.
In accordance with the forms of ownership, enterprises can be state, municipal, private, and can also be owned by public organizations.
An enterprise like object of rights is recognized Property Complex which is generally real estate. This complex includes all types of property intended for its activities, including: land plots; building; equipment; inventory; raw materials; products.
In addition, this complex includes rights of claim, debts, as well as designations that individualize the enterprise, its products, works and services (brand name, trademarks, service marks), and other exclusive rights.
The company operates in industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications and informatics, science and scientific services, trade, logistics, culture, education, services and other sectors of the national economy. An enterprise can conduct several types of economic activities at the same time.
Economic activities
There are several types of economic activities:
- A household is a household run by a group of people living together.
- A small business is an economic unit engaged in the manufacture of a relatively small amount of goods. The owner of such an enterprise can be one person or several. As a rule, it uses the owner's own labor or employs a relatively small number of workers.
- Large businesses are businesses that produce goods in large quantities. As a rule, these enterprises are formed by combining the property of the owners. An example of which enterprise is a joint stock company.
- The national economy is the unification of economic activities throughout the country. To a certain extent, this activity is directed by the state, which, in turn, tries to ensure sustainable growth of the country's economy and thereby increase the well-being of the entire population.
- The world economy is economic system, in which there is a relationship different countries and peoples.
Forms of economic activity
Definition 1
The form of economic activity is a system of norms that determines the internal relations of the partners of the enterprise, as well as the relationship of this enterprise with other counterparties and government bodies.
There are several forms of economic activity:
- Individual form;
- Collective form;
- Corporate form.
Under individual form of economic activity means an enterprise, the owner of which is either an individual or a family. The functions of the owner and entrepreneurs are combined in one entity. He receives and distributes the income received, and also bears the risk from the implementation of his economic activities and has unlimited property liability to his creditors and third parties. As a rule, such enterprises are not legal entities. The owner of this enterprise can attract additional hired labor, but in a rather limited number (no more than 20 people).
If speak about collective form of economic activity, then there are three types of them: business partnerships, business companies, joint stock companies.
Business partnerships can be in the form of: full partnership and limited partnership. A general partnership is an organization that is based on collective ownership. As a rule, it is a combination of several individuals or legal. All participants in this type of partnership bear full unlimited liability for all the obligations of the partnership. The property of a full partnership is formed from the contributions of its participants and income received in the process of carrying out its activities. All property belongs to a participant in a full partnership on the basis of shared ownership.
A limited partnership is an association where one or more of its owners are fully responsible for all the obligations of the partnership, the rest of the investors are liable only within the limits of their capital.
TO business entities include: society with limited liability, additional liability company. A limited liability company is an enterprise that is created by combining the deposits of legal entities and individuals. At the same time, the number of participants in a limited liability company cannot exceed the established limit, otherwise the company will be transformed into a joint stock company within a year.
Additional liability company is an organization, which share capital is divided into shares, the size of which is determined in advance. This kind society is formed by one or more persons. For all the obligations of the company, all its founders bear subsidiary liability in an amount that is a multiple of the value of the contribution to the authorized capital.
Joint-stock company is a form of economic activity, all funds of which are formed by combining the capital of the founders, as well as the issue and placement of shares. Participants joint stock company are responsible for all obligations of the company in an amount equal to the contributions.
In order to protect their commercial interests and increase the efficiency of using the capital of the enterprise, various organizational and legal forms can be combined into the so-called corporate forms of entrepreneurship... These include: concerns, consortium, intersectoral and regional alliances.
Concern is an association of organizations that carry out joint activities voluntarily. As a rule, concert halls have scientific and technical functions, production and social development, functions foreign economic activity and etc.
Consortium- unification of the organization for solving certain problems, created for a while. In our country, a consortium is being created to implement government programs by the forces of organizations of any form of ownership.
Industry and regional unions are an association of organizations on a contractual basis. These unions are created to carry out one or more production and economic functions.
Organization of economic activities
The organization of economic activity goes through three stages:
- Stage 1 - assessment of opportunities... Initially, you should give objective assessment all the resources required for the manufacturing process of the products. For these purposes, it is advisable to use scientific developments. The main advantage of this stage is that it helps to give preliminary assessment potential of production of products in those volumes and in those conditions that will be investigated, and on the basis of which the decision to launch the production of a particular product will be approved. After the production potential of the organization has been studied, the production line is launched within the framework of the formed plan.
- Stage 2 - launch of auxiliary production... The implementation of this stage takes place only if there is a need. Ancillary production is a rather necessary activity, since it helps to develop new segments of the sales market and increase the chance of the organization's financial development efficiency. The organization can be serviced both on its own and by attracting outside organizations and resources. At this stage, services are used to optimize the production of products and assess the potential cost of funds. At the next stage, work is carried out aimed at studying the sales market and the possibilities of selling products.
- Stage 3 - marketing of products... All stages affecting the sale of products are monitored. At the same time, records are kept of sold products, forecasts are made and investigated, which make it possible to make competent decisions by the management of the organization. There is a situation where a post-sales service methodology should be developed. For example, when setting a warranty period for your products.
Economic activity - an activity that is aimed at the production or exchange of goods, material and intangible benefits. There are several types of economic activities, each of which arose in different time and had its own path of development.
Agricultural activities
Agriculture is to meet the needs of the population for food. Agriculture can be divided into two branches: livestock and crop production. Crop production originated when a person realized that food can not only be obtained, mastering more and more new territories, but also to cultivate food crops himself. Animal husbandry appeared, in turn, at the moment when man began to domesticate wild animals for the purpose of obtaining milk, meat and wool.
Rice. 1. Agriculture.
The main means of agricultural production is land.
Industry
This area of activity includes the mining and processing industries. The formation of industry took place in the era of the primitive communal system. She was inseparable from subsistence farming... Later, industry becomes a completely independent industry, which is developing rapidly, especially during the formation and emergence of capitalism. In the industrial sector, fuel, light, food, timber industry, as well as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
Rice. 2. Extraction of minerals.
Transport facilities
For the stable work of agricultural and manufacturing enterprises stable work of transport is necessary.
Transport facilities can be divided into 3 types:
- air transport (airplanes, helicopters);
- ground transport (cars, metro, trains);
- water transport (ships, river and sea vessels).
The transport industry is often dependent on external conditions, because trips and transportation of goods are often made over long distances.
Services sector
The service sector is also a type of economic activity. Only here the end result is not a product, but some intangible object - training, treatment, provision of services. Science, healthcare and education are branches of economic activity that can be classified as services. Health care is concerned with the treatment and protection of public health.
Rice. 3. Healthcare.
Education is subdivided into preschool, secondary and higher education. The development of science in developed countries paid great value... After all, her contribution to the development of the state is very great. It is the countries that have great knowledge in the field of science, which attract specialists, that have powerful economies.
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Construction
This industry is engaged in the construction of new residential and industrial facilities, as well as their reconstruction. The main role is to create conditions for rapid development economy of a country. Construction products are buildings and structures, as well as work that is necessary for the construction of buildings.
What have we learned?
The end result of any economic activity is a product or any material or not material services... There are several main types of economic activity. These include Agriculture, industry, transport, construction, service sector.
Assessment of the report
average rating: 3.3. Total ratings received: 12.
Topic 1 Economic activity as a subject legal regulation
List of abbreviations
- Air Force RB - Bulletin of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus
- VVHS RB - Bulletin of the Supreme Economic Court of the Republic of Belarus
- VNS RB - Bulletin of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus
- NRPA RB - National Register of Legal Acts of the Republic of Belarus
- SP RB - Collection of decrees of the President and resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus
- Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus - Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus
- CC RB - Civil Code The Republic of Belarus
- FEZ - free economic zone
1.1. The concept of economic (entrepreneurial) activities. The concept of economic law.
1.2. Subject, method, principles and functions of commercial law
1.3. Composition and structure of economic legislation.
1.4. Commercial legal relations.
Economic activity and entrepreneurial activity are among themselves in a certain ratio: what is included in the content entrepreneurial activity, is typical for any economic activity. However, entrepreneurial activity differs in a number of ways. characteristic features, which allows us to talk about entrepreneurial activity as a narrower concept than economic.
Economic activity is to produce
and sales of products (works, services).
Entrepreneurship recognized as independent initiative activities of legal entities and individuals, carried out by them in civil circulation on their own behalf, at their own risk and under their property responsibility and aimed at making a profit from the use of property, the sale of things produced, processed or acquired by these persons for sale, as well as from the performance of work or the provision of services, if these works or services are intended for sale to other persons and are not used for their own consumption (part 2, clause 1, article 1 of the Civil Code).
Signs of entrepreneurial activity:
- independent activity;
- activities carried out at their own risk, i.e. bearing the risk of the consequences of the corresponding action (inaction), including the possibility of adverse consequences;
- activities aimed at systematic profit, as the main goal of the activity;
- activities carried out by persons registered in the manner prescribed by law as legal entity or individual entrepreneur... Carrying out entrepreneurial activity without registration is prohibited, and the income received as a result of such activity is subject to collection in the state revenue in accordance with the established procedure.
Business activities can be carried out in two forms:
- without forming a legal entity (individual entrepreneurial activity);
- with the formation of a legal entity in the organizational and legal forms provided for by the legislation.
State regulation of entrepreneurial activity is the purposeful activity of the relevant legislative, executive and regulatory bodies, which, through the system different forms and methods ensure the achievement of the goals set, the solution of various economic and social problems and regulate entrepreneurial activity in the country.
F forms of state regulation business activities are:
1) forecasting;
2) planning;
3) monetary policy;
4) antitrust regulation.
The ways state regulation of entrepreneurial activity: 1) administrative; 2) economic.
Legal remedies regulating economic (entrepreneurial) activities conventionally divided into the following groups:
1) organizational and managerial means;
2) material and legal means;
3) procedural and legal means.
Considering economic law as a branch of law, it is a set of legal norms regulating entrepreneurial and closely related relations of a property and organizational nature that arise in the process of economic activity and state regulation of the economy in order to ensure the interests of the state and society.
Commercial law regulates relations on state impact on production activities. These relations arise vertically between the state and other business entities and horizontally between business entities.
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