Economic activity of the enterprise- this is the production of products, the provision of services, the performance of work. Economic activity is aimed at making a profit in order to satisfy the economic and social interests of the owners and the labor collective of the enterprise. Economic activity includes the following stages:

• research and development work;
• production;
• auxiliary production;
• production and sales service, marketing;
• sales and after-sales support.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise

Made by the FinEkAnaliz program.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise it is a scientific way of understanding economic phenomena and processes, based on dividing it into components and studying the variety of connections and dependencies. This is an enterprise management function. Analysis precedes decisions and actions, justifies scientific production management, increases objectivity and efficiency.

The analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise consists of the following areas:

• The financial analysis
  • Analysis of solvency, liquidity and financial stability,
• Management analysis
• Assessment of the place of the enterprise in the market for a given product,
• Analysis of the use of the main factors of production: means of labor, objects of labor and labor resources,
• Assessment of the results of production and sales of products,
• Making decisions on the range and quality of products,
• Development of a strategy for managing production costs,
• Determination of pricing policy,

Indicators of economic activity of the enterprise

The analyst, according to the specified criteria, selects indicators, forms a system from them, and makes an analysis. The complexity of the analysis requires the use of systems, rather than individual indicators. The indicators of the economic activity of the enterprise are divided into:

1. Cost and natural, - depending on the underlying meters. Cost indicators are the most common type economic indicators... They generalize various economic phenomena. If an enterprise uses more than one type of raw materials and materials, then only cost indicators can provide information on the generalized amounts of receipts, expenditures, and the remainder of these objects of labor.

Natural indicators are primary, and cost ones are secondary, since the latter are calculated on the basis of the former. Economic phenomena such as production costs, distribution costs, profit (loss) and some other indicators are measured only in value terms.

2. Quantitative and qualitative, - depending on which side of the phenomena, operations, processes is measured. For measurable results, use quantitative indicators... The values ​​of such indicators are expressed in the form of some real number that has physical or economic meaning. These include:

1. All financial indicators:

• revenue,
• net profit,
• fixed and variable costs,
• profitability,
• turnover,
• liquidity, etc.

2. Market indicators:

• volume of sales,
• market share,
• size / height customer base etc.

3. Indicators characterizing the efficiency of business processes and activities for training and enterprise development:

• labor productivity,
• production cycle,
• lead time,
• staff turnover,
• the number of trained employees, etc.

Most of the characteristics and results of work of an organization, departments and employees cannot be strictly quantified. To evaluate them, use qualitative indicators... Quality indicators are measured using expert assessments, by observing the process and results of work. These include, for example, indicators such as:

• the relative competitive position of the enterprise,
• customer satisfaction index,
• staff satisfaction index,
• teamwork in work,
• the level of labor and performance discipline,
• quality and timeliness of submission of documents,
• compliance with standards and regulations,
• execution of orders of the head and many others.

Qualitative indicators, as a rule, are leading, as they affect the final results of the organization's work and "warn" about possible deviations in quantitative indicators.

3. Volumetric and specific- depending on the use of individual indicators or their ratios. So, for example, the volume of production, sales, cost of production, profit are volume indicators... They characterize the volume of a given economic phenomenon. Volume indicators are primary, and specific indicators are secondary.

Specific indicators calculated on a volumetric basis. For example, the cost of production and its cost are volume indicators, and the ratio of the first indicator to the second, that is, the cost per ruble of marketable output, is a specific indicator.

The results of the economic activity of the enterprise

Profit and income- the main indicators of the financial results of the production and economic activities of the enterprise.

Income is the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) less material costs. It represents the monetary form of the enterprise's net output, i.e. includes wages and profits.

Income characterizes the amount of funds that comes to the enterprise for the period, and, net of taxes, is used for consumption and investment. Income is sometimes subject to taxation. In this case, after tax deduction, it is subdivided into consumption funds, investment and insurance funds. The consumption fund is used for remuneration of personnel and payments based on the results of work for the period, for a share in the authorized property (dividends), material assistance etc.

Profit- part of the proceeds remaining after reimbursement of production and marketing costs. In conditions market economy profit - source:

• replenishment of the revenue side of the state and local budgets,
• enterprise development, investment and innovation activities,
• satisfying the material interests of the members of the labor collective and the owner of the enterprise.

The amount of profit and income is influenced by the volume of products, assortment, quality, cost, improvement in pricing and other factors. In turn, profit affects the profitability, solvency of the enterprise and others. The gross profit of an enterprise consists of three parts:

• profit from the sale of products - as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (excluding VAT and excise duty) and its full cost;
• profits for the sale of tangible assets and other property (this is the difference between the sale price and the cost of purchasing and selling). Profit from the sale of fixed assets is the difference between the proceeds from the sale, the residual value and the costs of dismantling and selling;
• profits from non-operating transactions, i.e. operations not directly related to the main activity (income from securities, from equity participation in joint ventures, renting out property, excess of the amount of received fines over paid, etc.).

Unlike profit, which shows the absolute effect of activities, profitability - relative rate the efficiency of the enterprise. V general view it is calculated as the ratio of profit to costs and is expressed as a percentage. The term is derived from the word "rent" (income).

Profitability indicators are used for a comparative assessment of the performance of individual enterprises and industries that produce different volumes and types of products. These indicators characterize the received profit in relation to the expended production resources. Product profitability and production profitability are often used. There are the following types of profitability:

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More than 10 thousand years ago, people almost did not produce anything, but only scooped everything they needed from natural environment... Their main activities were gathering, hunting and fishing. As humanity "matures", the occupations of people have greatly changed.

What is a modern economy?

Geography of the main types of economic activities

With the emergence of new types of economic activities of people, their economies also changed. Agriculture is associated with the cultivation of plants (crop production) and animal husbandry (animal husbandry). Therefore, its placement strongly depends both on the characteristics of these living organisms and on natural conditions: relief, climate, soil. Agriculture employs the largest share of the world's working population - almost 50%. Agriculture in the total world production of products - only about 10%.

The industry is subdivided into mining and processing. The extractive industry includes the extraction of various minerals (ores, oil, coal, gas), logging, fishing and sea ​​animal... Obviously, its placement is due to the location of the mined natural resources.

Manufacturing enterprises are located according to certain laws, depending on what kind of products and how they produce.

The service sector is a special link in the economy. Its products, unlike agricultural and industrial products, are not any thing. Services are activities that are important to modern people: education, health care, trade, transport and communications. Enterprises in this area - shops, schools, cafes - are focused on serving people. Therefore, the higher the population density, the more such enterprises.

Return back to Business activities

More than 10 thousand years ago, people almost did not produce anything, but only drew everything they needed from the natural environment. Their main activities were gathering, hunting and fishing. As humanity "matures", the occupations of people have greatly changed. What is a modern economy? The economy is the production by people of everything necessary for their livelihood and improvement of living conditions. The modern economy consists of three large parts that appeared sequentially in the course of human development: agriculture, industry (industry) and the service sector.

About 10 thousand years ago, people learned to produce, and not only appropriate the gifts of nature. Then man began to grow plants and domesticate animals. This is how the types of economic activities that form the basis of modern agriculture - agriculture and animal husbandry - arose. With the beginning of the widespread use of minerals for the production of various equipment and household items, another important link arose modern economy- industry. Currently great value have a variety of services. They are provided by such a subdivision of the economy as the service sector. In modern conditions, the flows of goods are increasing, the movement of people between countries and regions is intensifying. The exchange of information is becoming increasingly important. Therefore, in the service sector, a special place belongs to transport and communications. Geography of the main types of economic activity.

With the emergence of new types of economic activities of people, the geography of their economy also changed. Agriculture is associated with the cultivation of plants (crop production) and animal husbandry (animal husbandry). Therefore, its location strongly depends both on the characteristics of these living organisms and on natural conditions: relief, climate, soil.

Agriculture employs the largest part of the world's working population - almost 50%, but the share of agriculture in total world production is only about 10%. The industry is subdivided into mining and processing. The extractive industry includes the extraction of various minerals (ores, oil, coal, gas), logging, fishing and sea animals.

Obviously, its location is due to the location of the extracted natural resources. Manufacturing enterprises are located according to certain laws depending on what kind of products and how they produce. The service sector is a special link in the economy. Its products, unlike agricultural and industrial products, are not any thing. Services are activities that are important to modern people: education, health care, trade, transport and communications. Enterprises in this area - shops, schools, cafes - are focused on serving people. Therefore, the higher the population density, the more such enterprises.

Financial activities
Financial dependence
Financial independence
Financial policy
Financial system
Financial security
Financial regulation

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1. Why the population density is different in different parts the world?

For a long time, mankind settled on the territory of the Earth, gradually accumulating in places of the most favorable residence (for example, the Nile Valley, Indus, Ganges, Tigris and Euphrates, forming the so-called "river civilization"). Further development of the company showed that, despite the country's desire to coordinate the country's population density, people should live where the climate is more convenient for human existence.

The main population of Russia is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the European part of the population of Canada - and the southern regions of China - in the East and South-East (Great Plain).

2. What types of economic activities do people change their natural complexes?

During his economic activity, a person disrupts the natural interaction between natural ingredients in natural complexes.

In areas with the highest population density, these effects are most important.

3. How has the economic activity of the population changed your natural complexes in your village?

Using various sources of information (newspapers, magazines, radio and television reports,

etc.), determine what economic activity of the population in your area causes the greatest damage to nature. Suggest your own ways of optimizing (smoothing out contradictions) in the interaction of nature and man in the process of economic activity of society.

4. On which continents are there many countries? Why?

Currently, people live on all continents (with the exception of Antarctica, where only scientific stations and populations change from time to time).

People on all other continents live in the territories of different countries.

Different countries have formed on each continent. Compare the number of countries in Eurasia and Africa - these continents have the largest number of countries and countries to shape and shape these countries. At the same time, there was only one country in Australia.

The geographic location of countries on the same continent can vary greatly.

It can be an island or a peninsula, a country without an island, without access to the sea.

5. Name of the country currently under construction natural phenomena(volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, etc.), as well as important events in the life of nations.

Give examples of countries that are most prone to natural disasters and use them in the contour map.

Find and label active volcanoes, mark the years of recent devastating earthquakes.

Search this site:

• how the economic activity of the population in your area has changed natural complexes
• the name of the country in which special natural phenomena currently exist
• what types of economic activities do people dramatically change in their natural complexes
• why in different parts of the world the population density is not the same
• countries currently experiencing specific natural phenomena

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Research of biological diversity of the Altai region.

Conducting effective business activities in Eurasia. Geoeconomic stability of Altai. Study of the ethnic character of the region. Formation of a single continental market.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Recreational potential Altai Territory

General characteristics of the region. Recreational resources and the basic principles of their development in the Altai Territory.

Museums and scientific and technical facilities of the region. Archaeological and ethnographic monuments of Altai. Folk crafts and tourist infrastructure of Altai.

abstract, added 12/13/2009

Deserts of Eurasia

Features of the emergence of deserts. Geographical position of Eurasia. Types of deserts: clay, stony, sandy. The concept of transverse dunes. The climate of the deserts of Eurasia. Vegetable and animal world deserts of Eurasia. Human use of the deserts of Eurasia.

test, added 10/09/2009

Physical and geographical characteristics of Eurasia

Physical and geographical position and landforms of Eurasia.

Distribution in the territory of all major natural areas Earth. Inland waters and climatic conditions... Uneven precipitation. Features of the flora and fauna of Eurasia.

term paper added 03/21/2015

Region, space, territory

Characteristics of the concept of the region, holistic system with its structure, functions, connections with external environment, history, culture, living conditions of the population.

Study of the political and administrative bodies of government, the complexity and specialization of the region.

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Fauna of Eurasia

Faunistic regionalization of Eurasia. The history of the settlement of the mainland. The modern distribution of typical representatives of the fauna: mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians in Western and Southern Europe, Eastern and Central Asia.

abstract, added 04/13/2010

Deserts of Eurasia

Geographical position of Eurasia - the largest continent of the Earth.

Climate, flora and fauna of the deserts of Eurasia. Inhabitants of the deserts: camels, wild ass-kulans, Przewalski's horses. Difficulties in using desert soils in the national economy.

presentation added on 04/23/2014

Natural zones of Eurasia

Natural zones of the arctic and subarctic climatic zones in Eurasia.

Reducing the number of animals, a ban on shooting. The territories occupied by the zone of mixed and deciduous forests. Fertility of chernozem soils of steppes, semi-desert and desert.

presentation added on 02/17/2012

Flora and fauna of Altai

Study of the geographical location, relief and water resources of Altai.

The influence of the geological history of the development of the territory and climate on vegetable world... Study of the animal world of the Altai Territory. Descriptions of the majestic mountains Sinyukha and the Big Monastery.

presentation added on 11/19/2014

Plains of Eurasia

Study of the geology, vegetation and geographic zoning of the largest plains of Eurasia: the East European, West Siberian, Central Siberian plateaus, Indo-Ganges and East China.

Methods economic use plains.

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Economic characteristics of the Altai Territory

Characteristics of the Altai Territory: climatic conditions, population and its national structure, the largest enterprises. Features of the public sector of the region, revenues and expenditures of the regional budget. The level of innovative activity in the industry of the region.

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Geography of the main types of economic activitiesWith the emergence of new types of economic activities of people, the geography of their economy has also changed. Agriculture is associated with the cultivation of plants (crop production) and animal husbandry (animal husbandry). Therefore, its location strongly depends both on the characteristics of these living organisms and on natural conditions: relief, climate, soil. Agriculture employs the largest part of the world's working population - almost 50%.

But the share of agriculture in total world production is only about 10%. Industry is subdivided into extractive and processing.

The extractive industry includes the extraction of various minerals (ores, oil, coal, gas), logging, fishing and sea animals. Obviously, its location is due to the location of the extracted natural resources. Manufacturing enterprises are located according to certain laws, depending on what kind of products and how they produce. The service sector is a special link in the economy. Its products, unlike agricultural and industrial products, are not any thing.

Services are activities that are important to modern people: education, health care, trade, transport and communications. Enterprises in this area - shops, schools, cafes - are focused on serving people.

Therefore, the higher the population density, the more such enterprises.

A variety of households. activity is determined by the level economic development mill,

More than 10 thousand years ago, people almost did not produce anything, but attracted everything they needed from environment... Their main activities were gathering, hunting and fishing. As the "rise" of humanity, the occupation of the people has changed a lot.

What is modern economics?

The economy is the production of people from everything that is necessary for their livelihoods and improving living conditions.

The modern economy consists of three main parts that constantly appear in the process of human development: agriculture, industry (industry) and services.

About 10 thousand years ago, people learned to produce and not only give nature a gift. Then the man began to grow plants and pets.

Thus, there were types of economic activities that formed the basis of modern agriculture - agriculture and animal husbandry. With the beginning of the expanded use of minerals for the production of various household appliances and household items, another important element of the modern economic industry has emerged. Various services are very important nowadays.

They are provided by such a subdivision of the economy as the service sector. In modern conditions, the movement of goods is increasing, and the movement of people between countries and regions is increasing. The exchange of information plays more and more important role... Therefore, the service sector is a special place for transport and communication.

Geography of main types of economic activity

With the emergence of new types of economic activity, the geography of their economy has changed.

Agriculture is all about growing plants (growing plants) and breeding animals (livestock). Therefore, its placement largely depends on the characteristics of living organisms and natural conditions: relief, climate, soil. In agriculture, most of the world's population fluctuates - almost 50%, but the share of agriculture in total world food production - is only about 10%.

The industry is divided into mining and processing.

Extractive industries include mining (ores, oil, coal, gas), harvesting, fishing and marine animals. Obviously, its location is due to the location of the extracted natural resources.

Manufacturing companies are subject to certain laws, depending on what types of products and how they are produced.

The service sector is a special connection in the economy.

Its products, unlike agricultural and industrial products, are not subject. Services are activities related to modern people: education, healthcare, trade, transport and communications. Companies in these industries, schools, cafes are focused on serving people. Therefore, the population density is greater than such companies.

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What are the main prerequisites for the formation of a state among the Eastern Slavs?

Compare location, main business activities, political structure Vladimir-Suzdal principality and Novgorod land in the XIII - XIV centuries. Point out what was common and what was different.

The historians who put forward and supported the Norman theory believed that statehood was brought to Russia from the outside, by the Varangians.

In the middle of the 13th century. The Grand Duke of Vladimir, Alexander Nevsky, strove to maintain peaceful relations with the Horde khans, avoid conflicts and not give reasons for new invasions.

Name at least two attempts by the Russian principalities and lands in the middle of the 13th century to pursue a policy different from the one described above regarding the Horde.

What reasons predetermined the choice made by Prince Alexander Nevsky? Give at least three reasons.

Review the historical situation and complete the assignment.

Khan Batu, after the defeat of Russian cities and lands, imposed tribute on them. Novgorod Mongols never "fought", but the Novgorodians paid tribute to the Golden Horde. Why did the Mongols not "fight" Novgorod? Give at least two reasons. By virtue of what the Novgorodians were forced to pay tribute to the Golden Horde? Give at least three judgments.

A number of historians sharply negatively assess the consequences of the political fragmentation of Russia in the 12th and early 13th centuries.

What other point of view do you know about the consequences of political fragmentation?

Which point of view do you think is more convincing? Expand and provide at least three facts and provisions that can serve as arguments to support your point of view.

Name at least three main areas of activity of the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich.

Give at least two examples showing the implementation of these directions.

Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

In the 50s - 60s.

XII century. In the Novgorod land, unrest and uprisings began, directed against the Horde Baskaks and the collection of tribute. Alexander Nevsky took part in the suppression of these uprisings.

What are the reasons for this particular position of the prince? Give at least two reasons. What concessions was the Golden Horde forced to make? Name at least two facts.

What are the main reasons for the rise of the Moscow principality.

Describe the struggle of Moscow for the role of the center in the unification of Russian lands in the XIV century.

What were the main results of the activities of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich in the field of state building? Name the territories annexed to the Moscow principality in the 15th - early 16th centuries.

Compare the views of the Josephites and the non-possessors in the late 15th - early 16th centuries.

Show what they had in common, what was different.

Tasks of part C "Kievan Rus"

What are the main prerequisites for the formation of a state among the Eastern Slavs?

Prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state.

- private property;

- property inequality;

- the clan community is replaced by the neighboring one;

- the need to repulse external enemies.

Compare the location, the main types of economic activities, the political structure of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and the Novgorod land in the XIII-XIV centuries. Indicate what was common and what was different.

3. The historians who put forward and supported the Norman theory believed that statehood was brought to Russia from outside, by the Varangians.

What other views on the problem of the origin of the state in Russia do you know? Which point of view do you find more convincing? Provide facts and considerations that support your chosen point of view.

Norman theory:

- 862 the calling of the Varangians to Russia (Rurik, Sinius, Truvor.

- 882 the Novgorod prince Oleg united the East Slavic lands into a single state;

- Prince Rurik became the founder of the ruling dynasty.

The formation of the state is a consequence of the internal development of society, it is not possible to "teach" the state.

- the Eastern Slavs already had organs that were the prototype of state institutions (prince, squad, veche);

- the invitation of a foreigner as a ruler is an indicator of readiness to form a state;

- large tribal unions have already developed among the Eastern Slavs by the 8th - 9th centuries.

(around Novgorod and Kiev);

- an external threat pushed for unification (Khazar Kaganate, Scandinavian tribes);

- the Vikings, giving the ruling dynasty, quickly merged with the Slavs (Rurik's grandson wore Slavic name Svyatoslav).

Which point of view do you think is more convincing? Expand and provide at least three facts and provisions that can serve as arguments to support your point of view.

Alternative point of view:

A.

The princely feuds intensified

B.

In the middle of the 13th century.

The Grand Duke of Vladimir, Alexander Nevsky, sought to maintain peaceful relations with the Horde khans, avoid conflicts and not give reasons for new invasions.

Name at least two attempts by the Russian principalities and lands in the middle of the 13th century to pursue a policy different from the one described above regarding the Horde. What reasons predetermined the choice made by Prince Alexander Nevsky? Give at least three reasons.

Attempts:

- in the early 50s.

13th century Grand Duke Vladimirsky Andrey Yaroslavich in alliance with Daniel Galitsky and the prince of Tver prepared a campaign against the Horde and was defeated

- in those years, Daniel Galitsky tried to resist the Horde, but was defeated and was forced to admit his dependence on the Horde khans

In 1257, the anti-Horde uprising in Novgorod was brutally suppressed

Causes:

- the ruined and fragmented Russia did not have enough strength to resist the Horde

Nevsky sought to concentrate the main forces on countering the aggression of the crusaders from the West - the policy chosen by Al. Nevsky allowed the Russian lands to restore the destroyed agriculture, crafts, trade

- it made it possible to avoid new devastating invasions of the Horde troops.

Review the historical situation and complete the assignment.

Khan Batu, after the defeat of Russian cities and lands, imposed tribute on them.

Novgorod Mongols never "fought", but the Novgorodians paid tribute to the Golden Horde. Why did the Mongols not "fight" Novgorod? Give at least two reasons. By virtue of what the Novgorodians were forced to pay tribute to the Golden Horde? Give at least three judgments.

The Mongols "did not fight" Novgorod, because:

- Batu's army suffered significant losses, was weakened by the resistance of Russia;

- wooded and swampy terrain and spring thaw created great difficulties for the Mongolian horsemen

Judgments that the Novgorodians were forced to pay tribute in favor of the Horde, since:

- The Horde sent its "censors" to Novgorod for a population census and taxing Novgorodians with tribute;

- Prince Al.

Nevsky believed that it was not yet within the power to challenge the Horde of Russia;

- under the threat of the appearance of the Horde troops, the Novgorodians were forced to come to terms with the demands of the Horde and agree to the payment of tribute.

A number of historians sharply negatively assess the consequences of the political fragmentation of Russia in the 12th and early 13th centuries.

What other point of view do you know about the consequences of political fragmentation?

Which point of view do you think is more convincing? Expand and provide at least three facts and provisions that can serve as arguments to support your point of view.

Alternative point of view:

Political fragmentation was an inevitable phenomenon, along with serious negative consequences it also had positive consequences.

A. When choosing the point of view set out in the assignment:

- weakened the defense capability of Russia in front of external enemies

The princely feuds intensified

- the Russian princes could not agree on joint actions even on the eve of the invasion of Batu, which led to the establishment of more than two centuries of the Horde yoke.

B. When choosing an alternative point of view:

- in conditions of fragmentation, the economy of individual principalities and lands developed rapidly

- in conditions of fragmentation, the culture of the Russian principalities and lands flourished

- the collapse of a single state did not mean a complete loss of the principles uniting the Russian lands (formally, the seniority of the great Kiev prince; ecclesiastical and linguistic unity was preserved, the norms of the "Russian Truth" lay at the basis of the legislation of the inheritance, the idea of ​​the unity of the lands that were part of Ancient Russia lived in the popular consciousness up to the 13-14 centuries).

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In the conditions of market relations, the enterprise is the main link in the entire economy, since it is at this level that the products necessary for society are created, the necessary services are provided.

An enterprise is an independent, organizationally separate economic entity of the production sphere of the national economy, which produces and sells products, performs industrial work or provides paid services.

The enterprise has a specific name - a plant, a factory, a combine, a mine, a workshop, etc.

Any enterprise is a legal entity, has a complete accounting and reporting system, independent balance sheet, current and other accounts, seal with its own name and trademark (brand).

The main goal (mission) of the creation and operation of the enterprise is to obtain the maximum possible profit through the sale of manufactured products (work performed, services rendered) to consumers, on the basis of which the social and economic needs of the labor collective and owners of the means of production are satisfied.

On the basis of the general mission of the enterprise, general corporate goals are formed and established, which are determined by the interests of the owner, the size of capital, the situation within the enterprise, the external environment and must meet the following requirements: to be specific and measurable, time-oriented, achievable and mutually supported.

Each enterprise is a complex production and economic system with multifaceted activities. The most clearly highlighted areas that should be attributed to the main:

1) comprehensive market research (marketing activities);

2) innovative activity (research and development, implementation of technological, organizational, managerial and other innovations in production);

3) production activities (manufacturing of products, performance of work and provision of services, development of a range and range of products adequate to market demand);

4) the commercial activity of the enterprise on the market (organization and promotion of sales of manufactured products, services, effective advertising);

5) material and technical support of production (supply of raw materials, materials, components, provision of all types of energy, machinery, equipment, packaging, etc.);

6) the economic activities of the enterprise (all types of planning, pricing, accounting and reporting, organization and remuneration of labor, analysis of economic activities, etc.);

7) after-sales service of products for industrial, technical and consumer purposes (commissioning, warranty service, provision of spare parts for repairs, etc.);

8) social activities(maintaining the working and living conditions of the labor collective at an appropriate level, creating the social infrastructure of the enterprise, including its own residential buildings, canteens, medical and recreational and preschool institutions, vocational schools, etc.)

The activities of the enterprise are streamlined by numerous legal acts, the main of which are: the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the enterprise, the charter of the enterprise and the collective agreement governing the relations of the labor collective with the administration of the enterprise.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the enterprise determines the procedure for the creation, registration, liquidation and reorganization of the enterprise.

According to the existing legislation, an enterprise can be created by the owner or by decision of the labor collective; as a result of the forced separation of another enterprise in accordance with antitrust laws; as a result of the separation of one or more structural divisions from the existing enterprise, as well as in other cases.

The enterprise is included in the state register of Russia from the date of its registration. To carry out this procedure, a statement, the decision of the founder on the creation, the charter and other documents according to the list determined by the Government of the Russian Federation are required.

The liquidation and reorganization of an enterprise is carried out by the decision of the owner and with the participation of the labor collective, or by the decision of a court or arbitration, as well as in cases of: declaring it bankrupt; if a decision is made to ban the activities of the enterprise; if by a court decision the constituent documents are recognized as invalid in other cases.

The management of the enterprise is carried out in accordance with the charter on the basis of a combination of the rights of the owner and the principles of self-government of the labor collective. The owner may delegate his rights to manage the enterprise to the council of the enterprise or to another body provided for by the charter of the enterprise and representing the interests of the owner and the labor collective.

The property of the enterprise consists of fixed assets and working capital, as well as other values, the value of which is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. The sources of its formation are:

- monetary and material contributions of the founders;

- income from main and other types of activity;

- income from securities; loans from banks and other lenders;

- capital investments and subsidies from budgets;

- proceeds from denationalization and privatization of property;

- gratuitous or charitable contributions of enterprises, organizations and citizens and other sources.

The company uses and disposes of the property at its discretion: it sells, transfers free of charge, exchanges or leases.

The generalizing indicator of the financial results of the economic activity of the enterprise according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is profit (income), the use of which is determined by the owner.

The enterprise independently determines the wage fund without limiting its growth by state bodies, the minimum wage of employees (cannot be less than the poverty line established by Russian legislation), establishes the forms, systems and amounts of wages and other types of employee income.

The company independently plans its activities and determines development prospects based on the demand for its products. The plans are based on contracts concluded with consumers of products, works, services, and suppliers of material and technical resources.

The company sells its products at prices and tariffs set independently or on a contractual basis. In settlements with foreign partners, contract prices are applied in accordance with the conditions and prices of the world market.

Questions social development, including the improvement of working conditions, life and health of members of the labor collective and their families, are decided by the labor collective with the participation of the owner in accordance with the charter of the enterprise, the collective agreement and legislative acts of Russia.

The state guarantees the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of the enterprise: provides it with equal legal and economic conditions for business, regardless of the form of ownership; promotes the development of the market and regulates it with the help of economic laws and incentives, implements antimonopoly measures; provides preferential conditions for enterprises that introduce advanced technologies and create new jobs.

The company is liable for violation of contractual obligations, credit and settlement and tax discipline, product quality requirements, and environmental pollution. The enterprise must ensure the safety of production, sanitary and hygienic standards and requirements for the protection of the health of its employees, population and consumers of products.

Control over individual aspects of the enterprise's activities is carried out by: the state tax administration, the tax police and state bodies, which are entrusted with overseeing the safety of production, labor, fire safety and environmental safety, other bodies determined by the legislation of Russia.

The enterprise operates on the basis of the Charter, which is approved by the owner of the property, and for state enterprises - also with the participation of the labor collective.

The charter of the enterprise determines: the owner and full name of the enterprise, its location, the subject and objectives of the activity, management bodies and the procedure for their formation, the competence and powers of the labor collective and its elected bodies, the procedure for the formation of property, the conditions for reorganization and termination of the enterprise.

The charter may include provisions: labor relations; on the powers, procedure for the creation and structure of the enterprise council; about the trademark, etc.

2 The essence of contracts of purchase and sale, delivery. Organization of contractual work at the enterprise

A sale and purchase agreement is an agreement under which one party (the seller) undertakes to transfer the thing (goods) to the ownership of the other party (the buyer), and the buyer undertakes to accept this product and pay a certain amount of money (price) for it (clause 1. Article 454 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The purchase and sale agreement is a general contractual structure (paragraph 1 of Chapter 30 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Chapter 30 also identifies other types of sales contracts: retail sales contracts, supply contracts, supply contracts for state or municipal needs, contracting contracts, energy supply contracts, real estate sales contracts, and enterprise sales contracts.

The subject of the contract is a thing (goods). Thus, this contractual model is focused, first of all, on the compensated alienation of material objects into property rights. At the same time, the construction of a sale and purchase agreement can also be used to regulate relations on the alienation of property rights (clause 4, article 454 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The alienation of property rights under a sale and purchase agreement is obviously impossible due to the fact that this contradicts the nature of these rights (clause 4, article 454 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). One of the exceptions may be the alienation of a share in a common property right. The only essential condition of the purchase and sale agreement in the Russian Federation is its subject. Agreeing on the terms of the item means establishing the name and quantity of the goods. The price is not an essential condition, and if it is not set in the contract, its determination takes place according to the rules of Art. 424 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (similar goods in similar conditions).

Signs of a purchase and sale agreement are consensual, bilateral, reimbursable, mutually binding, not fiduciary, not public, mutually agreed upon, indefinite.

A supply agreement is an agreement of the parties, according to which a supplier - a seller carrying out business activities undertakes to transfer, within a specified period or time, the goods produced or purchased by him to the buyer for use in entrepreneurial activity or for other purposes.

The agreement is a consensual, onerous, bilateral agreement. This agreement has a number of distinctive features... Firstly, it should be noted that there is a peculiarity in the subject composition of this agreement, which consists in the fact that only a person engaged in entrepreneurial activity can act as a supplier: an individual entrepreneur or a commercial organization. Secondly, one of the essential conditions of the supply agreement is the supplier's obligation to transfer the goods within the specified time or date. Therefore, the supply agreement assumes both a one-time wholesale of goods on time, and wholesale of goods in separate batches for a long time (due time), as well as the transfer of any particular thing in a specified time. Thirdly, it is essential for what purpose the buyer purchases goods from the supplier, because under the supply contract, the buyer acquires goods for use in entrepreneurial activity (for industrial processing and consumption, for subsequent sale and other professional activity) or for activities not related to personal, family, home use of the product.

The parties to the supply agreement are the supplier and the buyer. On the side of the supplier, as a rule, there are commercial organizations and individual entrepreneurs, and buyers are any person, but most often legal entities and individual entrepreneurs.

The supply contract is concluded in writing. It is concluded in such a way as the exchange of documents between the parties. If the parties to the contract are two citizens (entrepreneurs), and total amount of the delivered goods does not exceed 1000 rubles, then the contract can be concluded orally.

The purpose for which the contract is concluded is the subject of the transaction, the mutual rights and obligations of the parties are its conditions, the set of conditions is its content.

The role of the contract as a universal regulator of economic relations, an all-encompassing instrument of commerce and economic activity is well known. On the other hand, an agreement between specific parties allows you to capture and streamline their delicate relationships, relieving the legislator of this overwhelming and unnecessary function.

Therefore, the Civil Code only gives general characteristics agreements and a list of basic conditions, leaving the parties the opportunity to specify as much as they like, expand the provisions included in each specific agreement. The same freedom should be granted by corporate regulations.

The law gives organizations the right to independently choose counterparties and perform actions on their own behalf that have legal force in the development and implementation of obligations under contracts.

Contractual work in an enterprise is understood as activities that are usually carried out in two cycles:

- conclusion of contracts (preparation, execution, negotiation of conditions with contractors);

- organization of the execution of contracts (operational measures, accounting, control, assessment of progress and results).

This work is a kind of legal activity, since it is based on legal norms (centralized and corporate), and the result of its first cycle - a contract - itself becomes a legally binding document.

If an enterprise acts as a supplier (seller, executor), then, as a rule, the planning department or the sales department, or a specially formed contractual department, is responsible for the execution and implementation of the contract. If the enterprise is a buyer (customer), then the work, depending on the subject of the contract, is carried out in the services responsible for material and technical supply, organization of capital construction, equipment repair, etc.

The two named types of contractual work must correspond: the content of corporate acts, the specialization of lawyers, the distribution of duties between employees of the legal department of the enterprise. Attention should be paid to the stage of contractual work.

The range of issues solved in the process of concluding and executing contracts is specific to each enterprise, but this process itself is uniform in the sense that the following typical stages are inherent in it.

1. Preparation for the conclusion of contracts. Stages: pre-contractual contacts with potential contractors; development of basic conditions (signing of preliminary contracts - agreements of intent); preparation of forms of contractual documentation; drawing up a contractual campaign plan (if a large number potential contractors).

2. Assessment of the grounds for concluding contracts. It is mainly based on an analysis of the production and commercial situation in which the company and each of the potential counterparties are located. The decision to refuse to conclude a contract in the presence of a preliminary agreement must be reasoned, and before the counterparty takes actions related to material costs.

3. Registration of contracts. Stages: project development; settlement of disputes; concretization of the content of the concluded agreements; their modification or termination.

Projects are developed, as a rule, by the service responsible for the conduct of contractual work, and together with the protocol of disagreements or other similar documentation are transferred for a comprehensive check to the departments involved in production, logistics, financial and legal support of the enterprise. The traditional form of verifying the compliance of projects with the interests and capabilities of an enterprise is endorsement.

4. Bringing the content of contracts to the performers. Possibly in the following forms: transfer of contractual documentation to interested parties, which is usually certified by their signature; transfer of copies or extracts of these documents to the divisions of the enterprise; publication of systematized information on the main terms of contracts (inventory of orders, delivery plans, etc.).

5. Execution control. Aims to keep the work in parameters that meet the conditions of the contracts, for which the data on the progress of work is compared with the specified indicators. Control can be selective, continuous, periodic, permanent.

6. Evaluation of the results of the execution of contracts. Consists of: conclusions about the success (failure) by comparing the actually achieved indicators with the goals of transactions; analyzing the results for the possibility of applying incentives or sanctions to performers; development of measures that can improve the execution of contracts.

The most difficult question is, perhaps, the question of the normative regulation of contractual work.

A feature of contractual work is that it is based on local regulations, that is, those that are adopted directly by the enterprises themselves. These acts without repeating general provisions on the contracts contained in the current legislation, allow:

- take into account specific features and the working conditions of the enterprise, and are designed to determine the list and functions of the divisions of the enterprise conducting contractual work;

- to establish the content of the actions performed in this case, the procedure and timing of their implementation;

- to fix the schemes for the execution of contractual documentation and the forms of accounting for the execution of contracts;

- to determine measures to stimulate the proper execution of contracts and the responsibility of structural units and officials for violation of contractual obligations;

- to provide for the responsibility of specific employees, their rights and obligations.

It should be borne in mind that local regulations can be both complex in nature (for example, the Regulation on the conduct of contractual work, the Instruction on the procedure for the conduct of contractual work), and reflect only part of the stages (for example, the Instruction on the procedure for filing claims and claims for default ). However, there is a limit beyond which rationing loses its meaning - excessive detailing gives rise to "dead" rules. Corporate acts regulating the conduct of contractual work are approved by the head of the enterprise.

When developing instructions (provisions), one should neither reproduce nor re-systematize the norms of legislation. This leads, firstly, to the separation of the created acts from the real structuring of contractual work at the enterprise, and secondly, to the distortion of the meaning of the law. Such corporate acts should not provide for the rules governing relations with counterparties, since this is the subject of contractual regulation with them.

Forms (forms) of contractual documentation are developed as attachments to local regulations. The content of these forms reflects the main details and conditions of the future contract. To a certain extent, they facilitate and speed up the contracting process. Therefore, it is very important to ensure their timely development. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the forms of contractual documentation are of an auxiliary nature. In the process of concluding contracts and agreeing on its terms, the parties can make changes and additions to them: exclude individual clauses from them, include others, etc.

Particular attention should be paid to the role of the legal service in contractual work at the enterprise. The legal service of the company summarizes and analyzes the contractual practice. This is necessary to identify shortcomings in the organization of the contractual campaign and develop measures to eliminate and prevent them. The conclusions drawn from the generalization are used when concluding new contracts.

It is important to emphasize that the participation of legal advisers in contractual work is not episodic, but permanent. It is not limited only to familiarizing employees participating in contractual work with the relevant regulations... Lawyers organize and actively participate both in the preparation of local regulations and all contractual documentation. The legal adviser is obliged to review and endorse all legal acts of the enterprise, express his comments and suggestions on them so that these acts express the most optimal solution based on knowledge of the specific economic situation and current legislation.

When checking draft legal documents or participating in the preparation of orders, instructions, provisions, contracts and other legal documentation on contractual work legal service care should be taken not to establish illegal terms and conditions. Only after such a check, the drafts of these documents can be endorsed by the legal service.

The legal service should be involved in defining the structure of the contractual relationship of the enterprise based on the need to establish more rational contractual relations. It should be borne in mind that the structure of contractual relations may depend on the direction of specialization characteristic of a given enterprise, organizational structure(the presence of independent enterprises, production units in the production association) and the distribution of functions between its economic divisions, from technological features production, etc.

Having received the draft agreement for verification, the legal adviser must see if it is correctly drawn up in substance and in form. When approving a draft agreement, one should, in addition, pay attention to the reflection in it of all essential conditions, completeness and clarity of the text of the agreement, which does not allow for different interpretations.

In cases where the division of the enterprise that received the draft contract has comments on its terms, the contract is drawn up with a protocol of disagreements. The legal department, if he did not participate in drawing up the protocol of disagreements, must, when signing the draft agreement, check the legality and correctness of drawing up the protocol of disagreements. Considering the comments of the counterparty, stated by him in the protocol of disagreements, the legal department should pay attention to the legality and motivation of the proposed comments, as well as objections to them from the interested divisions of the enterprise.

The effectiveness of contractual work to a large extent depends on the accounting and control over the execution of business contracts.

Properly organized accounting is an important element of the system of measures to prevent breaches of obligations. It should ensure the creation of a documentary base for analyzing the reasons for non-fulfillment of contractual obligations, taking measures to prevent and eliminate them, facilitate the correct consideration of claims and claims of counterparties, ensure the reliability of data in statistical reporting on the fulfillment of contractual obligations.

In practice, this is done by logging. This journal provides sections in which, for example, under the supply agreement, such data as the details of the counterparty, numbers and dates of contracts, specifications, orders, orders, the volume of products to be delivered, and delivery times, the name of the shipped products and the date of shipment are indicated, numbers of transport documents, payment requests and other information.

Control functions for the proper performance of contractual obligations should be performed by all services related to the conduct of contractual work. For the same purposes, special services monitoring the fulfillment of obligations. Especially great is the importance in this work of the legal service of enterprises. It must develop and implement measures that contribute to the impeccable fulfillment of the terms of the contract, coordinate in this regard the activities of all parts of the enterprise.

Accounting and control should also be carried out for improper performance of contractual obligations by counterparties. And here the legal service, along with others structural units, it is necessary to establish a prompt collection of the necessary information on violations of contractual obligations. This will make it possible to timely identify and not disregard a single case of improper performance of contracts, to reduce the time gap between the violation and the application of liability to the debtor, to improve the accuracy and quality of the prepared claim and claim materials.

The principle of freedom of contract is at the heart of the conclusion of a contract. Citizens and legal entities enter into contractual relations by their own will and in their interest, they are free to establish their rights and obligations and to determine any terms of the contract that do not contradict the law

These provisions are designed to ensure the normal functioning of civil turnover, a prerequisite for which is the equality of its participants.

The development of a free market sometimes requires the adoption of non-standard decisions, and therefore modern legislation gives the parties to the agreement the right to conclude agreements, both provided for and not provided for by law or other legal acts. In addition, the parties can conclude an agreement that contains elements of various agreements provided for by law or other legal acts (mixed agreement). In this case, the relations of the parties under a mixed contract will be applied in the relevant parts of the rules on contracts, the elements of which are contained in the mixed contract, unless otherwise follows from the agreement of the parties or the essence of the mixed contract. However, one should be warned against hasty and ill-considered experimentation in the conclusion of such contracts. To draw up them, a sufficiently high legal qualification is required. Otherwise, if a dispute arises under such an agreement, the parties may expect an unpleasant surprise when the court determines the law applicable to this agreement and it turns out that the relations of the parties, including liability for violation of their obligations under this agreement, are not established in the way that the parties expected ... That is, before inventing "new" provisions of the agreement, it is necessary to make sure that the law does not establish mandatory requirements for the preparation of these terms of the agreement. Otherwise, it may turn out that the law provides for some other consequences than those expected by the parties.

The parties to the agreement can determine its terms at their discretion in all cases when the content of the relevant condition is not determined by law or other legal act of a strictly binding nature ( peremptory norms). That is, the principle of "freedom within the law" operates.

A person is inherently a purposeful activity, i.e. the efforts made by people are based on a well-known calculation, and their direction has the character of satisfying human needs.

The economic impact on his life, because in the process of managing people, on the one hand, spend energy, resources, etc., and on the other - replenish life costs. In this state of affairs (a person in economic activity) has to strive to rationalize his own actions. It is possible to act rationally only if the costs and benefits are correctly compared, which, however, does not guarantee the absence of mistakes in decision-making that a person's economic activity requires.

Human economic activity in the biosphere is a very complex and intricate complex, consisting of phenomena and processes of various kinds. In this aspect, theoretical economics distinguishes four stages, represented by production itself, distribution, exchange and consumption.

These are processes that result in the creation of material and spiritual benefits that are necessary for humanity to exist and develop.

Distribution is a process during which the shares (quantity, proportions) are determined, according to which each business entity takes part in the creation of the produced product.

Exchange is the process of moving material goods from one business entity to another. In addition, exchange is a form of social communication between producers and consumers.

Consumption is essentially a process of using production results in order to satisfy any needs. Each of the stages of economic activity is interconnected with the rest, and they all interact with each other.

Characterization of the relationship between the stages of economic activity requires an understanding of the fact that any production is a social and continuous process. Constantly repeating itself, production develops - from the simplest forms to. Although these seem completely dissimilar, the general points that are inherent in production as such can still be distinguished.

Production is the basis of life and the source of progressive development of society in which people exist, the starting point of economic activity. Consumption is the end point, and distribution and exchange are concomitant stages that link production and consumption. While production is the primary stage, it only serves for consumption. Consumption forms the final goal, as well as the motives of production, since in consumption the product is destroyed, it has the right to dictate a new order to production. In the event that the need is satisfied, it gives rise to a new need. It is the development of needs that serves as the driving force due to the influence of which production develops. At the same time, the emergence of needs is determined precisely by production - when new products appear, the appearance of a corresponding need for these products and their consumption occurs.

As production depends on consumption, so distribution and exchange depend on production, since in order to distribute or exchange something, it is necessary that something be produced. At the same time, distribution and exchange are not passive in relation to production, and are capable of exerting an opposite effect on it.