As in Assassin 4 shoot from the Mortira. Shooting from mortar in mining terrain. Mortar complex "Sani"
The experience of combat use of mortar weapons in local conflicts of the end of the XX - early XXI century.
Mortar, as a class of weapons, were widespread during World War II. It was then that this weapon was one of the main artillery funds of fire support for the infantry units of the tactical link (platoon-battalion).
On the eve of World War II, in fact, all countries participating in it take into service various mortars. So on August 1, 1940 The Red Army had 5543 mortars of 82-mm caliber, in the parts of the Wehrmacht by June 1941. There were 11,767 mortars (six to six 81 mm in the machine-gun company of each infantry battalion). Light 50, 60 and 81 (82) -mm mortars become a regular artillery system of infantry mouth and battalions - infantry artillery.
What caused the choice of mortar infantry?
First, the mortar has a fairly high accuracy and a shooting range, providing reliable lesions of the living force, weapons and unarmented enemy equipment in battle. Secondly, it makes it possible to relatively hidden fire (a closed fire position and a small power of sound with a shot make it difficult to detect the enemy of the calculation).
Calculation of 82 mm Moment of the ORP. 1938 During the Great Patriotic
Thirdly, high rapidity - from ten to twenty shots per minute provides a high density of fire in critical moments of battle. Fourth, relatively small weight of weapons and ammunition increases the maneuverable possibilities of infantry units and reduces their dependence on the fire of supporting artillery, not always effective due to the time spent on the passage of teams and the possibility of defeating their troops while reducing the radius of safe removal (RBU).
The average weight of the 81/82 mm mortar, which was viewed by three main parts (barrel, bustling and the support plate) is about 50kg. The mass of 81/82 mm of a fragmentation fugasal mine varies from 3.2 to 4.4 kg. Special attention deserves a classification of 81/82 mm mortars in caliber. In fact, this is the weapon of the same caliber, which will be said below.
The first episodes of the combat use of mortars
The first episodes of combat use of mortars are marked during the Defense of Port Arthur in 1904. (Mortar of the design of the Lieutenant General of the Artillery of the Russian Army of Leonid Nikolayevich Gobyato). During World War II, mortarmen were in service with the armies of all opposing parties. The first Soviet 82-mm mortar was adopted by the Red Army under the name BM-36 in 1936, in SKB-4 Boris Ivanovich Shavorin (Leningrad) created a more simple in production and operation of 82 -mm battalion mortar. 1937 (BM-37), replacing the predecessor. Battalion mortars (this concept refers to all portable 81 and 82-mm systems) during the battle was in direct submission of the commanders of infantry mouth and battalions.
This made it possible to quickly and with high accuracy to hit the infantry and machine-gun calculations of the enemy directly before the combat order of their troops, which is very problematic when using the bodily artillery (guns and the Gaubitz).
The first combat baptism of BM-37 passed in the Khalkhin-goal River area in battles with Japanese invaders, having an infant with an indispensable assistance in the destruction of the enemy in the trenches and on the feedbacks of the hots.
In 1941 and 1943. Soviet battalional mortar was moderated. During the Great Festival War, the battalion 82-mm Moments of the OBR. 1937, 1941 and 1943 They consisted in armament of rifle battalions, serving the basic casualties of fire support for rifle mouth. 82 mm battalion mortar arr. 1943 was produced for a long time and in the post-war period and still consists in service Russian army and the armies of other states.
In favor of the domestic 82 mm mortar, the fact that, during the Great Patriotic War, Soviet calculations were often used to shoot trophy German 81-mm and lendliz American 81-mm mines. A unique example of the development of a domestic modern battalion mortar was the world of war in Afghanistan 1979-1989. In the early 1970s The main 82-mm mortar of the Soviet Army BM-43 sample 1937/1943. was removed from weapons Ground Forces. The leadership of the USSR Armed Forces until the end of the 1970s. It did not find places for 82 mm mortars in the "Rocket and Nuclear War". They remained in service only Airborne troopsAnd in parts of the ground forces, it completely replaced 120-mm mortars, which armted mortar batteries of motorized rifle battalions. However, in the KB of the Gorky Machine-Building Plant, the development of a new 82 mm mortar was carried out in an initiative basis.
And not in vain ... With the beginning of the war in Afghanistan, it became clear that only portable systems can provide infantry units operating autonomously at a significant distance from towed and self-propelled artillery, effective direct fire support. Just by this time, the factory tests of the bitter designed in Gorky were held ( Nizhny Novgorod) 82 mm mortar 2B14. The military received an order for an urgent making of a party of 100 pieces, which passed polygon and military tests in Afghanistan.
In 1983 82-mm Mortar 2B14 "Tray" was adopted by the Soviet Army. Later, its modification was created - 2B14-1, having insignificant constructive changes. In Afghanistan, 82-mm Moments of BM-43 and 2B14 "Tray" were armed with mortar companies of motorized rifle, parachute and landing and assault battalions of a limited contingent of Soviet troops.
Since the beginning of the 80s. And Afghan rebels used 82 mm mortars. Their main mortar type 53, in fact, was the Chinese version of the Soviet mortar BM-43. In addition, Afghan rebels used two identical 60-mm mortar Type 63 and MB of Chinese and Pakistani production, respectively, as well as 82-mm Yugoslav M69 mortar entering Afghanistan from Arab countries. In addition to 60 and 82 mm Afghan rebel systems from 1987. Began to receive through the US spanish 120-mm mortars "ESIA".
Separate attention deserves 60-mm rotary mortar. The division of mortars on rotary (up to 60 mm), battalion (75 and 81/82 mm) and regimental (106.7 and 120 mm) entered into practice on the eve of World War II. 60 mm Systems and Caliber-close by them in the caliber of the domestic 50mm mortars of the arr. 1941 Armed infantry companies. However, the domestic 50-mm mortar was removed from production at the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War. Nevertheless, the rotary 60-mm mortar consists in service with many modern world armies. Already in their name, the belonging of this weapon is indicated to the set of weapons of fire support, i.e. Weapons with direct fire support for infantry mouth plates.
In modern combat actions, especially during local wars and armed conflicts, there is a steady trend of fragmentation of parts and compounds into smaller tactical units. In such conditions, small infantry units need their own effective means of defeating the enemy.
Created in recent decades of assault weapons (reactive anti-tank and assault grenades, reactive anti-tank grenades and flamers) and weapons of fire support (large-caliber machine guns and sniper rifles, appolt and automatic grenade launchers, portable anti-tank rocket complexes And the trouble-free tools) are not able to replace the minor caliber mortar on the battlefield. He is indispensable in the near battle when destroying the enemy in the trenches and folds of the terrain, behind the reverse rods of heights, houses and fences. It is these tasks that stand in front of turning mortars in modern battle. At the same time, the mortgaging mines directly in the combat orders of infantry units simplifies commander to the fire control and contributes to an operational response to a rapidly changing combat situation.
Carrying the mortar Soviet infantry in Afghanistan. 80s.
The lack of small-caliber mortar mines in service with the Russian army is argued by the presence in the system of weapons of infantry units in the platoon-company link 40-mm bait and 30-mm automatic grenade launchers. However, the power coefficient of 60-mm fragmentary mines is several times higher than the same indicator.
30 and 40-mm fragmentation grenade, which significantly affects the reliability of the destruction of infantry and firing agents of the enemy in the shelter of the field type, lesions of technology and firing agents of the enemy. Rotat mortar is 3-5 times overlapping the range of the adolescent grenade launcher, and with the same fire, with an automatic grenade launcher, it exceeds it several times in high-base characteristics. For example, the mass of 30-mm automatic grenade launcher AGS-17 with an hour - 30.5 kg, and a 60-mm mortar - three times less.
The calculation of the "Tray" leads fire on the positions of the rebels. Afghanistan, 80s.
Here is an example of the use of a fire of 60-mm mortar by a rotary tactical group of the parachute battalion of the Jordan Sun on one of the tactical teachings in 2003, where I managed to visit. The task of destroying the "terrorists" was facing paratroopers, accustomed in one of the nomads.
With the support of the fire of 20-mm guns of helicopters of fire support, An-1 "Cobra" (USA) and BMP "Rail" (South Africa), Jordanian paratroopers dismixed with armored vehicles and blocked "terrorists". When the fire of the helicopter and combat vehicles began to pose a danger to the seeding seizure approached the object, on the "terrorists", fire from 60mm mortar Type 63 was opened, the fire position of which was located in combat orders of a rushing unit.
Under cover of mortar fire
Under the cover of the mortar fire (the combat rate of 10-12 shots per minute) was put forward to a crawling pair of flamers and destroyed the "terrorists" by a volley from the lung infantry flamers LPO-50 (USSR). By the way, LPO-50 for some reason is ignored by domestic anti-terrorism units, although to burn out terrorism to the fire much more relevant than "wet in the sorter".
About successful examples The use of the rebels in Afghanistan 60-mm miniments of information is not, it rarely rarely met this weapon from the Mujahideen. There are much more problems for the Soviet and Afghan troops represented the fire of the most common at the rebels of the artillery system - 82-mm mortars. The development of mortar weapons former dekhkane, artisans and students studied in training centers and camps in Pakistan and Iran. By the way, this art taught them at one time and the same Jordanian overs-officer, which virtuoso put on the antiterrorist teaching of 60-mm mines in 20-30m ahead of the flamers, covering their extension on the fire line.
For a happy randomness with his students, I didn't have to face in Afghanistan ... But our garrison, two weeks after my departure from it, was lucky in this regard. November 27, 1987 The garrison of the Soviet and Afghan troops in the city of Asadabad was subjected to massive fire raid using all the arms existing mjaheds of artillery weapons systems. It all started with a lesion in the air fireproof PZRK "Stinger" of the Mi-8 helicopter. The rebels then opened fire on the garrison and the residential quarters of the city with 107-mm reactive shells and, under their cover, trampled on fires 82 and 120 mm mortar. It was in Asadabad that the fact of the delivery of 120 mm "ESIA" mortar was confirmed by Afghan rebels. The military personnel of the Asadabad garrison about the use of 120-mm mortars learned on the characteristic aluminum plumage of the broken mines.
Like "Stinger", 120 mm Merry "ESIA" had American origin, although Spain was produced. The fact is that at that time the United States decided to adopt the corps marine infantry 120 mm mortar system to ensure the supply of expeditionary forces standard in NATO 120-mm mortar ammunition (in the USA, only 60-, 81- and 106.7 mm mortars) were consistent. Their choice fell into Spanish mortar. Its was to rush in Afghanistan to take the final decision on adoption. A new powerful weapon system comes to the armament of Afghan rebels, our intelligence has learned in advance, and the first confirmation of this was given by the scouts 334 OOSP (separate detachment special purpose) When Lieutenant's interlock of Igor Matvechuk in October 1987 destroyed from an ambush in Surubi Mujahideen's field commander, capturing the firing table of 120 mm Mortar "ESIA" and other documentation.
120-mm mortars used in Afghanistan and Soviet troops, but the battalon 82-mm mortars "tray" deserved great popularity in our troops. Soviet infantry, leaving the mountains, did not part with them. The "tray" was much easier consisting of the Mujahideen of the Chinese 82 mm mortar, but the maneuvers did not need a weapon in battle in battle. Unlike Soviet troops, they used defensive tactics of action.
Stationary positions of mortars rebels equipped in highlands in the supporting points of the Strongs or in Zelenka (irrigated valleys and gorges) near the places of their basing. In the highlands and winter, they often fought the support plate mortar into the ground. With this method of equipment of the firing position, there was carried out intensely bunch of fire with a series of several minutes without recovery of the tip. It is this method of shooting, after pre-shooting and waiting for the convenient moment of opening of fire, ensures the maximum effect of the lesion openly located a living force, not having to hide from the fire. Under such mortar fire, the subordinated Major Solovyov from the array-guard battalion of 66 OMSBR on December 2, 1986 was captured during the seizure of the OGZ and Muski fortifications in the south of Nangarhar Province. Only the next day, the paratroopers managed to knock the opponent from the ridge and capture 82-mm mortar with the support stove enclosed into the soil, then the reason for the high adhesion of the shooting of the enemy calculation was clear.
In the foreground, the trophy 60- and 82 mm mortars captured by our troops in Afghanistan. Left - Advisor to the Central Committee of the CPSU in the Runs of East S. Bekov
In addition to regular 82-mm battalion mortars, our troops were used in Afghanistan and trophy mortars. First of all, 60-mm system, but such cases were episodic and did not be massive because of the small number of this weapon and mines to it in the arms system of the Mujahideen. So scouts of the 3rd company of the 154th oznes during the winter 1985-1986. The 60-mm captured near the enemy was used. Type 63, until they ended with mines.
The experience gained treatment with abnormal weapons was useful to reconnaissance in battle on March 29, 1986. In the Afghan-Pakistani border in the crack gorge (the transshipment base of the caravans "Shahid Abdul Latif" and "Fatah"). At the critical moment of the battle, the reconnaissance unfolded by them in battle 82 mm mortar. Type 53 towards the enemy. Thanks to fire, they managed to stop the counterattack of superior rebel forces and ensure evacuation of the wounded. Scouts of the 22nd OBRSPN used a trophy 82-mm mortars, establishing them in the body of combat vehicles (trophy pickups and regular "Urals"),
The Armed Forces of the USSR in the 80s. on the " afghan war»Did not focus.
In 1984 For the supply of land forces to individual landing assault brigades (ODSBR) and battalions (ODOSB), the product 2I27 is received, which is a UAZ-469 car with a set for installation, laying and transporting two 82 mm mortars and a near-air mound. In the UAZ-469 car, except for two mortars 2B14-1 and ZIP to them, were placed: in the first version - 116 min (36 in 12 trays and 80 in 8 park boxes), the calculation with the driver - 2 people; In the second embodiment, the income waspace 76 min (36 in 12 trays and 40 in park boxes), the calculation with the driver is 4 people. However, this weapon for the terms of Afghanistan was not suitable, it was suitable for raid actions during a large-scale war.
Moments were actively used in the 90s. last century during the Yugoslav War
In Afghanistan, another method was developed, or rather the reception, the use of mortars on the automotive chassis - the use of worst mortars. Used this trick rebels. Afghan Mujahideen, applying the tactics of worshipers (KOS), transported their 82-mm mortars in pickup bodies, and sometimes on pack animals or on tractor trailers. At the same time, they created the necessary reserve of mines in advance near the alleged fire position and at the appointed time were delivered to it only mortar.
Moreover, the creation of caches with ammunition near the firing positions concerned not only mortars, but also other weapons systems. This explained the high mobility of band formations, unscrewed carrying ammunition. Even machine gunners had their own caches in the area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility or in the locations of ambushes and other armed promotions.
Who knew it was no longer surprised that when inspected of those killed or captured by rebels, there were only minimal margins of cartridges from 30 to 180 pieces for a machine and carbine (rifles) and a little more machine gunners, and grenaderans rarely was transferred to more than 2- 3 grenades. Intelligence-Special Forces always used this circumstance, baptizing the enemy by surprise during an ambush or the fall.
Calculation of the mortar "Tray" sPN units GRU. Chechnya, 2005
The Afghan experience of using Kos was in demand and domestic army special forces, but in another war. It is the reconnaissance and sabotage groups that are in service with the mortar best suits the tactics of nomadic fire funds. Mortar fire in the enemy rear, like no other (with the exception of sniper fire) affects the moral spirit of the personnel of the opposing party.
So in Tajikistan in the early 90s. Special purpose reconnaissance team has successfully used the tactics of KS, using the Yugoslav 81-mm M69 mortar (M081LC), captured at the Mujahideen for the 15th separate Special Forces Brigade in 1987. The design of this mortar allowed the domestic mortar sight on it. The Yugoslav mortar was lighter than the domestic 82-mm BM-43 mortar to 11kg, and the firing table on the metal nameplate was attached directly to the trunk. Mortary was transported by car UAZ-469, and on the firing position was deployed by calculating from three people, not counting voluntary assistants from the Popular Front of Tajikistan.
The tactics of the walkers are determined by several stages of actions: collecting intelligence information about the facility of the taxation; Recognition of the terrain and the choice of firing positions; Exit to combat positions (fire, supervisor-correction, subgroups of cover (provision); firing lesion (shelling target); change of firing position or waste.
The next ammunition of an 81-mm mortar mortar consisted of ten to forty 82-mm min of domestic production. Such universal "omnivorous" 81- and 82 mm battalion mortars is explained by different approaches in the caliber determination. In domestic practice, the caliber of the trunk is indicated, and in the West - mines. The versatility of the value of the caliber 81 and 82mm at the mortar allows you to apply in them, both those and other mines. For example, the Mujahideen in Afghanistan was successfully used with 82-mm Chinese mortars Pakistani, English and American 81-mm mines.
In fact, the difference in caliber 81/82 mm min and 81/82 mm mortar is the same and is 0.7 mm. It is the lack of contact of mines with the walls of the trunk when shot, thanks to the ring flows on the mini-core, creating a "airbag", explains the high accuracy of the firing mortar. To ensure high shooting accuracy, besides the correct weapon, the mass of mines and the same temperature of the throwing charge (main and additional) comes out. Making accurate by weight of the mortar minion case due to the technological features of their production (casting and turning) is quite difficult.
Domestic producers are marked with crunelous curtains by weight. Mines with one, two or three "crosses" refer to three different weight groups. This should be considered when running fire by the mines mines and, especially, with the defeat of the enemy near his troops. It is not strange, but many mines of the Russian army do not know about this, which is confirmed by their actions during the counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus. The old Soviet Artillery School and the experience of the Great Patriotic War, in which the Soviet artillery, including mortar, is recognized as the best, was forgotten.
The mortar calculation of the reconnaissance of SPN GRU is preparing its mortgage to shoot. Chechnya, 2005
In the course of a counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus, 82-mm mortars 2B14 and BM-43 were widely used as federal forces and gangs. Especially tangible losses suffered federal troops from the mortar fire of the enemy when capturing Grozny in January 1995, having an extensive network of informants and surveillance officers, illegal armed formations used the tactics of firewood on the concentration of Russian troops in the courtyards and on the streets. In the "second Chechen campaign" militants, fortunately, "underestimated" mortars, but federal forces used them quite widely.
So during the destruction of the BandGroup of R. Gelayev in December 2003, due to the high professionalism of the mortar settlement of the army special forces, the federal forces managed to completely block the enemy with fire. Within two days, the calculation of the 82-mm mortar 2b14 "tray" held a disturbing fire of the surrounded enemy into the gorge on the northern slope of the Kusus Range, and in the future provided storm groups direct fire support. At the same time, mortgrels were located on a closed firing position of 1.7 km from the assault groups, and Mina clashed at 30-50m from the attackers.
The 82-mm mortar appeared in the early 2000s. In service with the domestic army special forces not accidentally. There was a combat experience of the application of mortars in Afghanistan and Tajikistan, foreign experiences special operations, A number of publications in domestic media and the enthusiasm of individual special forces officers.
Foreign experience experience of combat application mortars
Foreign experience The experience of combat use of mortars special forces of the United States and Great Britain suggests that this type of weapon plays not the last role in the course of special operations.
A characteristic example was the operation of servicemen of the 22nd SAS (Special Airborne Serves - Special Airborne Service) of the United Kingdom to destroy Argentina Air Force on the island of Pebble during the Falkland conflict, held on 14-15 May. On the eve, on May 10, 1982, two patrols of four people were planted on the island of Western Falklands with a task of conducting exploration of planes bases.
Going through the strait on the collapsible canoe, the patrols equipped two observation posts (NPs) and set the presence of "Pukara's" attacked airflower. On the morning of May 14 at the opposite end of the island of Peblle three helicopters "SI King", a detachment of the 22nd shelf SAS, armed with small arms, grenade launchers and two 81 mm mortars. Going to the airfield, a detachment of 40 people was divided into two groups and took the initial positions.
One group of 20 people had to destroy the aircraft mortar fire on the parking lots, and the other is to cover their actions and cut off the reinforcement from the nearest Argentine garrison. The operation took place in the dark time with the use of lighting mines and shells of the guns of the Esmina "Glamor". In the course of the special operation, all Argentine aircraft were destroyed. The losses of the British made up two wounded.
More efficient weapons than the mortgage of the intelligence and sabotage group, when destroying aircraft and helicopters of the enemy at the airfields and the seating platforms, find it difficult. A rich experience of this kind of opponent's aviation has been accumulated by various rebel formations in Africa, Latin America, South-East Asia and Afghanistan. From a mortar fire for the protection of airfields with an extensive network, making and posts, mineral fields and engineering oblations, often it is powerless.
Having a portable 60- or 82-mm mortar, small intelligence-sabotage groups, acting in the enemy's rear at a significant distance from the fixed forces, can always count on effective fire support for their own mortar. Even in Afghanistan, where the effective system of aviation support for special forces was operating, if there was relatively primitive anti-air defense of the rebels, the special forces could not always hope for the help of army and assault aviation.
In addition to air defense, the work of aviation is limited and weather. Artillery support is devoid of such shortcomings, but its ability is limited to the harvesting range of the trunny and jet artillery Ground troops. In such a situation, the issue of increasing the firepower of special forces is solved very simply - its own mortars.
The main advantages of an 82-mm mortar, as a special forces weapons - not only its high shooting accuracy, but also the possibility of hidden running of fire, as well as the high mobility of this artillery weapon system.
In the early 2000s. Domestic designers commissioned by GS GS were developed 82-mm silent mortar complex BSHMK 2B25. However, due to the short-sightedness of individual officials of the military department, the work was cooled, and the adoption of a silent mortar into service of the Armed Forces in the near future is not planned. And in vain. Not having analog in the world mortar has a lot of about 12kg and shooting range
about 1200m. At the same time, his mine on a fragmentation action is several times more efficient than the usual 82-mm fragmentation fugasal mine, and the sound of the shot is not louder to the blow of the tree hammer ...
Alas, what kind of silent mortars for the domestic special forces can be discussed if its number is reduced, while the United States and our other "sworn friends" are given to the development of the forces of special operations are of paramount importance.
High mobility of 60- and 82 mm mortars are provided by the possibility of carrying their personal composition, towing a parachute (in cargo containers), deliveries per helicopters, easy automotive equipment and BTR. The set of domestic 82 mm mortar 2B14 includes body devices, allowing you to carry it in three servicemen (trunk - pipe, support plate, thaw and sight). The fourth number of calculation transfers the mines themselves, but if necessary, they can be transferred for short distances and other numbers. Under the actions of the mortar calculation in combat infantry orders or other servicemen are involved in the intelligence and divergers group for carrying mines.
In China, where the infantry is one of the most numerous birth of troops, for carrying 82 mm mortars and custom-effective guns, machine guns and other weapons of fire support are used universal packing devices. Our servicemen had the opportunity to familiarize themselves with them in Afghanistan. The universality of the blizzards is achieved by the presence of a standard stripper with fastening brackets, belts and shoulder straps with shoe. With the help of such a blister, you can transfer any kinds of heavy weapons in regular covers or fixing them on the spruce with belts, as well as other goods.
It is clear that the battalion mortar did not lose its value in a modern high-tech war. Portable 82-mm mortar in Armed Forces Russia cannot be replaced by an automatic mortar of the same caliber 2B9 "Vasileuk" or mortars of greater caliber. It is not capable of replacing it to the fullest and other weapons of the support of the infantry of the XXI B, including the high-precision.
Alexander Musienko, stock colonel
In fact, the captain of the ship is very difficult, as he needs not only to take care of the state of his ship and team, but also be able to manage him.
In this section, consider all the basic control elements of the ship in Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag.
Court management in Assassin's Creed 4: Black Flag
In square brackets - key name,PKM - Right Mouse Button,
LKM - Left Mouse Button.
Team set. The commands can be typed in taverns or pick up people on the rafts right in the ocean by pressing the [Space] key. To replenish the team in the sea you need to go to the boarding and seizure of the ship. After successful abroad, the selection menu appears, how to deal with the defeated: reduce the level of fame and get rid of pirate hunters and replenish the command, use the captured ship to repair the daw or attach the ship to the fleet.
Navigation
- Spyglass - clamp the [E] key. Increase the scale - the scroll wheel on the mouse. Cancel the selected ship - [w].
- Raise sail and speed up - Press several times [w].
- Stop and let go of the steering wheel - Press several times [s] to stop and then clamp [s].
- Management of sailor songs (or as they are also called - Shanti) - keys and.
- Align the camera and change the viewing angle - [C], [←],, [↓] keys, [→].
- Enemy shots - clamp [gap].
- Selection of trophies - swim to the subject and click [Space].
The battle
- Shot of guns with ordinary cores - shift the camera with the mouse to the left or right side of the ship, clamp [PKM] and press [LKM]. Shoot simultaneously from two sides, being between two enemy ships, it is impossible.
- Heavy nuclei gun shot - shift the camera with the mouse to the left or right side of the ship and press [LKM]. The number of cores is indicated in the lower right corner of the screen. Replenishment of the ammunition: through the cabin cabin in the layout of the ship, in the captain of the port or after the board.
- Shot of bookpeople - Show the camera with the mouse to the ship's nose, clamp [PCM] and press [LKM], or immediately press [LKM]. Knippeli rut Sails, break the masts, which slows down the enemy.
- Shot of falconetes - Click and let go after the shift on the vulnerable place (marked with a red pointer). With ABORDAZH, use the [E] key through pressing the [E] key.
- Shot of Mortira - clamp the [Q] key, bring the mouse to the target and press [LKM]. The number of harness charges is indicated in the lower right corner of the screen. Mortira - good weapons For long battle. Effective against forts and linear ships. To start using, you need to buy the same improvement in the cabin cabin.
- Application of incendiary shells - Show the camera with the mouse towards the stern and press the [LKM] key. Barrels with gunpowders are effective when you need to leave the chase.
- Application Tarana - Navigation keys to direct the ship towards the enemy and cut into it at full speed.
- Boarding and seizure of the ship. Begins during the battle when you cross the enemy ship. After that, with both sides of the enemy ships, white zones appear in which you need to enter, and then clamp [s]. Depending on the sizes of the enemy ship, additional goals appear: destroy a certain number of soldiers of the enemy captain, lazutchists on masts, undermine the barrels with gunpowder or threaten the flag. Only after performing these tasks, the ship is considered captured.
30. General instructions
The duration of the mortar combat service and the reliability of the action of all its mechanisms depend on the proper handling of mortar and care for it, as well as from thorough preparation of mortar to shoot and campaign.
Preparation of mortars to shooting is conducted under the leadership of the platoon commander. It is composed of inspection of mortars, checking and adjusting the work of the mechanisms, as well as checking the aimed devices.
The mortar inspection is made with the purpose of timely detection and elimination of faults, as well as prevent damage and the consequences of incorrect care of the material part and handle it. In military units, inspection produces the heads of artillery weapons, artillery techniques and officers who are entrusted by the material part in service, in terms of the deadlines established by the Internal Service Charter, as well as the persons appointed to conduct inspection inspections of artillery weapons and ammunition.
Mortar must always be ready for combat use, but before each shooting, it is necessary to make sure of the complete condition of mortar and all its mechanisms. It should be remembered that even minor malfunctions, not timely identified and not eliminated, can cause serious damage to the material part and lead to an accident, and poorly adjusted mortar mechanisms and non-deductible aiming devices reduce the accuracy of firing and, as a result, increase the consumption of ammunition.
During shooting, it is necessary to continuously follow the operation of the mortar and timely eliminate all the observed faults.
Fallen charges from M-120 mortar shoots.
31. Inspection of a mortar and checking the work of the mechanisms
Inspection and preparation of a mortar to shooting in such a sequence:
1. Carefully clean the mortar from dust and dirt, turning special attention on the state of the venue and screws of lifting and turning mechanisms.
2. Inspect the barrel and the treasury. On the outer surface of the barrel and the treasury there should be no cracks, inflatable and dents, which form are produced in the barrel channel, visible to the naked eye.
Check the reliability of fastening the pipe in the clip 2 (see Fig. 21) and the mark 3 clamp markings; Remove lubricant from the barrel channel.
Note. Careful removal of lubricant from the trunk channel is one of the main conditions for the preparation of mortar to shoot.
Remove lubrication is necessary not only because the lubricant slows down the movement of mines when charging a mortar, which may be the cause of misfires, but also because lubrication has big influence on the ignition and combustion of charges.
Zamased and stressed charges are poorly flammable and unevenly burned. Therefore, the presence of lubrication in the trunk channel during shooting leads, as a rule, to the unfit mines and their large scattering.
When removing lubricant from the barrel channel is often limited to a beam of a banner when the venue is screwed into the pipe. In this case, the lubricant is not removed from the channel of the barrel, and it is riveted into the state part, i.e., where the charge is located before the shot.
If the lubricant in the barrel channel remains, then the powder grains fall into the lubricant, they wash and do not burn. Therefore, special attention should be paid to removing lubrication from the trunk channel and at all possibilities before shooting while wiping the trunk channel, the execution of the venue and carefully wipe both the barrel canal and the venge. The rubbed trunk channel is examined. With bad lighting in front of the spirit, tilting the sheet of white paper. When inspecting the channel, pay special attention to ensuring that there are no cracks, inflatations and dents. The trunk having on the outer surface or in the channel of cracks, inflatable or dent, is not allowed to shoot.
Carefully check the status of the channel, drawing attention to the fact that there are no solid particles in it, which the trunk may damage during shooting. Inspect the closure ring, check whether there is a compression on the entire circumference in the form of a piece of pipes and a vennament, testifying to the dense adjacent of the obturacycling ring to the corresponding surfaces of the pipe and the vennament.
3. Check the action of the shooting mechanism.
For this, several times to make the shock mechanism, while the trigger should be returned each time to its original position under the action of the spring. Then, when separated from the execution, check the output of the booze.
4. Check the fuse from dual charge.
Remove with the details of the lubricant, rub them with a clean rag, and check whether the fuse is collected correctly. Then check the reliability of fixing the fuse on the trunk and put the prevention mechanism to the "open" position.
5. Check the operation of lifting and turning mechanisms. Verification on a mortar mounted in a combat position. The arms of lifting and turning mechanisms should rotate easily and smoothly, without jerks and the meeting. If the efforts on the handles are more normal (over 4 kg), then inspect the mechanisms, especially thoroughly inspect the screws of lifting and turning mechanisms, and reveal the cause of the tight stroke of the arms of the mechanisms (the cause can be dirt and narrowing).
Mortar guidance mechanisms (lifting and swivel) can have hooks - swing in connections of running screws with their uteros or with other seating parts of the two-legged boat.
Lufts may be in the rotary mechanism:
Axial (longitudinal) and radial (transverse) - in connecting the screw with supervisers;
Axial and radial - in conjunction of the uterus with a screw.
To select axial and radial backlats in the screw connection with the supervisers, the key screwdriver is needed ( 51–15 ) Disk the plug 1 (see fig. 16), remove the puck 2 and bend the tooth of the washer; Then the key ( 51–20 ) Turn the cone 4 At such an angle, in which the screw is smooth and without a pitch, it will rotate in the eyelashes of the swivel, after which insert the washer, bend her tooth into the cone slot and screw the cork.
In mortars with a variant shock absorber, you can only select the axial backlash of the screw. For this you need, removing the washers 11 and 12 (see Fig. 18), tighten the nut 13 And turn it onto such an angle so that there is no screw pitching in the eyelets of the swivel and so that at the same time the screw rotates easily and smoothly.
To select the softs of the uterus, you need a key ( 51–12 ) Loosen the countercount 11 (see Fig. 16) and tighten the adjusting nut 10 in the direction of the arrow applied in the uterus; Tighten the nut so that the screw rotates easily and without a backlash. If the uterus has two adjusting nuts, then it is necessary to pull them alternately. In mortars, there are no lock nuts and nuts, and the uterus is made by cutting (see Fig. 20), it is necessary to remove the wire and tighten the control bolts, then fasten them again.
In the lifting mechanism, only the axial (longitudinal) spoon is adjustable. To do this, unscrew the screws, stopping the cover on the body of the lifting mechanism, and the key ( SB51-20See fig. 11) Tighten the lid on the body of the lifting mechanism so that the screw rotates smoothly and easily, without axial pitch.
In other mechanisms, the backlash are selected by lining the washers or replacing worn items in repair shops.
It should be borne in mind that the backlash in the mechanisms of mortar increases the overall stencil of the mortar barrel, which worsens the part of the shooting. The poles of the mortar barrel should not be more than ± 0-20. If the stem sharpness is more and reduced it by adjustments, it is impossible, mortar must be sent to the workshop for repairs.
6. Inspect the two-head faucets and check if there is no breakdown and damage on it, as well as cracks on the swivel. Check the operation of the mechanization mechanism of the sight (where it is available), make sure that the springs of the shock absorber and check whether there is no deflection of the shock absorber rods. The shock absorber must be freely (without a meeting) to extend the magnitude of the move when tightening the swivel and return to its original position when removing efforts from the swivel.
7. Inspect the reference plate; On the stove, especially in the welds, should not be damage (cracks).
8. Check the sighting devices.
32. Check the aiming devices
Checking the aiming devices includes:
Check quadrant;
Preparation sightsed to reconciliation;
Preparation of mortar to check the zero aiming line;
Issimate the sight (reconciliation of the scale of elevation angles, the zero line of aiming and the level of swivel in the transverse level of the sight).
To reduce the values \u200b\u200bof the zero line of aiming, depending on the elevation angle, recover the zero line of aiming mortar is necessary at an angle of 63 ° (7-00).
Alignment of the control mortar quadrant KM-1
To reconcile the quadrant:
Disconnect the barrel from the slab;
Put the official part of the trunk on any rigid support (goats, park boxes, etc.) height 1200-1300 mM., while setting the dongy approximately vertically;
Wipe the dry control platform on the trunk;
Ovorbizond the barrel control platform in the transverse direction using the horizontal mechanism;
Remove the quadrant from the case and dryly wipe the bottom plane of the base of it;
Install the zero division of the quadrant scale against the pointer and put the quadrant on the control platform along the barrel along the longitudinal risk so that the quadrant arrow edges are directed to the dulk slicer of the trunk; Working a two-way lifting mechanism, bring the bubble of the quadrant level to the middle;
Rotate quadrant 180 °, if the level bubble remains in the middle, then the quadrant is faithful.
If after the quadrant turned the bubble of the level will not save its middle position, then you need to select an approximately half of the error by turning the quadrant disk relative to the pointer; Then, turning the flywheel of the lifting mechanism, bring the bubble of the quadrant level to the middle and turn the quadrant again 180 °. If there is no level bubble in the middle, to repeat the entire description above the action until the level bubble when the quadrant is 180 ° turns it in the middle position.
Note. It may be that when the first turning of the quadrant is 180 °, the bubble of the level will shift so much that not. It may be possible to even roughly define the magnitude of the error. In this case, it is recommended that rotating the handle of the lifting mechanism, bring the level bubble to the middle, noting the exact number of revolutions of the handle (take into account the dead stroke), after which turn the handle in the opposite direction to half the number of its revolutions. Turning the dial of the quadrant, bring the level bubble to the middle.
Rotate quadrant 180 °. If the bubble of the level remains in the middle, then the quadrant is faithful. If, when turning the quadrant 180 °, the level bubble will slightly shift from the middle position, then the verification continues as indicated above; If the bubble will again shift so much that it is impossible to determine the magnitude of the error, then the check is to continue using the lifting mechanism, taking into account the more accurate number of revolutions of the handle.
Preparation of aiming devices for verification
To prepare targeted adaptations to verification, it is necessary:
Remove the sight from the case and wipe with a clean dry cloth;
Inspect the sight and its mechanisms, test the smoothness of their stroke and check for all nuts and screws;
Install the sight in the bracket nest and fasten it with a handle;
Put on the sight of zero settings: a tilter 30-00, sight 7-00; Working the mechanism of precise horizon (or the horizontal mechanism of the sight, where it is available), bring the cross-level bubble to the middle.
Definition of dead traffic proof
To determine the dead strokes of the tall, you must:
Write a crossbar at any point of filter, located no closer than 400 m. from a mortar, rotating the drum of the sensor in one direction; On the scale of the tall and the drum, read the installation of the grid and remember it;
Knock down the tip, rotating the drum controller in the same direction;
Align the crossbar of the vizier with the same pointing point, rotating the drum controller in the opposite direction, and read the setting of the grid.
The difference between the first and second settings is the dead move of the tilter. A dead move must be determined three times and for the amount of it to take the arithmetic average of three definitions. In addition, checking the dead stroke of the grid in the manner indicated above should be made in three positions differing from each other by about 10-00, for example, at a tallness 20-00, 30-00 and 40-00.
The magnitude of the dead move of the sensor should not exceed two thousandths (0-02). In the case of a greater dead turn, at least at one position, the scope is subject to replacement.
Determination of dead moves of the mechanism of elevation angles
To determine the dead move of the mechanism of elevation angles, it is necessary:
Set the division of the "50" scale of the proven quadrant of the pointer, to put the quadrant to the control platform along the barrel, as mentioned above, and rotating the lifting mechanism of the mortar, remove the bubble of the level of the quadrant to the middle, i.e. to give a mortar barrel 50 ° ; Remove quadrant from the trunk;
To bring the longitudinal level of the sight to the middle, rotating the drum mechanism of the elevation angles in one direction (in the direction of reducing the installation of the sight); on a scale 27 (see Fig. 31) and a drum scale 4 Read the installation of the sight and remember it;
Bring off the longitudinal level bubble from the middle position, continuing to rotate the drum in the same direction;
To bring again to the middle of the longitudinal level bubble, rotating the drum in the opposite direction, and re-read the installation of the sight.
The difference between the first and second settings of the sight is the dead course of the mechanism of elevation angles.
It is necessary to determine the dead stroke so three times and for the magnitude of it to take the arithmetic average.
In the same order, check the dead move of the mechanism of elevation angles at an angle of 65 °. The magnitude of the dead move of the mechanism of the elevation angles should not exceed two thousandths (two divisions of the drum scale).
With a larger dead, at least one elevation corner, the scope is subject to replacement.
Preparation of mortar to check the null aiming line
Before checking the zero aiming line, it is necessary to otgorize the mortar in the transverse direction, for which it follows:
Establish a mortar if possible on a flat platform, giving it an angle of elevation of 63 °;
Wipe the control platform on the trunk and install on it (perpendicular to the axis of the barrel channel over the transverse risk on the site) pre-proven control quadrant; Zero division of the quadrant scale to establish against the pointer;
Remove the bubble of the quadrant to the middle using the clamp (see Fig. 12) and the accurate horizontal mechanism (see Fig. 13).
Alignment of the sight of MPM-44 (MPM-44M)
The leveling of the levels of sight in the troops is not produced, since no adjustment in the military conditions they cannot be. Level reconciliation is produced at factories manufacturing sights, or in workshops with special adjustment devices.
To reconcile the sight you need to select the point of the flooring (wood, pillar, milestone, etc.), located at a distance from a mortar at least 400 m..
If the point of the pressing point is to remove at least 400 m. Before mortar it is impossible, then you can produce an alignment of a sight with a special shield, which should be put in front of a mortar at a distance of at least 10 m.without removing mortar from the firing position. To do this, you need a piece of plywood, chalkboard, wall or box of the box to draw two brightly released parallel lines for 200-250 mM. and 3-5 width mM. Each.
The distance between the lines must be 136 mM.. On the light background line should be applied dark paint (black, blue or coal). On the dark background Lines should be applied with white paint or chalk.
The shield to put in front of the mortar so that the lines on the shield are located vertically (the installation of the shield check on the plumb).
After selecting the point of the flooring or installation of the shield to direct the barrel of mortar roughly to the eye to the point of the flooring or shield. At the same time, the slab and two should be so delivered to the ground so that at the mortar they do not change their position. Therefore, it is most advisable to produce an alignment of sight, without removing mortar from the firing position; The trunk must be securely fixed in the burden of the shock absorber so that the white line on the trunk is not fell to the side if you look at the trunk from behind.
Turn the sight in the following order.
Removing the elevation angles
Give a mortar barrel with the greatest accuracy of the elevation angle 63 "according to the control quadrant, carefully installed on the trunk reference site.
The cross-level bubble to bring to the middle (using the mechanization mechanism of the sight).
Then rotating drum 4 (see Fig. 31), withdraw a longitudinal level bubble 6 in the middle. At the same time the risk of pointer 24 must coincide with the division "10" on the scale 27 , and "0" drum scales 4 - from the risk pointer 13 . If the position of the scale does not match the specified one, then it is necessary:
Unscrew four screws 12 for one turn and holding the drum 4 one hand, another turn the scale 5 1Z. and screw up the failure of four screws 12 ; At the sight of MPM-44M, respectively turns off and screws a deaf nut, fixing the drum;
Unscrew the screw 25 and two turns screw 14 , move the pointer to the combination of its risks with the division of "10" scale 27 , after which you screw up to the failure of both screws.
In order to avoid friction, check for the presence of a skip between the pointer 24 and scale 27 ; The clearance should be at least 0.15 mM..
Alignment of the zero aiming line
Rear mortar, at a distance of 10-15 m. From it, to establish a budget so that the line of sight from busus to the point of the press (or right line on the shield) passed approximately through the middle of the ball spot of the treasury of the checked mortar.
Then, rotating the monocular busus and operating a mortar turning mechanism, to achieve a white line alignment on a mortar barrel and pointing point (or the right line on a shield) with a vertical line of crosshair in the monocular bus. Bubbles of longitudinal and transverse levels should be in the middle.
Rotating drum 4 , combine the vertical line of the crosshair of the sight of the sight, installed on mortar, with a pointing point (or left line on the shield). At the same time the risk of pointer 19 must coincide with the division "30" on the scale 18 Large divisions of the teller, and the risk of a pointer 9 must coincide with the division "0" on the scale 17 Small divisions of the teller.
If the position of the scale does not match the specified one, then it is necessary to weaken on the half-turn locking screws 3 fastening the scale 18 Large divisions of the teller, and move this scale until the division of "30" is combined with a start of a pointer 19 , after which the screws screw up to failure.
Then weaken on one turn four screws 7 on drummer 4 and holding the handwheel with one hand; Other turn the scale 17 Before combining zero division with a pointer 9 , after which the screws 7 Cancel before refusal (in the sight of MPM-44M, respectively, unscrew and screw the deaf nut fastening the drum). Check if the mortar filing was not confused and sight.
Note. If there is no bush, then the white line hovering on the barrel of the mortar to the point of the press (or the right line on the shield) can be made using a sight installed on the second mortar behind the receiving mortar at a distance of 10-15 m., or plumb suspended behind the mortar at a distance of 3-5 m..
The level of supervision is inserted in the following order: to give a mortar the elevation angle of 63 ° (by quadrant) and accurately orient the swivel with the help of the accurate horizontal mechanization mechanism along the transverse level of the sight, while the vetum level bubble should be in the middle.
If the vendor level bubble is not in the middle, then, weakening the fastening screws, turn the level into one or the other side and remove the bubble to the middle, after which the level of fastening screws is again.
Notes: 1. If the mortar has a swing mechanism of the sight, then before reconfiguring the level of the swivel, it is necessary to combine risks on the swing mechanism.
2. If the level of the elevation rate is consistent with the level at 63 °, the level of swivel leaves from the middle when the elevation angle is changed (within the operation of the lifting mechanism, more than 0.5 level divisions), then this level of the helicop will not use; In this case, when you hover a mortar to use only the level of sight.
Checking rack to the sight
After checking the aimed tools, it is necessary to check the rack assigned to data by the mortar, and determine the rack error. To determine the error, the rack is needed by tagging at any point of the flooring point, installed on a mortar without a rack, then accelerated at the same pointing point by the sight, installed on the rack mortar, and determine the difference of marks in both the tomber and the elevation angle. To determine the difference in the elevations in the angle of elevations, the drum corner of the elevation of the sight is to take the longitudinal level bubble to the middle and from the obtained testimony of the elevation angle of elevation, its testimony before installing the rack. This difference will be a rack error (excluding dead moves of the sight) at the angle of elevation.
A rack error is allowed not more than 0-05 (in the ackleer and the elevation angle). The actual rack error should always be taken into account when working with it. If the rack error is exceeded 0-05, then the rack must be passed into the workshop.
33. Choice and preparation of the firing position
It is necessary to choose and prepare a fire position so that it ensures the disguise to the mortar, its stability during shooting and the ability to quickly change the direction of firing.
It should be borne in mind that the choice and quality of the preparation of the firing position depend on the preservation of the material part of the mortar and the accuracy of firing.
The disguise is achieved through the location of the mortar on the closed firing positions (reverse rods, hollow, full profile trenches, etc.).
The installation of a mortar in open positions should be performed only in exceptional cases when, according to the conditions of the situation, it is necessary to open fire immediately, and there are no natural shelters on the ground.
In order for mines to be prematurely broken on the path of their flight, mortars need to be located so that the distance from the mortar to the shelter was one and a half times the height of the shelter (for example, if the shelter height is 10 m.then the mortar must be installed no closer than 15 m. from shelter). The area in the direction of shooting must be cleaned from the trees, over whose branches can touch on flight, as a result of which a premature gap can occur.
In the preparation of the firing position, it is necessary to take into account that, depending on the quality of the soil (soft, solid or medium hardness), it must be prepared for the installation of the support plate should be different.
Best soil For the installation of the mortar support plate, the ground is a soil of medium hardness (alumina, black soil, a soil, which has crossed the turf, etc.). Such a soil provides a slight precipitate of the support plate, sufficient mortar stability during shooting and preservation of the material part.
Fig. 73. Strengthening the soil under the reference slab by the stake
Before installing the support plate, the soil is treated (depending on the conditions and condition of the soil). The installation of the support plate on the soft ground (bulk sand, swamp, etc.) without processing leads to an enlarged sediment of the plate during a shot, which is accompanied by a large fitting, and can cause a failure of the material part. The installation of the support plate on the solid ground (frozen, rocky, etc.), as well as on the ground of the medium hardness without processing leads to poor mortar stability (bouncing) and breakdown of the material part of the two-way, sight or support plate.
Treatment of soft soil is made in one of the following ways:
Under the support plate put bags with the ground, the dend, mixed with the ground small branches, crushed stone, etc.;
In the ground, on which the stove is relied, stagged with a thickness of 5-8 cm and long? -1 m. (Fig. 73);
Under the support plate lay 2-4 mat from the branches (Fig. 74); Between mats and on top of them pour out the existing thick ground (Dern, mixed with ground small branches, etc.);
The reference plate is installed on the roots of the shrub;
The support plate is installed in a rectangular wooden Siruba (Fig. 75); log house made from logs thick approximately 15 cm; Inside the logs poured the existing thick soil (Derne mixed with ground small branches, etc.); When installing the support plate in a srub, it is necessary to ensure that the stove with the sides will be resting in the chub wall; The focus of the board on the walls of the cut can cause a breakdown of it during shooting;
Fig. 74. Strengthening the soil under the support plate of lining mats from branches
Fig. 75. Installing the support plate in a rectangular wooden logger
The soil is strengthened with stakes clogged on the cone (Fig. 76).
Solid soil under the stove breaks about on? m.. In case of it impossible to burst the soil with a chant tool (scrap, chiccom), the soil is broken down by undermining with sperm. On the top layer of the loose soil poured 2-3 bags of the earth.
The preparation of the soil of medium hardness is reduced to the blasting of the soil and the filming of the roar (trench) for the stove.
Fig. 76. Strengthening the soil using stakes scored by cone
34. Translation of mortar from hiking position in combat
On the prepared fire position, ride a wheelchair with a mortar and put it with a swarm paw in the direction of the rear. Sweep straps that fastening the dongy to the go. Raising the move for the front part, gradually omitting the support plate on the place prepared for it, holding the move from tipping. Release the trunk from the clipping clip. Release the dongy from fastening the supports of the clamp, unwind the chain of the two-ends and turn off the screed connecting the stove with the move. Supporting the trunk, take a move back. Translate the trunk through the slab (forward) and install it in combat position. At the same time, to put the uterus of the turning mechanism for the middle of the screw and the permutation of the two-way to send a mortar barrel of approximately an estimated goal.
If during the transportation of a mortar the fuse was removed, then it must be put on the barrel of mortar.
When transporting a mortar without a move (on a shopping cart, in a sleigh, etc.), the transfer of a mortar into the combat position in the following order: to remove the support plate from the wagon and install on the ground, remove the barrel and ball fifth to install the plate with the plate, supporting Barrel with hands at an angle of elevation of 45-80 °. Then remove the shock absorber with a twin-tuning shock absorber, dug in the ground, and the shock absorber with the rope is suspended under the barrel, the shock absorber rocker and the rocker's routine start to the trunk and fasten the clamp.
Installing mortar on firing position
The correct installation of a mortar on the firing position is one of the important factors that keeps the effective shooting. Incorrect installation of a mortar on a firing position leads to the following;
To poor stability and as a result of this, to the frequent knocking down, which is accompanied by a deterioration in the adhesion of firing, and, consequently, and an increase in the consumption of ammunition;
Damage to the material part of the mortar (sediment and breakage of the springs of the shock absorber and the screws of the lifting and rotary mechanisms, as well as the breakdown of individual details of the two-way of mortar and breakdown).
Setting the support plate It should be done so that the value of the waste or precipitation of the slab from the shot was not more permissible by the shock absorber, i.e. not more than 150 mM..
If the waste or precipitate of the plate is larger than the specified value, then the springs of the shock absorber are compressed to contact turns, and the further waste of the plate leads to a hard impact that is accompanied by an even greater sedimentary plate, and then breakage of the springs and the bending of the shock absorber rods, the bend of the screws of lifting and rotary mechanisms, bend Verlutuga and dongy, broken breakdown, etc.
When installing the reference plate, you must follow the following rules:
The slope of the support plate to the horizon towards the direction of firing must be 25-30 °,
The support plate should be based on the entire surface on the solid soil and should be immersed in it at least on? coupling heights;
Under the surface of the support plate, you need to create a dense earthy pillow, on which the support plate should lie down with all its recesses and recesses (Fig. 77), and not separate points.
Installation of two-eared. Two-way coulters must be recessed into the soil to the plates and be approximately one level with the ball fifth of the treasury (Fig. 78).
Fig. 77. Setting the support plate
At the same time, if the elevation angles are less than 65 ° (6-50 and more sight), the dongow is made forward by about 1600 mM. From the center of the burst ball spot and connects with the top of the trunk, and at the elevation angles, more than 65 ° (6-50 and less) arrows a two-way arrogant for about 1000 mM. and is connected to the bottom of the trunk.
Fig. 78. Installing mortar on firing position
When installing a mortar on the firing position, two grooves are made by radii, equal to 1000 and 1600 mM.For the removal of the two -heads forward from the center of the support plate. Two-way coulters are installed in a different groove, depending on the elevation angle attached by the mortar.
35. Guidance Mometa
If, after installing the mortars on the firing position, a parallel fan was built, the transition racks of the sight should be removed. It should be remembered that it is impossible to conduct shooting from a mortar with a installed counter, since in this case the rack breakdown, the bracket of the swivel and sight is possible.
Mortar guidance to produce in the following order:
1. Check the horizon of sight along its transverse level.
2. Install the alarm angle of elevation on the target, acting by the drum corner of the elevation of the sight.
3. To remove the longitudinal level bubble of sight to the middle, acting by the lifting mechanism of mortar.
4. Install the commanded coupleer on the sight and, acting the rotary mechanism of mortar, combine the vertical thread of the crosshair on the mesh of the vizier with the point of the tip. If the angle to which you want to turn the mortar, more than the angle selected by the rotary mechanism, but not more than 3-00, then you should rearrange the dongy.
If the angle of rotation is more than 3-00, then rearrange the dongy and the support plate so that the cutout in the cup of the support plate is located in the direction of the barrel.
5. Remove the cross-level bubble to the middle, rotating the adjusting screw of the swing mechanism of the sight (in mortars having a device for the horizon of the sight) or acting by the mechanization mechanization of the swivel.
6. Check the tip and, acting with a rotary mechanism, accurately combine the vertical thread of the crosshair of the mesh of the vizier with the point of the tip; If necessary, make additional horizon of sight or swivel.
7. Check the position of the bubble of the longitudinal level and, acting the lifting mechanism, output it to the middle, after which check the horizon (over the transverse level) and the tip.
8. When shooting, the sight from the swivel mortar does not remove.
36. Chargeing mortar, production shot and discharge of mortar
Before charging the mortar, install the shooting device in the "hard" or "free" lip position.
To install a brisk in the "hard" position, you need a switch knob 12 (See Fig. 4) Rotate by setting it against the letter "F", applied on the venue, and to install a switch to the "free" position, set the knob of the switch against the letter "C", also applied on the treasury.
After the guidance and installation of the shooting device on the team, charging and shots are made. In order to make a shot, you need a mine with an additional charges on it and installed according to the command of the fuse crane to introduce a stabilizer to the muzzle part of the trunk and, drowned it in the trunk to approximately the centering thickening, let go.
The fuse cap must be removed immediately before charging. After lowering the mines, the charging must quickly remove his arms from the trunk.
With the "hard" position of the booze, the shot is made by the samonacol of the cavity cartridge of Mina on the battlefield when lowering the mines in the Barrel Channel.
With the "free" position of the slaughter for the production of a shot after lowering the mines in the channel of the mortar, delay the trigger cord before the failure, and after the shot again release it. When shooting, it is necessary to accurately carefully follow the position of the fuse blades from double charging, in order to prevent the barrel to be charged by two mines.
Note. It should be borne in mind that when moving from firing with the "hard" position of the slaughter to shooting with the "free" position of the brought the first shot as a result of a nagar or contamination of the Boyhead can occur Samonakol, as well as the "hard" lip position. Therefore, in order to prevent the cavity of the cavity of the cavity of the cavity of the cavity cartridge at the "free" position of the brocade before charging the mortar to produce 2-3 idle shutters of the shooting mechanism.
37. Discharge mortar
In case of drying on shooting with the "free" position of the Boyhead, to produce 2-3 times the descent; If the shot does not happen, then waiting at least 2 minutes, approach the mortar and sharply push the trunk of a mortar (a banner, a shovel handle or by any sixth) so that the minus falls into its place (if she has not previously), after What, waiting for at least a minute, to produce 2-3 times the descent; If the shot does not follow, then it is necessary to discharge the mortar.
In case of drying when shooting with the "hard" position, the slaughter should be waited for at least 2 minutes, after which it is necessary to approach the mortar and sharply push the trunk of a mortar (a banner, knob of shovel or by any sixth) in order for mine to fall into its place (if She had not previously reached him).
If the shot does not follow, then waiting for at least 1 minute, translate the handle 12 Switch (see Fig. 4) to the "C" position, then discharge mortar.
In the mortars of earlier manufacturer, having a shooting device with a stopper of the switch, before dischargeing a mortar, it is necessary to rotate the lambs of the stopper, drown the switch lock. To discharge mortar, it is necessary to separate from the shooting device of the trigger cord and give the trunk the smallest angle of elevation (about 45 °).
After that, weaken the mark of the shock absorber, carefully without jerks, turn the barrel at 90 ° in the ball support plate, separate the barrel from the plate and, holding a two-way, lift the venaceous part of the barrel. At the same time, one calculation number must keep hands near the muzzle cutoff so as to keep a mine from falling to the ground, striving not to press on the head of the fuse (hands must be kept near the muzzle after the trunk will occupy a roughly horizontal position).
When a mine affects the hands, carefully remove it from the trunk. In order to avoid a shot when discharge, it is strictly forbidden to lower the casual part of the mortar barrel, while the min is in the barrel channel.
Mina, the tail cartridge of which was branched, but the fusion and stabilizer were not damaged at the mining itself, can be used. To do this, it is necessary, removing additional charges, remove the tail cartridge with an extractor, which has given a mischief, insert a new tail cartridge and equip a mine with additional charges.
38. Monitoring the mortar during shooting, possible malfunctions and ways to eliminate them
When shooting, you must follow the following:
1. Check and correct the tip after each shot.
2. Monitor the operation of the shock absorber and the installation of the plate.
The stove must tightly rely on the ground and not to give a large precipitate when shot. At the beginning of shooting, when the soil is not yet tumped, the support plate from each shot should not be deepened into the ground by magnitude more permissible shock absorber. When the soil under the stove is lost, the shrinkage plate must decrease much. If firing conditions allow, the first shot must be made on the smallest or middle charge.
With the proper installation of the slab on the middle ground and the correct operation of the shock absorber (without meetings) after a few shots, the mortar filing is almost not knocked down.
3. Follow the installation of a two-way. In no case can not allow the uterus of the turning mechanism to rest in the hetero.
With shrinkage, the plates need to pinch coulters of the two-way so so that they were about the same level with the ball fifth of the venue. When the plate washed back, it is necessary to periodically rearrange and the donogue so that the normal deft of the two-ends is roughly preserved (1600 mM. At the angles of elevation less than 65 ° and 1000 mM. At elevation angles, more than 65 °).
Failure to comply with this requirement can lead to a mortar output. With a large shrinkage, the plane shooting should stop and compact the soil under the support plate.
4. To ensure that all the time the bubbles of the transverse level of the sight and the level of swivel (in mortars with the mechanization mechanism of the swivel) were in the middle.
5. Check the mounting attachment on the swivel and the shock absorber clip on the trunk after 8-10 shots.
Possible mortar malfunctions during shooting and ways to eliminate them
| Possible malfunctions | Causes of faults | Ways to eliminate faults |
|---|---|---|
| Onsine | 1. Pollution of the Boyka (Nagar, there was a hat or caps of the ignition charge) | 1. Clean the shock mechanism |
| 2. breakage or wear slaughter | 2. Replace Machine | |
| 3. Pollution of the trunk channel (Nagar from previous shooting), as a result of which the braking of mine is created when it moves down after charging | 3. Clear the trunk channel | |
| 4. Non-central (eccentric) Nab Capsule Boyk | 4. Remove mine | |
| 5. Failure of Capxulus Ignition Charge | 5. Replace the ignition charge | |
| 6. breakdown or strain spring deformation | 6. Replace the drummer spring | |
| Singing and tight passage of the lifting screw | 1. Pollution of the lifting mechanism | 1. Disassemble and clean the lifting mechanism from dirt and then lubricate |
| 2. Farms on the screw of the lifting mechanism | ||
| Singing and tight turn of the turning mechanism | 1. Pollution of the rotary mechanism | 1. Disassemble and clean the rotary mechanism |
| 2. Obsoles on the screw of the rotary mechanism | 2. Satisfying to clean the private file | |
| Shock absorber | Breakdown or residual shock absorber springs | Disassemble the shock absorber and put a spare spring |
| Singing (tight stroke) shock absorber rods | Insufficient lubrication or pollution of rods, springs and shock absorber cylinders | Clean from dirt cylinders, rods, springs, add lubricants |
| Fuse pitching on the trunk | Weakening nut fastening fuse on the trunk | Put on the upper cut of the fuse body Wooden gasket and hammer blows on the laying lay back the fuse, after which it is to break the nut |
| The prevention mechanism is non-integer returns to the "open" position. Mina is delayed in a fuse when charging a mortar (tight movement of the prevention mechanism in the axial direction) | 1. Contamination of the mechanism | 1. Disassemble and clean the prevention mechanism |
| 2. Deformation or springs breakdown | 2. Replace the spring | |
| After lowering the mines, the prevention mechanism remained in the "open" position | Lever wear or springs deformation | Replace the lever or spring |
| A prevention mechanism is not set to "closed" | Contamination of the prevention mechanism or narrowing on the surface of the lever and the case | Clean the protective mechanism and eliminate the available fears on the surface of the lever and the case |
| Damage to the details of the prevention mechanism | Combat or operational damage | Replace damaged details with new zip set |
39. Translation of mortar from combat position in hiking
Mortar transfer procedure from combat position In the following:
1. Secure on the wheel course affiliation (jannik, churchota, shovel, scrap and milestone). Wear on the dull part and on the executioner of the trunk mortar covers.
2. Raise the frame of the mortar stroke of a stroke paw up and in such a position to bring the course to the mortar from behind so that it entered its P-shaped brackets (thickened parts of the brackets) in the hooks of the support plate (Fig. 79-81), after which put the stistry On the slab bracket and tighten the screed.
3. After the reference plate is laid and fixed on the stroke frame, the mortar barrel is careful (without removing it from the support plate) with. Two - three people tip over so that the trunk is the bunny part to go into the street, where to fix it with a mark and clamp.
Fig. 79. Mortar in a marching position. Wheel course arr. 1938 (the right wheel on the top figure is not shown conditionally):
1 - wheelchair; 2 - Mortar; 3 - Box for zip; 4 - jannik and milestone; 5 - Sapper shovel; 6 - Kirkomota; 7 - Lom.
Fig. 80.. Mortar in a marching position. Wheelfront of the design of the plant No. 702 (the right wheel on the upper figure is not conditionally shown):
1 - wheelchair; 2 - Mortar; 3 - Box for zip; 4 - jannik and milestone; 5 - Sapper shovel; 6 - Kirkomota; 7 - Lom.
Fig. 81. Mortar in a marching position. Wheelfront of the design of the plant No. 106 (the right wheel on the top figure is not shown conditionally):
1 - wheelchair; 2 - Mortar; 3 - Box for zip; 4 - jannik and milestone; 5 - Sapper shovel; 6 - ax; 7 - Park boxes with mines
4. Fold the dongy, to wind the chain and fasten the legs in the trunk clamp.
5. Lower the stroke frame with the mortar and check whether the fastening of the slab is reliably in the row of the stroke and two-born in the barrel clamp. Attach legs to the frame of the stroke with two straps.
6. Close from above laid by a common coverage case.
40. Inspection of a mortar before moving movement
Inspection of the mortar before moving movement in the following order:
1. Check whether the fastening of a hike trunk is reliably, two-ends and stoves, as well as a box with a zip and a chant tool.
2 View the subressing of the course of the B-20.
3. View the wheels, make sure the tires and the reliability of their fastening on rims, check the status of the disks (there is no cracks, deflection, etc.), check all the nuts are screwed to the bolts to failure.
Check if the wheels rotate freely, lifting them over the soil. Wheels should rotate freely.
4. Check the serviceability of the papers, as well as the presence of all bolts, nuts and linings.
When transporting a mortar behind cars and tractors who have rear buffers, the latter must be removed, as they limit the rotation of the mortar and can lead to a breakdown of the stroke.
The rotating hook of the car (tractor) must be fixed, since the stroke of the PO-20 stroke rotates.
41. Monitoring the mortar on the campaign
While moving, it is necessary to observe the hiking fastening of the trunk, two-born and support plates. When moving through poor roads and rough terrain, make sure that the stove does not hurt for the soil, since it can break the parts of the hiking fastening.
At the privals and stops to check whether the box is secured with a zip and a chant tool; To ensure that the wheel hubs are not heated and the lubrication does not flow out. If the hub is very heated, then at the first opportunity to remove the wheel, inspect the roller bearings and change the lubricant. Faulty roller bearings replace. Check, did not weaken the nuts, fastening wheels on the semi-axles; Weed nuts secure.
Classification of mortars
Mortar it is customary to classify on tactical, organizational and constructive features.
According to the experience of World War II, mortars are divided into mortars of direct accompanies of infantry in battle (rotary and battalion); direct support for infantry (regimental); amplification (sometimes they are called mortars breakthrough or high power).
In accordance with the organizational and staffing, the mortars are divided into military (rotary, battalion, regimental, divisional) and a reserve of the chief command (RVGC). According to the method of movement - on wearable, distinguished, towed, pack and self-propelled.
Military mortars are organized in motorized rifle (infantry), parachute, landlords and similar divisions and are intended for direct fire support and maintenance of troops in conditions of any terrain and environment. Military mortars, complementing the fire of the divisions in which they enter, make it more efficient, as the large steepness of the flight of the flight of the minus allows you to hit the closed targets deficient for fire small arms and artillery oven fire.
Rotary mortars (caliber 50-60 mm) are organizationally included in the rifle and motorized rifle (infantry) mouth and constantly accompany them in battle, hitting the lively enemy's live strength and its fireflows located behind the shelters and inaccessible for the Fire of the Rota Rota.
Battalional mortars (caliber 81-82 mm) are organizationally included in motorized rifle (infantry), parachute-landing and similar battalions, accompany them on any terrain and are intended to defeat the living force of the enemy, located in shelters (ravines, dell, etc. .), Fire products located behind the shelters and inaccessible lights of small arms, as well as regimental and battalion artillery. These mortars are also used to make passes in wire barriers, for firing with special mines (lighting, smoke), etc.
Regimental mortars (caliber 106-120 mm) are organized as part of motorized rifle (infantry) and other regiments, constantly follow their combat order and perform tasks in the interests of rifle battalions and the regiment as a whole.
Division mortars were organizationally attached to divisions, and RVGK mortars were at the disposal of the highest military leadership and were intended for a qualitative strengthening of the firepower of military artillery and performing specific tasks: for example, the destruction of powerful enemy strengthening (tremendous fire structures, dugouts), field-type fortifications (overlapping towers , light dugouts).
Organizational Mortar RVGK are reduced to divisions and parts that are available Supreme Command And they are attached to all-in-house compounds acting on the decisive direction of associations and groups of troops.
Constructive features of mortars are determined depending on the principles of the device of the main nodes, their layout schemes, ways to charge and inflammation of charge.
For example, according to the principle of the device, mortars can be smooth-bore and row.
The trunk of a row mortar on an internal device is similar to the trunk of the usual artillery gun. Cuts in the trunk force mine to spin, and it stabilizes in flight by rotation, like an artillery projectile. Nowadays, row mortars are applied relatively rarely. Two types of mortars are known with race trunks: firing with leading belts similar to the cutting artillery projectiles and shooting mines with ready-made, made in the form of slices of trunk, protrusions.
The smooth-bore mortars also exist two types: firing byaderous mines (mini diameter larger than the diameter of the barrel channel) and shooting calibious mine (the diameter of the mine is about equal to the diameter of the barrel channel). The subcalibal mine has a tail rod (sometimes equipped with a stabilizing device), which is included in the bolor channel of the mortar. When the power of powder gases is shot, affecting this rod, throws a supernumber mine ahead. Such mines were widely used during the First World War. The caliber mine is placed inside the barrel channel and is thrown by powder gas. The correct flight of flights and its stability on the trajectory during shooting from a smooth-bore mortar is ensured by using special stabilizers in the form of feathers or wings. All modern mortars shoot with caliber mines.
According to the principle of absorption of the power of the return, there are tough mortars and mortars with anti-digit devices. In rigid mortars, the power of recoil when the shot is transmitted to the support plate and is absorbed by the soil. In mortars with anti-type devices, the return energy during a shot is absorbed by the brake rollback, as in the artillery gun.
According to the principle of placement and connection of the main nodes and guidance mechanisms, there are three mortar schemes: a deaf assembly (all mechanisms are assembled on one massive plate); The real triangle (the barrel is hinged with a dongy, resting on the soil, and a stove, also resting on the ground; downstairs and the stove are associated with a special link); imaginary triangle. With a diagram of an imaginary triangle, the two sides of this triangle are the trunk and twonow-faucet, and the third party is the imaginary line passing through the ground between the points of the trunk support and the two-legged boat. The scheme of an imaginary triangle has gained universal recognition and has become a classic mortar.
By way of charging, mortars are Doro-charging and casing. Mortar small and medium calibers (from 50 to 120 mm) are charged with the muzzle. At the same time, the inflammation of the charge may occur from the key of the main charge of the main charge or under the influence of the drummer of the shooting mechanism, the descent of which from the combat platoon is made by one of the calculation numbers. Large-caliber mortars (more than 120 mm) are charged from the execution part, and the ignition of the charge is carried out using a shooting mechanism.
Depending on the degree of automation of recharging operations, all modern mortars are divided into a non-automatic (classical scheme) and automatic (for example, 82 mm automatic Mortar 2B9M "Vasilek").
According to the principle of inflammation of the charge there are mortars with an expansion scheme of ignition, gas-dynamic and with a scheme of ignition of the Stokes type.
The expansion scheme of the inflammation of the charge, used in mortars, is similar to the scheme of inflammation of the charge in artillery implements, when the ignition of the powder charge occurs in the camar, closed on one side by the shutter or bottom of the barrel channel, and on the other side, the bottom cut of the projectile.
In the gas-dynamic scheme of ignition, the charge is placed in a separate Camoron connected to the barrel channel with a hole called the nozzle. With such a scheme, the burning of the powder occurs in constant and small volume, which ensures the same conditions for burning powder, and consequently, the good part of the shooting.
The greatest application in mortars found the flax type ignition scheme. According to this scheme, ignition and combustion of the main throwing charge occurs in the closed volume of the stabilizer tube. When a certain pressure is reached in the tube of the stabilizer, the powder gases break through the cartridge wall of the main charge, ignites additional charges located around the tube of the stabilizer in the floodplain space, and report the translational movement of mine. At the same time, the ignition of additional charges occurs instantly, and the burning of the powder is monotonous, which ensures sufficient part of the shooting.
Depending on the method of movement, the mortar can be: wears (transferred in the disassembled form by the forces of calculations using special devices or packaging), increments (for transportation) in the body of the car, tractor or armored personnel carriage), towed (transported in trailer for tractors and are supplied separately or Binding wheel-in-law when shooting), support (unassembled form are transported by a binding animals in special bloves).
Self-propelled mortars are mounted on the wheel or tracked database of transport or combat vehicles and are armored, semi-broned and open.
According to the effectiveness of the operation among the goal, mortar mines are not inferior to projectiles of ordinary artillery guns of the corresponding caliber. The fragmentation effect of mines in modern mortars even surpasses the fragmentary effect of cannon and warm shells of the same caliber. Therefore, the emergence of mortars led to a partial replacement of relatively heavy and expensive classic artillery guns lighter and cheap mortars.
All mortars, regardless of the design, have some common combat Propertieswho are highly appreciated in the troops. The large steepness of the flight path of the mortar min (the elevation angles of the trunk from 45 to 85 degrees) allows you to destroy closed targets that are not affected by the flooring of small arms, grenade launchers, refractory guns and guns. Mortarians can fire from deep shelters (ravines, rally), through obstacles (walls of the house, forest), through the head of their troops.
Mortarians have a big vitality (up to 10,000 shots or more). This is due to the absence of cuts in the trunk and relatively small pressures of powder gases. The most valuable quality of any mortar is a small mass with a high power of mini. For example, 120 mm mortar is 9 times lighter close to it in a caliber of 122-mm warmness and almost 23 times lighter than 122-mm guns. And if you take the ratio of the mass of the gun (mortar) to the mass of the projectile (mines), then we obtain such characteristic numbers: 180/350 cannons, 100/180, at 15/30 mortars.
Mortar device
The design of the Dul-charging mortar of the classic scheme is very simple. The main parts of the mortar: the trunk with the executioner, the dongow - the boat, the support plate, the sight and the fuse from dual charge.
The trunk attaches a mortar flying direction and initial speed. It is a smooth outside and inside the steel pipe, to the lower end of which screwed down the bottom, called the venue. If modern cannons have the greatest pressure of powder gases in the barrels
3500-4000 kgf / sq. Cm, then in mortars it does not exceed
1000-1200 kgf / sq. Cm, so mortar trunks make thin-walled and, therefore, light. In order to through the threads of the executioner, they did not break through the gases of the burning combat charge, the Copper Ring is investing in the venue. When they screw the venue, the steel pipe rests on this copper ring, slightly unlocks soft copper, and this is achieved by the hermetic blockage of the lower, or, as it is customary to be called, the venaceous part of the trunk.
At the British Day, the drummer is mounted, which is punished by Mina with his capsule when lowering it in the trunk.
In the simplest case, the shock mechanism is a sting that is screwed in low part Barrel, in the bottom of the Venea. When charging, the mine is lowered in the barrel with anterior, i.e. With the muzzle, its parts. Mina freely slides down the smooth surface of the trunk, and the charge of the charge placed in the tail part of the mini, immediately hesitated on the sting. From this sound immediately occurs. Hard drummer is simple in design and provides greater rapidity.
Therefore, in a heavy 107-120-mm mortars, the level shoe mechanism is often used. It has two positions - rigid and equally. In the latter case, the batter strikes in its original position before the discharge lever is drowning, so that he does not speak from the Bosennik bottom. This eliminates the possibility of a spontaneous mission capsule as charging. The shooting with the recreamer is made when after charging it is necessary to check the tip, and then remove the combat calculation from the mortar into the shelter.
The reference plate serves as a support for the trunk and distributes the pressure of the trunk when they are shot on a relatively large surface, ensures the stability of the mortar and does not allow it deeply to get into the ground. She has no removable details. It is a tough design and consists of the main sheet to which the lining is weld on top, and the ribs are welded at the bottom, simultaneously being coulters.
The machine is the support of the mortar barrel in the battle position and ensures the impression of the angles of the vertical and horizontal tip. In the mortars of small and medium calibers, the machine serves a two-way faft. In serious mortars, the machine has a more complex design that includes elements of the chassis.
At the time of the shot, the mortar barrel is settled, shudders. At this time, the mortar barrel along with the support plate under the action of the powder gas pressure is quickly and dramatically moves along the axis to some amount within the residual and elastic deformations of the soil. After the shot under the action of the elastic strength of the soil, the barrel with the stove returns to its original position. Thus, a peculiar rollback occurs and the barrel is observed, just as it takes place in the artillery gun.
To ensure the accurate fitting of the bolor, the twonow-faft is equipped with three mechanisms: lifting, rotating and horizontulous. Each of these mechanisms is a screw that rotates in the uterus with the help of a gear and handle.
Lifting and swivel mechanisms, with which the vertical and horizontal mortar vendor is carried out, as a rule, screw-type are used. Moving the screw of the lifting mechanism from the uterus, raise the dulp of the trunk; Screwing the screw in the uterus, lower the dulp part and thereby change the range of mines. The turntable mechanism allows you to accurately bring mortars to the right or to the left at a small angle: from 3 to 5 degrees from different mortar systems. For turning to a larger angle, the dongy is rearranged.
The horizontal vendor is performed with the help of a tilter and the rotary mechanism. At large angles of the truth, the dongoga-boat is moved. Vertical tip is made by the sight and lifting mechanism of mortar. Each mortar sight has a gentleer and a trash. The sensor is designed to measure horizontal angles, and the sight is to measure vertical angles.
The combat operation of the Doro-charging mortars revealed one of the most significant shortcomings - the possibility of double or re-charge mortar from the blow and the production of a shot by the fool of the capsule-igniter on a rigid battle. Such cases occurred at intensive shooting in combat conditions, mainly due to the inattention of the combat calculation, when the charging could not notice the shot from his mortar and send to the trunk following the first second mine. In this case, the first miner met the second or somewhere near the burgral part of the trunk, or in the hands of the charging in front of the spirit. It could also occur when drying; weak Naskole Capsule of the first mini; A protracted shot or mining to a booze due to the contamination of the trunk channel, the case of mines, or hitting the barrel of foreign objects. The shot, made from a mortar charged by two mines, inevitably led to very difficult consequences - the death of the calculation, if he was not in shelter, and the conclusion of the mortar.
The most radical method of eliminating this phenomenon was the failure of dulcuting in more powerful mortars of the caliber - 160 mm and 240-mm, charged from the treasury. This excluded the possibility of double charging. However, the failure of the muzzle charge and the transition to the casing-loadable mortars of all calibers, starting with the smallest, was not the best solution to the problem of eliminating double charge, as in this case, a number of very valuable qualities of Dul-charging mortars were sacrificed to get rid of one lack. Consequently, it was not about eliminating the very possibility of double charging, but only about the prevention of mortars.
Currently, all domestic dimensional mortars are equipped with reliable automatically active fuses from dual charges that are opened on the bullshit. Send to the trunk the second mine after the first prevents the fuse blade, which, when heated, is taken out by overtaking mini powder gases, expiring through the ring gap between the surface of the barrel channel and the centering minus.
Transportation of mortar can be carried out in a disassembled form or on a wheelchart.
82-mm battalion mortars are transported in armored personnel carriers (BMP) or in car bodies. But with the approach to the enemy, when in the area of \u200b\u200breaching his fire, the movement of vehicles becomes impossible, mortar calculation can carry the mortar and ammunition to it in Blades. This is usually small distances - 5-10 km.
Human blife is extremely necessary when conducting hostilities in a woody-swampy and mountainous locations, in off-road conditions, where the movement of vehicles is limited, when overcoming water bodies with the help of submitted means, when conducting combat settlements. Blinds are convenient what they are fixed on the back of the soldier, so the hands remain free and the bloves do not interfere with the overwhelming.
Mortaries for transportation in the mountains are disassembled on large nodes and are placed on horse bloves. These bloves have special equipment for fastening to saddles.
The device of large-caliber mortars is much more complicated. But in principle, they have the same basic elements of the design: a smooth-alone trunk, a wheelfront boat, a support plate, sight.
Separately, it is necessary to stop on a completely new design of a mortar developed by domestic gunsmiths.
In the late 1960s, 82-mm automatic Mortar 2B9 "Vasilek" was created in the Soviet Union. By virtue of the design features and ways to defeat goals, it refers to the class of so-called mortar guns. It is intended for the destruction of fire facilities and the living force of the enemy with fire both on the mounted and on the flooring (direct vendor).
Mortar 2B9 is a sample of self-loading automatic weapon, a shot of which is carried out with an open gate. The work of automation is based on the return of the free shutter. The pumping of the capsule of the main charge of mines occurs at the final stage of the shutter movement.
Mortar 2B9 consists of a trunk, a shutter box, shutter, anti-tottacking mechanism, top machine, a lower machine with two chassis beds.
The smooth-bore trunk with a thread is connected to the shutter box. The part of the barrel is placed in the cooling chamber, which at the time of intense shooting is filled with water. This allows you to conduct long-term continuous fire with permissible speed-fire 300 shots in 30 minutes (without liquid cooling - 200 shots in 30 minutes).
On the later generation mortars, which received the designation 2B9M, the air cooling of the barrel is used.
The counter-type spring type has three piston rods with springs. One of them is installed on top, two others - from the bottom from the shutter box. The shutter and the piston rods attached to it make up the movable part of the mortar. Its guidance in vertical and horizontal planes is carried out manually.
In combat position, especially when shooting using the upper group of angles, mortar relies on the central base plate (attached to the bottom machine) and the coupling of diluted areas. The wheels are translated into the front position and hang over the soil. For firing from mortar, 82-mm mortar shots are used.
Mortar ammunition
A mortar shot is a set of elements intended for the production of one shot of a mortar. The main elements of a combat mortar shot include: MIN, Flear and combat charge.
According to the combat purpose, mines are divided into three groups: basic purposes - fragmentation, fragantic fugasal, fugasal, incendiary. They serve to directly defeat the living force of the enemy or the destruction of its defensive structures; special purpose - smoke, lighting and agitation mines; To fulfill the combat missions, training and training and training. Designed to prepare and educate the personnel of mortar divisions.
A finally equipped mortar mine consists of a drop-like body with a bursting charge, a stabilizer, an explosion, main and additional charges. Mines of this type are used for firing of smooth-bore mortars.
The housing is a shell for a discontinuous charge from an explosive or other type of equipment, depending on the destination of mines. A fuse is screwed into the head part of the housing, and in the bottom - the stabilizer. On the cylindrical part of the mine case there is a centering thickening. It is necessary so that the mine does not fight in the barrel channel, and it was seen to it only with a small gap. On the wings of the stabilizer there are centering protrusions. These thickening and protrusions provide the correct movement of mines along the trunk channel.
The discontinuous charge, consisting of an explosive substance of a brinzant (crushing) action, is intended to break the mine's housing to fragments, affecting the lively enemy, or to destroy its structures.
The resistance of mines on the trajectory in flight is provided by a stabilizer, which consists of a tube with holes and a fade of the plumage (wings).
There are stabilizers with a drop-down plumage. In service handling and when charging, the diameter of such a stabilizer does not exceed the diameter of the channel of the mortar barrel. During a shot, after the departure of mines from the barrel channel, the feathers are revealed, and the diameter of the opening becomes larger than the diameter of the barrel channel - the mining moment of mines increases.
Shard, fragantic fugasal, fugasal and smoke mines have percussion fuses that are triggered when contacting a barrier. In these mines, remote explosives are used, which provide a subsection in the air at a certain height - in a predetermined point of the trajectory to a meeting with a barrier.
Depending on the speed of action, the shock fuses are divided into instantaneous, inertial and slow fuses.
The design of the fuses are extremely diverse, but in any fuse there are three mandatory elements that make up the fire chain: Capsul-igniter, capsule detonator and detonator.
Lighting, incendiary and campaign mines are completed with remote fuses. There is no Kapsulya detonator, nor a detonator. They are not needed, because these mines have no discontinuous charge. The fire chain of the remote fuse ends with a powder petardoy, which ignites the wanted charge from the smoky powder, and the one, in turn, ejects the contents of lighting, incendiary and campaign mines into the air.
Mortar powder charges are divided into basic and extra. To throw away mines from the barrel channel and the message of the initial speed in modern mortars serves a combat charge consisting of the ignition (main) charge. The ignition charge is placed in the tube of the stabilizer and appearance Reminds the hunting cartridge: paper sleeve, brass bottom with caps. The main charge is the smallest charge, it is constant. Without it, it is impossible to shoot. The ignition charge of 82-mm mortar consists of 8 grams of nitroglycerin powder, and a 120-mm mortar - the same tail cartridge, but the mass of powder in it is more about 30 grams. However, from an 82-millimeter mortar, you can also shoot one main charge enclosed in the tail chip: it will be the so-called "main" (the smallest) charge that will send a mine with initial speed Only 70 meters per second. It will be able to fly no more than 475 meters.
To increase the shooting range, additional charges are used, which are put on a mining stabilizer tube. In the 82-mm mortar mines of the stabilizer wings have special nests. Additional charges can be inserted into these nests, each of which is placed in a transparent film chamber and has a boat form.
A different variation of charges represent charges in the form of rings. These are narrow long silk bags with nitroglycerin or pyroxiline powder. At one end, the bag is a loop, on the other - a button. The bag wrap around the pipe stabilizer and fasten on it. The charges are made to designate numbers. There are 82-mm mortar mines of such charges. The charge number corresponds to the number of rings added to the main charge; charge number 1 is the main charge plus one extra charge - ring; charge number 2 is the main charge plus two rings; Charge No. 3 is the main charge plus three rings. The third annular charge of power is equal to the sixth charge of boats, the second - the fourth, the first one.
Fragant action mini character
left entirely. and important allocated red .
the most important
1) Mina flies with subsonic speed over a steep trajectory. It means that you can hear a shot and a characteristic whistling sound from mine to its explosion..
mina 82mm on 6km flies 30-60 seconds (NCh. Speed \u200b\u200b100-200m / s)from here
mina 120mm on 6km flies 22-50 seconds (Nach. Skiffness 119 - 270 m / s)from here and from here
the sound of a shot at 6km will reach 18 seconds (sound speed 330 m / s).
total time to reaction 4-12-32-42 seconds (inaccurately, because the speed depends on the charge). Total seconds 5-10 are.
2) determine from where you can shoot
3) DK Kuibyshev, apparently, fired at a mine 82 mm (or less)
4) Maximum firing range of mortar is not more than 6-7 km (regardless of caliber). Real (targeted) 4-6 km.
Survive under a mortar shelling.
Characteristics of mortars and mines, rules of behavior under fire.
82 mm Mina:Radius of valid defeat lying goals 82-mm fragmentation minion 18 M.. At the same time, on the area of \u200b\u200blesion, the grass is turned off completely. Radius of capital defeat of growth goals - 30 m
With the obligatory defeat of the target 2-3 fragments. Screen of individual fragments can be up to 100-150 meters.
82 mm min able to destroy only light overlap
For example, a visor from Zherdess over the trench.
The funnel when it is gap, even if the min will go into the ground to the most favorable depth, will be small: a diameter of 1 meter and a depth of about 50-60 centimeters. But usually such a funnel does not work, because the 82-millimeter mine is not intended for fracturing, but designed only for a fragmentary action
And it breaks before, what will penetrate into the soil ...
82 mm Mortar - weapons are not particularly long-range, but very common. Maximum firing range - up to 4 kilometer. The minimum shooting range is 85-100 meters. Therefore, in order to mask, mortars and ammunition are usually transferred in their hands. Mortar weighs more than 40 kilograms, standard box with 10 mines - more than 30 (total 70 kg !!!)
. Therefore, mortar shelling usually sudden and short: an experienced calculation makes ten shots in a matter of seconds, and the last mine comes out of the trunk before the explosion first. After that, mortar messages immediately disassemble a mortar (up to minute) and change the position to get away from the repulsive fire.
120 mm Mortar can beat 7.2 km. Effectively on range up to 7 km. Minimum range (Dead zone) - 480 meters. Cheating - 10-15 shots. Averable ammunition - 80 min.
Towing or self-propelled 120-mmmine-type rifle type Nona"(in service with 25 VDBR) rapidity - up to 11 shots per minute. It is applied against the living force located in the open area, in the trenches or light shelters.
The ammunition "Nona": In the main ammunition, the guns are included with the fragmentation fugasic shells 3of49 with a contact fuse and the radio drive. Shells have an initial speed at full charge 367 m / s and a maximum shooting range in 8,855 km. When installing the contact fuse to a fragmentary effect during the rupture, the 3of49 projectile forms about 3,500 killer fragments with a mass of 0.5 to 15 g, which have an initial speed of about 1800 m / s. The reduced area of \u200b\u200bthe lesion is openly located in the position of "standing" is 2200 m², the armoredness of homogeneous steel armor is 12 mm at a distance of 7 to 10 m from the epicenter of the projectile break. When using the AR-5 radio drive, the efficiency of the lesion is openly located with a living force increases from 2 to 3 times. When installing the contact fuse on the fugasal action, the 3of49 projectile is capable of forming funnels up to 5 m in diameter and up to 2 meters deep. Also, "Nona" wipes with all types of 120-mm mortar mines.
Mortar has a few features that need to be known. In-first, Mina flies with a dialing speed along a steep trajectory. This means that you can hear a shot and a characteristic whistling sound from mines to its explosion. Experienced fighters for the sound are determined, in which direction it flies, approaching (the sound changes from low frequencies to high) or is already removed when the flight.In combat conditions, such skills need to be purchased as quickly as possible.
Secondly, a miner explodes when the ground strikes, and the fragments are scattered upwards and on the parties. Therefore, a car or a standing person is a very vulnerable goal. If the fighter at the moment of the explosion of mines lies, the likelihood of falling into it with fragments sharply decreases. Therefore, hearing the sound of an approaching miner (or a warning cry of an experienced comrade), immediately fall on the ground and pushed it in it, closing his head with his hands.
Shards of 82 mm mini - light and very "bad." In the explosion of three kilogram mines, 400-600 fragments are formed. Any obstacle is a brick, a tree, a concrete pillar, - can unpredictably change the direction of their flight. For the same reason, the fragments of mines poorly pierce more or less serious obstacles. Stone wall, brush, bag with sand, the trunk of a fallen tree, a helmet, a body armor - all this can help.
If the enemy does not lead a targeted shelling in the area, it is desirable not to align for about 5 - 10 minutes, the destruction package is usually 60- 80 minutes in a square.
Sometimes mortar makes one target mine (smoke or incendiary) towards the target and at the place of its gap, impose amendments and include runaway with the entire battery for defeat. So after the first gap aside, there is a little time to find the shelter and go.
According to the experiment, the mortar is shelling "series": 6-8 shots, pauses in a few minutes, then again 6-8 shots to the finish. Usually such series were no more than three. It is possible to fire from one, two or three mortars (three mortar calculations are part of the platoon).
During the shelling, do not even think to get up. Tell where they fell. During the pause, you can explore the terrain, moving to the gap, pit, funnel. The lower you lie, the greater the chances to survive the shelling without consequences. Trenches, bludges, concrete block structures, durable brick walls - quite reliable protection against mortar. Even in a clean field, you can come up with a shelter.
Not really a good idea Reassect the shelling in a rare landing or bushes. The fuser will work when he hit the branch and turn out the air undermining mines, which will increase the damage zone by fragments.
In the pause, be prepared by the top of the next "series" of the shelling, about the approximation of which you will warn you all the same whistling sound.
So, the basic rules of survival with a mortar shelling:
1. Listen to the sounds of flying mines, learn them to recognize and analyze.
2. When shelling immediately fall and pushed to the ground. Learn to do it before mines will start falling - this is in your interests.
4. Do not forget to open your mouth, it will save your drumpipes.
5. Whatever happens, in no case cannot be lifted and even more so to get up. Do not try to escape from the shelling zone - mines and fragments still faster than you. Wait until an example of 8-10 breaks will be given, then wait at least three minutes, after which you quickly change the position and go into the shelter. Even if someone needs help, rendet it after shelling and in shelter, otherwise help, most likely, will soon need you.
6. Use artificial and natural shelters and market folds. You can hide in them in the interruptions between the series of shots.
7. Move only Clear. If you fell under the shelling in the field and waited it, leave the shelling zone Clarice to not be noticed and not cause repeated shelling.
8. If you are in a zone where mortar shelling is possible, do not remove the body armor and helmet, if you, of course, have. Third or fourth-class body armor stops mortar fragments quite reliably. Even a simple second-class vest and the helmet of the old Soviet sample will not be superfluous.
9. It takes that part of the min is not broken (soft soil, the fuse has not worked) and brazenly stick out shanks from the ground. In no case do not touch them, do not get it and do not make it. The probability of the explosion is extremely high.
10. Roop the trenches and build a Blendji with strong overlaps. The messages should be zigzag. In the event of mines in the trench, the fragments will be limited only to a direct segment.
11. Feel free to train and work out your actions in the event of a shelling in advance. Remember: It is hard in teaching, easily in the damage zone.
12. If you hit the mortar shelling during a march on "armor", dive into inside. The task of the driver of the BTR at the full speed to exit the fire zone. Stopping and hurrying, you turn into an ideal, fixed target for mortars.
13. Keep under the sight of sniper sites where the mortar correction can be. It is usually ruins, high buildings And the trees in the area of \u200b\u200bthe line of sight from your location, which opens a good overview of the locality. A man with binoculars and a walkie-talkie (telephone) - Sell No. 1.
How to determine where the mortar or tool shot?
By the nature of the funnel from the projectile or mines can be installed, from where the shooting was carried out. The fact is that the projectile falls at an angle, and not strictly vertically, it bursts, being like a side, so the funnel is uneven. The side facing the shots point will be more common than the opposite. Fragments in the ground more from the other side where the projectile flew from, since most of the shells of fragments with opposite side We went into the air when the explosion. Usually, after removing the loose soil, you can find a trace of the projectile in the ground and determine the general direction of shooting.
Determine the range to the place from where the shot was made, it is much more accurate if you determine which ammunition formed a funnel. Having measured the angle of falling the projectile, you can use the tables for shooting, determine which distance the shot was made. The angle is measured as: carefully removed by the explosion of the explosion, the center of its deepening (hole) is located. A stick is taken, which is placed on the edges of the funnels, freed from the sprayed of the soil (this is so determined by the soil plane). After that, in the middle of the huge slope of the funnel (the fact that from the side of the shot) is driving a peg, giving up to the soil plane. Thus, we determine the average point of contacting the projectile with the soil, after which they spend the straight line from the well to this point - the easiest way, we impose a stick or rail, getting a "trajectory" of the projectile movement on the last meter of flight. Having measured the angle of fall, we can determine the angle of departure, and, consequently, the range on the tables for firing.
When for the first time you get under the fire from the mortar, it may seem that worse can not be anything. In fact, it can. After a weekly shelling, "hails" shooting from a mortar seems more irritating than a frightening factor.
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