budding, one of the types of asexual reproduction, found in both protozoa and multicellular animals (sponges, coelenterates, worms and lower chordates). There are simple (with the formation of 1 kidney) and multiple P. (with the simultaneous formation of many kidneys). Simple P. is a modification of the division into two, from which it differs in Ch. arr. inequality of fission products. Whereas during division, the individual splits into two daughter individuals of the same size, during P. the original individual, which is called the mother, separates from itself a certain small part (daughter individual), which only gradually grows and reaches the size of the mother: simple P there is an uneven division. Most often, P. is external in nature, consisting in growing almost on the surface of the maternal organism, and the main embryonic layers of the maternal individual usually continue into the kidney. In other cases, P. consists in the isolation of known groups of cells within a budding organism (internal P.), which groups then form a forming kidney; these are gemmules(see) in sponges, statoblasts in bryozoans. The exit of the internal kidneys to the outside is often preceded by the death and disintegration of the maternal organism. P. can take place either at any point in the body of the organism or only at some completely certain places him, what is eg. the budding zone encircling the body of the hydra, or the so-called bud-like stolon [a special outgrowth on the ventral side of the body of many tunicates (ascidians and barrel worms), which has enhanced growth and is the site of bud formation]. Some authors consider strobilation to be a special type of budding, consisting in the successive separation of a number of buds from one end of the mother; this includes P. scyphistoma or the polypoid stage of scyphomedusa, and it may also be the formation of a number of segments in the strobilus of tapeworms. Very often there is a regular alternation of P. with sexual reproduction, as a result of which life cycle the animal acquires the character of alternation of generations (coelenterates, barrel worms among tunicates, etc.). The resulting buds either immediately develop into an organism similar to the mother's, or do this process only after a certain period of time - resting buds (sponge gemmules, bryozoan statoblasts). Unfinished P. leads to the formation of colonies, for example. in sponges, hydroid and scyphoid polyps, bryozoans And some others. V. Dogel.

See also:

• LIMB BELT, skeletal formations that support the free limbs of vertebrates. Accordingly, two pairs of limbs distinguish between the anterior-shoulder girdle (see) and the posterior-pelvic girdle (see Pelvic girdle). In their development, these formations are closely connected with ...
• LUMBAR REGION(regio lumbalis) is part of the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its borders: from above - the XII rib, from below - the iliac crest, from the outside - the posterior axillary line and the medial line of the spinous processes of Lii-v. More accurately upper bound determined...
• LUMBOSACACIAL PLEXUS, plexus lumbo-sacralis, peripheral part nervous system, giving rise to the motor and sensory nerves of the pelvic girdle, perineum, pelvic viscera, genital organs, and finally the nerves of the lower limb. It is formed by connecting the front ...
• LUMBAR PURCHASE(punctio lumbalis, lumbar or lumbar puncture) is performed to obtain cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal canal. According to Quincke, n. n. is produced between Lin and Liv. According to Tuffier, the puncture should be done between...
• RIGHT-HANDED preferred use by most people right hand when performing such motor acts as writing, drawing, etc. Similarly to left-handedness, right-handedness can be congenital and forced. Forced P. happens in ...

In nature, there are several ways of reproduction of organisms, which ensures the existence of life on the planet. Each of them is due to the peculiarities of the structure, habitat and classification. In our article, we will take a closer look at what budding is and for which organisms this method of reproduction is typical.

Methods of reproduction of organisms

There are two main methods of reproduction. Sex occurs with the help of specialized cells - gametes. In this case, the chromosomal material of two organisms is connected or a recombination of genes occurs. As a result, gametes do not participate in asexual reproduction. It is typical for representatives of all kingdoms of wildlife, except for viruses that reproduce in a special way - self-assembly.

Asexual reproduction: budding and more

This kind of reproduction of one's own kind can also occur in several ways. For example, some plants and fungi produce asexually reproducing cells called spores. In algae, such formations are mobile, because they have flagella. They are called zoospores. At higher plants asexual reproduction occurs through the separation of multicellular parts - vegetatively. But what is budding and how it is carried out, it is necessary to consider separately for each kingdom of living nature.

Budding in plants

Budding in plant organisms is not so common. Most often, new individuals arise vegetatively or sexually - in cones or flowers. What is budding in plants can be considered using the example of indoor medicinal plant kalanchoe. Small tubercles form along the edge of its leaf blade, which eventually acquire all the features of an adult plant. Despite their miniature size, they are quite viable, since they already consist of a root and a shoot. This means that young plants are able to independently photosynthesize and absorb water from the substrate. Having reached a certain size, such buds fall into the soil, where they germinate and turn into adult plants.

Budding in animals

Reproduction by budding occurs in animals. Namely, which have freshwater hydra. She leads an attached lifestyle. Periodically, a protrusion forms on her body - a small tubercle. It grows, acquiring all the features of an adult organism. After this, the kidney splits off, and it passes to an independent existence. This process occurs somewhat differently in other representatives of the coelenterates - coral polyps. Their kidneys also grow, become similar to adults, but the splitting process does not occur. As a result, an organism of a bizarre shape is formed. Their accumulations in the oceans form entire coral reefs.

Fungal budding

What is budding can also be considered using the example of mushrooms. Each of us observed that if the yeast is sprinkled with sugar and left in a warm place, then their number increases significantly after a while. This is an example of budding which is used in cooking and baking. During this process, a small protrusion forms on the yeast cell, which gradually increases in size. Then a partition appears between the mother and daughter cells, which contributes to the narrowing of the channel between them. After that, the young cell is able to live on its own. The process of budding in yeast fungi is about two hours.

Budding in bacteria

Traditionally, it is considered that bacteria are characterized by only one primitive way of reproduction - division in two. However, there are certain types those organisms that are capable of budding. These are moving with the help of several flagella. But this is an exception to general rule. Stalk bacteria also bud, which thus branch dichotomously to form new individuals.

The significance of this method of asexual reproduction in nature is quite large. During budding, cells divide by mitosis. This means that genetically identical individuals are formed as a result, and hereditary information is passed from generation to generation unchanged, ensuring the continuity of generations of representatives of almost all groups of living organisms.

reproduction- the property of living organisms to reproduce their own kind. There are two main breeding method- asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction is carried out with the participation of only one parent and occurs without the formation of gametes. The daughter generation in some species arises from one or a group of cells of the parent organism, in other species - in specialized bodies. There are the following methods of asexual reproduction: fission, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, spore formation, vegetative reproduction.

Division- a method of asexual reproduction, characteristic of unicellular organisms, in which the mother individual is divided into two or large quantity daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first repeatedly divided by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.

budding- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed in the form of outgrowths on the body of the parent individual (3). Daughter individuals can separate from the mother and move on to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), they can remain attached to it, in this case forming colonies (coral polyps).

Fragmentation(4) - a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the parent individual breaks up ( annelids, starfish, spirogyra, elodea). Fragmentation is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate.

Polyembryony- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the embryo breaks up (monozygous twins).

Vegetative propagation- a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed either from parts of the vegetative body of the mother individual, or from special structures(rhizome, tuber, etc.), specially designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative propagation is characteristic of many groups of plants, it is used in horticulture, horticulture, plant breeding (artificial vegetative propagation).

Vegetative organ	Way vegetative propagation	Examples
Root	root cuttings	Rosehip, raspberry, aspen, willow, dandelion
	Root offspring	Cherry, plum, thistle, thistle, lilac
Aerial parts of shoots	The division of the bushes	Phlox, daisy, primrose, rhubarb
	stem cuttings	Grapes, currants, gooseberries
	layering	Gooseberries, grapes, bird cherry
Underground parts of shoots	Rhizome	Asparagus, bamboo, iris, lily of the valley
	Tuber	Potato, weekday, Jerusalem artichoke
	Bulb	Onion, garlic, tulip, hyacinth
	Corm	Gladiolus, crocus
Sheet	leaf cuttings	Begonia, Gloxinia, Coleus

sporulation(6) - reproduction through spores. controversy- specialized cells, in most species are formed in special organs - sporangia. In higher plants, spore formation is preceded by meiosis.

Cloning- a set of methods used by humans to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone- a set of cells or individuals descended from a common ancestor through asexual reproduction. Cloning is based on mitosis (in bacteria, simple division).

sexual reproduction is carried out with the participation of two parent individuals (male and female), in which specialized cells are formed in special organs - gametes. The process of formation of gametes is called gametogenesis, the main stage of gametogenesis is meiosis. The daughter generation develops from zygotes- a cell formed as a result of the fusion of male and female gametes. The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization. An obligatory consequence of sexual reproduction is the recombination of genetic material in the daughter generation.

Depending on the structural features of gametes, the following can be distinguished forms of sexual reproduction: isogamy, heterogamy and ovogamy.

isogamy(1) - a form of sexual reproduction in which gametes (conditionally female and conditionally male) are mobile and have the same morphology and size.

Heterogamy(2) - a form of sexual reproduction in which female and male gametes are mobile, but female are larger than male and less mobile.

Ovogamy(3) - a form of sexual reproduction in which the female gametes are immobile and larger than the male gametes. In this case, the female gametes are called eggs, male gametes, if they have flagella, - spermatozoa if they don't have - sperm.

Ovogamy is characteristic of most animal and plant species. Isogamy and heterogamy are found in some primitive organisms (algae). In addition to the above, some algae and fungi have forms of reproduction in which germ cells are not formed: chologamy and conjugation. At chologamy unicellular haploid organisms merge with each other, which in this case act as gametes. The resulting diploid zygote then divides by meiosis to form four haploid organisms. At conjugations(4) the contents of individual haploid cells of the filamentous thalli are fused. Through specially formed channels, the contents of one cell flows into another, a diploid zygote is formed, which usually also divides by meiosis after a dormant period.

Go to lectures №13"Methods of division of eukaryotic cells: mitosis, meiosis, amitosis"

Go to lectures №15"Sexual reproduction in angiosperms"

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word budding

budding in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of medical terms

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

budding

budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction by means of kidneys (see kidney 1 to 2 meanings) or gradually increasing outgrowths of cells.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

budding

cf. Asexual reproduction through kidneys (1 * 2) or a gradual increase in the number of cells.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

budding

a type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism (kidneys). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses, and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, wing gills, tunicates). In some cases, budding leads to the formation of colonies.

budding

one of the methods of asexual (vegetative) reproduction of animals and plants. P. is carried out by the formation of a kidney on the maternal organism, an outgrowth from which a new individual develops. Of the plants, some marsupial fungi are capable of P. (for example, yeasts, for which P. is the main method of reproduction), a number of basidiomycetes, and liverwort mosses (they reproduce by so-called brood buds). Protozoans (some flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoa), sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, pterygobranchs, and tunicates reproduce among P.'s animals. In animals, P. is external and internal; the first is divided into parietal, in which the kidneys are formed on the mother's body, and stolonial P., when the kidneys are formed on special outgrowths - stolons (some coelenterates and tunicates). At internal P. the new individual develops from the isolated internal site of a body of mother; such are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective membranes and serve primarily for survival in winter or dry conditions when the mother's organism dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end; young individuals remain connected with the mother's organism; as a result, there are colonies consisting of many individuals (see. Colonial organisms). Sometimes P. can be caused artificially by various effects on the mother's body, such as burns or cuts.

A. V. Ivanov.

Wikipedia

budding

budding- a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism. Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, tunicates, some flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans). In a number of animals, budding does not reach the end, young individuals remain connected to the mother's organism. In some cases, this leads to the formation of colonies. For example, when yeast buds, a thickening forms on the cell, which gradually turns into a full-fledged daughter cell of yeast.

Examples of the use of the word budding in the literature.

Katya had to re-watch a lot of these wretched VIR dramas, both in the form of plot-thematic pictures and scenes that required her direct personal participation, and they all represented the resulting budding geniuses in the form of polar different characters of this or that fairy tale.

Of course, many geniuses were born as a result of budding, but this could only mean that they had the same set of DNA in the nuclei of their cells, but did not imply a complete coincidence of thoughts, goals or ideas.

A colony is formed by reproduction. budding one polyp.

Since, however, the cult of her perfection dominated, such automorphic curvature even tried to exalt - they say, tireless budding and spreading best expresses the nature of Proteus man.

They also reproduce in different ways - by rubbing, pollinating, budding, and sometimes, although unheard of rarely, the so-called tongue-and-groove, which, thank God, did not come to on Encia, a completely normal planet.