Statements or individual words belonging to other persons may be included in the author's narration. There are several ways to introduce someone else's speech into a sentence or text: direct speech, indirect speech, improperly direct speech And dialogue.

1. Punctuation in sentences with direct speech

Legend:

P- direct speech beginning with capital letter;
P- direct speech beginning with lower case;
A- words of the author, starting with a capital letter;
A- words of the author, beginning with a lowercase letter.

Exercise

And his father told him
_ You, Gavrilo, well done!_
(Ershov)

Everything will be decided_ _ he thought, going up to the living room_ I will explain myself to her_. (Pushkin).

He sat down in an armchair, put his cane in a corner, yawned and announced_ _ that it was getting hot outside_ (Lermontov).

I did not ask my faithful companion_ _ why he did not take me straight to those places_ (Turgenev).

Suddenly the coachman began to look to the side and, finally, taking off his hat, turned to me and said _ _ Master, would you order me to return? _ (Pushkin)

No, no, she repeated in despair, it’s better to die, it’s better to go to a monastery, I’d better go after Dubrovsky.

Oh, my fate is deplorable! _
The princess tells him
If you want to take me
Then you deliver to me in three days
My ring from okiyana_.
(Ershov)

I answered indignantly_ _ that I, an officer and a nobleman, would not enter into any service with Pugachev and could not accept any orders from him_ (according to Pushkin).

Sometimes I say to myself_ _ No, of course not! The little prince always covers the rose with a glass cap at night, and he watches the lamb very much ..._ (Antoine de Saint-Exupery)

The girl tells him
_ But look, you're gray;
I am only fifteen years old.
How can we get married?
All the kings will start laughing
Grandfather, they will say, took his granddaughter!_
(Ershov)

He reported_ _ that the governor ordered his officials on special assignments to wear spurs_ (according to Turgenev).

He sat down next to me and began to say_ _ what a famous surname he was and an important upbringing_ (according to Leskov).

It doesn't matter, Petrusha_ _ my mother answered me_ this is your imprisoned father; kiss his hand and let him bless you ... _ (Pushkin)

You used to stand, stand in a corner, so that your knees and back would ache, and you would think_ _ Karl Ivanovich forgot about me; it must be easy for him to sit on an easy chair and read hydrostatics - but how do I feel?

You are not our sovereign_ _ Ivan Ignatich answered, repeating the words of his captain._ You, uncle, are a thief and an impostor!_ (Pushkin)

The next day, at breakfast, Grigory Ivanovich asked his daughter_ _ whether she still intended to hide from the Berestovs_ (Pushkin).

Signs in direct speech

Section 195. To highlight direct speech, dashes or quotation marks are used, namely:

1. If direct speech begins with a paragraph, then a dash is placed before it, for example:

M. Gorky

2. If straight we are talking into a line, without a paragraph, then quotation marks are placed before and at the end of it, for example:

The little girl ran and shouted: "Did you see your mother?"

Note. Quotations inserted in the middle of a sentence are also enclosed in quotation marks, but they are not preceded by a colon, for example:

Belinsky

Section 196. A sentence that stands in direct speech and indicates to whom it belongs ("author's words") can:

a) precede direct speech; in this case, a colon is placed after it, and after direct speech - a punctuation mark in accordance with the nature of direct speech, for example:

Lermontov

b) follow direct speech; in this case, after direct speech, a question mark, or an exclamation point, or an ellipsis, or a comma (the last instead of a dot) is placed, and after this sign is a dash, for example:

Lermontov

- And what about Kazbich? I asked the staff captain impatiently.

"How boring!" I exclaimed involuntarily.

Lermontov

- How boring! I exclaimed involuntarily.

"She's dead..." Aksinya echoed back.

Sholokhov

"She's dead..." Aksinya echoed back.

“There is the district ataman,” Pantelei Prokofievich whispered, pushing Grigory from behind.

Sholokhov

“There is the district ataman,” whispered Pantelei Prokofievich, pushing Grigory from behind.

c) break direct speech into two parts; in this case put:

after the words of the author - a dot, if the first part of direct speech is a complete sentence, and a comma - if unfinished, then a dash is put; if at the same time direct speech is highlighted with quotation marks, then they are placed only before the beginning of direct speech and at the very end of it, for example:

Lermontov

Chekhov

Turgenev

It will rain

Turgenev

M. Gorky

Note 2. The rules set out in this paragraph also apply to sentences containing quotations indicating to whom they belong.

Note 3. Internal monologue ("mental speech"), which has the form of direct speech, is also enclosed in quotation marks.

Section 197. If several replicas follow in a line without indicating who they belong to, then each of them is separated by quotes and, in addition, separated from the next one by a dash, for example:

Literally introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing). Unlike indirect speech, it retains the individual and stylistic features of the speech of the one whose statement is reproduced: dialectal features, repetitions, pauses, introductory words etc. Direct speech is introduced without conjunctions, personal pronouns, verb forms indicate the attitude to the speaker's face, for example: "You said:" I'll be back late "". For comparison in indirect speech: "You said you'd be back late." Usually, direct speech is highlighted in the text with quotation marks or is given as a separate paragraph, at the beginning of which a dash is placed. Direct speech as its variety includes quotations.

Designations:

Author's words before direct speech

The dot is behind the quotes.

Sidorov said: "I'll be back late."

The exclamation mark and question mark remain in quotation marks.

The wolf shouted: "Well, wait a minute!"

The author's words break direct speech

All direct speech is taken in quotation marks. A dot and a dash are placed between the words of the author and the second part. The rest of the rules are the same.

"I'll be late," said Sidorov. "Go to sleep peacefully."

"Well, rabbit! cried the wolf. - Wait for it!"

Dialogue

There are no quotation marks (even if one contains the words of the author). Each replica starts on a new line, with a dash before the replicas.

- Who's there?

- It's me, the postman Pechkin, - came the answer. - Brought a note about your boy.

If there are two direct speeches in one sentence, each with its own verb, then a dash is placed before the second direct speech, in addition to the rest of the punctuation marks.

- Let's go, it's cold, - Makarov said and asked sullenly: - Why are you silent?

“Let’s go, it’s cold,” Makarov said and sullenly asked: “Why are you silent?”

Dialogue stretched into a line

Short (2-3 lines) dialogues are allowed to be written in one line. Such dialogues are written according to the usual rules of direct speech, but the lines are separated from each other by a dash.

- Who's there? asked Uncle Fyodor. - It's me!

Are not direct speech

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See what "Direct Speech" is in other dictionaries:

Someone's statement, verbatim introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing); cf. Indirect speech … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Direct speech- DIRECT SPEECH. See indirect speech... Dictionary of literary terms

DIRECT, oh, oh; straight, straight, straight, straight and straight. Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Direct speech- (from lat. oratio recta) - one of the ways to convey someone else's speech (see) - the speech of a person reproduced verbatim, designed as a relatively independent proposal and introduced into the text by the words of another person - the author of this text, so ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language

Reproduction of a statement on behalf of the person by whom it was made, accompanied by the author's words (see author's words). In relation to the author's words, direct speech acts as an independent sentence, only in meaning and ... ... Dictionary linguistic terms

A syntactic way of introducing someone else's speech into the text. Constructions with direct speech include the actual speech of others and the words of the author, which may precede it, follow it, and be included inside; depending on this design in different ways ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Someone's statement, literally introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing); cf. Indirect speech. * * * DIRECT SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH, someone's statement, verbatim introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing); cf. Indirect speech (see ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Direct speech- (Latin oratio recta) verbatim reproduction of someone else's statement, accompanied by a commentary remark of the speaker ("author's words"). Unlike syntactically organized indirect speech, P. r. It is built on the principle of parataxis of free ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Someone's statement, verbatim introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing). Unlike indirect speech (See Indirect speech), it retains the individual and stylistic features of the speech of the one whose statement is reproduced: ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

direct speech- 1) The speech of another person, transmitted verbatim, regardless of the speech of the person serving as a transmitter. 2) language tool used in artistic speech, journalistic, colloquial styles, where there is an orientation towards expressive possibilities ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

In Russian, in order to convey someone's words in the text, such a syntactic construction as direct speech is used. Schemes (there are four of them) in a visual form display which signs are placed and where. To understand this, you need to understand the abbreviations indicated in them.

The difference between direct speech and indirect speech

You can report someone's statements either on behalf of the one who utters them (this is direct speech), or from a third person, and then it will be indirect. In the article we will consider the first option in more detail. The schemes of direct and indirect speech differ, as they are designed and sound differently in the text, for example:

"Today I'll be late from work," said my mother. reflects what the mother said, conveying information from her personally. In this case, the scheme of direct speech is divided into the one who speaks, and directly into the content.
Mom said that today it will be late from work. In this version, the words are not transmitted on behalf of the speaker. In writing, indirect speech is in which the author's words come first and are its main part.

There are 4 direct speech transmission schemes in which the following designations are used:

P - indicates the capital letter with which direct speech begins.
n - means the beginning of speech with a small letter.
A - These are the author's words that begin with a capital letter.
a is a lowercase letter.

Depending on what symbols are used and where they stand in the scheme, a sentence can be built. Which will correspond to it or, conversely, the existing text will allow you to paint it schematically.

Direct speech at the beginning of the text

Schemes of direct speech, in which it precedes the words of the author, are as follows:

"P", - a.
"P?" - A.
"P!" - A.

If the author's words are preceded by direct speech, the rules (the diagram reflects this) require that it be enclosed in quotation marks, and between them put a punctuation mark corresponding to the emotional coloring of the statement. If it is narrative, then the parts are separated by a comma. With an interrogative or exclamatory emotion, signs are put in speech that convey this stylistic coloring of the sentence. For example:

“We are going to the sea in summer,” said the girl.
"Are we going to the sea in summer?" - asked the girl.
“We are going to the sea in summer!” - the girl shouted joyfully.

In these examples, the same content of direct speech is transmitted with different emotional coloring. The words of the author also change in accordance with these changes.

Author's words at the beginning of speech

Schemes of direct speech (with examples below), in which the words of the author begin a syntactic construction, are used when it is important to indicate the speaker. They look like this:

A: "P".
A: "P?"
A: "P!"

The diagrams show that after the words of the author, which begin with a capital letter, as they are at the beginning of a sentence, it is necessary to put a colon. Directly direct speech is enclosed by quotation marks on both sides and begins with a capital letter, as an independent syntactic construction. At the end, the appropriate emotional content of the text is put. For example:

The boy came up and said in a low voice: "I need to go home to my sick mother." IN this example direct speech is located behind the words of the author and has a neutral color, so a full stop is put at the end.
A cry of indignation escaped her lips: "How can you not notice this injustice!" The proposal has an emotional expressive coloring that conveys a strong disturbance. Therefore, the direct speech that follows the words of the author and is enclosed in quotation marks ends with an exclamation mark.

The girl looked at him in surprise: "Why don't you want to go camping with us?" Although the author’s words indicate such an emotion as surprise, direct speech sounds like a question, so at the end it is worth

It is important to remember: the direct speech behind the words of the author is always capitalized and separated from them by a colon.

Third scheme

"P, - a, - p."
"P-a. - P".

The diagrams show that direct speech is divided into 2 parts by the words of the author. The punctuation in these sentences is such that they are always separated from direct speech on both sides by hyphens. If a comma is placed after the words of the author, the continuation of direct speech is written with a small letter, and if there is a period, then it begins as a new sentence with a capital letter. For example:

“I’ll pick you up tomorrow,” Yegor said, getting into the car, “don’t oversleep.”
“Mom arrives early in the morning,” dad reminded. "You need to book a taxi in advance."
"What are you doing here? Maria asked. "Shouldn't you be at the lecture?"
“How stubborn you are! - Sveta exclaimed. "I don't want to see you again!"

Important: although in the last two examples the initial part of direct speech does not end with a comma, but with question and exclamation marks, the author's words are written with a small letter.

Direct speech between the words of the author

The fourth scheme of direct speech explains what signs are placed when it stands between the words of the author.

A: "P" - a.
A: "P?" - A.
A: "P!" - A.

For example:

The announcer said: “Today is on the news” - and for some reason he stumbled.
An echo came from afar: "Where are you?" - and it became quiet again.
The brother replied rudely, “None of your business!” - and quickly walked out the door.

It is impossible to be limited only to the schemes listed above, since direct speech can consist of any number of sentences, for example:

“How good! - Grandma exclaimed, - I thought we would never get home. Tired to death". The scheme of this syntactic construction is as follows:

"P! - a, - p. P.

The Russian language is very expressive and there is more in writing than 4 classical schemes can fit. Knowing the basic concepts of direct speech and punctuation marks with it, you can make a sentence of any complexity.

Direct speech sentences

Direct speech sentences consist of the words of the author and direct speech:

“The day after tomorrow I will go to the Volga,” Sasha said. (A. Chekhon)

In this sentence, the words of the author - Sasha said; direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks. Author's words (words introducing direct speech) part include Verbs said, thought, asked, wrote, read, whispered, exclaimed, etc.

1) M. Gorky wrote: " Good book, is just a holiday.
2) “I owe everything good in me to books,” said M. Gorky.
3) "What kind of books do you like?" asked Vera Vasilievna.
4) “This amazing thing is a book! This is truly amazing!” - wrote Lev Kassil.

Sentence schemes with direct speech

1) A: "P".
2) "P", -a.
3) "P?" - A.
4) "P!" - A.

In writing, direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks.

If author's words stand before direct speech, then a colon is placed after them, direct speech is written with a capital letter.

Direct speech. Rules

From the examples given in this lesson, you have already figured out for yourself what sentences with direct speech can be and have analyzed the scheme of sentences with direct speech, and now let's try to formulate a definition and find out what is called direct speech.

Direct speech refers to words belonging to someone, but which are transmitted unchanged.

In another way, one can also say that direct speech is such a structure in which the words of the person to whom these words or speech belong are transmitted verbatim.

Let's take an example:

1. Mom called me: “Sasha, go home!”;
2. "What time is it?" - asked Sasha;
3. "Half past one" - answered my mother.
4. “Can I walk a little more?” Sasha asked.
5. Mom said: “First, you need to have lunch and sit down for lessons.”

Each sentence in which direct speech is present consists of two parts such as the words of the author and direct speech. These parts of the sentence are interconnected in meaning and intonation.

It can also be said that direct speech is someone else's speech, although it is transmitted verbatim on behalf of the person to whom it belongs.

If we talk about the order of constructing a sentence with direct speech, then this does not matter, since the words of the author can be after direct speech or stand before it.

Here's an example:

"Can you tell me where the pharmacy is?" - asked the stranger.
I replied, "Go one block and there will be a pharmacy."
"Thanks a lot!" thanked the stranger.

We can see that in the first sentence the words of the author are after direct speech, but in the second sentence - before direct speech.

And now let's look at the picture and remember the main schemes that are in sentences with direct speech:

Exercise.

1. Make sentences in which the words of the author will be at the end of the sentence.

2. Come up with short story, in which direct speech and the words of the author can be both at the beginning of the sentence and at the end.

3. Read the sentences below. Try to remake them so that the words of the author come first, followed by direct speech:

Punctuation marks

When writing a sentence with direct speech, it should be remembered that direct speech is always written in quotation marks, and the first word of direct speech must be capitalized.

For example: Nikita asked: “Have you done your homework yet?”

A: "P". A: "P?" A: "P!"

If direct speech is written before the words of the author, then after direct speech, we must put a dash before the words of the author. But it should be noted that in this case the words of the author should be written with a small letter.

Also, it should be remembered that at the end of a direct speech, before the words of the author, depending on the sentence, it is necessary to put a comma, an exclamation point or a question mark:

"P" - a. "P?" - A. "P!" - A.

Homework

1. Using the diagrams below, come up with your own sentences and write them down in a notebook.
2. Choose sentences with direct speech from famous fairy tales and make diagrams for these sentences.
3. What punctuation marks are in these sentences? Try to explain why these signs are used in the sentence.
4. Read the sentences carefully and rewrite them so that they contain direct speech.