MOSCOW STATE SOCIAL UNIVERSITY Faculty of Foreign Languages ​​A.N. GORBATKOV ENGLISH FOR MGSU POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS Educational materials Moscow "Soyuz" 1999 LBC 81.2 Eng - 923 D - 67 Reviewers: S.G. Zubanova - Ph.D. n., professor I.V. Namestnikova - candidate of phil. PhD, Associate Professor Reviewers: S.G. Zubanova - Ph.D. Sc., Professor A.N. Gorbatkova G - 67 English for Postgraduate Students: Teaching Materials. - M.: Publishing house of MGSU "Soyuz", 1999. - 76 p. Teaching materials were approved at a meeting of the Department of the first foreign language. Minutes No. 2 dated October 9, 1998. LBC 81.2 Eng - 923 © MGSU Soyuz Publishing House, 1999 © Gorbatkova A.N., 1999 METHODOLOGICAL NOTE These educational materials are intended to prepare postgraduate students for the candidate exam in English. The first part presents original English texts on social topics. Working with texts is aimed at helping to develop the skills and knowledge of a foreign language that are necessary when working with foreign literature, when communicating with foreign colleagues, and participating in scientific conferences. After successfully completing the course, graduate students should be able to: 1) read original texts in English on special topics with a dictionary; 2) translate original English texts according to the specialty (excerpts); 3) extract the necessary information from the text (selectively); 4) clearly and competently state the main provisions of the text (in Russian and English - orally); 5) draw up an abstract on what has been read (in writing in Russian); 6) speak with a message and conduct a conversation on the subject of the text. The texts are arranged in a convenient order for learning - from less complex to more complex - and are selected taking into account the specifics of the university: the texts have a social orientation with a general content that corresponds to the profile of the faculties and institutes of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. This allows graduate students to expand their vocabulary, both general and specialty, to consolidate the skills of reading special scientific literature, to remove difficulties in communicating in English within the studied topics. The following types of tasks are offered in the classroom: 1) read the text (without a dictionary) and formulate the topic of the text, indicate what parts the text is divided into, what the author wanted to say; 2) read the text a second time and then: a) write down the new words; b) underline (or formulate yourself) the main ideas; c) transform the text using text automation compression tools; 3) convey the content of the text with a commentary (with elements of an oral abstract) in English; 4) make an annotation (abstract) of the text in Russian in writing. Usually, the main difficulties for graduate students are retelling with a commentary (orally in English) and compiling an abstract (in Russian). To remove these difficulties, the teachers of the department developed a system of special exercises. First, tasks aimed at developing the relevant skills and abilities are performed in the classroom, practiced on several texts, then graduate students prepare tasks mostly on their own, and in the classroom demonstrate what they have done. The second part of the training materials are texts in Russian. The task of the graduate student is to convey the content of this text in English and comment on the text. This requires the skills of working with the Russian text to compose an oral abstract and the ability to formulate the main provisions of the text using the language tools necessary to compile a commentary (oral abstract) in English. Postgraduate students get acquainted with Russian texts at home, then the technique of preparing an oral abstract is practiced in the classroom. Particular attention is paid to the technique of translation and the study of language tools necessary for commenting on the text in English. The course is designed for 140 hours of classroom lessons. In conclusion, I would like to warn those who are stronger in the field of English and encourage those who are weaker. The language requires constant practice. Any good skills are quickly lost if there is not enough training. Therefore, in order to achieve good results in the exam, to maintain, or better, to increase your knowledge in the field of English, you need to study systematically. For those who have had a break in English classes, who have difficulty in reading, speaking and listening to foreign speech, a year of English classes in graduate school provides a good opportunity to significantly improve their English language proficiency. When forming groups, the level of preparation of graduate students is taken into account; groups are small in composition, which allows for an individual approach to each graduate student; a general serious attitude to the successful passing of the exam, and most importantly, systematic studies - all this will help you improve your English. CONTENT OF THE CANDIDATE EXAM IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE The candidate exam is conducted in two stages. At the first stage, a graduate student (applicant): 1) translates a scientific text in a foreign language on social topics or on the topic of a dissertation with a volume of at least 30,000 prints. signs and writes an abstract in Russian of this scientific text; 2) compiles a glossary of special terminology on social topics or on the topic of the dissertation (at least 250-300 terms). The deadline for submitting the abstract and vocabulary is 2 weeks before the oral exam. The quality of the vocabulary is assessed according to the credit system. Successful completion of the abstract and vocabulary is a condition for admission to the second stage of the exam. The second stage (oral exam) includes 3 tasks: 1. Studying reading of the original text in the specialty with a volume of at least 1500-2000 prints. signs (preparation time - 30 minutes) Presentation and commentary in a foreign language of a foreign language text on social topics or on the topic of a dissertation. Translation into Russian of a text fragment of 350-400 prints. marks at the choice of the examiner. Reading aloud a piece of text of the examiner's choice. 2. Presentation in a foreign language of the content of the Russian text on social topics or on the topic of the dissertation. The volume of the text is 1500-2000 prints. signs, preparation time (with a dictionary) - 10 minutes. 3. Message and conversation on the proposed topic. The list of main topics for communication and conversation 1. The main problems of the scientific work of a graduate student. Results of 1 year of study. 2. The essence of social work. The nature of the work of a social worker. 3. Scientific conferences. Participation in scientific conferences. 4. Reviewing foreign literature. My abstract in a foreign language. 5. The role of a foreign language in my future profession. How do I speak a foreign language? 6. Direction, prospects and problems of the development of science, of interest to graduate students. 7. Russian and foreign scientists. Their contribution to the development of world science (on the example of a scientist). 8. The system of higher education in Russia. Moscow as a center of science and education. 9. Opportunity to study abroad. (Famous foreign university.) 10. My professional activity. Note: Oral additional questions on the completed abstract are possible at the exam. ENGLISH TEXTS Text #1 HOW TO WIN FRIENDS AND INFLUENCE PEOPLE (Dale Carnegie) Fundamental techniques in handling people 1. Instead of condemning people, let’s try to understand them. Let's try to figure out what they do. That’s a lot more profitable and intriguing than criticism, and it breeds sympathy, tolerance and kindness (“if you want to gather honey, don’t kick over the beehive”). 2. First, arouse in the other person an eager want. 3. When we are not engaged in thinking about some definite problem, we usually spend 95 per cent of the time thinking about ourselves, which is wrong. Let's stop thinking of our accomplishments, our wants. Let's try to figure out the other man's good points. Give honest, sincere appreciation. “Be hearty in your praise.” 4. The only way on earth to influence the other fellow is to talk about what he wants and show him how to get it. 5. Get the other person's point of view and see things from his angsl. Six ways to make people like you 1. Become genuinely interested in other people. 2. Smile. 3. Remember that a man's name is to him the sweetest and most important sound in any language. 4. Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves. 5. Talk in terms of the other man's interest. 6. Make the other person feel superior to you and so sincerely and naturally. Twelve ways to win people to your way of thinking 1. You can't win an argument; the best way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it. 2. Show respect for the other man's opinions. Never tell a man he is wrong. 3. If we know we are going to get the Old Harry anyhow, isn't it far better to beat the other fellow to it and do it ourselves? If you are wrong, admit it quickly and emphatically. 4. Begin in a friendly way. Remember: “A drop of honey catches more flies than a gallon of gall”. 5. In talking with people, don't begin discussing the things on which you differ. Begin by emphasizing - and keep on emphasizing - the things on witch you agree. Get the other person saying, “Yes, yes,” at the outset. Keep him, if possible, from saying “No”. 6. Let the other man do a great deal of the talking. If you disagree, don't interrupt him, this is dangerous. Let him talk to himself. Ask questions. Try to understand him. 7. Let the other man feel that the idea you have suggested is his. 8. There is a reason why the other man thinks and acts as he does. Ferret out that hidden reason and you get the key to his actions, perhaps his personality. Try to see things from the other person's point of view. 9. Be sympathetic with the other person's ideas and desires. 10 Appeal to nobler motives. 11. Dramatize your ideas. 12. If you want to win men - spirited men, men of mettle - to your way of thinking, throw down a challenge. Nine ways to change people without giving offence or arousing resentment 1. Begin with praise and honest appreciation. 2. Call attention to people's mistakes indirectly. 3. Talk about your own mistakes before criticizing the other person. 4. Ask questions instead of giving direct orders. 5. Let the other man save his face. 6. Praise the slightest improvement. Be “hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise.” 7. Give a man a fine reputation to live up to. 8. Use encouragement. Make the fault you want to correct seem easy to correct, make the thing you want the other person to do seem easy to do. 9. Make the other person happy about doing the thing you suggest. From Dale Carnegie Text No. 2 Europe is beginning a new series on Europe’s past. Each issue will look at the “golden age” of a particular country, a period during which it made a lasting contribution to European history and culture. Andrew Cowley of the Economist begins the series with a look at one of the great theorists of the British industrial revolution. THE INVISIBLE HAND Adam Smith and the discovery of modern economics By the middle of the last century, England was unchallenged as the world’s great economic power. The first phase of the first industrial revolution was over. By substituting machines for human skill, steam for human and animals force, English entrepreneurs brought about a shift from handicrafts to mass manufacturing, and in so doing gave birth to a modern economy. Within two lifetimes, English society had been transformed: an Englishman of 1750 was closer to one of his grandchildren. The problem was that England in the 1840`s was also a country in crisis. A series of bad harvests had reduced demand for the goods being churned out by the new industries. Their producers could not find enough foreign markets to sell excess production, so were forced to sack their workers. Unemployment was made worse by one-third between 1801 and 1831. Despite all its economic achievements, the mass of England’s people was living in object poverty. England’s ruling elite was split by a fierce debate on how a country could be so rich but its people so poor, and how to solve this problem before it set off a revolution. For support and ideas, the leaders of this debate turned to a group of thinkers, known as “economists.” Today most people have a hard time understanding what economists are talking about, but everyone knows that an economist is a specialist in a recognized branch of academic knowledge. At the beginning of the 19th century, the term was nothing like as specific. In England, it was applied to anyone who approached problems by putting every argument and doctrine, on whatever subject, to the test of facts. It was no coincidence that England gave birth to the first industrial revolution and what has since become known as the classical school are Adam Smith's “Wealth of Nations” (published in 1776), David Ricardo`s “Principles of Political Economy and Taxation” ( 1817), and James Mill's "Political Economy" (1821). Together these books set out a view of political economy based on three ideas: while their predecessors had seen agriculture and land as the sole source of wealth, the classical economists emphasized manufacturing and labor; they believed that free competition benefited society as a whole; and they opposed government interference in the economy as, more often than not, it only upset the natural process of wealth creation. Of these books, the most important is that by Adam Smith. It is the first great classic of economic theory. From the journal Economist Text No. 3 EACH OF US IS A CROWD Eleven-year-old Mary rises early in order to have time with her mother before her mother goes to work and Mary to school. This special time for both Mary and her mother is spent quietly reading a book and talking about the coming day. Mary cherishes this moment when her mother is very loving to her and she tends to regress to behavior, which is younger than her age would suggest. She actively seeks security and her mother's affection and behaves in a clearly childish way, evoking from her mother's feelings of protectiveness and of wanting to hold and cuddle Mary. leaves Mary for school, meets her friend, and already Mary appears to be quite a different person. With her friend, Mary is more grown up, boasting about her good marks in art, and appearing in general to be self-confident and at ease. She tells her friend what they should do after school and decides what games they will play at break-time. Clearly she is the leader in this relationship, with her friend taking a subservient role. On the way to school Mary and her friend meet two boys from class, and again Mary’s behavior changes. Now she is aggressive and boisterous, teasing the boys and provoking their irritation, even to the point of pushing one of them out the other way. She clearly does not like one of the boys and tells so both verbally and through her behavior. Upon arrival at school, when the math class begins, Mary's behavior again changes quite dramatically, now she seems confused, near to tears, and unable to work. She seeks constant assistance from the teacher, does not understand the task at hand, and is caught cheating by copying another child’s work. When confronted with this behaviour, she bursts into tears saying that she is stupid and unable to do math and a failure. That afternoon in art class, her favorite activity, Mary excels brilliantly, showing great artistic talent and creativity. She is bright, co-operative and contributing to the aliveness in the room. She helps other children, demonstrating sensitivity and compassion. In a short period of time Mary has demonstrated five different and disparate behaviors. She appears to be many different people and may feel confused by her own inconsistent behavior, sometimes thinking that there must be something wrong with her. She may be frightened by her aggressive behavior and try to counteract it by being a very good girl. There are so many different parts of us, and such a variety of behaviors and internal states into which we fall that it all seems beyond our conscious control. Sometimes we may feel that we are several different people, in spite of ourselves. When a child misbehaves, he often feels that he did it in spite of himself—that he did not really want to be difficult or to cause the trouble for which he is reprimanded. From the textbook in Sociology Text No. 4 SEARCHING THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT The memory of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 is preserved by many cheerful customs in various parts of Great Britain, and by one dignified ceremony that takes place in London before the Opening of Parliament. This is the searching by a detachment of Yeomen of the Guard of the cellars under the Palace of Westminster, either on the evening before the Opening or, more usually, on the morning of the day itself. The Yeomen, in their scarlet and gold uniforms, come from the Tower of London to the Princess` chamber in the House of Lords and there, in the presence of a number of the Palace officials, they are given old candle-lanterns to use during the ceremony. As soon as the order to search has been received, they set out on a progressive tour of the basements, vaults, and cellars below the building. Carrying their lighted lanterns in their hands, and firmly ignoring the existence of the very efficient electric lighting, they search every cranny and crevice, every corner and conceivable hiding-place, to satisfy themselves that no gunpowder barrels, bombs, or infernal machines have been anywhere concealed with intent to blow up Sovereign, Lords, and Commons. When they have proved by personal and most careful inspections that all is well, a message is sent to the Queen, the Yeomen are given some well earned refreshment and return whence they came, and Parliament is then free to assemble without fear of disaster. It needs hardly be said that the safety of the reigning monarch, ministers, peers, and elected members of Parliament does not really depend upon this picturesque last-minute ceremony. Nevertheless, there was a night in 1605 when it did so depend upon a grimly earnest and quite unpicturesque search through the multifarious cellars that then underran the Palace of Westminster, and it is this event which the modern ceremony is traditionally supposed to commemorate. In fact, there does not seem to be any real evidence for the connection. Some authorities think that regular inspections of the cellars did not begin until the time of the Popish Plot scare in the last half of the 17th century. However that may be, there is no doubt that the ceremonial search made by the Yeomen of the Guard before the State Opening of Parliament is as much a reminder of the Gunpowder Plot for most people as any bonfires blazing and rockets soaring heavenwards on the night of November 5th. Notwithstanding the candles, the search now made is a real one, and certainly any secret enemy of the Queen and Parliament would find it hard to conceal any material evidence of evil intentions from the keen eyes of the Yeomen of the Guard. From a Dictionary of British Folk Customs by Christina Hole Text No. 5 SPACE DEBRIS The popular saying, “You have to pay for everything”, indirectly points to the fact that man should plan and think over his behavior in his world to avoid undesirable, costly problems in the future. Such is the case in space exploration. It goes without saying that the “contribution” of space exploration to increased pollution of Earth’s ecology is infinitesimally small compared to nuclear power, coal and oil mining, heavy metallurgy, “Big Chemistry”, and the like. But everything lies ahead. Space exploration began with the launching of the first satellite on October 3, 1957. More than 35 years of space exploration have generated a new problem: space debris. The space debris phenomenon alarms people in all developed countries. What lies at the heart of this problem? At present, a lot of disabled artificial satellites are circling round our Earth. The Earth’s orbits also include many fragments of antennae, solar batteries and small particles, which form up so-called clouds and clusters, which are especially dangerous for orbital flights of space crafts and satellites. One should not forget that the space includes gaseous and dusty particles. The micron-size particles are not dangerous in low orbits (up to 1000 km), as they burn out in solid layers of the atmosphere from friction. However high orbits (over 20.000 km) and Geostationary Orbits (36.000 km) are a different matter. Any satellite launched into such an orbit slowly moves about the point of liberation, which in turn makes one rotation within 24 hours. It “hovers” over one and the same point of the Earth’s equator. If the Earth were completely round, then any Geostationary Satellite would hover over the same point of the Earth, where it had been launched. This explains how communication satellites, TV satellites and the like operate. The very existence of space debris increases the chance of collisions with active satellites of manned space vehicles. consequent the long-term evolution of high orbital fragments and particles of space debris are now monitored. Ordinary radio-technical monitoring systems are useless here. They may be valid for only low-orbit monitoring. Two factors impede monitoring over Geostationary Orbits (GSO): the height of the orbit and a great deal of dielectric objects, which don’t reflect radio waves. Here we see the need for optical methods of observation. Russian scientists have achieved great success and are world leaders in this field. They have pioneered scientific monitoring of outer space with the help of unique specially designed astronomical telescopes. They study the optimal location of monitoring stations on the Earth’s surface and the mode of operation of their equipment. Cosmic mechanics involves the evolutionary study of the movement of cosmic objects, based on the physical peculiarities of forces inducing this movement. Russian astronomers have understood the special need for light pressure in the evolution of space debris. The light pressure phenomenon was discovered by the Russian physicist P. Lebedev in 1897. Today, the study of light pressure influence on space debris will lessen the danger of collisions between satellites or manned space vehicle with some fragments or particles of space debris. An article from the newspaper Text No. 6 PRESERVE FOR OUR GRANDCHILDREN Not that long ago it seemed that man, the Master of the Universe, can make rivers flow back, create artificial seas and turn deserts into blossoming gardens... We believed the Marxist doctrine that man cannot wait for fruits of Mother Nature and should take them himself. But it turned out that by changing Mother Nature we simply destroyed it. The very death of the extremely beautiful and deep Aral Sea, literally before our own eyes demonstrated the results of our ignorance of the elementary laws of life. The Chernobyl disaster became a sinister warning of a forthcoming apocalypse. It is crystal clear that the preservation of life and ecology troubles are world-wide problems. These problems came to the foreground. If water is undrinkable, food is inedible and air cannot be inhaled, then you must agree that all other problems are meaningless... It's safe to say that the very activity of the Committee of the Supreme Soviets on ecology and rational use of raw materials aims to preserve forests, lakes and clean rivers. In a nutshell we must preserve them for our grandchildren and great grandchildren. .. It goes without saying that the ecological problem is complicated. Vladimir Varfolomeev, Chairman of the Ecology Committee, maintains that this problem remains most acute. “Current technology does not correspond, as a rule, to ecological standards. Various violations of state and technological disciplines intensify harmful technical effects on Mother Nature. On the whole managers of enterprises try to make both ends meet to pay employees and do not engage in environmentally-sound activities... Tots put profits. consequently the Committee tries to create a powerful legislative body, which can prevent illegal ecological actions. It should be noted here that the law of the Russian Federation on the “Protection of the Environment” became the source of such legislation. This law stipulates the compliance of all enterprises, institutions, organizations, Russian citizens, foreign legal entities and individuals to strict legal principles. Some of these principles are: a guarantee of ecological principles suitable for life, labor and the rest of the population, rational use of raw materials and the prevention of fatal damage to the environment and humanity. This law enforces responsibility on the breaking of any environmental rules, including material and criminal damage... This law should meet state ecology expertise, which approves all enterprises dealing with design, building and reconstructing - so in Ryazan region the ecology expertise rejected half the draft new buildings and objects under reconstruction. Now the Ecology Committee is devising a package of “Nature-Resources laws”. The first law from this package is the law in the “Mineral Resources” and the recent “Fundamental laws of the Forestry of the Russian Federation"". Both these laws put an end to the totalitarian power of central ministries and its branches. The basis of many regional budget may be formed from forestry fees, rental fees together with payments for the use of mineral resources and other raw materials. Local authorities will be able to use the local forestry fund, and block any arbitrary exploitation of petrol, gas and what not... One should focus on the law on the “Fundamental laws of the Forestry of the RF”. Raw materials will sooner or later be exhausted, but the forest itself can last for millions of years, provided that we ensure its replenishment. The “Fundamentals” stress that the forest is both the place of our abode and our benefactor. It is also the source of valuable materials, including lumber, pulp and other building materials. If the Russian people call its soil “Dear Mother”, the forest should be called “Dear Father”. Life without oxygen produced by the forest would have been inconceivable. The forest feeds us and gives us clothes. In short its importance for man cannot be overestimated. consequent “Fundamentals” proceed from such principles as the forest’s afforestation.. These principles stipulate the maintenance of an annual balance between the cutting of standing timber and its afforestation on a given territory. Thus, so-called “calculated timber failing sites” are determined by special research bodies and discussed with state managerial forestry bodies. Any acted cutting of standing timber is prohibited. The Ministry of the Forestry must supervise afforestation, protect and guard the state forests. State bodies monitoring the forestry may not deal with state timber purchasing. Licenses for timber purchasing are issued by local authorities in compliance with the terms of forestry demands. The Chairman of the Subcommittee on the Natural Resources Committee of the Russian Federation Yuri Sergeev maintains: "The provision of rights for local authorities to choose a forest"s user and rent the forest fund will increase the responsibility of the local authorities for any social and consequences of economic of such decisions for their territories and thus prevent the dispersal of the forest"s users…"It will, in the long run, preserve for our children and grandchildren birch groves, pine forests, oak-groves and cedar forests. From the journal Nature Text No. 7 Wednesday, October 2, 1996 N E W S YOUTH PROTESTS GREET ARMY DRAFT By Sophia Coudenhove THE MOSCOW TIMES Dozens of young men picketed the Defense Ministry on Tuesday, demanding thorough reform of the army and an end to compulsory military service. "There"s no way I'm going to join the army when I'm called up", said Teodor Voitolovsky, 17, a student. "The Russian Army has traditionally been full of oppression, and I don"t think it" s my duty to serve in an army like that. I"m not afraid of what hap​pens to me if I dodge the draft"/ According to a recent report in Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Voitolovsky has little to fear. Of the 31,000 young men eligible to serve time in prison for evading the draft in the autumn of 1995 and winter of 1996, only 500 were charged and just 60 were actually sentenced, the paper reported. Tuesday's demonstration, organized by the Anti-Fascist Youth Movement, marked the first day of the autumn call-up, with draft-evasion steadily on the rise. Indeed, for the reluctant conscript, draft evasion may seem safer than military service, which continues to feature sadistic hazing rituals and a high incidence of accidental deaths and suicides. A series of decrees passed by President Boris Yeltsin in the heat of last summers election campaign would, if they were implemented, mean a gradual phasing out of con​scription in favor of a fully volunteer army by the year 2000. More feasibly, in the short term at least, Yeltsin also ordered that conscripts have the right to refuse service in the country"s various "hot spots" - in particular, Chechnya. Until recently, the prospect of being​ing sent to Chechnya ill-equipped and barely trained was the main threat causing young Russian men to avoid the draft. But, despite the decree and the apparent end of the war, today's unwilling conscripts are taking no chances. "This demonstration is a reminder to Yeltsin to think of his promises and fix our army,"" said Pyotr Kaznacheyev, 19, calling out to demon​strators in front of a Russian flag and posters of swastikas falling into trash cans. Demonstrators at Tuesday's meeting said Yeltsin's decrees were nothing more than a pre-election manoeuvre. “Reforming the army is not in the interests of our military leaders”, said Yevgeny Proshchechkin, a Russia’s Choice deputy in the Moscow City Duma, and head of the Anti-Fascist Youth Movement. “They know that the fewer soldiers there are, the fewer generals there will be, and they know that it is harder to control paid professionals than 18-years-old boys living in terrible conditions.” Others were equally pessimistic. “I do not believe the government and the Defense Ministry are talking this decree seriously,” said Duma Defense Committee chairman Alexey Arbatov. “There is not one word in the budget about professionalizing the army. They can not feed their soldiers as is, so how are they are going to pay to reform it”/ Arbatov said that despite the apparent end to the war in Chechnya, the number of draft-dodgers continues to grow every year. Defense Ministry officials declined to comment. According to the Nezavisimaya survey, one of every three draftees says his parents are opposed to his service in the military. Only 10 percent of parents believe military service to be a man’s patriotic duty, and only 8 percent believe “defense of the fatherland” is a valuable life experience. The survey disclosed that the main reasons for which draftees considered evasion are threefold: fear of hazing (30 percent), fear for their lives (3 percent) and the physical rigors of service (15 percent). An article from the newspaper Text No. 8 SEARCH FOR "NEW ENERGY" The creation of Peter's Academy of Sciences constituted the starting point of science academics in Russia. Peter the Great founded the Academy in 1724. Like everything else in Russia the Science was extremely centralised: fundamental research was carried out in Moscow and St. Petersburg, home to the largest universities and academic centres. Historians quite rightly assert that dramatic scientific developments occurred at the turn of the last century. ) was one of its pioneers. He was the universal scholar, philosopher, naturalist and historian. The world-known scholar Vernadsky was endowed with unique talents, able to set up scientific communities, organizations and scientific bodies in any situation. On graduating from Petersburg University in 1923, Vernadsky decided to go round the world and thereby fulfil a dream. Staritskaya changed his set plans. She did not cede to him st right away. She felt uneasy that she was two years and a half older than her suitor. He wrote numerous letters to win her over. In one letter he clearly predicted their future connubial life: "...I clearly see the road I"m destined to follow: scientific, social and publicist. My activities will vary. At any rate my creative work should rule out all infatuations and connubial dramas which often affect people who are not frank and whose heads are empty enough to suffer these misfortunes"/ They married three months after his proposal. Their connubial life lasted 57 years. Natalia Egorovna died during the war in 1943. Vernadsky lived another two and a half years. He contributed to biochemistry's development as a science. Vernadsky set the basis for science on the biosphere and neosphere. The sphere of the intellect oriented science to a cosmic disposition. He contributed greatly to certain walks of geology, namely mineralogy. He rendered great services to Geology, from a study of rare elements and their role in science to a search into "new energy"/ a nuclear one. Throughout his life, Vernadsky was a real scholar, dreamer and artist. He wrote his wife: "I"m a dreamer. It is in my blood. I "m aware that I can be fascinated with something false, delusive and be lost in a labyrinth of my illusions... Very few day-dreamers and scholars manage to perform something in their lives. consequently I think I may be a good for In those desperate days, I feel frustrated owing to my inability to do anything. I bitterly endure my nonentity. At that moment I don't want to be a scientist. I want to be somebody else... I feel that if I become convinced that I'm unable to be all my millions of dreams, I will be ready to devote myself body and soul to the humanities philosophy, jurisdiction or some other social activity..." Vernadsky never stood aloof from current political trends of the country. He was a staunch follower of democratic principles and constitutional state system. He refused even to think of living without after the October revolution and disbanding of the Constituent Assembly by Bolsheviks he tried to say "good-by" to the "new order". In 1916 during a short business trip to the city of Perm, he helped set up Perm's University and then moved on to Kiev, where he helped organize the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He was appointed its first President in 1919. But life brought its own corrections: after the revolution In Germany, Bolshevism came to the Ukraine. Vernadsky decided to move to the Crimea, where he helped create Tavria University and the Tavria Academy of Sciences. Vernadsky had to work there in very harsh political circumstances. In 1921 the Crimea was engulfed by civil war. Many of his friends, including his children, emigrated but he refused to, as he couldn't leave his job. In 1922 Vernadsky returned to St.Petersburg and created the Radium Institute. He was appointed its director. Vernadsky predicted the colossal importance of radium and other radioactive elements, radiating a "new type" of energy, emitting of heart for the Earth's evolution. The actual study of radioactive process enabled Vernadsky to determine the age of minerals from the period of radioactive decay. He thereby formulated the fundamental principles of radiology. This science allowed him to determine the absolute age of our Earth, Solar System and the Universe as a whole. Let me now advance a hypothesis of my own. I am sure that Vernadsky was convinced that the human soul was everlasting and indestructible. His definition of the "Neosphere" implied an energetic notion. Vernadsky re-interpreted this notion in terms of cooperation between nature and the human society. According to Vernadsky, human activity becomes a determined factor of evolution. In other words, the Neosphere forms the condition for the biosphere and puts it on the COSMIC level. It turns the biosphere into a structural element of the outer space. Vernadsky believed in God. He was convinced that the Neosphere was formed by both God and Man. In our days, science has started linking the peculiarities of the universe with man's existence as an observer. This is an entropy principle. This principle maintains that man was created by God the Almighty in a world with beneficial natural laws. We should preserve life and bring it about in conformity with the laws of society and Nature. Vladimir Vernadsky, the great naturalist, entrusted us with this task. which is derived from Indo-European (see INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES), but it is not definitely known how, when, or even where Indo-European began. today, however, several languages ​​are adding speakers at a faster rate - Spanish will soon have more speakers than English. e never seemed better. For several years now English has been accepted in virtually every part of the world as the prefered second language - the language that two people will turn to when they cannot understand each other’s tongue. It is no accident that the leaders of France and Germany speak to each other in English, and the English language shows no sings of losing its international preeminence. Origins English carries the story of its origin as an independent language in its name. The “Engl” - part of the word goes back to the Angles, a Germanic tribe that invaded and colonized much of Britain during the 5th and 6th centuries. The “ish” part means “belonging to"": in this case, the language than belonged to the Angles - the “Angles-ish” language. The Angles lived in northern Germany alongside a number of kindred tribes, including the Saxons and the Jutes. Beginning about the year 450, members of these three tribes, joining in the widespread barbarian migrations that marked the end of the western Roman Empire, crossed the North Sea to find new homes in Britain. For the next 50 or 60 years the would-be colonizers, aided by reinforcements, fought with the original inhabitants of the island, the Britons, and pushed them back to the north and west into present-day Scotland and Wales. The territory that Angles, Saxons, and Jutes thus carved out for themselves can be called the land of the Anglo-Saxons, or , for short, “Angle-land” - England. Similarly, their language can be called Anglo-Saxons or OLD ENGLISH. The Britons spoke one of the closely related languages ​​termed Celtic. CELTIC LANGUAGES spoken today include Irish, Welsh, and Scottish Gaelic, all found in Great Britain, and Breton, the native language of Brittany, on the northwest coast of France. The Anglo-Saxons spoke a form of Germanic. By the 5th century, however, speakers of these two branches of Indo-European would have been totally unintelligible to each other. At first the Anglo-Saxons who went to Britain continued to speak the same tongue as their cousins ​​whom they had left behind in northern Germany. With each passing generation, however, the speech patterns of the two peoples, now separated by the North Sea, grew less and less alike. After a while it could be said that they spoke different dialects of the same language - much as today the inhabitants of Montreal and Paris speak different dialects of French. Finally, at that time (probably during the 7th century or even later) when the Anglo-Saxons and people of Germany could no longer understand each other, the English language came into its own: the Anglo-Saxons spoke English - Old English to be precise - and the people of Germany spoke early forms of the German language. Old English Present-day English descends directly from the speech of the Anglo-Saxons. English has, however, changed so much during the course of the past thousand years that today Old English seems like a foreign tongue to us. The Norman Conquest explains many of the shifts in vocabulary that have taken place since the time of the Anglo-Saxons. Before 1066 only a handful of words had been borrowed from French; since then, tens of thousands of French words have entered the English Language. Instead of the Germanic word rice (compare present-day Germanic Reich), we might say “realm”, “dominion”, “region”, or “possessions”, all of which are French loanwords that first appeared in English during the course of the 16th and 14th centuries. William the Conqueror and his French-speaking court influenced English mostly from the top down. The vast majority of the inhabitants of England continued to speak English after the Conquest, although Henry IV, who succeeded Richard II on the throne in 1399, was the first king since Harold II whose mother tongue was English rather than French. It is not surprising that our words veal, beef, mutton, and pork for the prepared meats that would have been eaten by the Normans inside their castles are all of French origin, while our names calf, ox, sheep, and swine for the corresponding animals raised and slaughtered by the English-speaking farmers outside the castle walls are all of Anglo-Saxons origin. Despite the many French loanwords, English remained English, not a dialect of French. English grammar, as opposed to vocabulary, remained virtually unaffected by French, and grammatical developments that had begun much earlier during Anglo-Saxon times continued without interruption through the Conquest. Even today it is still obvious that the grammatical structure of English resembles that of German far more than it resembles that of French. Middle English Although 1066 in no way marks a change of languages ​​for the people of England, the date nonetheless serves as a convenient divider between two periods of English: Old English and MIDDLE ENGLISH. Middle English is characterized both by its greater French vocabulary and, more importantly, by the loss of inflections. By the close of the Middle English period, however, only the two of these inflections remained in use: -es for plural nouns (descended from -as) and the past tense marker -ed (from -od). The poet Geoffrey CHAUCER, for example, who died in the year 1400, was no longer able to indicate by means of the inflection -ne that the phrase urne ... half was a direct object even though it preceded its verb sele (“give ”). Chaucer’s equivalent phrase, our loof-like present-day English “our loaf”(or “our bread”) - could function either as a subject of as an object. To show that the phrase was the object in a sentence, Chaucer, like us, had to place it after the verb. Effect of Printing on English The year 1476, a date not nearly so well remembered as 1066, was every bit as important for the English language. Just as the earlier date can serve as a dividing line between Old English and Middle English, the later date is often used to separate conveniently Middle English from the third and the most recent period of our language, Modern English. In 1476 the first English printer, William CAXTON, set up his press in London. Previously, spelling had changed to reflect changes in pronunciation. Printing froze spelling: we spell essentially the way Caxton did. The Anglo-Saxons wrote half because they pronounced the h; Chaucer wrote loof or lof because he no longer did so. Although we say “nite”, we write “knite” because Caxton still pronounced both the k at the beginning of the word and the gh, which sounded something like the ch in the present-day Scottish pronunciation of loch or in the German word ich . Printing had a decisive effect on spelling because until the development of printing all books were copied by hand. Each copy of a book was spelled differently because no two copyists or scribes spoke in exactly the same manner. (If this seems strange, consider how a person with a New York City accent might spell the word earl, if he had not been taught otherwise: oil/) Thus, when Caxton began to turn out dozens or even hundreds of virtually identical copies of a book, his spelling system at once became familiar all over England. Because their readers were accustomed to Caxton`s spellings, his immediate successors decided to adapt these spellings for their books. Aside from occasional modifications and reforms, printers have followed the same spelling system ever since - that of Caxton`s late-15th-century London. From textbook in Linguistics Text No. 10 EUROPEAN UNION THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD Plans for economic and monetary union have been circulating for 30 years, only to be blown off course by recessions, oil crises and exchange rate turbulence. Established in Frankfurt at the end of last year, the new European Monetary Institute will play a key role in guiding the European Union towards a single currency and official economic unity. The dream of a single currency for Europe by tile end of the century lives on. Whether it can be achieved will depend not simply on political will and greater "convergence" of economic performance among the 12 members of the European Union. The outcome may also rest on the skills of Mr. Alexandre Lamfalussy, a Hungarian emigre who fled Communism as a young man, became an hon​orary Baron in his adopted country of Belgium, and now occupies a central position in European monetary affairs. On January 1, 1994 Lamfalussy took over as the first president of the Frankfurt-based European Monetary Institute (EMI), the forerunner of the European central bank which will manage the putative single currency according to the provisions of the Maastricht treaty. His arrival coincided with the official start of "Stage II" of economic and monetary union (EMU), the tran​sition period of between three and five years in which the Twelve are supposed to prepare for the final leap to a single currency. A deeper-than-expected recession and A series of currency crises in 1992 and 1993 have made the deadline of January 1 1999 much more realistic for the move to fully-fledged monetary union than the original goal of 1997. The likelihood of having a longer -than-expected Stage II puts a certain onus on the EMI as the catalyst for greater monetary co-operation and co-ordination inside the EU. The dilemma facing Mr. Lamfalussy is that the Maastricht treaty sets clear limits to the EMI's powers. On the fundamental question of who retains responsibility for running economic policy in the EU, the answer remains the individual member states. There is a risk, therefore, that, far from marking a qualitative new step towards greater integration sin, EMU Stage II might turn out to amount to little more than treading water. European currency is not only a desirable supplement to the single European market but also a politically feasible objective in the necessary drive towards greater political and economic integration? November: "I think the only way to influence the market is through the credibility and sustainability of policies. Credibility leads to exchange rate stability". Yet the head of the EMI made clear that he does not intend to remain a passive observer of events, particularly if individual member states appear to be pursuing policies deemed damaging to the common interest of the European Union, such as a combination of high interest rates and excessive budget deficits. "I shall make it my duty to draw attention to the risks arising from an unbalanced policy mix", he said. A sprightly-looking 64-ear-old, Mr. Lamfalussy was born in Kapuvar, Hungary, and fled to Belgium after World War II. He studied economics at the University of Louvain, Belgium's top-flight university- for economic studies, until 1953, when he moved to Nuffield College. Oxford, as a research student. He combined the careers of a bank economist and academic until the mid-I970s, by which time he had become executive director of the Banquet de Brussels and chairman of its execute board. His international career took off in 1976 when he moved to the Basle-based Bank of International Settlement, the central bankers" forum which handles common rules for prudential supervision for international banks. Mr. Lamfalussy started as economic and head of monetary and economic department, rising to general manager in 1985. Throughout his career, the Baron has never been afraid of speaking his mind. In the early 1980s he dismissed the first Thither government's unbending support of monetarism without regard to soaring unemployment as being similar to an experiment in natural science rather than a balanced economic policy. In 1991 lie-issued a prophetic warning about the problems facing Britain from its membership in the European exchange rate mechanism (ERM). Mr. Lamfalussy was one of four outside experts appointed to the Delors committee of central bank governors, which in 1988 drew up proposals for the European Union's drive for EMU that became the basis of the economic and monetary aspects of the Maastricht treaty. Mr. Lamfalussy he suggested that EC central banks should create a joint subsidiary for the second stage of EMU, which would centralize some of their operations and perform some of their functions. was a blueprint for the EMI, though the Baron obviously had something more powerful in mind. Monitoring and advisory role Under the Maastricht treaty, the EMI is limited to the role of "monitoring and advising" member states economic policies. Secondary leg​ islation approved late last year bans governments from borrowing indirectly from central banks. hem to rein in excessive budget deficits and debt, and sets out the various contributions of central banks to the EMI. But in terms of sanctions the Institute must rely on peer pressure only. Maastricht's minimalist approach can be explained largely by the need to contain objections from the Bundesbank, the German central bank. Having reluctantly accepted that Germany's political leaders were ready to give up the Deutsche-mark in return for an (ill-defined ) European political union, the Bundesbank insisted on a higher price: a lengthy transition period to EMU involving the strict adherence to the so-called convergence criteria covering inflation, budget deficits, government debt and interest rates, as well as a limited role for the EMI. Stage I of EMU was supposed to be the period when member states made decisive progress towards economic convergence. Their performance has been poor on all counts other than inflation. Moreover, the impressive progress towards price stability has been at the cost of rising unemployment and the most serious deterioration in public finances in a generation. Economic convergence has been replaced by economic deference. One result was August 1993 crisis in the ERM which led to the abandonment of narrow fluctuation margins for member currencies and the introduction of 15 per cent bands, with the exception of the German Deutsche-mark and the Dutch guilder whose margins remain at 2. 25 cent. The August 2 decision marked the collapse of the old ERM, but also the end of the earlier, widely-held view that fixed but adjustable narrow bands were the prerequisite for an early move to the European monetary union. Late last year, Mr. Jacques Delors, president of the European Commission, branded Stage I an outright failure. His intervention may have been prompted more by a conviction that the crisis required a correspondingly bold response. Nothing has so far happened, but there is widespread recognition that EMU Stage II needs to provide a new framework of exchange rate discipline to make up for the ground lost in the past two years. Mr. Philippe Maystadt, Belgium "s finance minister, supports this "maximalist" position and has expounded it on several occasions during the Belgian presidency of the EU, which ended on December 31 1993. He rejects the idea that the EMI should be an "empty shell ". Instead, he would like to see Stage II "enriched", with the EMI involved in setting monetary targets and the management of the ERM. Thus Mr. Maystadt wants the EMI to be given an "explicit role" in decisions leading to the entry or realignment of an ERM currency. States with low inflation might consider aligning their monetary policies to a common intermediate target." In this case, the FMI might by allowed to issue joint statements on national policy decisions taken by central banks in this low-inflation zone. The ERM itself could be strengthened, possibly through a more equitable sharing of potential exchange rate losses arising from open-ended central bank interventions in support of weaker currencies. Pressing on to currency union Lamfalussy appears more inclined to a "softly, softly" approach, at least initially. He told the European Parliament last November that it was too soon to consider reforms to the ERM. As a result it was "improbable" that the European Union would manage to meet the early date of EMU by 1997. It was more likely that a few of the strongest EU economies would press on with monetary union in "jumps" rather than pursuing an unworkable "gradualist" approach. This line of argument adopts the familiar contention that a "hard-core" of members states such as Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and possibly France could move to monetary union fairly quickly. But there are political pitfalls: how to avoid alienating EMU aspirants such as Italy and Spain who are taking painful steps to reform their economics; and how to ensure that the European public is ready for such a move, particularly in Germany where citizens see the Deutsche-mark as the symbol of post- World War II stability and prosperity. Mr. Lamfalussy acknowledges that a good deal of preparatory work remains to be done by his staff of more than 200 people in Frankfurt, and that the culture of co-operation needs to be developed further not just between central bankers but also between national finance ministers who have a strong independent streak. He sees himself as an "honest broker" between the independent central banks, willing on occasions to bang heads together to reach a compromise. "I am not representing any of the central banks, nor indeed any of the countries, and that will make quite a substantial difference," he says. EMU enthusiasts may be correct in suggesting that circumstances require a new initiative and a stronger-than-expected role for the EMI. But in 1994 the political circumstances are unlikely to be favourable. The major obstacles are a number of elections in Europe, particularly in Germany, and the continuing recession. "No one wants to take risks, they just want to survive," says a senior German official in Brussels. The most likely moment for a new thrust on monetary integration is after the French presidential elections in the spring of 1995. The short-term prospect therefore is one of hard graft, with each member state doing its best to put its own house in order so as to better prepare for the next leap forward. The same applies to Mr. Lamfalussy in Flankfilrt as he seeks to define a role for his new institution. From the magazine Overview CREATING A SUMMARY 1. Introduction: Information about the publication Name of book, article Place of publication Date of publication Information about the author Name Citizenship/Nationality Profession Academic and other qualifications Subject of work (what the work is devoted to) The book is devoted to the issue of The article the problem of The work The book (article, work) covers problems (issues)... 2. Generalization of the basic issues/problems/subjects covered in the book In this book the author raises several important issues In this article studies the following problems In this work covers In this study discusses analyzes touches on considers speaks about stresses First, first of all, firstly, in the first place then, besides , furthermore, subsequently, in the second place, secondly 3. Analysis of the 1, 2, or 3 most important problems/issues/subjects in the author's opinion: a) Justification of the subjects selected. One of the most important subjects, in my opinion, is the issue most topical issues, in my view, main problems, in the author’s opinion b) A brief restatement of the author’s position on these subjects. The author considers, analyzes, states, discloses, describes, depicts, presents The author researches, develops, elaborates, clarifies, formulates, characterizes The author touches on, mentions, refers to The author stresses, notes, indicates, focuses on, concentrates on , pays/ devotes particular attention to The author proves, provides data, bases his views on, shares the point of view that, in the author's opinion, in the author's view, according to the author The author refutes, disputes, argues against, questions , sheds doubt on, objects against, disagrees with, critisizes, denies c) A brief statement of your opinions about the author's position. 4. Present the author's conclusions in a generalized form. In the end the author concludes/comes to the conclusion that Thus, it can be said that, consequently The author makes the generalization that The author presents the following results 5. Your personal evaluation of the information presented by the author. The value of the author's work is in its The virtue of the author's work is The positive aspects of the work are The significance of the work is The benefits The weak points The work has great practical significance The work is of interest to The work is interesting due to its The work is meant for (who) RUSSIAN TESTS Text No. 1 UNDER THE LAW OF CONSCIENCE (narrated by Vera Budarina, director of the CSO) In the Savelovsky district, 20,132 people receive pensions and benefits. Many of them need help not only material, but also physical and spiritual. To alleviate their plight, the Center for Social Services was created, located at the address: 1st Khutorskaya, 5a. The main tasks of the center are: · development of comprehensive programs for the organization of social services for citizens, the prevention of a decrease in the level of their social protection and the level of socio-economic security; · Identification of citizens in need of social services, together with municipal authorities (health, education, etc.), public and religious associations; · differentiated accounting of all citizens in need of social services; determination of specific forms of assistance, the frequency of its provision; provision of social, household, trade, medical, consulting and other services to those in need of a permanent, temporary or one-time nature. Structural subdivisions of the Center are departments: social services at home, day care, emergency social services. The department of social services at home in our Center was created for temporary (up to 6 months) or permanent assistance to disabled people. At their request, social workers pay utility bills, buy food and medicine. Provide other assistance. People don't feel lonely and helpless when they get attention. The day care department opened at the Center at the beginning of the year. This semi-stationary unit is intended for social, cultural and medical services for citizens who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement; organizing their meals and recreation, engaging them in feasible work activities and maintaining an active lifestyle. Here, during the day, pensioners can do what they love: patchwork mosaics, modeling, sewing and knitting. One free meal provided. Lectures on various topics, concerts, excursions are held. So, for example, there was a concert-journey through the garden and park ensembles of Moscow and St. Petersburg with a slide show and a story about these places, accompanied by classical music, which was performed by the trio ensemble “Harp of Russia”; concerts dedicated to Victory Day, Easter holidays. The Center is consulted by a psychologist who, if necessary, goes to the house. An experienced lawyer can resolve disputes. The Department of Urgent Social Services is designed to provide emergency one-time assistance to citizens who find themselves in extreme conditions and are in dire need of social support. The department renders the following social services: · one-time provision of urgently needy citizens with food packages; Provision of clothing, footwear and other essentials; Assistance in the organization of medical care; provision of legal assistance; provision of emergency psychological assistance; providing the necessary information and consultations on social assistance issues; other urgent social assistance. Our Center is waiting for everyone who needs help. Newspaper Article Text No. 2 PARENTS, PROTECT THE CHILDREN! (from the meeting of the commission on juvenile affairs) At the recent commission on juvenile affairs, which was attended by the adviser of the district Assembly, Colonel A. Dodin, the question arose again in all its acuteness: what to do with children now? How to distract them from the meaningless, inactive, but, alas, attractive for many of them pastime on the street? Where and how will they spend their summer? With the advent of warm days, the groups of teenagers who stuck out in the porches in winter move to the streets and courtyards and become more numerous. Many children who attended any circles and sections during the school year are left without any classes for the summer. The hectic end of May, with its worries about upcoming exams or certification for promotion to the next class, makes teenagers get together a little and sit down to books. But already in June you can’t keep them at home. But not all families can send their children out of town for the summer. And here the guys in the city noise and dust hang out on the street until dark, toiling from idleness. Here, of course, there are some "entertainment", including drinking. More than half of all applications considered at the meeting of the Commission were related to the use of alcoholic beverages by minors and the stay of teenagers in public places in a state of intoxication. “What is there,” those called at the meeting justify, “we didn’t do anything ... But I didn’t drink, I just stood nearby ...” In general, nothing, they say, happened, all this is mere trifles. However, the benches in the yards often have to be repaired or new ones put up, the walls in the stairwells are regularly painted, the broken combination locks in the doors of the entrances are changed, and the screeching, laughter and shouting in the evening is ignored ... What to do? How to stop divergent teenagers? After all, as A. Dodin rightly noted, if the guys do not have internal discipline, there will be no order around. Of course, persuasion alone will not achieve anything here. Persuasion does not work on these guys. But then how can we help repeat teens, bullies or drug addicts who are registered with the Commission? Only one thing - to try to make the life of these guys more organized and fulfilling, to force them to submit to discipline, to accustom them to it. Fortunately, the Commission has the ability to allocate vouchers for such children to summer work or sports camps, help resolve the issue of further education in professional or special institutions, and the analysis of each application becomes an attempt to find the best way out of a difficult situation. But still, no matter how hard the members of the Commission try, they cannot replace these teenagers with their relatives. Take care of your children! Don't leave them alone with their problems. No, even the most successful decision of the most competent commission will make up for the lack of parental care and attention. Newspaper article Text No. 3 THE METRO IS DEPRECATED Moscow and the metro... They fit together so well, they grew together so much that where there is no metro, it seems that Moscow is no longer there. Even the native residents of communal apartments cannot be dragged by the ears into new areas of the city, where the apartments are such that you can even play tennis in them, where the forest begins immediately from the entrance or a picturesque pond is visible from the windows - but where the nearest metro station is hiding behind the horizon line. And vice versa, it’s worth building a subway in such a place, you don’t need to drag anyone here by the ears, they go by themselves ... And it’s impossible to imagine that someday our subway will become obsolete, as happened, for example, with horse-drawn trams and the first samples internal combustion engines. But, by the way, and the subway becomes outdated. It's not growing quite like that... ...It's not hopeless yet, not yet to such an extent that it would be impossible to enter the 21st century on the classic Moscow metro. But this mode of transportation is already in dire need of modernization. The subway, designed to carry 50,000 passengers an hour back and forth, today operates at one and a half loads, at the limit of its capabilities. The cost of repairing old and building new metro stations has long been beyond the reach of either the federal or the capital's treasury taken together: the price of 1 km of the subway fluctuates between $50-70 million. And Moscow today is in dire need of about one and a half hundred of these new metro-kilometers. Which, by the way, will pay off only if you equate the cost of a subway fare to the cost of a taxi fare. But such a solution is in the realm of science fiction: public transport, by definition, cannot cost as much as private transport. “You see, there are objective laws of technology development, according to which transport systems should already be built on new principles,” Alexander Grigoryevich, head of the laboratory of electrical machines at the Institute of Railway Transport, comments on the situation. - Now the mass of subway cars is approximately twice the mass of passengers brought. And energy costs, man-made and environmental impact of the metro on the environment are directly related to this “mass of the car”. It's no secret, for example, that ground buildings are “shaking” from metro trains, especially in places where the metro is not laid deep. But within the framework of outdated technologies, it is impossible to reduce the mass of the rolling stock. An example of this is the new car "Yauza", which is no lighter than its predecessors. You can spend as much money as you want on the development of more advanced metro trains, but without switching to traction by an electromagnetic field using linear electric motors, the wheel pressure on the rails - 13 tons - will remain what it was and will remain "". … And not quite there This same transition, carried out by the West 15 years ago, is comparable to the revolution in aviation: the replacement of piston engines by jet engines brought new speeds and changes in the appearance of aircraft. The arrival of linear motors in the metro is fraught with the same. Cars with such engines are twice as light, their dimensions are reduced, their life spans are three times longer. Ultimately, they are more economical, cheaper than traditional rolling stock. And most importantly, they can not only be “buried” into the ground, but also raised to overpasses during the construction of the metro on the outskirts of the city. One of the first such systems was erected in 1986 in Vaokuvere, 21.4 km long (overpass 16.6 km, tunnel 1.3 km, on the ground 3.5 km). As a result, Canadians saved not only on light rolling stock, but also on construction, because the overpass is 3-4 times cheaper than our classic subway. The Japanese liked the idea so much that they immediately began building a 42 km mini-subway in Osaka and Tokyo. This is the most mini-metro, it is also a high-speed tram, it is also S-Bahn, Metrolage, Light-rail, according to experts, is a thing that has been known in the West for 20 years. There, in general, it’s not customary to build a classic subway based on 1 million residents of the city adjacent to the subway. This, to put it mildly, is considered an unreasonable waste of money. After all, 1-3 million inhabitants is 25 thousandth passenger traffic, and the classic metro is designed for twice as much. And we, in our poverty, do not save taxpayers' money, there is no such habit. Moscow needs a metro, and it is being built, but according to the technologies of the outgoing century, it is a little different, a little wrong. Elena Kibalnik Newspaper article Text No. 4 DUERER SHOULD NOT BE EXCHANGED FOR SAUSAGE (The fate of art treasures that changed owners during the war) The problems of restitution have been going on for more than a year. These problems periodically exacerbate relations between Russia and Germany. The position of the German side is unequivocal: “return Schliemann's gold to us, resolve issues with the Rotterdam and Hungarian collections, etc. etc.". But another question constantly remains in the shadow: the fate of the valuables taken out during the Great Patriotic War from the territories of Russia. In an interview with KP correspondents, Deputy Minister of Culture of Russia M. Shfidko tries to explain the intricacies of the work, in which politics, morality, and, possibly, human ambitions are intertwined: - Our position is unequivocal: the interests of world culture should prevail over the interests of property. From my point of view, it does not matter at all that, for example, some valuables from the Egyptian collections are now in the British Museum. The main thing is that they can be seen. Understand the role they played in the history of mankind. - It seems that the activity of the commission is paralyzed. This became especially clear after the Lost of War symposium held in New York. - Yes, at first everyone was euphoric. It would seem that something simpler: in the 90th year, Gorbachev and Kohl signed a joint agreement, which contains provisions on the return of cultural property. But the euphoria was replaced by a sober assessment of the difficult reality. Because no state has a well-established mechanism for transferring cultural and artistic values ​​to other countries. There is none in Russia either. - How do you assess the work of the German side? - You can say this: they are ready to take, we are not ready to give. However, not everything is so categorical. There is a normal communication of professionals from both sides. It is gratifying that a real exchange of claims has begun. We presented the Germans with a list of 40,000 casualties, collected after studying the archives of three hundred museums. The Germans put up 200,000 claims to us. But there is also the other side of the problem. What are the most important Russian valuables that were taken to Germany? - The fact is that during the war Ukraine suffered the greatest losses. For example, the Kyiv Museum of Western and Oriental Art, the Lviv Museum. The Germans tell us: of all the works of art in Germany, exported from the USSR, only 20% belong to Russia. We presented the Germans with a list of our claims for valuables from the museums of Leningrad, as well as from the Orel museums. · Is the location of our valuables in Germany known? - This is too painstaking work, and the German side is providing us with invaluable assistance. Good contacts, for example, have been established between us and the Bremen Center for Eastern European Art. · Many of our valuables left Germany for third countries… - Yes, recently an employee of the museum in Tsarskoye Selo informed us that damask fabrics from Tsarskoye Selo were found in one of the museums in Los Angeles. But in general, the data bank on Russian valuables that ended up in third countries after the war is still small. - How do you feel about the option of returning German valuables of part of the Russian debt to Germany? Under the values, by the way, you can ask for new loans. - The Commission and I personally categorically oppose such an option. Durer cannot be exchanged for sausage! In matters of restitution, one must be a pragmatic patriot. But, by the way, I have not heard that anyone in the highest echelons of power has hatched such decisions. - At one time, Yeltsin really surprised the Russian and German public with the phrase that he knew where the famous "Amber Room" from the Tsarskoye Selo Palace was located. - I will not comment on the issue of the "Amber Room". Maybe the president was just joking? The most interesting thing, however, is that the "Amber Room" cannot be compared with the same frescoes from the cathedrals of Novgorod and Pskov, partially destroyed, partially taken out by the Germans, neither in terms of their artistic value, nor in their value. - How serious a psychological problem for our society have become issues of restitution? Does it affect the commission's work? - I can not classify this problem as particularly burning. Yes, last year, under our windows, a group of radicals burned an effigy of the Minister of Culture: they say, we follow the lead of the Germans. Most, I'm sure, understand the complexity of the problem. The most difficult thing is to find the right balance between "the law of law" and "the right of morality". Andrey Baranov, Serafim Berestov Newspaper article Text No. 5 THE SENTENCE IS MADE ... NEIGHBORS In their native state, residents of Vermont, in the north of the United States, are fighting crime in an original way. They created an unusual judicial system, in which the offender is judged not by professional judges or jury trials, but by ... the locals themselves. Now fellow countrymen decide the fate of the defendant. And it all started with an experiment. A 22-year-old student was charged with assault and physical threats after he almost ran into two policemen who were calmly returning from a party. The student pleaded guilty and asked to be sentenced by the so-called correctional commission. It included a local merchant, a chemistry teacher and a retired soldier. For the people of Vermont, the creation of such commissions is just a well-forgotten old thing. Even in colonial times, Vermont thieves were subjected to humiliating punishment: according to the verdict of the correctional commission, the thief was grabbed by the ear and dragged in this way throughout the village until he sincerely repented and asked for forgiveness for his deed. In modern times, defendants are usually sentenced to a public apology, restitution, or forced housekeeping for elderly neighbors. Following the Vermonters, residents of other states are also trying to introduce similar correctional programs. Of course, not everyone supports such a system of justice, but some positive points are undeniable. This is, first of all, compensation for losses to the victim, the involvement of independent citizens in the sentencing process and, most importantly, the possibility of social rehabilitation of criminals. So say the people of Vermont. “Our goal is to shift the traditional focus,” says John Gorczyk, chairman of one such commission. “For us, the main thing is not so much to punish the criminal, but to make him reconsider his behavior by compensating the victim, and the entire town for moral harm and material damage, literally in front of neighbors and relatives.” At the same time, the commission does not decide on the guilt of the violator, it only pronounces a sentence if he pleads guilty and makes a corresponding request. True, it is unlikely that the state of Vermont can serve as an ideal place for this kind of experiment. One sixth of all serious crimes in the United States is in this state. To this argument, optimists respond that with the help of correctional boards, overburdened state courts are freed up for more serious crimes. After all, only cases not related to robbery, violence, and murder are accepted for consideration. For small towns, this system has proved to be very effective. So, the same student was sentenced to classes with difficult teenagers for 30 hours. In addition, he was obliged to meet with the policemen whom he had frightened and to hear from them what they thought about his driving style, so that they could “let off steam”. In another case, a man who, due to speeding, drove onto the sidewalk and knocked down a lamppost, was sentenced by the correctional commission to work in a hospital for the mentally retarded. And the teenager, who scratched obscene inscriptions on the wall of public buildings, then painted the facade of the city theater for two whole months. Among the 200 Vermont reform program enthusiasts are some of the state's most respected residents: teachers, doctors, merchants, and even lawyers. Maybe we should take on the correction of our violators of public order ourselves? Natalya Vasilyeva Newspaper Article Text No. 6 CHILDREN ARE NOT GUYED FOR ADULTS' MISTAKES The charitable society "Maria" has been in existence for seven years now, providing assistance to the families of police officers in Moscow. Among the wards of "Maria" are widows, orphans, single fathers, retired police officers, the disabled and single-parent families. The society was organized and headed by Olga Vladimirovna Murasheva, a charming and energetic woman who gives all her strength to her work. Our today's interview with Olga Vladimirovna is about joys, anxieties and how it all began. - Why did you start helping the Moscow police? - In 1991, my husband Arkady was appointed to the Main Department of Internal Affairs of the city. Moscow, and he faced a lot of everyday problems of his employees. By that time, the charitable society "Maria" already existed, but we could not decide who we would help. Everyone wanted to help, but we knew it was impossible. It would take an enormous amount of time to ascertain the veracity of each request. Everything is taken care of by the police. There is all the necessary and already verified information. In addition, as the wife of the chief, access was open there. - How did your husband's subordinates perceive your case? - At first they considered it a whim of the chief's wife. But they had to help me. I remember the first holiday we organized for the families of deceased employees. We gathered all these families, all the police authorities came, correspondents from various media. There were representatives of AiF together with Vladislav Andreevich Starkov, with whom we have a long and strong friendship. The first 14 months were at times heyday. Then my husband was fired. And it became difficult for us. Didn't want to quit everything? Yes, there were such thoughts. But it was simply embarrassing to retreat. Since then, the usual work for us has begun. And the former colleagues of her husband ceased to perceive this as a whim. · Tell me, are there many people who are ready to help now? - There are always such people. When a person has money and he does not get sick from this "star" disease, he understands that it is pleasant and necessary to do good. But wealthy people do not always respond. For example, after an article in the newspaper “Daughters-Mothers” (No. 2, 1998), rather unexpected responses were received. The article mentioned a toddler who needed expensive heart surgery. Then we did not have such an impressive amount, and we turned to the readers for help. The first to respond was a student from Yaroslavl. She sent the baby 350 rubles. Two anonymous transfers came from the city of Protvino. The cosmetic salon "Fiest" gave money for the operation and took a disabled girl with cerebral palsy for treatment. A letter came from an American woman who learned about two fathers raising children alone. She wrote that she could not help them with money, but she was ready to send gifts to children for Christmas and birthdays. I would very much like to thank all those who responded to our request for help through the newspaper. Thanks to you, the baby was operated on. Everything went well and he is now recovering. · Tell us, what are the plans of “Maria” for the near future? - Pretty rosy, because we are optimists and we know that we will succeed. Recently, we were presented with the Passport of the charitable organization of St. Moscow. And in January, the program “Moscow Entrepreneurs - Moscow Police”, developed by the society, received the status of a city charitable program. This gives certain tax benefits to our sponsors. For the summer, we organize sanatorium treatment for seriously ill children in the Crimea and the Moscow region. They can go there with their parents. We recently received humanitarian aid, which was distributed among hospitals and pre-trial detention centers. And they gave it to our veterans and the disabled. · Don't they take such help for granted? - No never. All our wards are very grateful to the “Maria” society, its employees for their attention and care, because they give all their strength to work. I would like to mention Lyudmila Nikolaevna Kulnacheva, Tatyana Georgievna Astretsova, Natalya Anatolyevna Presnova. Does your husband still help your community? - Of course. We have everything in common with him. From the moment we met. We met when we were 16 years old. We studied in the same group at Moscow State Technical University. Bauman and got married after the third year. We recently celebrated our 20th wedding anniversary. Now, as before, he comes to our holidays, is interested in the affairs of “Maria”. · Now work in “Maria” is the work of your whole life? - This is my brainchild, which I will never leave. I hope that one day a law on charity will be passed, and it will cease to be a curiosity. Maybe then we will have fewer unhappy families and children. After all, there is nothing worse than sad children's eyes and crippled destinies. Children are not to blame for the mistakes of adults. Anna Shitova Newspaper article Text No. 7 WHAT CHILDREN NEED FROM A MOTHER What should girls who do not have a mother do to help them cope with difficulties? Previously, it was from the mother that small children expected support. Now, when solving some problems, children can turn to dad for help. But mom and dad are not the same at all, and in most families, mom remains the main assistant for children. Many women find it difficult to cope with all the loads. “Everywhere they write: “Children need this, children need that,” one mother told me. “I'm starting to feel like I'll never be able to do everything I need to do. Sometimes I feel squeezed out like a sponge. And yet I want to do everything for my children.” However, not all needs are equal. Moms should think about what is really important. I have had the opportunity to talk with hundreds of mothers and thousands of children in my life. Also, I've looked at tons of research on parenting. In this article, I have highlighted the main things that children need from their busy mothers. 1. Nurture their hearts. Mothers should clearly demonstrate that a good - friendly, courteous - attitude towards people is no less important than success in school and sports. Children whose senses are constantly evolving develop what psychologist Daniel Goleman calls “emotional intelligence,” the ability to tune in to the needs of others. Such people are more likely to succeed in life. Based on research findings, the most productive engineers at Bell Labs are not those with the highest IQ, but those who are good at getting along with colleagues. Mothers often help children learn to make friends. One of my co-workers told me that as a child he had a hard time making friends. Once, when a teammate was injured, his mother insisted that he call the boy and inquire about his well-being. “Mom,” my friend objected, “he doesn’t recognize me.” “She knows,” Mom replied. - A phone call is the beginning of a strong friendship. “Mom showed me that friendship begins when you are attentive to others, and do not require attention to yourself,” recalls my colleague. 2. Scold less, praise more. We all know that praise can do wonders. Excessive criticism can lead to excessive self-criticism, and the child will be afraid to take risks, without which it is sometimes impossible to achieve the goal. There are right and wrong ways to praise a child, says Jack Rosenblum, a father and management consultant in Atlanta. Most parents, scolding their children, dwell on their misdeeds in great detail, but their praise is somehow vague. “You are a wonderful child! ”- such an assessment causes an instant flash of joy, but it quickly goes out. So let your praise be specific. Don't say, "You are so brave." Instead, say, “I’m proud that when you fell off your bike, you weren’t afraid to get back on and ride.” Explain why this action is worthy of praise. Everyone has their own “horse”, something that has special meaning for us, says Rosenblum, and praise for success in this area invariably hits the mark. As a mother, you should know better than anyone what is most important to your child - perhaps it's music, sports, or one of the school subjects. If you don't know, then it won't hurt if you ask your child about it. Finally, since children only digest a limited amount of information at one time, praise your child little by little, but often. One hundred complimentary remarks, one minute each, will have a much greater effect than one hundred minutes of continuous praise. 3. Talk about taboo topics. We live in a dangerous world where children are exposed to drugs, alcohol and sex at an ever younger age. Some mothers are afraid that talking about such topics might make their children want to try it. Everything is just the opposite. For example, studies of fifth and seventh graders in Southern California in 1994 found that children who openly discuss such topics with their parents were the least likely to use drugs and alcohol. Mothers are especially good at talking to their children about sensitive topics. First of all, get as familiar as possible with the subject matter, whether it's drugs and alcohol or teenage sex. Then find out what the children know about it: six or seven year olds may have heard some stories on the playground or seen something on TV. Emphasize that you are talking to them so that they understand how dangerous it is, and not because you do not trust them. Let the children know that you are ready to answer any of their questions, to discuss with them everything that worries them. 4. Push your limits as your kids grow. Children need boundless love, only then can they develop self-esteem. Such unconditional love does not mean that you should not limit the child in anything: setting limits shows the child how much he means to you. When a child crosses these boundaries, let's understand that you are upset by his behavior, not by himself. As children grow older, these boundaries, of course, should move apart. Sons especially tend to distance themselves from their mothers. Psychologist Evelyn S. Bassoff writes that boys often put on an air of surly reserve that vanishes when they accidentally stumble upon their first toy truck. It is natural for them to desire to seek encounters with danger and to assert themselves in what they consider to be a manifestation of male power. The boys grow up, their social circle too, and the mother should not consider herself rejected at the same time. But you shouldn't be complacent either. A seventeen-year-old guy under two meters tall also needs to know the rules in order to use a car. As for girls, they need to be convinced that it is quite normal to expand the scope of what is permitted. “Daughters are more likely than sons to want to please,” says Evelyn Bassoff. Therefore, they need to be taught to get their way in such a way that they do not risk their well-being, and do not put forward exorbitant demands. Mothers are an inexhaustible source of support for both daughters and sons. Psychologist Ashton Trice observed 250 schoolchildren and came to the conclusion that half of the children would rather have a job like mom than dad. One reason for this, Trice suggests, is that children are more likely to know what their mother does and are more likely to go where she works. 5. Be a guiding light for children. Children need a moral compass. This means that it is necessary to constantly impress on them what is good and what is bad, and not only in some serious matters, but also in everyday affairs. One mother saw her five-year-old son riding the bike of his friend, a neighbor seven-year-old boy. “He doesn't need a bike now,” her son told her. "He's at school." Most likely, he was right, and his friend would not have objected. But his mother insisted that he put the bicycle back. “You can't take someone else's without permission,” she said. When mothers pay attention to such concepts as responsibility, honesty and fidelity, they create a system of values ​​in the child, which later, perhaps, will become his most important wealth. The best moral compass is the behavior of the mother herself. If she is not always honest, neglects the rights of others, or does not keep her promises, then her children are deprived of guiding power. None of us ever wants to hear: “Mom, you do it yourself!” 6. Enjoy their company. Since mothers are never busy, they focus on what they think is most important: trying to keep up with children's news, helping them with their homework. However, in our busy society, kids crave more: they want to have fun with their mom. It doesn't take days and hours, it just takes a cheerful frame of mind and a willingness to put a little bit of jocularity into boring homework or turn ordinary housework into a game. A friend's aunt used to let her children and their friends play in the kitchen while she cooked dinner. Toys, paints and glue were sometimes found in cooked food. Years later, her grown son invited his childhood friend to their house for dinner. “I always remember how great it was to come to you, Mrs. Spencer,” the young man remarked. “We had so much fun, and there was some kind of toy in the soup!” Motherhood is hard work, but not a heavy burden. Sometimes, perhaps, you need to be a little less reasonable, stop making too high demands on yourself and just enjoy being with your children. Joyce Brothers Reader's Gigest Text No. 8 WITH AND WITHOUT GUILTY Irina Alexandrovna Antonova, a 42-year-old employee of a foreign publishing firm, says she often feels guilty for a variety of reasons. For example, when guests come to them and see torn wallpaper: you won’t explain to everyone that the cat has torn the wallpaper, and there is no time to do repairs. Or when her husband is waiting for her for dinner in the evening, and she is sitting at work. And if he leaves work early, he blames himself for leaving things for tomorrow that should have been done today. “Guilt,” says Nadezhda Vladimirovna Tarabrina, head of the laboratory at the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “in principle, of course, is useful. It helps a person not to commit or correct those actions that he internally does not accept. However, Tarabrina notes, in addition to true guilt arising from contradictions between actions and moral principles of a person, there is false guilt. It arises either because of a person's persistent tendency to take the blame for what is happening on himself, or because of an incorrect assessment of the situation. “A heightened sense of guilt not only has a negative effect on well-being, but also reduces intellectual capabilities,” Nadezhda Vladimirovna believes. “An oppressive sense of guilt, even if the reasons for it are seemingly trifling, can lead to severe depression,” says Elena Teodorovna Sokolova, professor of clinical psychology at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (Moscow State University). For some people, the associated experiences manifest themselves in purely physical painful symptoms. For example, every time a person feels a pain in his heart or a lump in his throat, remembering how he once offended his mother. Most often, guilt thus finds an unconscious outlet for those who are dominated by a sense of duty, who from childhood are used to being the first and asserting themselves at any cost, and for those for whom the manifestation of any feelings is under very strong control. So how do you get rid of guilt? “Guilt sits in a person like a worm in an apple,” says Anatoly Pavlovich Naminach, President of the International Human Research Center “SunRay”, Candidate of Psychological Sciences. “First of all, you need to “pull it out of yourself”, realizing its causes and expressing them in words that can be spoken or written down,” he advises. Here's how you can do it if you feel guilty. Try to correct the situation. 30-year-old Alexander Baibakov remembered the birthday of his old friend, but on that day, twirling in business, he forgot to call her. “I knew she was expecting my call. Little things like that hurt and poison relationships,” he says. Alexander thought that if she just called with belated congratulations, she would still have an unpleasant aftertaste. And so, instead of getting upset because of the inadvertently inflicted insult, he found a way to remedy the situation: he called five days later and invited a friend to celebrate her birthday together in a restaurant. “It went off with a bang,” says Alexander. “She was very happy and we had a great evening.” Learn from your mistakes. The 27-year-old Moscow artist recalls how a few years ago, having fallen out of love with her friend, she broke up with him, and did it in a very harsh way. “I was twenty-one, a brutal age,” she says. At night they called her and said that he, having swallowed pills, was dying at the Sklifosovsky Institute. Grabbing a taxi, she rushed there and found out that he was saved. Sobbing from the shock she had experienced, she decided that she should marry him. However, she did not take this step. But the feeling of guilt before that person remained. Since then, in such situations, she tried to behave as delicately as possible. Be aware of your limits. 50-year-old Valery Viktorovich Tkalich is still tormented by the thought of whether 20 years ago, when he was a pilot in the Arctic, he could have prevented the death of people in the fire of a headframe mine in Talnakh. Tkalich's helicopter was preparing to take off and take people off the top of the headframe. But the flight was suddenly cancelled. As the pilots later learned, the mine management decided to use the fire escape instead of a helicopter. The ladder was too short, and people died. With his mind, Tkalich understood that the cause of the tragedy was the sloppiness of the authorities, that the pilots could not decide anything. “But all the same,” he says, “I still feel guilty that we didn’t save these people.” Guilt is always associated with a sense of responsibility, emphasizes the psychologist Tarabrin. In order not to suffer guilt in a situation that objectively does not depend on you, try to understand that a person is responsible only for what he is able to do. He cannot be responsible for everything that happens in life. Disable the “blame buttons”. Many of us come across people who are capable of making us feel guilty. Anatoly Laktionovich Zhuravlev, head of the laboratory at the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, says that everyone should find specific ways to deal with such manipulation for themselves, but some general recommendations can be made. Try to avoid, as much as possible, people who can skillfully press the “guilt buttons” by influencing your points of vulnerability, as well as those situations in which this happens. “But the main thing,” Zhuravlev emphasizes, “you must tell yourself: I don’t want to be so vulnerable. I don't think the other is always right." “Finally, proceed from the fact that you are a free person,” advises Nikolai Ivanovich Kozlov, founder of the Sinton practical psychology club. “Tell yourself: I didn’t come into this world to justify anyone’s expectations, just as the world was not created to justify my expectations.” You can make the person who makes you feel guilty lose power over you. Imagine him in some funny or mundane situation. Listening to the boss's harsh scolding, imagine how ridiculous he would look on the beach or in the bathhouse, with a gang in his hands. “It’s even more useful,” says Zhuravlev, “to take a look at yourself from the outside with humor at the moment when you start blaming yourself for every little thing. Imagine that it was not you who did it, but someone else. And you will say: yes, this is nothing, because of this it is simply ridiculous to feel guilty! So laugh at yourself - best of all, together with others "". Drive the ghosts. Once you find that your past is haunting you, figure out what is really going on in your life. “Old guilt comes back when you're in a situation that fuels it,” says Tarabrina. A forty-year-old Muscovite, a researcher, suddenly began to feel guilty about the way she had once treated her little daughter. In our country, then it was widely believed that if a baby cries, you should not take him in your arms so as not to spoil him. Following conventional recommendations, the young mother tried to ignore the crying. Later, after reading one of Dr. Spock's last books, she realized how wrong this approach was. And again, she was prompted to think about it by the fact that her teenage daughter began to move away from her. The girl had difficulties in her studies, she could not find a common language with anyone. The mother rightly thought that her daughter's emotional problems arose in infancy, when she lacked physical contact with her mother, giving the child a feeling of love, warmth and protection. After several years of consultations with a psychologist, the relationship between mother and daughter improved. The character of the girl improved, she successfully graduated from school and entered the university. The feeling of guilt that Spock's book fell into her hands too late no longer torments the heroine of this story. “We need to realize what is happening now, then the guilt for the past will disappear,” advises psychologist Zhuravlev. Appreciate your accomplishments and accomplishments. The 46-year-old businessman, owner and director of a small intermediary firm, on his own initiative and without any help from his employees, carried out one business operation and made good money from it. His subordinates had nothing to do with this earnings. However, he believed that he was guilty towards them, simply because he received an increase on his regular salary, and they did not. Guilt-prone people hide from their success because they feel like they don't deserve it. To get rid of such self-deprecating behavior, give yourself credit for doing the right thing, and you will realize that your success does not lead to the failure of others. Forgive yourself. 31-year-old Lyudmila Gavrilovskaya, who had a daughter three months ago, sometimes feels a little guilty in front of her eight-year-old son - if, busy with the baby, she does not have time to cook breakfast for him or if she yells at him when he is too naughty. But she forgives herself these minor sins, because she does everything so that her son, after the birth of her sister, does not feel deprived of attention. “Before, I could say: “Go away, let me rest,” she says. “Now I can’t afford it. On the contrary, I tell him all the time: "Sit with me, I miss you." I change my daughter's clothes, and he tells me what they had at school. I think that this is what is most important. And what I don’t have the strength for, I can forgive myself. Marina Blagonravova Reader's Gigest Text No. 9 THE CHILEAN MODEL: CHANGING THE PENSION SYSTEM CONCEPT On the wall of my office in Santiago is a map of the Americas with the tip of the South American continent at the top and the US and Canada at the bottom. Many visitors look at it in puzzlement and then exclaim, “Your map is upside down!” - No, - I answer. “It's just a way to look at the world differently. – I often remember this card, people ask me how to help the crisis-hit pension system in Europe. - Reforms are possible, - I answer, - if we are ready to look at the world with different eyes. - And most importantly, we need to give people the opportunity to take care of themselves, while reducing the role of the state. We achieved this in Chile, and now the US is seriously considering reform along the Chilean model. In a number of other countries of the world, our pension system is already working. Beneath the glamor of the egalitarianism of modern European pension systems hides a monstrous injustice towards tens of millions of people. Young people these days have only one option - to pay more and more to support today's retirees, only to get less and less when they retire themselves. It is possible that many of those who are currently working and who are under forty will need benefits in a few decades in order to make ends meet, despite the fact that 20 percent or more of their income comes from social security contributions. This problem is partly due to purely demographic reasons. Public pension systems in Europe are based on the principle of paying pensions out of current income. This means that pension contributions from the wages of the working population are immediately distributed between the current

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I passed the Unified State Examination with excellent marks, I have deep and extensive knowledge of physics (basic, specialized, Olympiad, practical). Winner of the President's Award, signed Expand Livanov personally (Minister of Education of the Russian Federation), entered the list of talented youth of the Russian Federation, participant and winner of city and regional physics competitions, holder of more than 20 certificates and patents for scientific achievements in the field of invention and rationalization, 4 years I have been fond of practical psychology. I also do English tutoring. My level is Advanced (C1), I have a certificate confirming this, I have been studying English for 8 years, an impressive experience of communicating with native speakers. I prepare for state exams as well as for KET and PET. At the moment I have two years of practice as a lagging behind basic level and with specialized students aimed at Olympiads and great results, grades 7-11. I know how to get interested in the subject and achieve returns. At the moment, the result is impeccable, always better than initially expected, all clients and students recommended me in their circles. You can check all of the above at the first free introductory lesson, where we can develop a work plan, and you can understand whether to trust your child's education to a student.

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I work with children (grades 3-9) and adults (who decide to start studying from scratch) up to the Intermediate level. I will help + explain homework to your child Expand task, prepare for control / independent work, explain grammatical structures, teach you to perceive and express yourself in English. If you have already completed your studies, lead a busy adult life and suddenly decide to start learning English, then you have come to the right place. I will explain to you the grammatical component of the language in an accessible form, teach you to perceive English speech, and also raise your conversational skills. All necessary textbooks are provided in electronic form, which can be easily printed. As for me, I have been learning English since preschool age, systematically traveled abroad to educational camps with an English bias, studied with a tutor and visited conversation clubs. I don’t have a linguistic education, I won’t lie, but I continue to develop in this area, I have extensive experience in communicating with people of different levels of English with different accents, I still study the language on my own. All these factors helped me form a certain attitude towards the language and its study. I have been teaching for more than two years (mainly acquaintances/friends/relatives, as I was a little short on time).

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Petrovsky Bryansk Institute of Management and Business Bryansk branch of the RANEPA (ORAGS BF) Velikolukskaya State Academy of Physical Culture and Sports Velikoluksky State Agricultural Academy Vinnitsa State Pedagogical University named after. M. Kotsiubinsky Vinnitsa National Agrarian University Vinnitsa National Medical University. NI Pirogov Vinnitsa National Technical University Vinnitsa Institute of Trade and Economics (branch of KNTEU) Vinnitsa Financial and Economic University Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine Vitebsk State Medical University Vitebsk State Technological University Vitebsk State University. P. M. Masherova Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University Far Eastern State Technical University Far Eastern Federal University Maritime State University. Admiral G.I. Nevelskoy Pacific State Medical University Gorsky State Agrarian University North Caucasian Mining and Metallurgical Technological University (SKGMI) North Ossetian State Medical Academy North Ossetian State University. K. Khetagurov Vladimir State University Stoletovs Vladimir branch of the RANEPA (RAGS VF) Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture Volgograd State Agrarian University Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Volgograd State Institute of Arts and Culture Volgograd State Medical University Volgograd State Social and Pedagogical University Volgograd State Technical University Volgograd State University Volgograd Institute of Business Volgograd Branch of RANEPA (VAGS) Volgodonsk Engineering and Technical Institute NRNU MEPhI Volga Polytechnic Institute (branch VolgGTU) Volkovysk Pedagogical College Y. Kupara GrSU Vologda State Dairy Academy. N.V. Vereshchagin Vologda State University Vologda Institute of Law and Economics of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia Pedagogical Institute of VSU Voronezh State Forest Engineering Academy Voronezh State Medical Academy. N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Agrarian University. Emperor Peter I Voronezh State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Voronezh State Institute of Physical Culture Voronezh State Medical University named after V.I. N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Pedagogical University Voronezh State Technical University Voronezh State University Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law Institute of Management, Marketing and Finance International Institute of Computer Technology State Institute of Economics, Finance, Law and Technology Glazov State Pedagogical Institute named after . V.G. Korolenko Glukhiv National Pedagogical University A. Dovzhenko Belarusian State University of Transport Belarusian Trade and Economic University of Consumer Cooperatives Gomel State Agrarian and Economic College Gomel State Medical University Gomel State Technical University. ON. Sukhoi Gomel State University. Francysk Skaryna Belarusian State Agricultural Academy Gorlovsky State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages ​​DSPU Gorno-Altai State University Grodno State Medical University Grodno State University named after. Ya. Kupala Chechen State University Dnepropetrovsk State Financial Academy Dnepropetrovsk Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian and Economic University Dnepropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after. Academician V. Lazaryan Dnepropetrovsk National University named after. Oles Gonchar Dnepropetrovsk University A. Nobel National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine National Mining University Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture Ukrainian State University of Chemistry and Technology Moscow State University of Physics and Technology (MIPT) Academy of Civil Protection of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the DPR Donbass Law Academy Donetsk Institute of Railway Transport Donetsk National Medical University named after. M. Gorky Donetsk National University Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade. M. Tugan-Baranovsky Donetsk College of Industrial Automation Donetsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Drogobych State Pedagogical University. I. Franko Avicenna Tajik State Medical University Abuali ibn Sino (Avicena) Tajik State Pedagogical University named after Sadriddin Aini Yevpatoriya Institute of Social Sciences (branch of KFU) Yekaterinburg State Theater Institute Institute of International Relations College of Railway Transport Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University Ural State Academy of Architecture and Art Ural State Conservatory. M.P. Mussorgsky Ural State Agrarian University Ural State Mining University Ural State Forestry Engineering University Ural State Medical University Ural State Pedagogical University Ural State Transport University Ural State University of Economics Ural State Law University Ural Institute of Business. I. A. Ilyina Ural Institute of State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia Ural Institute of Commerce and Law Ural Institute of RANEPA (UrAGS) Ural Institute of Economics, Management and Law Ural Technical School of Motor Transport and Service Ural Technical Institute of Communications and Informatics (branch of SibGUTI) Ural Federal University named after . B.N. Yeltsin "UPI" Ural Institute of Finance and Law Yelabuga Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (former EGPU) Yelets State University. I.A. Bunin Yerevan State University Zhytomyr State Technological University Zhytomyr State University Ivan Franko Zhytomyr Institute of Nursing Zhytomyr National Agroecological University Zavolzhsky Automotive Technical School Zaporizhzhya State Engineering Academy Zaporizhzhya State Medical University Zaporizhzhya Institute of Economics and Information Technologies Zaporizhzhya National Technical University Zaporizhzhya National University Institute of Arts and Information Technologies, Moscow branch Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas V. Stefanik Ivanovo State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering Ivanovo State Medical Academy Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy Ivanovo State University Ivanovo State University of Chemical Technology Ivanovo State Energy University. IN AND. Lenin Textile Institute IvGPU Moscow Regional Institute of Management and Law Izhevsk State Medical Academy Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy Izhevsk State Technical University. M. T. Kalashnikova Kama Institute of Humanitarian and Engineering Technologies Udmurt State University Udmurt Republican Social and Pedagogical College Izmail Technical School of Mechanization and Electricity of Agriculture Baikal State University Irkutsk State Agrarian University. A.A. Ezhevsky Irkutsk State Linguistic University Irkutsk State Medical University Irkutsk State University Irkutsk State Transport University Irkutsk National Research Technical University Pedagogical Institute (branch of ISU) Siberian Academy of Law, Economics and Management Institute of Law (branch of ISU) National University of the State Tax Service of Ukraine Mari State University Interregional Open Social Institute Volga State Technological University Academy of Social Education Institute of Social and Humanitarian Knowledge Institute of Economics and Finance KFU Institute of Economics, Management and Law Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after V.I. N.E. Bauman Kazan State Conservatory (Academy) N. G. Zhiganova Kazan State Agrarian University Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Kazan State Medical University Kazan State University of Culture and Arts Kazan State Power Engineering University Kazan Cooperative Institute (a branch of the RUK) Kazan National Research Technical University. A. N. Tupolev Kazan National Research Technological University Kazan Federal University Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism Tatar State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University University of Management TISBI Kalacheev Agricultural College Baltic State Academy of the Fishing Fleet Baltic Information College Baltic Federal University. I. Kant Kaliningrad State Technical University St. Petersburg University of Service and Economics (Kaliningrad branch) Kaluga State University. K. E. Tsiolkovsky Kaluga branch of the RANEPA Kamenetz-Podolsky National University. I. Ogienko Podolsk State Agrarian and Technical University Kamyshinsky Technological Institute (branch of VolgGTU) Karaganda State Medical University Karaganda State Technical University Karaganda State University. E. A. Buketova Karaganda University Bolashak Karaganda University of Economics Suleiman Demirel University Kemerovo State Medical University (former KemGMA) Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute Kemerovo State University Kemerovo State University of Culture and Arts Kemerovo Technological Institute of Food Industry Kuzbass State Technical University Kuzbass Institute of Economics and law Kerch State Marine Technological University State University of Telecommunications State Economic and Technological University of Transport European University of Finance, Information Systems, Management and Business Kyiv State Academy of Water Transport. Konashevich-Sagaydachny Kyiv Medical University UANM Kyiv National Linguistic University Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics Kyiv National University. T. Shevchenko Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture Kyiv National University of Theatre, Cinema and Television. IK Karpenko-Kary Kyiv National University of Technology and Design Kyiv National University of Economics. V. Hetman Kyiv Slavic University Kyiv University. B. Grinchenko Kyiv University of Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv University of Tourism, Economics and Law International Scientific and Technical University. Y. Bugai Interregional Academy of Human Resources Management National Academy of Internal Affairs of Ukraine National Academy of Leadership Personnel of Culture and Arts National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Auditing National Academy of Management National Musical Academy of Ukraine. P. I. Tchaikovsky National Aviation University National Medical University. A.A. Bogomolets National Pedagogical University. M.P. Drahomanova National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" National Transport University National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy" National University of Bioresources and Nature Management National University of Food Technologies National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine Open International University of Human Development Ukraine Ukrainian State University of Finance and International Trade Samara State Agricultural Academy Volga-Vyatka Institute (branch of Moscow State Law Academy) Vyatka State Agricultural Academy Vyatka State University for the Humanities Vyatka State University Vyatka Socio-Economic Institute Moscow Financial and Law University Kirov Branch Kirovograd Flight Academy of the National Aviation University Kirovograd State Pedagogical University. V. Vinnichenko Kirovograd Institute of Regional Management and Economics Kirovograd National Technical University State Agrarian University of Moldova State University of Medicine and Pharmacology. Nicolae Testemitanu International Independent University of Moldova Kovrov State Technological Academy. V.A. Degtyareva Kolomna Institute Branch of Moscow State Medical University Moscow State Regional Social humanitarian Institute Amur Humanitarian Pedagogical State University Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University Konotop Institute SumGU Financial and Technological Academy Kostanay State University named after. Akhmet Baitursynov Kostroma State Technological University Kostroma State University. ON THE. Nekrasov Donbass State Machine-Building Academy Donbass National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture Donetsk National Technical University Krasnoarmeisky Industrial Institute DonNTU Krasnodar State University of Culture and Arts Kuban State Agrarian University Kuban State Medical University Kuban State Technological University Kuban State University Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism Kuban Socio-Economic Institute Modern Academy for the Humanities Institute for the Humanities SibFU Engineering and Construction Institute SibFU Institute of Architecture and Design SibFU Institute of Mining, Geology and Geotechnology SibFU Institute of Natural Sciences and Humanities SibFU Institute of Engineering Physics and Radioelectronics SibFU Institute of Space and Information Technologies SibFU Institute of Oil and Gas SibFU Institute of Pedagogy, Psychology and Sociology SibFU Institute of Business Process Management and Economics SibFU Institute of Philology and Language Communication SibFU Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology SibFU Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Materials Science SibFU Institute of Economics, Management and Environmental Management SibFU Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Music and Theater Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering SibFU Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University Krasnoyarsk State Medical University. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University. V.P. Astafieva Krasnoyarsk Institute of Railway Transport, branch of IrGUPS Polytechnic Institute of Siberian Federal University Siberian State Technological University Siberian State University of Science and Technology. Academician M.F. Reshetnev Siberian Institute of Business, Management and Psychology Siberian Interregional Training Center Siberian Federal University Trade and Economic Institute SibFU Law Institute SibFU Kremenchug National University. M. Ostrogradsky Kryvyi Rih National University Kryvyi Rih Economic Institute KNEU named after. V. Hetman Aviation Technical College Kurgan State Agricultural Academy. T. S. Maltseva Kurgan State University Kursk State Agricultural Academy. pr. I.I. Ivanova Kursk State Medical University Kursk Institute of Social Education Regional Financial and Economic Institute Southwestern State University Tuva State University Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute (branch of Siberian Federal University) Lipetsk State Pedagogical University Lipetsk State Technical University Luga Institute (branch of A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University) Lugansk State Academy of Culture and Arts Lugansk State Medical University Lugansk State University of Internal Affairs. E.A. Didorenko Luhansk State University. Vladimir Dahl Lugansk National Agrarian University Luhansk National University. Taras Shevchenko Eastern European National University. Lesia Ukrainka Lutsk National Technical University Lviv Commercial Academy Lviv National Academy of Arts Lviv State University of Internal Affairs Lviv State University of Physical Culture Lviv Institute of Economics and Tourism Lviv National Agrarian University Lviv National Medical University named after. D. Galitsky Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology. S.Z. Gzhitsky Lviv National University. I. Franko National University Lviv Polytechnic Russian Customs Academy North-Eastern State University Ingush State University Magnitogorsk State Technical University. G.I. Nosova Magnitogorsk Medical College named after. P.F. Nadezhdina Azov Marine Institute of the Odessa National Maritime Academy Donetsk State University of Management Mariupol State University Priazovsky State Technical University Dagestan State Medical Academy Dagestan State Pedagogical University Dagestan State Technical University Dagestan State University Melitopol State Pedagogical University. B. Khmelnitsky Taurida State Agrotechnological University Belarusian State Academy of Arts Belarusian State Academy of Music Belarusian State Academy of Telecommunications Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University Belarusian State Medical University Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after. M. Tanka Belarusian State Technological University Belarusian State University Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts Belarusian State University of Physical Education Belarusian State Economic University Belarusian National Technical University Institute of Information Technologies BSUIR Institute of Border Guard Service of the Republic of Belarus Institute of Modern Knowledge. A.M. Shirokov International State Ecological University. A. D. Sakharova International University MITSO Minsk State Higher Radio Engineering College Minsk State Polytechnic College Minsk Innovative University Minusinsk College of Culture and Art A. Merzlov Belarusian-Russian University Mogilev State University. A. A. Kuleshova Mogilev State University of Foodstuffs Mozyr State Pedagogical University. I.P. Shamyakina Academic International Institute Academic Law Institute Academy of the State Fire Service EMERCOM of Russia Academy of Standardization, Metrology and Certification Academy of Labor and Social Relations of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Air Force Engineering Academy. pr. N.E. Zhukovsky All-Russian Academy foreign trade Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation All-Russian State University of Cinematography. S.A. Gerasimov "VGIK" Higher Theater School (Institute) them. MS Shchepkina GAPOU College of Entrepreneurship No. 11 State Academy of Slavic Culture State Classical Academy. Maimonides State Academic University for the Humanities State Institute of the Russian Language. A.S. Pushkin State University for Land Management State University of Management Humanitarian Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting. M.A. Litovchina Institute of Humanitarian Education and Information Technologies Institute of Journalism and literary creativity A.S. Griboedov Institute of International Law and Economics Institute of Postgraduate Professional Education FMBTS (Research Center) Institute of Market Economics, Social Policy and Law Institute of Textile and Light Industry MSUTU Institute of Tourism and Hospitality Institute of Management and Law Institute of Economics and Culture College of Urban Planning and service №38 College of Multilevel Professional Education RANEPA Literary Institute. A.M. Gorky Medical Institute of Continuing Education Medical College No. 1 International Academy of Business and Management International Institute of Economics and Law International Institute of Law Moscow Academy of Astrology Moscow Academy of Entrepreneurship under the Government of Moscow Moscow Academy of Economics and Law Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology. K.I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Water Transport Moscow State Academy Municipal Economy and Construction Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture Moscow State Conservatory. P. I. Tchaikovsky Moscow State Art and Industry Academy. S. G. Stroganova Moscow State Law Academy. O.E. Kutafin Moscow Academy of Humanities and Technology Moscow Academy of Finance and Law Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University) Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University Moscow Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering Moscow Institute of Architecture (State Academy) Moscow Banking Institute Moscow Mining Institute (branch of NUST MISiS) Moscow City Pedagogical University Moscow City Psychological and Pedagogical University Moscow City University of Management of the Government of Moscow Moscow State Agroengineering University. V.P. Goryachkina Moscow State University for the Humanities and Economics Moscow State University for the Humanities. M.A. Sholokhov Moscow State Industrial University Moscow State Institute of Tourism Industry. Yu.A. Senkevich Moscow State Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation (Technical University) Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics (Technical University) Moscow State College of Information Technology Moscow State Linguistic University Moscow State Engineering University "MAMI" Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry. A.I. Evdokimova Moscow State Regional University Lomonosov Moscow State Open University V. S. Chernomyrdin Moscow State University of Civil Engineering Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technological University "Stankin" Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography Moscow State University of Design and Technology Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University of Engineering Ecology Moscow State University of International Relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia (MGIMO) Moscow State University of Printing Arts. I. Fedorova Moscow State University of Food Production Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Informatics Moscow State University of Applied Biotechnology Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering Moscow State University of Communications Moscow State University of Technology and Management. K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics and Informatics (MESI) Moscow Institute for the Humanities and Economics Moscow Institute for the Humanities. E.R. Dashkova Moscow University for the Humanities Moscow Institute government controlled and Law Moscow Institute of Entrepreneurship and Law Moscow Institute of Television and Radio Broadcasting "Ostankino" Moscow International University Moscow New Law Institute Moscow Educational Complex. V. Talalikhina Moscow State Pedagogical University Moscow Psychological and Social University Moscow Socio-Economic Institute Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics Moscow Technological Institute "VTU" Moscow University. S.Yu. Witte (former Moscow Institute of Economics, Management and Law) Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. V.Ya. Kikotya Moscow Financial and Industrial University Synergy Moscow Art and Industry Institute Moscow Economic Institute Musical and Pedagogical State Institute. MM. Ippolitova-Ivanova National Institute of Business National Research Technological University "MISiS" National Research University "Higher School of Economics" National Research University "MIET" National Research University "MPEI" National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI) Open University of Israel in the CIS Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sports of the Moscow City Pedagogical University First Moscow State Medical University. THEM. Sechenov Polytechnic College named after P.A. Ovchinnikova St. Tikhon Orthodox Humanitarian University Russian Academy of Music. Gnessin Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation Russian International Academy of Tourism Russian Open Academy of Transport MIIT Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Agricultural Academy. Timiryazev Russian State Geological Prospecting University. S. Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for the Humanities Russian State Social University Russian State Technological University. K.E. Tsiolkovsky (MATI) Russian State University of Trade and Economics Russian State University named after A.N. Kosygin Russian State University of Innovative Technologies and Entrepreneurship Russian State University of Oil and Gas. THEM. Gubkin Russian State University of Justice Russian State University of Tourism and Service Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism (GTSOLIFK) Russian National Research Medical University named after N.N. I. Pirogov Russian New University Russian University of Peoples' Friendship Russian University of Theater Arts Russian University of Chemical Technology. DI. Mendeleev Russian University of Economics. G.V. Plekhanov Capital Financial and Humanitarian Academy Theatrical Institute. B.V. Schukin at the State Academic Theatre. E. Vakhtangov University of Russian Innovative Education University of the Russian Academy of Education Federal Institute for Advanced Studies and Retraining Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation School-Studio (Institute) named after. Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. A. P. Chekhov Mukachevo State University International Institute of Business Education Murmansk State University for the Humanities Moscow State Forest University Moscow Cooperative College of Altshul Russian University of Cooperation Kama State Engineering and Economic Academy Naberezhnye Chelny State Institute of Trade and Technology Naberezhnye Chelny Institute of KFU Naberezhnye Chelny Institute of Social and Pedagogical Technologies and Resources Kabardino-Balkarian State University. H. Berbekova Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nezhin State University. N. Gogol Nemeshaevsky Agrotechnical College Nizhnevartovsk State University Nizhnekamsk Chemical-Technological Institute of Kazan State Technological University Volga State Academy of Water Transport Nizhny Novgorod State Conservatory. M.I. Glinka Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy Nizhny Novgorod Law Academy Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Nizhny Novgorod State Engineering and Economic University Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University. ON THE. Dobrolyubov Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University. K. Minina Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University. R.E. Alekseev Nizhny Novgorod State University. N.I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Management and Business Nizhny Novgorod Institute RANEPA (VVAGS) Volga Research Medical University (formerly Nizhny State Medical Academy) Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute (branch of RGPPU) Nizhny Tagil Institute of Technology (branch of UrFU) National University of Shipbuilding. adm. Makarova Nikolaev National Agrarian University Nikolaev National University. V.A. Sukhomlinsky Black Sea State University. Peter Mohyla Novgorod State University Yaroslav the Wise Novovolynsk Electromechanical College Novokuznetsk Institute (branch of the KemGU) Siberian State Industrial University State Maritime University named after. Admiral F. F. Ushakov Institute of Catalysis. G.K. Boreskov Novosibirsk State Conservatory. M.I. Glinka Novosibirsk State Agrarian University Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Novosibirsk State Medical University Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University Novosibirsk State Technical University Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk State University of Architecture, Design and Arts (formerly NGAHA) Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management Novosibirsk Medical College Novosibirsk Law College institute (branch of TSU) Siberian Academy of Finance and Banking Siberian State University of Water Transport Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies Siberian State University of Communications Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics Siberian Institute of Management RANEPA (SibAGS) Siberian University of Consumer Cooperatives South Russian State University th Technical University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute) (YURGTU (NPI)) Obninsk Humanitarian Institute Obninsk Institute of Atomic Energy NRNU MEPhI National University Odessa Maritime Academy (former. ONMA) National University Odessa Academy of Law Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies Odessa National Academy of Telecommunications. A.S. Popov Odessa State Agrarian University Odessa State Ecological University Odessa State Economic University Odessa Corporate Computer College Odessa National Medical University Odessa National Maritime University Odessa National Polytechnic University Odessa National University. I.I. Mechnikov South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University. K.D. Ushinsky Ozersk Technological Institute Omsk Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Omsk State Agrarian University. P. A. Stolypin Omsk State Institute of Service Omsk State Medical University Omsk State Pedagogical University Omsk State Technical University Omsk State University. F.M. Dostoevsky Omsk State Transport University Omsk Economic Institute Omsk Law Institute Siberian State Automobile and Road Academy Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports Oryol State Institute of Economics and Trade Oryol branch of RANEPA Orenburg State Agrarian University Orenburg State Institute of Management Orenburg State Medical University Orenburg State Pedagogical University Orenburg State University Orenburg Institute (branch of Moscow State Law Academy Kutafin) Orsk Institute of Humanities and Technology (branch of OSU) Orsk Medical College GBPOU Ostashkov College Osh Technological University named after acad. MM. Adysheva Innovative Eurasian University Pavlodar State Pedagogical University Pavlodar State University named after S. Toraigyrov Pedagogical Institute. VG Belinsky Penza State University Penza State Agricultural Academy Penza State Technological University Penza State University Penza State University of Architecture and Construction Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky State Pedagogical University. G.S. Frying pans West Ural Institute of Economics and Law Perm State Academy of Arts and Culture Perm State Agricultural Academy. D.N. Pryanishnikova Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy Perm State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University Perm State Medical University. ak. E.A. Wagner Perm State National Research University Perm Institute of Humanities and Technology Perm Institute of Economics and Finance Perm National Research Polytechnic University Karelian State Pedagogical Academy Petrozavodsk State Conservatory. A.K. Glazunov Petrozavodsk State University North-Kazakhstan State University. M. Kozybayeva Kamchatka State Technical University Pinsk State Vocational College of Mechanical Engineering Polesie State University Poltava State Agrarian Academy Poltava National Pedagogical University named after. VG Korolenko Poltava National Technical University. Y. Kondratyuk Poltava University of Economics and Trade Ukrainian Medical Dental Academy Pskov Agricultural College Pskov State University Leningrad State University. A.S. Pushkin St. Petersburg State Agrarian University Pyatigorsk State Linguistic University Pyatigorsk State Technological University Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute (a branch of VolgGMU) North Caucasian Institute of RANEPA (SKAGS) Rezhev Polytechnic School International University of Economics and Humanities. S. Demyanchuk National University of Water Resources and Environmental Management Rivne State University for the Humanities Academy of Architecture and Arts of the Southern Federal University Donskoy State Agrarian University Donskoy State Technical University Institute of Service and Tourism (branch of DSTU) Institute of Management, Business and Law Rostov State Conservatory. S. V. Rakhmaninov Rostov State Medical University Rostov State University of Communications Rostov State Economic University "RINH" Rostov Institute for the Protection of the Entrepreneur Rostov Law Institute (branch of the RPA MJ) Southern Federal University Rybinsk State Aviation Technical University. P. A. Solovyov Rybinsk River School. IN AND. Kalashnikov Rybnitsa Branch of the Pridnestrovian State University named after T.G. Shevchenko Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after. P.A. Kostychev Ryazan State Medical University. acad. I.P. Pavlova Ryazan State Radiotechnical University Ryazan State University. S.A. Yesenin Medical University "REAVIZ" Volga State Social and Humanitarian Academy Volga State University of Telecommunications and Informatics Samara Academy of State and Municipal Administration Samara State Academy of Culture and Arts Samara Humanitarian Academy Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Samara State Medical University Samara State Technical University Samara State University Ways of Communication Samara State University of Economics Samara Institute - Higher School of Privatization and Entrepreneurship Samara National Research University. ak. S.P. Korolyov (former SSAU, SamGU) Samarkand State Medical Institute Academy of Russian Ballet. AND I. Vaganova Baltic Academy of Tourism and Entrepreneurship Baltic State Technical University "VOENMEH" them. D.F. Ustinov Baltic Humanitarian Institute Baltic Institute of Ecology, Politics and Law Military Academy of Communications. CM. Budyonny Military Space Academy. A.F. Mozhaisky Military Medical Academy. CM. Kirov East European Institute of Psychoanalysis State Polar Academy State University of the Sea and River Fleet. S.O. Makarova Institute of Special Pedagogy and Psychology. R. Wallenberg Institute of Television, Business and Design International Institute of Psychology and Management National State University of Physical Education, Sports and Health. P.F. Lesgaft National Mineral and Raw Materials University "Gorny" National Open Institute of Russia First St. Petersburg State Medical University. I.P. Pavlova St. Petersburg State University of Communications named after. Emperor Alexander I Russian State Hydrometeorological University Russian State Pedagogical University. A.I. Herzen Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine St. Petersburg State Academy of Theater Arts St. Petersburg State Conservatory. ON THE. Rimsky-Korsakov St. Petersburg State Medical Academy. I.I. Mechnikov St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical Academy St. Petersburg State Academy of Art and Industry. A.L. Stieglitz St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work St. Petersburg State Forest Engineering University. CM. Kirov St. Petersburg State Marine Technical University St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University Institute of Mechanical Engineering St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University) St. Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers St. Petersburg State University of Trade and Economics St. St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation St. Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics St. Petersburg State University of Cinema and Television St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Arts St. Petersburg State University low-temperature and food tech nology St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications. prof. M.A. Bonch-Bruevich St. Petersburg State University of Technology and Design St. Petersburg State University of Economics (formerly FINEK, INZHECON) St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University "LETI" St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions St. Petersburg Institute of Foreign Economic Relations, Economics and Law St. St. Petersburg Institute of Hospitality St. Petersburg Institute of Management and Law St. Petersburg Polytechnic University of Peter the Great (formerly SPbSPU) St. Petersburg University of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia St. Petersburg University of Management and Economics St. Petersburg Law Institute of the Academy of General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation St. Petersburg Institute of Humanitarian Education North-Western State Correspondence Technical University North-Western State Medical University. I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Institute of Management RANEPA (SZAGS) Smolny Institute of the Russian Academy of Education Mordovia State Pedagogical Institute. M.E. Evsevyeva Mordovian State University named after A.I. N. P. Ogaryova Volga Institute of Management. P.A. Stolypin RANEPA (PAGS) Saratov State Conservatory. L. V. Sobinova Saratov State Law Academy Saratov State Agrarian University. N.I. Vavilov Saratov State Medical University. IN AND. Razumovsky Saratov State Technical University. Yu.A. Gagarin Saratov State University. N.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov Socio-Economic Institute of PRUE Plekhanov (former SSEU) Sarov State Institute of Physics and Technology Sakhalin State University Sevastopol City Humanitarian University Sevastopol State University Sevastopol National University of Nuclear Energy and Industry Institute of Shipbuilding and Marine Arctic Technology (Sevmashvtuz) (branch of NArFU) East Ukrainian National University V. Dal Seversky Technological Institute National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Shakarim State University of Semey Kazakh Humanities and Law Innovative University Academy of Bioresources and Nature Management Academy of Construction and Architecture (branch of KFU) Humanitarian Pedagogical Academy (branch of KFU) Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University Crimean University of Culture, Arts and Tourism Crimean Federal University. IN AND. Vernadsky Medical Academy. S.I. Georgievsky Simferopol University of Economics and Management Taurida Academy (branch of KFU) Taurida National University. IN AND. Vernadsky Donbass State Pedagogical University Smolensk State Agricultural Academy Smolensk State Institute of Arts Smolensk State Medical University Smolensk State University Smolensk Humanitarian University Sosnovsky Agro-Industrial College Sochi State University Sochi Institute of Peoples' Friendship University of Russia North Caucasus Institute of Humanities and Technology North Caucasus Federal University Stavropol State Agrarian University University Stavropol State Medical University Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute Starooskol Technological Institute (branch of NUST MISiS) Sterlitamak State Pedagogical Academy Muromtsev Forest Technical College Sumy State Pedagogical University named after I.I. Makarenko Sumy State University Sumy National Agrarian University Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine Surgut State Pedagogical University Surgut State University Surgut Institute of Oil and Gas (a branch of the Tyumen Industrial University) Komi Republican Academy of Public Administration and Management Syktyvkar State University. Pitirim Sorokina Syktyvkar Forest Institute (branch of SPbGLTA) Engineering and Technology Academy of the Southern Federal University Taganrog Institute. A.P. Chekhov Tambov State Technical University Tambov State University. G.R. Derzhavin Tambov College of Economics and Entrepreneurship Tambov branch of the RANEPA (PAGS named after Stolypin) Taraz State University named after. M.Kh. Dulati Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. A. Sadykova Tashkent State Dental Institute Tashkent University of Information Technologies Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology Tver State Agricultural Academy Tver State Medical University Tver State Technical University Tver State University Tver Institute of Ecology and Law Tver Medical College Ternopil State Medical University named after. AND I. Gorbachevsky Ternopil National Pedagogical University. V. Gnatiuk Ternopil National Technical University named after V.I. I. Pulyui Ternopil National Economic University Pridnestrovian State University. T.G. Shevchenko Tobolsk State Pedagogical Institute. DI. Mendeleev Volga University. V.N. Tatishcheva Volga Region State University of Service Togliatti State University Siberian State Medical University Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Tomsk State Pedagogical University Tomsk State University Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics Tomsk Institute of Business Tomsk Polytechnic University Institute of Veterinary Medicine South Ural State Agrarian University (formerly UGAVM ) Tula State Pedagogical University. L.N. Tolstoy Tula State University International Kazakh-Turkish University. Kh. A. Yassavi State Agrarian University of the Northern Trans-Urals Tyumen State Academy of Culture, Arts and Social Technologies Tyumen State Academy of World Economy, Management and Law Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering Tyumen State Medical University Tyumen State Oil and Gas University Tyumen State University Transcarpathian State University Uzhgorod National University East-Siberian State Academy of Culture and Arts East-Siberian State University of Technology and Management Institute of Aviation Technology and Management (branch of UlSTU) Ulyanovsk State Agricultural Academy. P.A. Stolypin Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University. IN Ulyanova Ulyanovsk State Technical University Ulyanovsk State University Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation named after Air Chief Marshal B.P. Bugaev Ulyanovsk Higher Aviation School of Civil Aviation Uman State Pedagogical University. P. Tychyna Uman National University of Horticulture West-Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University. Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan State University. M. Utemisova Usinsky Polytechnic College Primorsky State Agricultural Academy Ussuri College of Technology and Management School of Pedagogy FEFU East Kazakhstan State Technical University named after. D. Serikbaeva East-Kazakhstan State University. S. Amanzholova Bashkir Academy of Public Administration and Management under the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan Bashkir State Agrarian University Bashkir State Medical University Bashkir State Pedagogical University. M. Akmulla Bashkir State University Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy Ufa State Academy of Arts. Z. Ismagilova Ufa State Aviation Technical University Ufa State Oil Technical University Ufa State University of Economics and Service Ukhta State Technical University Tyumen Industrial University Far East State Humanitarian University Far East State Medical University Far East State Transport University Far East Institute of Management RANEPA (DVAGS) Far East Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation Pacific State University Khabarovsk State Institute of Arts and Culture Khabarovsk State University of Economics and Law Khabarovsk Institute of Infocommunications (branch of SibGUTI) Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy Yugra State University National Aerospace University named after N. E. Zhukovsky National Technical University Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute Institute National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine National University of Pharmacy National Law University named after. Yaroslav the Wise Ukrainian State Academy of Railway Transport Ukrainian Engineering and Pedagogical Academy Kharkiv State Academy of Design and Arts Kharkiv State Academy of Culture Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture Kharkiv State Veterinary Academy Kharkiv Humanitarian Pedagogical Academy Kharkiv State University of Nutrition and Trade Kharkiv Humanitarian University People's Ukrainian Academy Kharkiv Institute of banking UBD NBU Kharkiv Institute of Finance (branch of UGUFMT) Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University Kharkiv National Agrarian University. V.V. Dokuchaeva Kharkiv National Medical University Kharkiv National Pedagogical University. G.S. Frying pans Kharkiv National Technical University of Agriculture. P. Vasilenko Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs Kharkiv National University of Municipal Economy. A.N. Beketov Kharkiv National University. V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University of Arts. I.P. Kotlyarevsky Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture Kharkiv National Economic University. S. Kuznets Kharkiv Patent and Computer College Kharkiv Institute of Trade and Economics (branch of KNTEU) Kherson State Maritime Academy Kherson State Agrarian University Kherson State University Kherson National Technical University law Khujand State University Chaikovsky State Institute of Physical Education Chaikovsky Technological Institute (branch of IzhGTU) Cheboksary Cooperative Institute (branch of RUK) Chuvash State Agricultural Academy Chuvash State Pedagogical University. AND I. Yakovlev Chuvash State University. I.N. Ulyanova Russian-British Institute of Management Ural State University of Physical Education Ural Socio-Economic Institute of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations FNPR Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy Chelyabinsk State Academy of Culture and Arts Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University Chelyabinsk State University Chelyabinsk Institute of Economics and Law. M.V. Ladoshina Chelyabinsk branch of the RANEPA (URAGS CHF) Chelyabinsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation South Ural State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (former ChelGMA) South Ural State University South Ural Institute of Management and Economics South Ural Professional Institute Sayano-Shushensky Branch of the Siberian Federal University Cheremkhovo Medical College Institute of Management and Information Technology (branch of St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University) Cherepovets State University Cherkasy State Technological University Cherkasy Institute of Fire Safety named after Heroes of Chernobyl Cherkasy National University. B. Khmelnitsky Chernihiv State Institute of Economics and Management Chernihiv National Pedagogical University. T.G. Shevchenko Chernihiv National Technological University Bukovinian State Medical University Chernivtsi National University. Yu. Fedkovich Chistopol branch "Vostok" of Kazan National Research Technical University named after A. N. Tupolev - KAI Transbaikal Agrarian Institute (branch of IRGSHA) Transbaikal State University Transbaikal Institute of Railway Transport, branch of IrGUPS Chita State Medical Academy Chita Institute of Baikal State University of Economics and Law Shadrinsky State Pedagogical Institute Institute of Service and Entrepreneurship DSTU South Russian Humanitarian Institute Miras University South Kazakhstan Medical Academy South Kazakhstan State University. M. Auezov Kalmyk State University Engels Technological Institute Yurga Technological Institute of Tomsk Polytechnic University North-Eastern Federal University. M.K. Ammosov International University of Business and New Technologies Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy Yaroslavl State Medical University Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University. KD Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Theater Institute Yaroslavl State Technical University Yaroslavl State University. P.G. Demidov

Select a subject from the list Geodesy Geology Hydrology Engineering geodesy AutoCAD Engineering and computer graphics Computer science Culturology History History of Russia (National history) Higher mathematics Mathematics Strength of materials Theoretical mechanics Hydraulics Machine parts and design basics Wood and plastic structures Materials science Metrology, standardization and certification Construction machines Heat engineering [UNSORTED] Military training(Military Department) Final qualification work Engineering graphics Descriptive geometry Fundamentals of life safety Fire safety Industrial practice Project management Physical culture (Physical education) Psychology Political science Sociology Architecture Architectural design Ventilation and heating Water supply and sanitation Hydraulic structures Reinforced concrete structures Integrated engineering improvement Roofing materials Metal structures Soil mechanics foundations and foundations Organization of construction production Organization of construction processes Foundations and foundations Fundamentals of construction business Planning and development of populated areas Reconstruction of buildings and structures Construction mechanics Building materials Heat and gas supply and ventilation Technology of building construction Technology of construction processes Technology of building operation Physics of the environment and construction Economics in construction Physics Philosophy Chemistry Ecology State and municipal administration Macroeconomics Marketing Microeconomics World economy Economics Electrical engineering English German Russian

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Coursework:

Online English exam at http://cito.mgsu.ru/
received score - 100 (EXCELLENT): scan with report attached)
Exam (2 semester)
Before taking the exam, you need to familiarize yourself with the sample exam ticket, which you will find in the menu = courses = English = sample exam ticket.
And also repeat the grammatical phenomena that will be checked in the exam
1. passive and active voice
2. modal verbs
3. communion
4. infinitive

Question #1
Subject: ekz_6
Choose the correct translation of the underlined words:
It was developing skyscrapers" construction more efficiently than even most Western countries
it perfected the construction of skyscrapers
it perfected the construction of skyscrapers
it will improve the construction of skyscrapers

Question #2
Subject: ekz_4
This student will be able to apply to a university in the USA
The student will have to enter the University
The student will be allowed to enter the University in the USA
The student will enter the University in the USA.
The student will be able to enter the University in the USA

Question #3
Subject: ekz_1
Score range: 0 to 3

water. Purification.
Water is not only the most abundant compound but it is also very important for life. Life will be impossible without water.
From the chemical point of view water has many points of interest. Water can react many substances but it has also influence on many chemical reactions.
For chemical reactions it is desirable that water should be pure. The purest natural water is rain. But it is not really pure water. It contains a lot of dissolved substances.
One of the most important problems is to get pure water. Water purification depends on the uses. Water used for steam boilers should be free from substances that react soup. the microbes should be killed if water is used for drinking. Water is filtered to be used for drinking. Another way to purify it is to boil it.
However, these methods for purifying water do not fit for producing pure water for chemical reactions and scientific use. Water is easily changed to steams. Condensing the steam we are able to remove all the impurities. This process is called distillation. Distilled water has many uses, in the laboratory and in industry.

Question #4
Subject: ekz_2
Find the equivalent of the highlighted words
to study this subject you need a year
subjects studied
to study this subject.
studying this subject
subject to be studied

Question #5
Subject: ekz_5
Point out the paragraph that talks about national diversity
The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, six instructors and 39 students. Nowadays Purdue University has the largest international student population of any university in the United States. It has been represented 123 countries In 2007 the racial diversity of the undergraduate student organization was 86.9% white, 5.51% Asian, 3.53% African American, and 2.75% Hispanic.
Purdue University was founded on May 6, 1869 after the donation of land and money had been accepted from the businessman John Purdue. A college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name was being developed that time.
Purdue university has both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 210 areas of study, and it's famous for its engineering program. The university has also been highly influential in America's history of aviation. The first four-year bachelor's degree in aviation was established there. Twenty-two Purdue graduates have become astronauts. Neil Armstrong who was the first person to walk on the moon was a Purdue graduate.

Question #6
Subject: ekz_3
Choose the correct equivalent of the phrase
accepted money

Question
Subject: ekz_5
Point out the paragraph that says famous people were graduates of Harvard University.
Harvard University is an American private Ivy League research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. It was found in 1636. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Harvard's history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World.
Harvard has about 2,100 faculty to teach. Eight U.S. presidents have been graduates, and 75 Nobel Laureates have been student.
The university offers 46 undergraduate concentrations (majors), 134 graduate degrees, and 32 professional degrees. For the 2008–2009 academic year, Harvard granted 1,664 baccalaureate degrees, 400 master's degrees, 512 doctoral degrees, and 4,460 professional degrees.

Question
Subject: ekz_1
Read the text and find the wrong statements
Some important metals
Without a doubt iron is the most important of the metals and more of it is produced than of all other metals put together. However, there are other metals which are very common and of great usefulness.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is light metal but when it is pure it has low strength. inging small quantities Very resistant light metal is demanded by aircraft industry. It has helped the development of aluminum. Also low weight and resistance to corrosion make it very suitable for engineering.
Copper lead and zinc are metals which can be found in combination sulphur. People have known these metals for a very long time and each has its own uses. Lead is now a very expensive metal. Some time ago it was used extensively for water piping and for water piping because of its softness and resistance to corrosion, but copper and iron roof have taken its place. Copper is a good conductor of electricity used for electrical wiring and cables. Zink is used for in the making of dry batteries and in the process of galvanizing.

Question
Subject: ekz_3
Choose the correct equivalent
developing a new direction
a new trend to be developed
developing a new trend
a new trend has been developed
a new trend developed

Want to find a tutor from MGSU? There are 53 of them in our database!

Tutors from MGSU

Private tutor in choreography and dance, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
A new choreography group for beginners is being recruited.
Teaching children from 3 years old, adolescents and adults according to the author's method of teaching dance, individually and in a group, social work with parents of students, conducting dance fitness and stretching, creating dance performances and shows, working with pregnant women, conducting a special dance course for women. A professional in his field, with a high level of efficiency, effectiveness and creativity. Classes are distinguished by novelty and interesting directing. Responsible, punctual, has organizational skills, obligatory...

An experienced tutor in karate and qigong from MGSU.
I work with children from 4 years old, with adults. Depending on my inclinations, I can teach Classical karate (kihon, kata) or sports section (kumite, kata). According to the results of the training, the opportunity to pass exams for belts, participate in competitions, in seminars with the participation of Japanese specialists is provided.
Qigong - gymnastics complexes: tiger breath; 5 elements; 8 pieces of brocade; Tibetan gymnastics; 24 forms of Tai Chi Chuan and others. Increasing vital energy, restoring the plasticity of the body (muscles, ligaments, blood vessels), recovery from injuries.
Stretching - stretching, flexibility, plasticity of muscles, ligaments, joints for martial arts, gymnastics, well-being...

• Lesson cost: The cost and conditions of classes depend on the place, time, level of previous training, goals of classes, etc. (1500-3000 rubles / hour).
• Items: Karate, Qigong, Fitness, exercise therapy
• City: Moscow
• Nearest metro stations: Marxist, Taganskaya
• Home visit: available
• Status: Private teacher
• Education: MGSU, 1998, MGAFK, 2004, GASIS, 2009

Services of a chess and English tutor from Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
Chess - theory and methodology, chess in English and German (more than 10 years lived in Germany, Belgium), "Chess and intellectual games as a strategy and model of life" - for managers.
A unique methodology, developed personally by a qualitatively new, innovative approach to teaching and sports improvement, which allows avoiding the "looping" of children solely on sports results and, along with sports, to adequately develop other necessary components of both specifically chess and general education: a) culturally - aesthetic, b) organizational - judicial; c) management...

Qualified tutor in drawing and mathematics, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
Students of technical universities. Mathematics for grades 5-9
I am over 70. 35 of them I am engaged in tutoring in descriptive geometry and drawing. All students successfully passed coursework, control and session.

• Lesson cost: 1000 rub. / 60 min
• Items: Drawing, Mathematics
• City: Moscow
• Nearest metro stations: Falcon, Otradnoe
• Home visit: No
• Status: Private teacher
• Education: Leningrad Institute of Engineering and Construction, Faculty of Roads, 1959 postgraduate study at MISI

Individual tutor in drawing from MGSU.
Drawing, descriptive geometry, engineering graphics. The candidate of technical sciences conducts individual classes with schoolchildren and students. Axonometry, detailing, shadows, perspective, assembly drawings. Joint performance of control works.
  

• Lesson cost: 1000 rub. / 60 min
• Items: Drawing
• City: Moscow
• Nearest metro station: Riga
• Home visit: No
• Status: Professor
• Education: She graduated in 1970 from the Moscow Institute of Civil Engineering, faculty of the PGS. Now he is a candidate of technical sciences.

Private tutor in French and English from MGSU.
USE, all levels. French and English with a native speaker individually. I have a proven author's teaching methodology, many internships in England, more than 25 years of work experience and a lot of good feedback from students.
Native French speaker with over 25 years of tutoring experience. All the pupils and students whom I trained were satisfied, achieved excellent results with almost all of them. Many have left great reviews. For serious, excellent and motivated students I make discounts.
I am an experienced and capable teacher and always give good results. I am a citizen of Russia and have been living here for over 34 years...

• Lesson cost: 1000 rub. / 60 min
• Items: French, English, Physics, Mathematics
• City: Moscow
• Nearest metro stations: Youth, Slavyansky boulevard
• Home visit: available
• Status: Private teacher
• Education: MISI, graduating in 1991 (Master's degree from the faculty of the PGS Industrial and Civil Engineering, in 2007 he defended his thesis in building physics, candidate of technical sciences.

  
Experienced tutor in mathematics and physics, Moscow State University of Civil Engineering.
Mathematics (algebra, geometry) - school course (students of grades 1-11, preschoolers).
Physics - school course (students of 5 - 11 grades).
All primary school subjects (up to grade 5 inclusive). I help students with the development and understanding of school material. Preparation for control work, testing. Preparation for the Olympiads (junior classes). Help with doing homework. Improving academic performance in the subject.
  

• Lesson cost: at home: 700 r / hour (depending on the category of the student);
  for a student: 800 - 1000 r / hour (depending on the time spent on the road);
  Remotely: 500 - 800 rubles / hour.
• Items: Mathematics, Physics, Preparation for school, Primary school
• City: Moscow
• Nearest metro stations: Borisovo, VDNH
• Home visit: available
• Status: Student
• Education: MGSU, IGES, specialty (construction of unique buildings and structures). Student (graduation year 2021)

  I give the first lesson for free.
Qualified tutor in mathematics and Russian from MGSU.
Mathematics: students in grades 1 - 9, improving academic performance, explaining complex or simply incomprehensible topics, high-quality preparation for the OGE.
Russian language: students of grades 1 - 9, improving literacy, I will teach you how to write essays, compositions, presentations. Assistance in preparing for the OGE.
English: classes for children from 5 years old and schoolchildren (grades 1 - 9), improving academic performance, preparing for the OGE.
Physics: students in grades 7-9, improving academic performance, explaining complex topics, preparing for the OGE.
I guarantee the elimination of gaps in the knowledge of the student, the high-quality preparation of homework. I spend my lessons in the play...

• Lesson cost: 1000 rub. / 60 min
• Items: Mathematics, Russian language, English language, Physics
• City: Moscow
• Nearest metro station: Borisovo
• Home visit: available
• Status: Student
• Education: MGSU, technosphere safety, graduation year 2020.

Drawing - knowledge from scratch, all sections of engineering drawing, construction drawing.
Architectural Graphics - I prepare applicants for the entrance exam in Architectural Graphics (drawing) at MGSU, GUZ and MARCHI in the specialty "Urban Planning" and "Architecture", "Restoration".
Descriptive geometry - solving problems in a workbook, tasks of increased ...

• Lesson cost: Drawing - 1000 rubles / 60 min.;
  Descriptive geometry - 1000 rubles/60 min.;
  Engineering graphics - 1000 rubles/60 min.;
  Architectural graphics - 1200 rubles / 60 min.
• Items: Drafting, Other items
• City: Moscow
• Nearest metro stations: Altufyevo, Bibirevo
• Home visit: No
• Status: Private teacher
• Education: Architectural and construction college. Faculty of construction and road machines. Year of graduation - 1969. Institute of Civil Engineering. Faculty of construction mechanization, specialty - mechanical engineer...