What is a short communion, a full communion? How to make a morphological analysis of the sacrament? What is participle in Russian

What is the past participle and how to understand it?

The Russian language is a bunch of rules that you need not just to know, but to understand in order to write correctly and speak beautifully. The topic of communion is one of the important topics, having learned which you can learn laconic, but expressive speech.

Compare the sentences with a sluggish and participial turnover: The first option is more concise, beautiful and poetic than the second sentence.

It is known from the school course that the sacrament is not at all simple form verb because it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. From verb this part of speech has a form and tense, and from adjective- gender, number, case and full/short form. Communion is also divided into real and passive.

For example:

Going a boy is a real sacrament, because it is he who does this action - he goes!

chirping grasshopper - the insect itself performs an action - a chirp.

Dress, wearable girl is a passive participle, because it is not the dress that produces the action, but the girl: it is she who wears the dress.

washed up Tanya's dishes sparkled with brilliance and cleanliness. The action is produced, not by dishes, but by Tanya.

What are the main conditions for spelling suffixes in participles in the present tense does not seem to be difficult: you just need to remember which suffix refers to a particular conjugation.

How is it formed past participle?

It is formed using the stem of the verb of any tense and suffixes that help it:

Goes - id yi ii, sings - singing, plays - playing - this is the present tense; loved - love vsh ii, wanted - wanted, dreamed - dreamed, feed - fed - this is the past. There are specific suffixes for the real and passive tense:

Actual past participle.

Formed from verb stems using suffixes: -vsh-, -sh-. The type and transitivity do not matter.

The suffix depends on the ending of the stem of the verb:

• If it ends in a vowel, then - vsh-. risovA t - rice vsh ii, to build - built, to look - looked.
• And if on a consonant, then -sh-. Wez ti - ve h neck.
• If past participle is formed from the verb in -t, then the suffix -vsh- will be written after the vowel that is before -t.

For example: m sbe- m s drooling, laughter Abe- laughter A vis, vis ebe- vis evsh uy.

On the example of the table, you can consider education in detail real participle past tense depending on the verbs.

Thus, real past participles not at all difficult to understand.

To easily check the transitivity of the participle, you can put a question from the word, if you can ask a question of the indirect case from it, then this is an intransitive verb. For example:

Watch (what?) a film, print (what?) an essay;

Run (where?) along the road. Here the question is "what?" does not work, so this is an intransitive verb and participle, respectively.

There should be no problems with the appearance: if the action in the process is not. view, if it has already happened - owls. view.

Passive participle in the past tense.

They are formed from the transitive verb of the corresponding tense. The species does not particularly matter, but from the verbs of nes. there are not many kinds of attachments.

According to the table, only one important question now arises: when suffixes of passive past participles are written with one n, and when with two?

Here it is important to remember a few simple rules:

One -H verbs will have imperfect form if they:

• Dont Have dependent word, prefix, -ova-/ -eva-; For example: fried, boiled, smoked.
• short participles; For example: the children are fed, the partnership is formed, the matter is settled.

Two - HH have full passive participles past form formed by verbs perfect look with presence:

• dependent words. For example: sturgeon fried in oil. Peas boiled in broth.
• -ova-/-yova-. For example: a child spoiled by his mother. A prince bewitched by her bewitching gaze.

They have the same syntactic function as adjectives, i.e. in the offer are most often definition.

Past participle can also have a reflexive suffix -sya. For example: a hidden cockroach, a split nut, fallen sand, a laughing beauty, a frightened fly.

But always in the Russian language there are exceptions, which may not be the same for everyone. Words such as “seek”, “love” and “take” are not capable of forming passive participles: they absolutely cannot do it. There is another feature of verbs ending in -sti: they can turn into a passive past participle.

For example:

• Weave. The mittens woven by the grandmother look just like store-bought ones.
• Steal. We could not find the slippers stolen by the cat for a long time.
• Gain: Sharik's newly acquired bone pleased him for a long time, because of which he wagged his tail for a long time.
• Find: When the teacher found the cheat sheets found, Vasya realized that he needed to come up with a better way to cheat, but the more he cheated, the more he had to know.

Summing up, it is important to remember the main thing: past participle suffixes- this is vsh, sh for real participles, and nn, t, enn for passive ones. Having memorized them and the rules for using one and doubled questions with past participles, there will be no.

Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

As a verb form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
• Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic signs of participles

There are scholars who believe that the sacrament is independent part speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).

Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.

Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.

They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tenses with the help of suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
• -im- for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Real participles.

Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes

If you do not know what the sacrament is, then first of all we advise you to read the article "" on this site.

Valid participles

Real Communion- This is a participle that denotes a sign produced by an object / object. Example: A girl jumping rope. The action is performed by the object "girl" - she jumps over the rope.

Active participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• The person who writes the news. Writer - active present participle. Man writes news this moment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -usch-, -yushch- (for the first conjugation of verbs) and -ash-, -yash- (for the second conjugation of verbs).
• The man giving the compliment. Made - real past participle. The man has already made a compliment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past tense using the suffixes -vsh-, -sh-.

Passive participles

Passive Communion- This is a participle that denotes a sign produced on one object or object by the actions of another. Example: a ship built by the villagers. The villagers performed an action on the ship - they built it.

Passive participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:

• A chair broken by a student. Breakable - present passive participle. The student performs an action on the chair - breaks it. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -om-, -em- (for verbs of the first conjugation) and -im- (for verbs of the second conjugation).
• Dog beaten by owner. Beaten - passive past participle. The owner performed an action on the dog - he beat her. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past with the help of suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -ot-.

Students should pay attention to the fact that passive past participles are formed from perfective verbs and are almost never formed from imperfective verbs (exceptions are participles read, written, seen, heard, put on, carried, grated, chipped and some others).

It is useful to show this on paired verbs, for example: meet and meet; from the perfective verb to meet, the form met is formed, and from the imperfective verb to meet, the passive participle of the past tense is not formed (students often form a non-existent form "met").

The acquired knowledge is consolidated in the course of the exercise.

Indicate the form and transitivity of each verb. Where possible, form passive participles of the past tense, where it is impossible, explain why: quit (s.v., transition) - abandoned; throw (n. v., transition) - not formed; rush (s. v., non-transition.) - does not form.

a) reveal, reveal; decide, decide; deliver, deliver; raise, raise; clear, clear; water, water; sow, sow; turn off, turn off.

b) Repeat, repeat, repeat; meet, meet, meet; name, name, call; return, return, return; walk, proceed; run away, run; to walk, take a walk; occupy, occupy, occupy, occupy.

When forming passive past participles, students most often make mistakes in writing a vowel before the suffix -nn- or incorrectly use the suffix -enn-. It is very important to teach them to distinguish these suffixes. To do this, students must remember that the suffix -nn- is added to the stem of the past tense ending in a, i.

In all other cases, the suffix -enn- is added. Before the suffix -nn-, the same vowel is preserved that was in the past tense verb. It is useful for students to be reminded that the real and passive past participles are formed from the basis of the past tense, to which the participle suffixes are added.

Training can be done on the following material.

1. Form passive past participles with suffixes -nn- and -enn- from these verbs.

Finish, lose, offend, grab, ignite, plow, listen, disturb, offend, illuminate, hear, soothe, ridicule, bake, transform.

2. Form real and passive past participles from verbs.

Cleanse, melt, endure, cherish, open, confuse, decompose, deliver, bite, promise, stitch, tell, destroy, reward, fan, transform.

3. Disassemble the participle data by composition; indicate the verbs from which they are formed.

Crowned with glory, screwed nut, broken chair, broken will, scattered things, abandoned fields, infused herbs, awarded, pumped out of the cellar, pumped out water, weighed goods, hung carpets, kneaded dough, stirred mortar, soldered pipe, boiled with milk, hidden resentment, a game started, peat thrown out of the car, fish rolled in flour.

4. Form passive participles of the past tense and make phrases with them: lose - lost time.

a) Seal, print, possess, limit, sow, feed, distort, learn, spend, retain, cure, wake up, color, multiply, smear.

b) Stitch, break, understand, bend, forget, knock out, weed, fold, hide, remove, unfold, accept, leave, open, deceive, take out.

5. To these verbs, select aspectual pairs and, where possible, form real and passive participles of the past tense: leave - left - left; leave - leaving.

Return, continue, preserve, correct, prohibit, surprise, embitter, lead, explain, clarify, constrain.

After appropriate training, students quite successfully master the spelling of this spelling. However, difficulties arise when it becomes necessary to distinguish the participle from similar forms of the adjective. So, schoolchildren mix up the spelling of the same-root words exchanged (ruble), replaced (detail), exchanged (coin) because they cannot correctly parse them in composition and find the words from which they are formed. Or another example: students consider the word slow to be a participle formed from the verb to delay.

However, the verb to delay is intransitive, and passive participles are not formed from it. So slow is an adjective (from it you can form the form comparative degree slower, which is typical for quality adjectives), the word slow (step) is a participle, it is formed from the transitive verb of the perfect form to slow down.

Therefore, students should understand that if given word it is impossible to find the verb from which it is formed, so it is an adjective.

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Participle - a special (non-conjugated) form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the question what? (what?) and combines the features of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence participle can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by a poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of a brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); nice started glorious deed ... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, participle forms participial, which in school practice is usually considered one member of the sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog by a bright window.)

Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle

Note . The real/passive meaning and time are expressed in participles with the help of special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Communions divided into real and passive.

Valid communion indicate the attribute of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy does.

Passive communion designate a sign of one object by the action that another object performs (i.e., a sign of an object on which an action has been or is being performed): broken (boy) glass- sign glasses by action smash, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present and past tense (the participles have no future tense).

Participle formation

1. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (perfective verbs do not have participles present tense).

2. Passive communion are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Communions present tense (both real and passive) are formed from the basis of the present tense.

4. Communions the past tense (both real and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passionate communion The past tense is predominantly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid communion present time -usch-/-yusch-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pi-sh-ut - writing, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shouting - screaming, talking - talking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid communion past tense formed with suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, screaming- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive communion present time formed with suffixes -em-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (chitae] my), ved-ut- driven, love - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop and etc.

Passive communion past tense formed with suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems into a consonant (P rines ti- brought) or on -and (note - noticed).

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form participles past tense.

Short form participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).

Short form participles, like short form adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Communions differ from adjectives not only in the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also in their meaning. Adjectives denote constant attributes of objects, and communion- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, older.

Communions may lose the meaning and signs of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case participle denotes an already permanent sign of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words with it, control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Tit Nikonych ... everyone's favorite(participle) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays ... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Most easily pass into passive adjectives communion: restrained character, high spirits, strained relations, confused look.

Communions used mainly in styles book speech and are almost never found in everyday conversation.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament includes the allocation of three permanent signs (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-permanent (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irreversibility. These permanent features are not included in the generally accepted scheme of analysis, but can be noted.