Goodbye in Mexican. What language is spoken in Mexico? State language of Mexico. Peruvian Spanish

Language in Mexico

The official language in Mexico is Spanish (Mexican Spanish).

Currently, there are about 500 million people who speak Spanish, which is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world.

The Spanish alphabet consists of 30 Latin-like letters, some of which are read and pronounced differently.

The Mexican version of the Spanish language carries the features inherent in the local Indian dialects, as a result of which not every Spaniard can understand many words from the lexicon of the Mexican inhabitants.

Mexican Spanish is the native language of 125 million people living in Mexico (100 million) and the United States (25 million).

In addition to Spanish, which is spoken by the majority of the population, the languages ​​​​of indigenous peoples (Indians) are widespread in the country, which have the status national languages in Mexico, and which is spoken by about 6 million local residents.

Almost all of the country locals speak only their native language and do not know any other language.

Spanish is fairly easy, so learn a few words to help you communicate with Mexicans and bring along a phrasebook.

IN tourist centers Communication should not be a problem as the staff speak not only Spanish but also English.

Spanish in Mexico(Spanish) Español mexicano) - a group of dialects, dialects and sociolects, constituting a special linguistic variant of the Spanish language in Mexico, based on the language norm of the Mexican capital - the city of Mexico City, which is the literary standard of this variant. The Spanish of most other regions of the country is quite close to the metropolitan norm, with the exception of special dialects of Yucatán (Yucatan Spanish based on Caribbean Spanish) and Chiapas (Central American Spanish). Mexican Spanish (as well as various dialects within it) is the native language of approximately 125 million people (of which over 100 million live in Mexico and about 25 million in the United States, mainly in the border regions of Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, etc.). d.). In Mexico, this variant of Spanish is the only official language in federal level and one of the official (along with many Indian languages) at the state level. Mexican Spanish is also the basis for US Spanish (see Spanish language in USA), which is widely used in the media (Univision channels, Telemundo, etc.), education, etc. In addition, Mexican Spanish is the most common language variant Spanish, as it is native to the majority of Mexicans, who make up about 29% of all Spanish speakers in the world. The main features of the Spanish language in Mexico are the clarity of pronunciation of consonants (especially d and s), proximity to the classical standard Spanish of the 16th and 17th centuries, with a strong influence of indigenous languages ​​​​in the field of vocabulary.

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Until the 16th century, the territory of modern Mexico was inhabited by fairly numerous Indian tribes who spoke several dozen languages, the most common of which were: Navajo in the north, Maya, Nahuatl in the center and many others, which had a significant substratum influence on the Spanish language, which at first only a small but elite layer of conquistadors, administrators and officials and immigrants from Spain, who made up about 5% of the population, spoke. Nevertheless, thanks to its prestige and intense interracial contacts (mestizo), Spanish became the main means of communication for the bulk of Mexicans already in the 17th century. And yet, unlike the United States, Mexico has never pursued a policy of genocide against the indigenous population. After a sharp reduction in the number of Indians from diseases introduced by Europeans, their number stabilized already in XVII-XVIII centuries. IN XIX-XX centuries the number of Amerindian speakers in Mexico has increased quite significantly, although their proportion in the general population has continued to decline due to an even faster increase in the number of Spanish-speaking mestizos. However, the influence of Amerindian languages, which are still spoken by 7-10% of Mexicans, remains significant. Many Mexicanisms, that is, words, phrases, phonetic and grammatical phenomena, characteristic of the spoken Spanish language of Mexico, are explained precisely by the influence of autochthonous languages. Other important factor in the formation and spread of Mexican Spanish was the status of the city of Mexico City itself (the former Tenochtitlan), which for three centuries was the capital of the viceroyalty of New Spain (see New Spain and Colonies Spain), as well as the largest in the Western Hemisphere, where in XVI-XVII centuries significant numbers arrived from Madrid and Spain. Therefore, just like American English, Mexican Spanish is based mainly on the corresponding European analogue of the language of the 16th-17th centuries. The language, in fact, of Spain continued to develop further, and in Mexico it largely froze, as it were, in a preserved form after gaining independence in early XIX century and developed in isolation from Spain.

Phonological features

• Seseo: Latin America as a whole, Canary Islands and Andalusia still do not distinguish s and interdental z, c(developed in Castile), which are all pronounced /s/. The sound [s] in Mexico is laminodental or apicodental and is identical to the Russian sound “s”, but [s] in the center and north of Spain took on an apical-alveolar character in the 19th-20th centuries, so for Russians and Mexicans to the same extent it sounds like “ sh” (non-distinguishing with and sh is also characteristic of the Greek language).
• Eizmo: Pronunciation is no longer different y And ll; pronounced like /ʝ/ or Russian [Y].
• Unlike other varieties of Spanish that tend to vocalize words along the Italian model, final and intervocalic consonants in Mexico have a fairly distinct quality, while vowels, on the contrary, are reduced: the ["tRasts]" pronunciation for "trastes" often happens when a consonant contacts [s] with [e], which falls out. Philologist Bertil Malmberg gives the following example Rafael Lapesa, when many people do not pronounce vowels in common speech ( Cómo ’stás, “cómo estás’, nec’sito, ‘necesito’, palabr’s ‘palabras’, much’s gras’s, ‘muchas gracias’).
• Unlike Caribbean Spanish, final [s] (exponent plural and second person verbs) is always retained.
• The intervocalic d tends to be weakened, but never completely reduced. Thus, "amado", "partido", "nada" do not become "amao", "partío" and "naa" as in Cuba or Venezuela.
• In much of Mexico, the discriminative phonemes [R] and [r] of Standard Spanish (especially the final -r) are often stunned and the contrast between them is somewhat blurred: ["ka§ta]"card" or "amor", while in the northern states the difference between /rr/ and /-r/ remains. In some areas of the Yucatan Peninsula, r even takes on a uvular quality (as in French).
• The sound (x) in Mexico is a voiceless velar fricative [x], as in ["kaxa] "caja" (box). This sound is very similar to the Russian "x" and is quite close to the similar sound of northern and central Spain, but, unlike it, it does not have harsh uvular overtones.In Caribbean Spanish (which has a strong influence on speech Atlantic coast Mexico) due to the general weakening of consonants, the letter j is realized as a deaf exhalation [h], found in the Germanic languages.
• Within the Spanish language of Mexico, which has a standardized variant, there is a significant number of dialectal adverbs (especially in the vernacular). So, the Mexicans themselves, as a rule, can distinguish by ear the speech of people from the states of Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Yucatan, Mexico City itself, Jalisco, Chiapas or Veracruz.

In 1521, the Spanish colonizers arrived in Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), thus bringing the Spanish language to the territory of modern Mexico. However, several generations were needed for the zones to acquire their own personal linguistic character. This happened only after 100 years. Creole Spanish of Mexico begins to take shape when the first children are born in Mexico, but their parents still spoke European Spanish, so it cannot yet be said that their children already spoke pure Mexican Spanish.

In Mexico, as subsequently in all other countries of Latin America, a number of changes are taking place in the Spanish language system: linguistic territories are expanding (as happened in Spain, when Spanish replaced other languages ​​that existed on the Iberian Peninsula), phonological changes are taking place (according to in another way, j begins to be pronounced, the sound θ gradually disappears and is replaced by s, phonetic adaptation of words borrowed from Indian languages ​​occurs), etc.

One of the first impressions that modern Mexican Spanish can make on an observer is that it is "conservative". In the literary texts of Spanish writers of the 16th and 17th centuries, one can find words that today in Spain are archaisms and are almost unrecognizable by native speakers, or are used extremely rarely. In Mexico, these words continue to be used and are not perceived as archaic. Here are some examples of such lexical units:

word in mexican (is archaic in the Castilian version)	Equivalent in Castilian Spanish	Translation
Aburricion	Aburrimiento	Boredom, annoyance
Alzarse	sublevarse	rebel, revolt
Amarrar	Atar	tie, connect
Anafre	Hornillo	portable oven
Apeñuscarse	Apinarse	Crowd, crowd
Balde (para agua)	Cubo	Bucket, tub
Botar	Tirar	Throw, throw away
Chabacano	Albaricoque	Apricot
Chapa	Cerradura	Lock
Chicharo	Guisante	Peas
Cobija	Manta	Blanket
Conyo	Konna	Buddy
Despacio (hablar despacio)	en vozbaja	Quiet (speak quietly)
Dilatar	Tardar	linger, be late
Droga	Deuda	Duty
Durazno	Melocoton	Peach
Ensartar (la aguja)	Enhebrar	Thread a needle)
Esculcar	Registrar	Search, fumble (in your pocket)
expandir	Extender	expand, spread
Frijol	Judia, habichuela	Beans
Hambreado	Hambriento	Hungry
Postergar	Aplazar, diferir	Save
Prieto	Moreno	Dark
Recibirse	Graduation	Get a degree
Renco	cojo	lame
Resfrio	Resfriado	Cold, runny nose
Retobado	Rezongon	obese
Rezago	Atraso	Delay, delay
Zonzo	Tonto	Silly, stupid

It's just not a large number of words currently in use in Mexican Spanish and obsolete in the Iberian Peninsula.

The presence of such a lexical layer has given rise among many linguists to an erroneous view of Mexican Spanish as an archaic variant (Wagner, 1949; Zamora Vicente, 1974; and others). However, Moreno de Alba writes about this: “The vocabulary of the Spanish language is the total sum of all the vocabulary of all its dialects (geographical, historical and social). Therefore, the problem of so-called archaisms must be reconsidered. Of course, there are archaisms in the strict sense of the word, and these will be such linguistic phenomena that are used sporadically and have disappeared from the whole Spanish language, such as the verb catar in the sense of "see" or yantar in the sense of "is". But there is also an infinite number of archaisms in a relative sense, which, being used in some dialects, have ceased to be the norm in others. Thus, the word estafeta may be perceived as archaic by Latin Americans, ..., and the vocabulary prieto will be such for the Spaniards ”(Moreno de Alba, 2001: 264 - 265). Thus, these words are archaisms in the Castilian version of the Spanish language, while in the Mexican version they are common and cannot be regarded as archaic.

It is known that the Indian languages ​​that dominated the territory of present-day Mexico before the arrival of the Spaniards had almost no effect on the phonological and grammatical level of the Spanish language in Mexico. On the other hand, all linguists recognize their influence on the lexical composition of the language. Thus, in Spanish of Mexico we can find great amount Indianisms, in particular, those originating from the Nahuatl language. Basically, these are words related to flora and fauna. Here are some of them:

Indianisms	Translation
Aguacate	Avocado
Ahuehuete
Cacahuate	Peanut
Cacao	Cocoa
Chayote	Chayote (tree and fruit)
Chile	Indian pepper
Copal	copal, copal gum, leguminous plant
Coyote	Coyote
Mezcal	Type of alcoholic drink
Ocelote	Ocelot
Quetzal	Quetzal (bird)
tomate
Zapote	Sapotli tree, akhras, sapote (fruit of a tree, genus of an oblong apple)

A large number of Indianisms recorded in general dictionaries and in dictionaries of regionalisms, may suggest that the Amerindian component is the most important in Latin American national varieties of Spanish. It should be taken into account that when compiling dictionaries, the authors start from written sources (chronicles, letters, protocols, memoirs, documents, etc.), collecting all found autochthonous words, including toponyms, anthroponyms and ethnonyms. However, all these much-needed data for conducting diachronic studies distort the linguistic reality when conducting studies in a synchronous way, forcing many researchers to believe that all Indianisms registered in dictionaries are actively used in speech in one country or another. Thus, Dario Rubio believed that such a large number of Nahuatlisms in Mexico would "cause a really terrible chaos" that would make communication between Mexicans difficult (Rubio, 1990: XXII). In fact, many words registered in dictionaries may not even be known to Mexicans, or they may be passive, that is, know but never use in speech. The Mexican linguist Lope Blanche, in his work "Indian Vocabulary in Mexican Spanish" (1969), divides the Nahuatlisms that exist in the Mexican variant into six groups. Below are some examples:

Vocable	Translation
Group 1. Vocabularies known to absolutely everyone (99-100% of Mexicans)
Aguacate	Avocado
Cacahuate	Peanut
Cacao	Cocoa
Coyote	Coyote
Cuate	friend, buddy
Chamaco	Boy, child
Chicle	Gum
Chihuahua	Dog breed in Mexico
Chile	Variety of hot pepper
Chocolate	Chocolate
Escuincle	Small child
Guajolote	Turkey
Jitomate	Tomato (red)
Papalote	Kite
Petatearse	Die
Popote	Drinking straw
Pozole	Posole (national Mexican dish)
Tamal	National Mexican dish
Tequila	Tequila
tomate	Green tomato (a kind of cooking tomato)
Group 2. Vocabules that are known to almost all Mexicans (85-98%)
Ahuehuete	Large variety of tree
Ajolote	mexican amphibian
Ayate	Ayate (rare fibrous tissue from agave)
Chamagoso	Sloppy, dirty
Mapache	American badger
Mezquite	Genus of American acacia
Olote	Corn cob without grains
piocha	Goatee, goatee
Group 3. Vocabules known to half of the speakers (50-85%)
Chachalaca	Mexican bird of the chick family
Jicote	wasp species
Quetzal	Quetzal (bird)
Tiza	Chalk
Tlaco	ancient coin
Group 4. Little-known vocables (25-50%)
Acocil	Lobster size 3-6 cm
Colote	Corn storage
Achahuislarse	Be afflicted by aphids
Jilotear	To ripen, pour (about corn)
Nauyaca	Nauyaca (venomous snake)
Group 5. Very little known vocables (2-25%)
Ayacahuite	Pine (variety)
Cuescomate	corn barn
July	Carp (variety)
Tepeguaje	Stubborn, persistent
Aguate	Small sharp thorn (on the trunk of a cactus)
Group 6. Practically unknown vocables (0-1%)
Cuitla	Bird litter
Pizote	One of the mammals
pascle	Dense ash green moss (used as a festive decoration in the house)
Yagual	Roller (for carrying weights on the head)
Sontle	Sonte (counting unit for corn, fruit, etc.)

It should be noted that Nahuatlisms, being an important factor in the Mexican version of the Spanish language, is currently showing a tendency to disappear due to constant changes in life, economy and education (Yakovleva, 2005:25). In addition to Nahuatlisms, Mexican Spanish borrows from other Indian languages, such as Maya. Examples include words such as balac, chich, holoch, pibinal, tuch, xic. However, borrowings from the Mayan language are mainly present in the southeast of the country and are dialectal phenomena that are not included in the norm of the entire Mexican variant of the Spanish language, the basis of which is the cultural speech of Mexico City. Therefore, we will not dwell on these lexical units in detail.

Coexisting with words of a conservative nature, Mexican Spanish now has a large number of neologisms, that is, vocables that follow an American path that is different from the European one.

In particular, in the Mexican version, we can hear anglicisms that are not registered in dictionaries, but dominate in speech over common Spanish words. Such anglicisms are absent in other national varieties of Spanish. Examples include words such as:

Many philologists, writers and cultural figures are concerned about the unjustified and excessive use of English vocabulary and oppose its negative consequences, considering this phenomenon a reflection of the political, economic, scientific and technological expansion of the United States and its partners, a consequence of Americanization. mass culture Mexico. Quite often you can hear the opinion that the abundance of anglicisms is one of the distinguishing features Mexican Spanish (Lopez Rodriguez, 1982). However, Lope Blanche, in his article “Anglicisms in the Cultural Norm of Mexico”, states the following: “Mexico is a country excessively susceptible to infection English language. Being a neighbor with the United States, it has a border with them, with a length of more than 2500 km. It maintains close economic relations with its powerful neighbor. It receives a significant number of American tourists every year, and hundreds of thousands of Mexicans leave temporarily to work in the United States. English is the most studied language foreign language in Mexico. … However, it is quite possible that Mexican Spanish is no different in this respect from other Spanish-speaking countries much more distant geographically, historically and politically from the United States” (Lope Blanch, 1982: 32-33).

In the study of the cultural speech of Mexico City in the framework of the "Cooperative Research Project on Cultural language norm the main cities of Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula "the total number of registered anglicisms was 170 vocables, which is 4% of the 4452 questions of the then applied questionnaire. However, not all of these anglicisms are used in Mexico with the same frequency.

Lope Blanche divides Anglicisms into 5 groups.

1. Common Anglicisms: basquetbol, ​​bateo, beisbol, bikini, boxeo, closet, champú, coctel, cheque, elevador, emergencia, esmoquin, futbol, ​​gol, líder, refrigerador, supermercado, etc.
2. Commonly used Anglicisms: bar, bermudas, bistec, chequera, jochey, kinder, poncharse, ponchada, shorts, etc.
3. Anglicisms of medium frequency: barman, manager, porter, túnel, videotape, zípper, etc.
4. Little-used anglicisms: bilet, blazer, lonch, mofle, ofside, standar, stewardess, stop, tándem, etc.
5. Spontaneous anglicisms: bartender, comics, game, gorra de golf, locker, magazine, pull-over, rosbif, etc.

One third of anglicisms denote concepts related to sports. In second place are words related to technology, followed by vocables related to clothing and food. However, despite the geographical proximity of Mexico and the United States, Mexican Spanish lacks a number of anglicisms that are actively used in other Spanish-speaking countries, including Spain. We are talking about words such as clown (payaso), bacon (tocino), espíquer (locutor), shut (tiro, disparo), water (excusado), autostop (aventón), aparcar / parquear (estacionar), etc.

Thus Mexican Spanish has anglicisms. However, their number in cultural speech does not differ much from other national variants of the language.

little mustachioed mexicans

Mexican version of Spanish.

Mexican Spanish (Spanish) Español mexicano) is the native language of about 125 million people (of which over 100 million live in Mexico and about 25 million in the United States, mainly in the border regions of Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, etc.). In addition, Mexican Spanish is the most widely spoken variant of Spanish, as it is the mother tongue of the majority of Mexicans, who make up about 29% of all Spanish speakers in the world.

The Mexican version of Spanish is understood not only in the historical homeland of the language and throughout Latin America, but also in the south of the United States - in the Latin quarters of Los Angeles there are eateries where they not only do not speak English, but also accept dollars for payment without much willingness, pesos are better.

The emergence and spread of Mexican Spanish.

In 1521, the Spanish colonizers arrived in Tenochtitlan(now Mexico City), thus bringing the Spanish language to the territory of modern Mexico. Creole Spanish of Mexico begins to take shape when the first children are born in Mexico, however, their parents still spoke European Spanish.

It is known that the Indian languages ​​that dominated the territory of present-day Mexico before the arrival of the Spaniards had almost no effect on the phonological and grammatical level of the Spanish language in Mexico. On the other hand, all linguists recognize their influence on the lexical composition of the language. Thus, in the Spanish of Mexico and Spain, by the way, too, we can find a huge amount Indianisms, in particular, originating from the Nahuatl language:
avocado, cocoa, chili(the name of the pepper - has nothing to do with the name of the country Chile), coyote, mezcal, ocelot, quetzal(name of bird and coin), tomato, chocolate...

In addition to Nahuatlisms, in the Mexican version of Spanish there are borrowings from other Indian languages, for example, Maya, which, nevertheless, are present mainly in the southeast of the country and are dialect variants that are not included in the norm of the entire Mexican version of the Spanish language, the basis of which is the cultural speech of Mexico City.

Characteristics of Mexican Spanish.

Mexico is a country overly exposed to English contamination. Being a neighbor with the United States, it has a border with them, with a length of more than 2500 km. It maintains close economic relations with its powerful neighbor, receives a significant number of American tourists every year, and hundreds of thousands of Mexicans leave temporarily to work in the United States. At the same time, having lived there for a couple of decades (illegally or having received a residence permit), they never master the English language. What for? They still work at "their own" - in restaurants of Mexican cuisine (which, you might guess, is extremely common in the States), live in "their" areas and communicate only with "their own".

When I worked as a waitress at a Mexican restaurant in Washington DC, I had to urgently master a few super-necessary phrases in Spanish, because the chefs in the kitchen did not speak English, and it was oh so difficult to explain to them for the umpteenth time that these beans you don’t need to put it in this fajita - this American family is allergic to them.

well, I digress.

Of course, it is not surprising that such close proximity leaves its traces in the lexical set of the Mexican language. There are a large number of anglicisms, which are usually not registered by most dictionaries, but dominate over common Spanish words. Such anglicisms are absent in other national varieties of Spanish. For example:
shorts- Pantalón corto (Shorts)
Lunch— Comida a media mañana
Penthouse– Último piso de un edificio
office boy— Mensajero (Messenger)…

Phonological features

1. do not distinguish s and interdental z, c(developed in Castile), which are all pronounced /s/. The sound [s] in Mexico is identical to the Russian sound "s".
2. pronunciation is no longer different y And ll; pronounced as /ʝ/ or Russian [Y], the dash has moved into standard Spanish.
3. final and intervocalic consonants in Mexico have a fairly distinct quality, and vowels vice versa are reduced. (Como 'stas— como estas', nec'sito,‘necesito’, palabr's‘palabras’, much's gras's, ‘muchas gracias’).
4. final [s](indicator of the plural and second person of verbs) the intervocalic d is always retained but is never completely reduced. Thus, "amado", "partido", "nada" do not become "amao", "partío" and "naa".
5. in most of Mexico, meaningful phonemes [R] and [r] standard Spanish (especially final -r) often are stunned and the contrast between them is somewhat blurred: ['ka§ta] 'carta' or 'amor', while in the northern states the difference between /rr/ and /-r/ remains. In some areas of the Yucatan Peninsula, r even takes on a uvular quality (as in French).

Learning Mexican Spanish.

The teaching of Spanish in many countries geographically located far from Latin America, including Russia, is focused on the Pyrenean version, while Latin American variants have to be mastered in practice.

The Internet contributes to the language practice of modern students, as well as correspondence with Latin American peers and colleagues. As a result, students quite often ask teachers such questions as:

1. Why should I pronounce the interdental sound [θ] if Hispanics (i.e. almost 400 million people) do without it?

2. I spoke with a Mexican (Venezuelan, Peruvian, etc.) and he said “Hoy desayuné a las 8”, and in class we are told that this is a mistake and we should say “Hoy he desayunado a las 8”. How is it right anyway?

3. I talked with Mexicans about Russian cuisine and tried (tried) to tell that borscht is a typical soup, i.e. beetroot soup. I used the word remolacha, but they did not understand me. What word should I use?

Textbook of the Mexican "language".

Mexican Spanish textbook

Mexican people can speak different languages. There are over 60 indigenous languages ​​in Mexico, although this is only 6%, but this percentage roughly corresponds to about 6 million people in Mexico. The official language in Mexico is Spanish, simply because it is the language most Mexicans communicate in.

Initially, when the Spanish arrived, they tried to keep Nahuatl as the country's official language. However, in the late 1600s and on until the 1700s, the Spanish colonizers began to change official language Mexico from Nahuatl to Spanish. In the 1990s, an amendment to the Mexican constitution led to the adoption of indigenous languages ​​as national languages. In this way, legal documents can now be written down in all indigenous languages, as well as in Spanish.

Spanish video lessons for beginners

Hello everyone, my name is Dasha Mendez.

Today I want to tell you about funny Spanish words that sound like curses to Russian-speaking people. I have already made a similar video, and subscribers wrote me several interesting words. Thank you very much for the examples!

Those who study Spanish and, for example, live not even in Spain, but in Russia, have probably already met Spanish words that can be read in Russian with a touch of sarcasm; but in Spanish they are read in a slightly different form. Let's move on to examples.

1. Huesos ‘bones’ is read as [uesos], but since there is h before u, in Russian it can be read accordingly.

2. Concha ‘shell’ [concha], but in general this word in Latin America also denotes the female genital organ, therefore it has 2 meanings there. In Spain, the word Concha can even be the name of a girl, a woman. And if she goes to latin america with such a name, then the locals may laugh at this name. I've just heard a few stories about it.

3. Perdi ‘I lost’ [perdi] (from the verb perder ‘to lose’), but here it’s clear, yes, who lost what?

4. Huesoso ‘bone’ [huesoso], Huesitos [huesitos] chocolates, photos of which I like to publish on Instagram, can be attributed to the same topic. If you pronounce the letter h at the beginning of a word, then you know how it will sound in Russian.

5. Julio ‘July’ [julo] and junio ‘June’ [huno], when I started learning Spanish, I thought it was the funniest language in the world, because for a Russian person to read is wow!

6. Chileno ‘Chilean’ [chileno], fun, right? I have one friend chileno.