The construction of the dam began in 1992. The growing economy of China was in dire need of electricity, and the hydroelectric power station being built was supposed to satisfy this hunger. It was assumed that the energy produced here would cover 10% of the needs of the entire country!

Already at the design stage, it became obvious that the dam under construction would have a huge impact on environment. Both positive and negative. The first include: reducing air pollution by reducing emissions at thermal power plants (after all, now enough energy will be produced using the hydroelectric power station itself), improving navigation on the river, as well as controlling water discharge will prevent flooding of areas located downstream of the river. Flooding can be a negative factor large area(for which 1.3 million people were relocated), the extinction of several species river fish, significant deterioration of the natural fertilizer of agricultural land downstream of the river (all silt is retained by the dam). There was also a danger of a terrible man-made disaster If something happens to the dam and the river gets out of control, 360 million people will be in the flood zone.


Taming such deep river, like the Yangtze, allowed the Three Gorges hydroelectric power station to take first place in the world in terms of declared capacity. The power plant is equipped with 32 generators of 700 MW each, plus 2 generators of 50 MW for their own needs. The last power units were installed and put into operation in 2012.


"Three Gorges" amaze not only with its energy indicators, but also with its external dimensions. So the length of the dam itself is 2335 meters, the height is 181 meters, the width at the base is 115 meters, and the width at the crest is 40 meters. This wall of concrete and steel formed a reservoir of 632 square kilometers.


The dam is equipped with a spillway, thanks to which the Three Gorges can discharge excess water at a rate of 116,000 cubic meters per second.



The Yangtze River is an important transportation artery in China. And in order for the ships to be able to freely pass the dam, two structures were built next to it. For cargo ships, there are two lines of locks with five chambers in each (chamber dimensions: length - 280 meters, width - 35 meters, depth - 5 meters. The time for the vessel to pass the entire line is about 4 hours). For small ships (up to 3000 tons), a vertical ship lift is provided, which will lift the vessel by 113 meters (chamber dimensions: length - 120 meters, width - 18 meters, depth - 3.5 meters, lifting time - 30 minutes).


The construction of the entire Three Gorges HPP complex was completed in July 2012. The approximate cost of construction with all side costs is - 18 billion US dollars.

More photos of HPP "Three Gorges":

"Three Gorges" is not just the largest hydroelectric power station in the world, but also a national Chinese landmark that attracts many tourists from all over the world. The largest hydraulic structure, located at the mouth of the Yangtze River, was built to carry out three main functions - workings electrical energy, flood control, and to improve navigation conditions. The construction of this facility began in 1994, and nine years later, the station began to generate the first electricity. In July 2012 all construction works completed, after which the largest hydroelectric power station in the world was officially put into operation.

The dam reaches a height of 185 meters and has the ability to pass 116,000 cubic meters of water every second. Total hydraulic units is thirty-four. At the same time, the capacity of each of the thirty-two is 700 megawatts, and the remaining two (they are used for the facility's own needs) are 50 megawatts. The total capacity of the "Three Gorges" is 22.5 gigawatts. As for the generation of electrical energy, the largest hydroelectric power station annually has the ability to produce about one hundred billion kilowatt-hours. Interestingly, the designers originally planned that the station would provide one tenth of all the energy generated in China. But while the construction of the facility lasted, the country's needs increased significantly, now the energy provided by the giant hydroelectric power station is only two percent of the total.

It cannot be ignored that great value, which has a hydroelectric power station during floods. It so happened historically that these natural disasters have become a very serious problem for them, because they annually carry away a large number of human lives. In this regard, a whole cascade complex of reservoirs is currently being built. In addition to the Three Gorges, it includes the Gezhouba hydroelectric power station, built in 1988. In addition, seven more stations are currently under construction. The largest hydroelectric power station in the world has a reservoir with a capacity of 20 cubic kilometers. Without a doubt, it will significantly reduce the consequences of the annual spring flood. It should be noted that in the absence of a reservoir, any hydroelectric power station becomes dependent on the water level in the river. After all, when it is lowered, power is sharply reduced. And in the event of floods, most of the melt water is discharged for nothing.

The Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant is located in a scenic area between Yichang and Chongqing. The area is home to many cultural and natural attractions. Due to its architectural originality, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world has received the definition of "the pearl of the Yangtze River." In addition, people have always been very interested in the possibilities of scientific and technological progress, so it is not surprising that the Three Gorges HPP began to be very popular with tourists even during construction.

As for domestic giants, the largest hydroelectric power station in Russia is Sayano-Shushenskaya. Despite the fact that its declared capacity is 6400 megawatts, it ranks only seventh in the world ranking. In addition to the Three Gorges, the top three included such hydroelectric power stations as the Brazilian-Paraguayan Itaipu (14,000 megawatts) and the giant Venezuelan Guri hydroelectric power station (10,200 megawatts).

The world's largest hydroelectric power plant is currently built in China in Hubei province on the Yangtze River - the "Long River", the most long river not only China, but all of Eurasia.

"Genius of engineering thought", "miracles of engineering", this is the name of this grandiose structure that blocked the three gorges of the great Chinese river - Quitang, Xiling, Wuxia.

The main parameters are 2309 m long, 185 m high, 600 m wide, the construction of the dam required 28 million cubic meters of concrete, the power of the hydroelectric power station is 22.5 GW and the average annual is 100 billion kWh per year, according to calculations, it had to cover more than 10% of the country's electricity needs .

Not only China's growing need for electricity caused large-scale construction, but also the unbridled nature of the river, catastrophic floods claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, in the 20th century alone, about half a million people became victims of floods, it was assumed that the construction of a dam would put an end to the destructive floods of the river.

The idea of ​​building the greatest dam was first expressed by Sun Yat-sen at the beginning of the 20th century, but the debate about the pros and cons of such a large-scale intervention in nature lasted more than 70 years. Only in 1992, the Chinese government made a final decision and a line of expenses for the construction of a dam appeared in the country's budget, despite the fact that a third of the people's deputies voted against, for China this is an incredibly large figure.

The first hydroelectric units began to be put into operation in 2003, the completion of construction was announced on July 4, 2012. The country's leadership regards the commissioning of the dam as a huge economic success and a symbol of the growing power of the Celestial Empire.

Getting a huge amount of environmentally friendly electricity is a definite plus, as is the reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere by reducing the use of coal. Plus and reroll 5% water resource Yangtze to the Yellow River basin, which has now become more full-flowing and this has increased the area of ​​irrigated land.

Shipping companies received a big plus, the improvement of conditions for the passage of ships led to an increase in cargo turnover and a decrease in the cost of transportation.

The construction of the dam stimulated the development of the tourism business in the area.

.

The construction of a grandiose dam redrawn the map of the area, now a huge reservoir with an area of ​​​​1045 sq. Km. appeared on it, 13 cities, more than 100 towns and more than 1000 villages, about 1300 historical sights, more than 1 million 200 thousand people living in the zone were under water. dam construction, were relocated to other areas, 27,820 hectares of sown land were flooded.

Factories and mines found themselves in the flood zone, which could have a negative impact on the environmental situation, and landslides began to appear along the banks of the reservoir, threatening catastrophic consequences.

The redistribution of colossal masses of water or earthworks is not known for sure, but in 2001 an earthquake was recorded in this area, which was not distinguished by seismic activity, protection of the dam from such cataclysms is provided, but in the event of a breakthrough, the lives of 360 million people living downstream will be at risk rivers.

The consequences of this construction turned out to be negative, and for some representatives of those living in the river and its environs, the river dolphin disappeared, the wintering grounds of the Siberian Cranes, white cranes, which are on the verge of extinction, were flooded, the family sturgeon fish will have to adapt to the new conditions of life.

People will also have to adapt to the new living conditions, the climate in the Yangtze River valley has changed, the forecast that promised to bring coolness to the region did not come true, on the contrary, an unprecedented heat was this summer in many Chinese cities and it is associated precisely with the construction of a dam.

However, our world can no longer do without electricity and the need for it is increasing, there are few followers who want to give up the benefits of civilization and settle on a desert island.

Time will tell what consequences from the constructed dam will be more positive or negative, while the Three Gorges dam is the largest hydroelectric power station in the world, but in 2014 it is planned to start construction of a more grandiose structure on the Congo River "Grand Inga", according to the project 100 times more powerful than China's dams.

. Based on materials from sites http://warfiles.ru http://biggest.su

The flooding in central China in July this year put the homes of millions of people in danger of flooding. The main blow at the same time was taken by the world's largest dam and hydroelectric power station, which is called three gorges (Sanxia, Sanxia). The flood was so strong that the Three Gorges Dam set an absolute record, working at its limit for several days and dumping about 70 thousand cubic meters of water per second. Given the scale of this gigantic dam, one can only imagine how catastrophic the consequences of its collapse would be.

Three Gorges in China - the largest dam in the world

Fortunately, everything worked out and the dam withstood a strong pressure of water. But the authorities still had to timely evacuate more than a million people from the surrounding areas. Flood losses in the surrounding areas upstream of the river amounted to several million yuan. You can appreciate the scale of what is happening by looking at these photos of the Three Gorges Dam during the flood:

Let me remind you that the Three Gorges hydroelectric power station (HPP) was built quite recently. Only this year all the works on its construction were completed. Construction itself began in 1992. The dam is located in China on the Yangtze River and is the largest power plant in the world. The dam is located near Sandouping City in Yichang City, Hubei Province. The pressure structures of the HPP form the largest reservoir, during the creation of which 27,820 hectares of cultivated land were flooded and about 1.2 million people were resettled. The cities of Wanxian and Wushan went under water.

Owner China Yangtze Power[d] Status in operation since 04.07.2012 Construction start year 1992 Years of units commissioning 2003-2012 Operating organization China Yangtze Power[d] Main characteristics Annual electricity generation, mln kWh 98 800 (2012) Type of power plant dam Estimated head, m 80,6 Electric power, MW 18 200 (2009) ; 22 500 (2012) Equipment characteristics Turbine type radial-axial Consumption through turbines, m³/ 600-950 Generator power, MW 32×700, 2×50 Main buildings Dam type concrete
gravitational
spillway Dam height, m 185 Dam length, m 2309 Gateway two-line, 5 chambers 280×35×5 m
ship lift 1 chamber 120×18×3.5 m outdoor switchgear 500 kV On the map

HPP Three Gorges

Media files at Wikimedia Commons

Three Gorges Dam (left) and Gezhouba Dam (right) from space

As of 2018, the Three Gorges is the world's largest building by mass. Its concrete dam, unlike Itaipu, is solid and weighs more than 65.5 million tons. According to the total cost of the work, the Three Gorges is estimated at 203 billion, or about 30.5 billion, and is the fifth most expensive investment project in the world as part of the China River Diversion Project. The reservoir formed by the dam contains 39.3 km³ of water and is the 27th largest in the world (English). To fill it, 1.3 million people were relocated from coastal areas, which was the largest resettlement in history for the construction of artificial structures. The cost of resettling people accounted for about a third of the total construction budget.

In addition to generating green electricity (and, as a result, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from thermal power plants), the dam protects downstream cities from the devastating Yangtze floods. Increasing the depth of the river upstream also improved navigation conditions; the hydroelectric complex equipped with five locks increased the local cargo turnover tenfold. A project of this magnitude has Negative consequences: flooding of fertile land in upstream areas, retention of alluvial silt by the dam (and reduction of natural fertilization of land in the lower areas with the former annual floods of the Yangtze), flooding of archaeological sites, increased risk of landslides, reduction of biodiversity. When the dam breaks, more than 360 million people are in the flood zone, so the object itself and the surrounding waters are patrolled by the PRC army using helicopters, airships, armored vehicles and bomb-clearing robots.

Story

The idea of ​​building a large dam on the Yangtze River was originally expressed by the Kuomintang Prime Minister Sun Yat-sen in his work “ International Development China" in 1919. He stated that the dam is capable of generating 30 million horsepower (22GW) in the Three Gorges region. In 1932, the ROC government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, began preliminary work on plans for the dam. In 1939, during the Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese military forces occupied Yichang County and inspected the area. The Japanese dam project was completed and only a victory over a united China was expected to begin its implementation [ ] .

The composition of the HPP

The structure of HPP facilities:

  • gravity concrete dam 2309 m long and 181 m high;
  • the left-bank dam building of the HPP with 14 hydroelectric units;
  • the right-bank dam building of the HPP with 12 hydroelectric units;
  • the right-bank underground building of the HPP with 6 hydroelectric units;
  • two-line five-stage shipping lock (mainly designed for cargo ships, lock passage time is about 4 hours, chamber dimensions are 280 × 35 × 5 m);
  • ship lift (mainly designed for passenger ships, carrying capacity 3,000 tons, lifting / lowering time 10 minutes, passage - 30 minutes)

The dam is 2309 m long and 181 m high from the rock base, made of concrete and steel. The project used 27.2 million m³ of concrete (a record amount for a single project), 463 thousand tons of steel and moved about 102.6 million m³ of earth.

32 radial-axial hydraulic units with a capacity of 700 MW each with a design head of 80.6 m are located in three buildings of the HPP. Two generators for the plant's own needs, with a capacity of 50 MW each, were also put into operation. Since the addition of the underground powerhouse in 2012, the amount of electricity generated per year is more dependent on the size of the Yangtze flood, which additional power generators allow.

The pressure structures of the HPP form a large reservoir with an area of ​​1045 km², with a useful capacity of 22 km³. During its creation, 27,820 hectares of cultivated land were flooded, the cities of Wanxian and Wushan went under water. The maximum allowable headwater height (LHL) of 175 m was first reached in 2010 . The reservoir can be depleted up to 145 m. The height of the tailpipe above sea level is 66 m. Thus, the head level during the year varies from 79 m to 109 m, the maximum is reached during the summer monsoon season. The hydroelectric complex is equipped with a spillway with a capacity of 116,000 m³/s.

Project financing

The government initially estimated the cost of the Three Gorges Project at ¥180 billion ($26.9 billion). By the end of 2008, spending reached ¥148.365 billion, of which ¥64.613 billion was spent on construction, ¥68.557 billion on relief and relocation of affected residents, and ¥15.195 billion on loan repayments. In 2009, it was determined that the cost of the dam would pay off when it generated 1,000 TWh of electricity, which is ¥250 billion in Chinese electricity prices. According to calculations, the payback period was ten years after the start full work dams, however, the Three Gorges HPP fully paid for itself by December 20, 2013 - 4 years after the start-up of the first turbines and a year after the official commissioning.

The sources of financing for the dam were: the Three Gorges Construction Fund, income from the Gezhouba hydropower plant, loans from the China Development Bank, loans from Chinese and foreign commercial banks, Corporate bonds, income received from the dam itself before and after its full commissioning . Additional fees were also set: each province receiving electricity from the Three Gorges HPP received a surcharge of ¥7 per MWh, and in all other provinces, with the exception of the Tibet Autonomous Prefecture, a surcharge of ¥4 per MWh.

Economic importance

The Three Gorges HPP is of great importance for the Chinese economy, covering the annual increase in electricity consumption. The power plant, together with the Gezhouba hydroelectric power station in the downstream, has become the center of China's interconnected power system. Initially, the hydroelectric power plant was expected to cover 10% of China's electricity needs. However, over the 20 years of construction, electricity consumption grew at a faster pace, and in 2012, the hydroelectric power station generated only 1.7% of all Chinese electricity (98.1 out of 4692.8 TWh) .

The dam regulates the water regime of the Yangtze, which has suffered more than 200 devastating floods over the past 2,000 years. In the 20th century, catastrophic floods of the river caused the death of about half a million people. In 1991, the damage from the rampage of the water element amounted to 250 billion ¥ (which is equivalent to the cost of building a hydroelectric power station). However, the flood of 2010 did not lead to casualties and significant damage. Thus, the spillway and the dam itself successfully cope with the functions assigned to them.

Production and distribution of electricity

Generators

The generators were manufactured in two designs by two joint venture groups: one of them is Alstom , ABB Group , Kvaerner (English) and the Chinese company Haerbin Motor; the other is Voith, General Electric, Siemens and the Chinese company "Oriental Motor". A technological cooperation agreement between the groups was signed along with the contract. Most generators are water cooled. Some of the newer models have an air mount, which has the advantage of being easy to design, build, and maintain.

Power generation

In July 2008, monthly hydroelectric power generation exceeded 10 TWh (10.3 TWh) for the first time. On June 30, 2009, after the flow of the Yangtze exceeded 24,000 m³/s, all 28 generators were turned on, producing only 16,100 MW, because the installed capacity of the generators was not yet enough to draw the increased flow during the flood period. During the floods in August 2009, the HPP reached its maximum output of 18,200 MW for a short period for the first time.

During the dry season from November to May, hydropower generation capacity is limited by the volume of river flow, as seen in the diagrams to the right. When there is sufficient flow, the output power is limited by the capabilities of the generators. The maximum power curves were calculated based on the average flow rate, assuming a water level of 175 m and a gross efficiency of the power plant of 90.15%. Actual capacity in 2008 was derived from the monthly electricity sent to the grid.

The calculated maximum water level of 175 m was first reached on October 26, 2010, during the same year an estimated annual production of 84.7 TWh was realized. In 2012, 32 HPP power units produced a world record capacity of 98.1 TWh of electricity, which accounted for 14% of the generation of all HPPs in China. By August 2011, the HPP had generated 500 TWh of electricity.

Annual electricity production
Year Number of power units TWh
2003 6 8.607
2004 11 39.155
2005 14 49.090
2006 14 49.250
2007 21 61.600
2008 26 80.812
2009 26 79.470
2010 26 84.370
2011 29 78.290
2012 32 98.100
2013 32 83.270
2014 32 98.800
2015 32 87.000
2016 32 93.500
2017 32 97.600
2018 32 >100.00 [ ]

Electricity distribution

Until July 2008 state companies State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid (English) HPPs paid a flat rate of 250 ¥ per MWh (2.5 rubles per kWh). Now the provincial rate varies from ¥228.7 to ¥401.8 per MWh. High-paying customers, such as Shanghai, are given priority in electricity distribution.

To transmit electricity from HPPs to consumers, 9,484 km of high-voltage power transmission lines were built, including 6,519 km of 500 kV alternating current and 2,965 km of ± 500 kV and higher direct current lines. The total installed capacity of AC voltage transformers is 22.75 GVA, and for the system direct current- 18 GW. In total, 15 high-voltage lines diverge from the hydroelectric power station to 10 different provinces in China. The construction of the entire transformer and transport energy network from the hydroelectric power station cost 34.387 billion ¥. Its construction was completed in December 2007 - a year ahead of schedule.

Navigation through the dam

Gateways

Two strings of locks are arranged near the dam ( 30°50′12″ s. sh. 111°01′10″ in. d. HGIOL). Each of them consists of five steps and has a passage time of approximately 4 hours. The locks allow ships with a displacement of no more than ten thousand tons to pass through. The length of the lock chambers is 280 m, the width is 35 m, the depth is 5 m. This is 30 m longer than on the locks of the St. Lawrence sea route, but twice as deep. Before the construction of the dam, the maximum cargo turnover in the Three Gorges section was 18.0 million tons per year. From 2004 to 2007, the turnover through the locks totaled 198 million tons. The river's capacity increased sixfold, while the cost of transportation decreased by 25%. It is assumed that throughput locks will reach 100 million tons per year.

Gateways are a type of tubeless gateways. Gates are a very vulnerable hinged structure, their failure will lead to disruption of the functioning of the entire thread of the lock. The presence of two threads, separately for lifting and lowering, provides more efficient operation compared to the option when one thread serves alternately for lifting and lowering ships.

Ship lifts

In addition to locks, the hydropower plant is equipped with a ship lift for ships with a displacement of up to 3,000 tons (the original project provided for a lift with a carrying capacity of 11,500 tons). The lifting height varies depending on the levels of the upstream and downstream, the maximum height is 113 m, and the size of the lifting chamber is 120 × 18 × 3.5 m. After commissioning, the ship lift will move ships in 30-40 minutes, compared to 3 -4 hours if they moved through the locks. During its design and construction, the main difficulty was the need to ensure operation in conditions of significant changes in water levels. It is required to ensure the operation of the ship lift in conditions where the water level can move within 12 m from the downstream side and 30 m from the upstream side.

The first tests of the ship lift took place on July 15, 2016, during which the cargo ship was raised to the headwaters, the lifting time was 8 minutes. . In October , the world 's largest ship lift at the world 's largest power plant started working .

Rail ship lift

There are plans to build rail tracks to transport ships across the dam. To do this, they are going to lay short rail tracks on both sides of the river. The 88-kilometer northern rail section will run from the Taipingqi port area ( Taipingxi) on the north side of the Yangtze, up from the dam across railway station Yichang East to Bayan Tianqiahe Port Area in Baiyan City. The 95 km southern section will run from Maoping (upstream side of the dam) through the Yichang South railway station to Zhitseng.

At the end of 2012 began preparatory work for laying these railroad tracks.

Environmental consequences

Given the fact that China burns 366 g of coal to generate 1 kWh of electricity, it is assumed that the commissioning of the power plant will lead to a reduction in coal consumption by 31 million tons per year, due to which 100 million tons will not be emitted into the atmosphere greenhouse gases, millions of tons of dust, 1 million tons of sulfur dioxide, 370 thousand tons of nitrogen oxide, etc. It is also announced that the increase in the level of the Yangtze due to the creation of a reservoir will allow much larger ships to pass along the river, which will also reduce emissions into the atmosphere combustion products of fossil fuels.

At the same time, many scientists also point to the possible negative consequences of the construction of a hydroelectric power station. Prior to the construction of the Yangtze dam and its tributaries, eroding the banks, annually carried out millions of tons of sediment. Due to channel blocking, this amount will be significantly reduced, which, it is believed, may lead to greater vulnerability of downstream areas to flooding, as well as changes in species diversity. It is also noted that the construction of the dam cannot but damage a number of biological species inhabiting the river and surrounding areas. In particular, flooding of wetlands where this rare bird winters can cause significant damage to the population of the practically extinct Siberian Crane. It is expected that the change in temperature and water regime due to the construction of the "Three Gorges" will inevitably affect a number of fish species living in the Yangtze, in particular, the sturgeon family. As for the Chinese river dolphin, which most likely died out by the start of the construction of the hydroelectric power station, it is believed that the construction of the dam will finally put an end to the survival of this species.

In the event of a dam failure, about 360 million people may be at risk of falling into the flood zone.

Timeline of construction

Gallery

Notes

  1. HPP "Sanxia" ("Three Gorges") or the Great Wall of China on the Yangtze River
  2. (English) (indefinite) (unavailable link - story) . Hydro World
  3. Register of dams - Classification by installed HPP capacity
  4. China's Three Gorges sets new production record (indefinite) (unavailable link - story) . Hydro World(January 10, 2013). Retrieved January 10, 2013.
  5. Top 10 Heaviest Concrete Structures in the World
  6. 10 of the World's Largest Construction Projects
  7. Three Gorges Dam protected by armed troops
  8. 中国国民党、亲民党、新党访问团相继参观三峡工程
  9. John Lucian Savage Biography
  10. 1992年4月3日全国人大批准三峡工程 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on September 27, 2011.
  11. Water level at Three Gorges Project raised to full capacity (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on October 29, 2010.
  12. 世界最大"升船电梯"三峡大坝试验成功
  13. Equivalent to building 63 Eiffel Towers.
  14. Exploring Chinese Histiry: The Three Gordes Dam Project
  15. V. Ovchinnikov. China has successfully completed the "construction of the century" on the Yangtze // "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" No. 244 (4801) dated November 27, 2008.
  16. Beyond Three Gorges in China 10 January 2007 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on June 14, 2011.
  17. 三峡工程今年将竣工验收包括枢纽工程等8个专项 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on February 8, 2009.
  18. 官方：三峡工程收回投资成本
  19. 建三峡工程需要多少钱 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on April 7, 2007.
  20. 三峡输变电工程综述 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on April 29, 2007.
  21. 能源局:2011年全社会用电量累计达46928亿千瓦时
  22. 五、我水轮发电机组已具备完全自主设计制造能力 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on December 7, 2008.
  23. 三峡工程及其水电机组概况 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on December 7, 2008.
  24. 三峡电站月发电量首过百亿千瓦时 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on December 7, 2008.
  25. 三峡工程左右岸电站26台机组全部投入商业运行(indefinite) (unavailable link). China Three Gorges Project Corporation (October 30, 2008). Retrieved December 6, 2008. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009.
  26. 三峡工程发挥防洪作用三峡电站首次达到额定出力1820万千瓦 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on September 8, 2011.
  27. 主要水电厂来水和运行情况 (indefinite) (unavailable link). Archived from the original on January 30, 2009.
  28. 国调直调信息系统 (indefinite) (unavailable link).