Amazon - one of natural Wonders Planets familiar to everyone since school bench. According to the degree of fame, this river can compete with the Egyptian Nile and Indian Gangom. Unique ecosystem of the longest on Earth water artery (more than 7 thousand km from the source Apache) attracts amateurs of acute sensations, exotic, South American flora and fauna, and just ordinary tourists who want to expand their travel boundaries.

Flashing B. Atlantic OceanAmazon forms the largest delta in the world. The biggest river island of Maramery, located just in the delta, giant waterlily Victoria Regia, huge palm trees, the largest on the planet freshwater fish and river Dolphin. The list of Amazonian "rarities" is included.

It is believed that the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Oreliana was discovered by the Amazon in 16 V. Initially, the conqueror of the new world wanted to give the river his name, but eventually changed the decision. The name of the river is obliged to the mysterious tribe of women warriors who attacked the Orelian detachment. Currently, the real existence of Amazons is questioned. Men with long hair could well be in their roles.

Origins and trusts

The main question arising in the disputes about Parana-Tingo or the Queen of the Rivers is so called the Amazon Local - whether its water is the most extended on the planet, and, if they are, where the source of the river is located. 15 years ago, in the mid-90s. The 20th century, an international expedition, having passed to the Peruvian Mountains, was able to give an accurate answer, currently being an official version included in geography textbooks.

The source of Amazon - the Creek of Apache, who, having passed enough long way, merging with other streams and rivers, turns into apurimac, and then through the Ukyali - in the Amazon. It is noteworthy that the River Ukyali is located in Peru, as well as the Maranton River, which for a long time Considered as the main source.

Before the expedition to the Andes, who set the point in the disputes about Amazon, the first place among the longest rivers of the planet occupy the Nile, but the persistent South American researchers were able to prove that Amazon is longer. The difference is literally several hundred meters.

The number of tributaries making the queen of rivers the largest on the planet is huge. Over five hundred rivers and rivers fall into the Amazon. 9 are considered 9, among them about 20 - more than 1.5 thousand km long. An interesting effect is associated with one of the tribodies: at the place of the sign of Rio-Negar, not far from the Brazilian city of Manaus, the Amazon is two-color. Part of the water is white, part - dark. The light shade is explained by the fact that Amazon carries a large number of El.

Before the place of merger with Rio-Negar, Amazon carries a completely different name - Solimens (so calling the river in Brazil) or Rio de Janeiro Maranuon (Peruvian name).

Hotels Amazoni

The main means of accommodation on Amazon - Lodge, and the lodges are very diverse on the service and the quality of the provision of services - from modest 3 * to luxury 5 *.

Flora and fauna Amazon

Shipping Amazon - a habitat of very many animals. Species diversity freshwater fish is up to one third of overall On the whole earth. The most famous among river inhabitants is a giant Arapaima, the maximum known weight of 200 kg, length is up to 3 m, and dangerous Piranhas, a length of 13 cm to 40 cm. The hero of many film transporters is a huge boa of anaconda - also lives in the Amazon waters and Cutting circumstances can harm a person. Generally speaking, local nature is extremely dangerous for two-legs, and the stories about bloodthirsty Caimans are not fiction, but harsh truth, although, as evidenced by the aborigines, in order to get into their teeth, you need at least get out of the limits great water And deepen in the rain forests.

One of the main tourist entertainment for the amazon travelers is fishing piran on raw meat. Also popular daily and nightlings for canoe, during which you can get acquainted with animals and a floral world.

Almost the entire Amazon basin is framed by the jungle covering the territory of nine South American states - Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela, etc. For the abundance of vegetation, besides the river itself, the rains are responsible for which a huge amount falls here.

Nature Amazon

Cities Amazon

Most of the river flows through the territory of Brazil. The largest Brazilian port is Manaus, part-time being the capital of the state of Aoszanas. It's good to come here for living to see the Aborigines, the jungle, watch as Rio-Nehru flows into the Amazon and feel like a discoverer.

In Peru the largest city At Amazon - Ikitos, the city among Selva, combined with civilization only by air and water transport. Houses on piles, Indian village, high humidity can be a real test for the accustomed to the comfort of the city inhabitant.

Amazona (Amazonas), River in South America, the largest in the world in the size of the pool and water content. Indians call the Amazon of Parana-Ting (White River) and Parana Guas (Great River). It is formed when merging the Marandon and Watti Rivers, originating in Andes. The length of the source of the Marandon is 6516 km, from the source of Ukyali - over 7000 km (accurate measurements were not conducted). Pool area 7045 thousand km 2. Most of the pool is located in Brazil, southwestern and Western regions - in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. It proceeds mainly on the Amazon lowland in the subshiride direction near the equator, flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

The main source of Amazon - Maranyon River - originates on the eastern slopes of Western Cordillera Andes in Peru at an altitude of 4840 m, flowing in the mountains parallel to the ocean in deep wpadin, then turns to the east, breaks through the Andes, forming 27 so-called donges (rocky deep narrow gorges with almost sheer walls). After leaving the mountains, the amazon lowland flows and, merging with the river to the right to the river, gives the beginning of the Amazon. Amazon's channel was framed by low shores, descending to the river three wide steps: the upper step (Terra company), an unpricpired shore formed by the indigenous slope of the valley, the height is up to 50 m or more, below which the floodplains extends; Average step (Varzea), part of the floodplain, flooded at large amazon spills; The lower level (Igapo, or swamp) is covered with water with conventional river spills. Below the Riou-Negra river in the width of 80-100 km, from the cities of Obidus and Santaren a little already. On floodplain - numerous sleeves, ducts, lakes and old men; Along the shores low routine shafts. 350 km from the ocean forms the largest delta in the world (area over 100 thousand km 2). The bulk of the runoff passes along the northeastern sleeves, part of the water - on the eastern sleeve of steam; Between them is the largest river island in the world - Maramery (area of \u200b\u200b48 thousand km 2).

Amazon collects water from 40% area South AmericaTaking more than 500 large tritokov17 of which are 1600-3500 km long. Major tributies: Zhurua, Purus, Madeira, Tapazhos, Schinger, Tokantins (Right); , Isa, Zhapur, Rio-Nehru (left) (see the map). The width of the river after the merger from Watti about 2 km, on average, up to 5 km, in Nizhny - up to 20 km, before the mouth of 80-150 km; The depth is internally about 70 m, the city of Obidus up to 135 m, at the mouth of 15-45 m. The tributaries bring water to the amazon different color: Dark (Riou-Nehru River), White Muddy (River Zhurua, Purus, Madeira), Greenish (Tapazhos River); There are tributaries with yellow, gray and even reddish coloring water. Amazon is the only river in the world with such an abundance of colored waters. The main source of moisture of Amazonia - precipitation, brought air masses From the Atlantic. In the wet zone tropical forestsThe Amazon Pool Covering, on average, drops up to 2,000mm precipitation per year, in the mouth and in the north-west of Amazonia (in the foothills of the Andes) - over 3000 mm, in some areas of the Andes - up to 6000 mm. The river is full throughout the year. The rainy season comes alternately: in the southern hemisphere (October - April) on the right tributaries, in the northern hemisphere (March - September) - on the left tributaries, so seasonal flow fluctuations are smoothed. Characterized by high relative air humidity (75-100%), evacuability compared to abundant precipitation and high radiation balance (2900-3800 MJ / m 2) is small rarely exceeds 1200 mm per year, within the limits of evaporation there is evaporation, which in this region is almost The whole comes to transpiration. The maximum values \u200b\u200bof evaporation (1500 mm per year) are marked in the north-east of Amazonia and between the estates of Amazon and the Orinoca River. The remaining part of the precipitation (20-50%) forms river stock. The Amazon basin is characterized by the lathetic-yellow-yellow color soils, forming on the color and structure of weathering with a capacity of tens of meters hard-permeability from them in color and structure with high water permeability. The magnitude of the underground flow of the amazon is 30-50% of the total river flow, 70-80% of precipitation is consumed on infiltration and evaporation. The average annual consumption of water in the assistive part of about 220 thousand m 3 / s (maximum - 300 thousand m 3 / s, minimal - 63 thousand m 3 / s). Annual flow of 7000 km 3 (17% of the total annual flow of all rivers globe). A huge mass of water, endowing the Amazon, is despicable with 400 km from the mouth. Solid stock 600-800 million tons per year (according to other data, about 1.2 billion tons).

The bias of the amazon lowland is insignificant, so oceanic tides are distributed by 1000 km up the river (the greatest value among the rivers of the world). In the mouth of the part, they are accompanied by the so-called Pororoka ("Rhythmic Water"). This is a steep wave high up to 4-5 m, which at high speed and hum rushes up the river, flooding and destroying the shore. On one of the Indian adventures of Pororoka is called "Amazun" (some geographers consider the name of the river derivatives from this word). At Amazon there are floating islands formed by the interturbed roots of plants and trunks of fallen trees.

Rich and unique vegetable and animal world Amazon. In Starichi and ducts, the largest waterway in the world - Victoria Regia (leaves with a diameter of up to 2 m). The Amazon waters live to 2,000 species of fish (1/3 of the entire freshwater fauna of the globe), including a giant arapaima (length up to 5 m, weight up to 200 kg), electric eel, river-tapes, predatory river sharks and piranhas. From mammals - Laman (at the mouth), Amazonian dolphin. Major Caiman and the largest modern snakes - anaconda (length to 11.4 m).

Amazon has a significant energy potential (about 280 million kWh per year), but its use is negligible. Together with the tributaries of the river forms one of the world's largest inland waterways total lengthy more than 25 thousand km. Shipping is 4300 km from the mouth (to Ponig Mansary Gorge); Maenaus (1690 km from the mouth) rise ocean vessels. On Amazon - Belen ports (on a pair sleeve), Santaren, Obidus (Brazil), Iquitos (Peru).

The strongest impact on the unique ecosystem of Amazon has the construction of reservoirs, in which a huge amount accumulates organic substances. These reservoirs are sources of hazardous diseases (for example, visceral leishmaniasis, bankruptous filyridge) carrying insects. Mass cutting of wet rainforests in the Amazon pool in environmental terms is dangerous for the entire globe, as these forests are the main supplier of oxygen into the atmosphere.

The mouth of the river was opened in 1500 by the Spaniard Vicente Yanise Pinson, who called the Amazon "Rio Santa Maria de La Mar Dulce" - "The River of St. Mary fresh sea"(Due to the desalination of the ocean ocean by the river). The first end-to-end swimming on Amazon made Spanish Conquistor F. de Orelian in 1541. In 172 days, his squad sailed almost 6 thousand km. In the way, the Spaniards came across the militant Indians. Near the mouth of the Trombetas River in the first rows of Indian warriors fought high semi-infinited women armed with bows. They reminded the Spaniards an antique myth about Amazons, so Oreliana, one of the hypotheses, called the Amazon River.

LIT.: Karasik G. Ya. Water balance of South America. M., 1974; Chernova N.P. Atmospheric moisture transfer and water regime of South America. M., 1979; Amazonian Deforestation and Climate. N.Y., 1996; Whitmore T. S. An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forests. OXF., 1998; Rollins J. Amazonia. N. Y., 2002.

Peru, Amazon River, Peru

To show on the map

basic information

The most famous river on the planet is undoubtedly Amazon. Being the longest in the world, the length of 6437 kilometers, the river basin contains 25% fresh water on the planet. Amazon takes its beginning high in the Andes, and stretches through five states: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Brazil. The streams of its waters are so great that it changes the color and composition of the Atlantic Ocean at a distance of 300 kilometers from the mouth. This is undoubtedly the greatest river in the world.

Amazon received its name thanks to the myth of the ancient women warriors. In 1542, when Spanish colonialists captured the territory off the banks of the river, in an attempt to protect their homes and women of Indian tribes fought on equal footing. Fearless warriors have been so impressed by the colonialists that they gave the name of the river in honor of the brave women of Amazons.

Flora and fauna of the river is also impressive, there are more than one million of various plants and animals on its territory, but today only about a third has been studied. Here you can see a rare pink dolphin, dangerous piras and anacond. It is also worth noting that it is rich and therapeutic herbs: a quarter of therapeutic substances used in medicine are located in Amazon. There is no longer a similar ecosystem on the planet.

The nearest town of Peru, on the coast of Amazon is Ikitos. Getting to it from you can only on the plane. Time on the way about 2 hours.

The Amazon territory is held both extreme tours and more interesting cruises.

Companies that organize excursions

Amazon Explorama Lodges

Address: AV. La Marina # 340 Amazon River Iquitos, Peru
Phone: + (51 6) 525 25 30
www.explorama.com.

Amazon Jungle Tours

Address: Bajada Balta 131, Oficina 4 Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru
Phone: + (51 1) 241 75 76
www.paseosamazonicos.com

Manu Expeditions.

Address: Jirón Los Geranios 2-g Urbanización Mariscal Gamarra 1ro Etapa, Cusco, Peru
Phone: + (51 8) 422 41 35
www.manuexpeditions.com

KUODA TRAVEL.

Address: MARCAVALLE N 25, CUSCO, PERU
Telephone: + (51 8) 422 17 73
www.kuodatravel.com.

The cost of the weekly AMAZONS tour is about 3,000 salts.

Amazon river broke a lot of records. This is the most full-water river In the world, she collects 40% of South America's waters. The volume of the water dropped by the river into the ocean is so large that is 1/5 from the total volume of river water on the planet. Many of her tributaries themselves are the greatest rivers of the world. Recently, Amazon is also the longest river in the world. It has the widest river mouth in the world. It is 10 times wider than the strait of La Mans. It is not surprising that at the mouth of the Amazon is located the world's largest river island size with Scotland.

In the rainy season, she floods the forest with an area of \u200b\u200bequal territory of England. In the season, drought millions of fish are locked in her lagoons, it is a paradise for predators. Lives in the river more species Fishes than in the whole Atlantic Ocean. To cross her tropical forests on the plane need to spend 4 hours.

Characteristic of the Amazon River

Amazon River Length: 6992 km

Waterguide pool area: 7 180 000 km?. For comparison, Australia Square 7 692 024 km?.

River Mode, Food: Amazon gets food from numerous tributaries, also due to wet climate The river receives a lot of water from precipitation. In the upper course important role Playing snowmall.

Amazon Mode Interesting and quite complicated. It is full enough for the whole year. Right and left tributaries of the river have different time Floods. The fact is that the right tributaries are located in the southern hemisphere, and the left in the north. Therefore, the right-wing fractions flood have been observed from October to March (summer of southern hemisphere), from the left - from April to October (summer of the northern hemisphere). This leads to some smoothing of the drain. Southern tributaries bring more water and in May - July lead to maximum water levels. The minimum stoke is observed in August - September. In the lower current, the ocean rings spread up on the river 1400 km also play an important role. When lifting water river floods the giant territories is the largest flood in the world. The width of the floodplain reaches 80-100 km.

Average water consumption at the mouth: 220 000 m3 / s. The maximum flow rate during the salons reaches 300,000 m3 / s and even more. Minimum flow during the dry season of 70,000 m3 / s. To compare water consumption in the Volga 8060 m? / S i.e. Almost 28 times less.

Where leaks: Amazon proceeds mainly through the territory of Brazil, but small parts of the Amazon basin belong to Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.

Amazon takes the beginning at an altitude of 5 thousand meters from the snow-covered vertices of Peruvian Andes. Tales water, connecting with other threads, rushes down to the endless jungle. Besides big height Amazon's mouths need to be taken into account and that it is located on the latitude of the equator and therefore the climate here is changed here, in the afternoon the hot sun weakens the ice grip and melt water goes down. Connecting the tons of tons of snow, form powerful streams and type acceleration.

Soon, descending to the height of 3.5 thousand meters of Amazon falls into the kingdom wet forests. Here on the river are often found waterfalls, and the course of Amazon is all the same stormy, it has to break through the mountain arrays. Having descended from the Anda Amazon is bottled along the wide valley (Amazon lowland). Here it flows around the tropical jungle.

The direction of the Amazon's flow is mainly from the West to the East, and it does not go far from the equator. Interestingly, under the Amazon at a depth of 4 thousand meters, proceeds underground River Hamza (Hamza), it is powered by groundwater.

The main line of Amazon is shipping and before the foot of the Andes, i.e. At a distance of 4300 km. Ocean vessels may rise up the river at a distance of 1690 km from the mouth, to the city of Manaus. The total length of all waterways in the Amazon basin is 25,000 km.

After the collision of the Schinger River, Amazon is already more like the sea. The width of the river reaches 15 km and it is already impossible to see the opposite shore.

Here you already feel the proximity of the Atlantic and you can observe tides and foals. The river bed is divided into many sleeves that flow into her huge delta. The mouth of the Amazon is the wider river mouth in the world. At the mouth of the Amazon there are thousands of islands, the largest of them has an area equal to Square of Scotland. In this gigantic mouth there is a constant struggle of salty and freshwater. The arrivals of the Atlantic Ocean make their way deep into the river, despicable everything in its path. This phenomenon is called the tidal wave of amazon or the pellow wave.

Putting in the Atlantic Ocean, Amazon forms the largest Delta of 100,000 km in the world. In this huge delta is the world's largest river island Maramery.

From his three hundred kilometer mouth, the river descends more water to the ocean than all European rivers taken together. From the cosmos streaming it muddy water Ansulted in the ocean for a hundred km. from the shore.

Amazon River at the mouth.

Amazon - the South American River, is the most fulfillment on the planet. For the length, it is inferior only to the Nile.

Together with the tributaries, it accounts for a fifth of fresh water on Earth. Crosses the continent from the east to the West, and its pool in the area is comparable to the Australian continent.

History

The Spanish Traveler and Conquistador Francisco de Orelian, who sailed on it from the sources to the mouth to the mouth to the mouth to the mouth.

River on the map


The map shows that the river has an extensive pool formed by numerous tributaries. Some of them themselves are large and full-flowing rivers and have a length of more than one and a half thousand kilometers.

Mostly the Amazon pool is located on the territory of Brazil. Its Western and South-Western part belongs to Bolivia, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador. The river and feeding it are formed a branched network of water routes, the length of which over 25 thousand kilometers.

The main channel is 4300 km, including 1690 km for the passage of ocean courts. This waterway is served by five large ports, four of which are located in Brazil. In the river delta area over hundreds of thousands of kilometers is one of the largest planet islands on the rivers - Maramero.

Characteristic

  • Being one of the most large rivers The Amazon has a length of over 6992km.
  • When she takes his influx of Rio Negar, its width becomes more than five kilometers, and the depth is from 30 to 50m.
  • In the future, lower the width reaches eighty kilometers, and the depth of 135m.
  • At the mouth of the river, its width, taking into account the features of measurements, can be from 180 to 325 km.
  • River pool area 7050000 km 2. The characteristics of the river may vary depending on the season. Amazon is different from other large rivers by the fact that it is full of all year round.
  • The essential factors of its nutrition are abundant precipitation and melting of snow in the upper course. Uniformity and abundance of food largely depends on the location of the tributaries in different hemispheres.
  • In the lower part of the river, the ocean rushes occur, which extend upside the river by almost 1400 km. When lifting water, extensive territories are flooded with the formation of the floodplain of the width of tens of kilometers.
  • The flow rate is five meters per second.
  • Climate Equatorial wet. Mid annual temperature +25 0 S.
  • The average annual precipitation of 2000 - 3000mm.

Where Amazon falls

Amazon, mostly proceeding in the lowland of the same name, in the equator flows into the Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, a huge amount of fresh water falls into it. According to scientists estimates, even at a distance of over 60 kilometers from the coast, water in the upper ocean layers remains fresh. An important feature This mighty riverThe ocean falling into the ocean is the formation of a huge area of \u200b\u200bthe delta and many islands of various sizes.

Flora and fauna

Pool of this great River Differs in unique flora and fauna, which are contained in the very big world Wet tropical forest, occupying 5 million square kilometers.

The quarter used in the world for the production of medicines of substances is extracted from plants of this forest. At the same time, the Amazon Flora was studied by scientists by only a third. In their opinion, the top ten square kilometers of Amazon tropics there are one and a half thousand species. flowering plants And several hundred species of trees.

Amazes a variety of palm trees, fast-growing lian and a huge number of other unique plants.

In the waters of Amazon and its tributaries live over two thousand fish. Freshwater is able to bend the neck at a right angle, which allows him to hunt in a flooded forest. Many come from here aquarium fish. Here you can meet fish capable of exist without water, many predators, including.

Here lives similar to sea pig The world's largest 50-kilogram rodent capibility. On the banks of the river hunt the biggest kite anacondas and capable of swimming jaguars. In total in the river basin, hundreds of mammals and birds, other fauna representatives.

The origins and mouth of the Amazon

The second river in the world originates in the snow of the Peruvian Mountains. Tons of tons of snow turn into powerful streams that accelerate down. The origins of the Amazon of the Marandion River and Ukyali through the mountain canyons of the mountains are broken into a picturesque area in Amazonian lowland.

What rivers fall

Numerous tributaries fall into Amazon, some of which are large rivers. Dozens of them have a length of one and a half thousand to 3,300 kilometers. These are such rivers as:

  • Madeira (3 250 km)
  • Purrus (3 211 km)
  • Zhapur (2 820 km)
  • Tokantins (2 639 km)
  • Zhurua (2 400 km)
  • Rio Negra (2 250 km)
  • Tapachos (1 992 km)
  • Schinger (1 979 km)
  • Watti (1,900 km)
  • Isa (1,575 km)
  • Maranyon (1,415 km)

Climate

The climate in the Amazon basin refers to the most wetted on Earth. Here, the average annual precipitation is 2540 mm. Before nine months a year there are tropical showers, which in the river and its tributaries raise the water level. It rises to one and a half tens of meters in May. When the flood begins, water for hundreds of kilometers floods forests. In it, the trees of multi-meter height are buried.

In September, the shower stops, the water falls, the sun appears. In November, the rainy season comes again. The weather is often changing, the warm sun, which melts the snow in the mountains, can quickly change rain clouds. In evergreen tropical forest wet and hot. The temperature is 25-28 degrees, at night does not fall below twenty.

There is no wind inside the forest, there is little light. Through thick foliage and dense weave Lian Sun almost does not penetrate. You can only go through the woods, drove the road.

sights

  • Under the Amazon pool at four-kilometer depth proceeds, Hamza flows - the longest underground river on the planet, which at high depth falls into the Atlantic Ocean.
  • In the north of the river basin, huge deposits of bauxite, gold, manganese, copper and tin, on the basis of which the Government of Brazil creates the center of the mining industry.
  • 140 hydropower plants are built on the Amazon and its tributaries, the number of which will be increased three times in the coming years.
  • A unique lily found on the river capable of withstanding human weight.
  • The landmark of the river is its huge delta with one of the largest river islands on earth.