Lightning is one of those natural phenomena that has long been inspired by the fear of human race. To understand her essence, the greatest minds, such as Aristotle or Lucretia, sought. They believed that this was a bowl, consisting of a fire and clustered in water vouchers, and, increasing in the amount, he breaks them through and the rapid sink falls to the ground.

The concept of lightning and its origin

Most often lightning is formed in which they have a sufficiently large size. The upper part can be located at an altitude of 7 kilometers, and the bottom - only 500 meters above the ground surface. Considering the atmospheric air temperature, it can be concluded that at the level of 3-4 km the water freezes and turns into the ice, which, encountering among themselves, is electrified. Those that possess the greatest size, get a negative charge, and the smallest is positive. Based on its weight, they are evenly distributed in the clouds on the layers. It becomes close to each other, they form a plasma channel, from which the electric spark is obtained by zipper. She received her broken shape due to the fact that various aerial particles are often found on the way to Earth, which form obstacles. And to get around them, you have to change the trajectory.

Physical description of lightning

The discharge of lightning highlights from 109 to 1010 Joule energy. Such a tremendous amount of electricity is more spent on creating a light outbreak and which is otherwise called thunder. But even a small piece of lightning is enough to create unthinkable things, for example, its rank can kill a person or destroy the building. Another interesting fact It suggests that this natural phenomenon can melt the sand, forming hollow cylinders. This effect is achieved due to high temperatures Inside zipper, it can reach 2000 degrees. The strike time of the Earth is also different, it can not be more than a second. As for the power, the amplitude of the pulse can reach hundreds of kilowatts. Connecting all these factors, it turns out a major natural discharge current, which carries the death of everything to what it comes to. Everything existing species Lightning is very dangerous, and the meeting with them is extremely undesirable for a person.

Thunder formation

All types of lightning cannot be imagined without rolling thunder, which does not carry the same danger, but in some cases it can lead to a failure of the network and to other technical malfunctions. It arises due to the fact that a warm air wave, heated with lightning to a temperature hotter than the sun, faces cold. The sound, resulting in this, is nothing more than a wave caused by air fluctuations. In most cases, the volume increases by the end of the roller. This is due to the reflection of the sound from the clouds.

What are the lightning

It turns out that they are all different.

1. Linear lightning is the most common variety. Electric Roll looks like an inverted upside down, crushed wood. From the main channel, several thinner and short "processes" are departed. The length of this discharge can reach 20 kilometers, and the current is 20,000 amps. The speed of movement is 150 kilometers per second. The plasma temperature filling the zipper is up to 10,000 degrees.

2. Internal lightning - the origin of this species is accompanied by a change in electrical and magnetic fields, radio waves are also emitted. Such a raskat with the greatest probability can be found closer to the equator. IN moderate latitudes It appears extremely rarely. If there is a zipper in the cloud, then encourage it to get out of the outside, an extraneous object that disrupt the integrity of the shell, such as an electrified aircraft or a metal cable. Length can range from 1 to 150 kilometers.

3. Ground lightning - this species There are several stages. At the first of them, shock ionization begins, which is created at the beginning of free electrons, they are always present in the air. Under the action of the electric field, elementary particles acquire high speeds And heading towards Earth, facing air molecules. Thus, there are electronic avalanches, otherwise called the streamers. They are channels that, merging with each other, serve as a bright, thermally insulated zipper. It reaches the ground in the form of a small staircase, because there are obstacles on her paths, and to get around them, it changes the direction. Motion speed is approximately 50,000 kilometers per second.

After the lightning goes his way, it ends the movement of several dozen microseconds, while the light weakens. After that, the following stage begins: the repetition of the path has passed. The very last discharge exceeds the brightness all the previous ones, the current of the current in it can reach hundreds of thousands of ampere. The temperature inside the channel fluctuates in the area of \u200b\u200b25,000 degrees. This kind of lightning is the longest, so the consequences can be destructive.

Pearl zippers

Answering the question about which there are lightning, it is impossible to miss such a rare natural phenomenon. Most often, the discharge passes after linear and completely repeats its trajectory. Only here in appearance it is the balls that are at a distance of each other and resembling beads from the precious material. Such lightning is accompanied by the loud and rolled sounds.

Fireball

Natural phenomenon when lightning takes the shape of the ball. In this case, the trajectory of its flight becomes unpredictable, which makes it even more dangerous for a person. In most cases, such an electric whose comes together with other species, but the fact of its appearance is recorded even in sunny weather.

How exactly this question is most often asked people who collided with this phenomenon. As everyone knows, some things are excellent electricity conductors, so it is in them, accumulating their charge, and a ball begins to be born. He may also appear from the main lightning. Eyewitnesses argue that it arises simply from nowhere.

The zipper diameter ranges from several centimeters to a meter. As for the color, there are several options: from white and yellow to bright green, it is extremely rare to find a black electric ball. After the rapid descent, it moves horizontally, about a meter from the ground surface. Such zipper may unexpectedly change the trajectory and also suddenly disappear, freeing the huge energy, due to which the melting is melted or at all the destruction of various items. She lives from ten seconds to several hours.

Sprit Lightning

More recently, in 1989, scientists discovered another type of lightning that was called sprite. The discovery occurred quite by chance, because the phenomenon is observed extremely rarely and lasts only the tenths of the second. The others are distinguished by the height on which they appear - about 50-130 kilometers, while other subspecies do not overcome the 15-kilometer front. Also sprite lightning is distinguished by a huge diameter that reaches 100 km. They look like vertical and flash bands. Their color differs depending on the composition of the air: closer to the ground, where more oxygen, they are green, yellow or white, but under the influence of nitrogen, at an altitude of more than 70 km, they acquire a bright red shade.

Behavior during a thunderstorm

All kinds of lightning carry in themselves an extraordinary hazard for health and even human life. To avoid electrical impact, in the open area should follow the following rules:

  1. In this situation, the highest objects fall into the risk group, therefore it is worth avoiding open locality. To become lower, it is best to sit down and put your head and breasts on your knees, in case of defeat, this posture will protect all vital organs. In no case cannot be plaffing in order not to increase the area of \u200b\u200bpossible hit.
  2. Also do not hide under high trees and undesirable shelter there will be unprotected designs or metal objects (for example, a picnic canopy).
  3. During thunderstorms, you need to immediately get out of the water, because it is a good conductor. Finding into it, the discharge of lightning can easily spread to a person.
  4. In no case can you use a mobile phone.
  5. To first-end the victim, it is best to produce cardiovascular resuscitation and immediately call the rescue service.

Rules of behavior in the house

Inside the premises also there is a danger of defeat.

  1. If a thunderstorm began on the street, first of all, you need to close all windows and doors.
  2. It is necessary to turn off all electrical appliances.
  3. Do not approach wired phones and other cables, they are excellent electricity conductors. The same effect has metal pipes, so you should not be near the plumbing.
  4. Knowing how formed fireball And how the trajectory is unpredictable, if she still got into the room, it is necessary to leave him immediately and close all windows and doors. If these actions are impossible, it is better to stand motionless.

Nature is still not limited to a person and carries many dangers. All kinds of lightning are, in their essence, the most powerful electrical discharges, which are several times higher than the power of the current sources of current.

Some people are afraid of thunderstorms. Others admire them, considering the surprising manifestation of the power of nature. We all well remember the lightning, which is accompanied by most thunderstorms. However, there are many different types This phenomenon. Perhaps some of them have seen, although they did not know about them; Or not seen, but felt.

The type of lightning, which is associated with most people with a thunderstorm, is called cloudy earthly. This is a negative charge that dries into the ground and attracting charged objects. (Thermal lightning is the same cloudy-earthly, but arising far enough, as a result of which the thunder is not heard from it). There are also interrupical lightning, never reaching land, and intraiety, not leaving their "native" clouds.

Sometimes lightning carries and positive charge, especially when there is a thunderstorm cloud from the top. In this case, it does not go down to the ground, but moves along the horizon. She received a rather elegant name "Lightning from Blue."

Probably, one of you saw a reddish outbreak highly high in the sky. This is another type of lightning - red sprite. Its color often corresponds to the name, but not necessarily. Usually this flash lasts a few seconds - much more than most other types of lightning. In fact, it is good to distinguish only the brightest of sprites. Often they are described as something similar to giant jellyfish on the top of the storm.

Blue jet - another type of zipper, which you may have seen, but did not know about it. Especially if you have to fly a lot on airplanes. These discharges also shoot up from thunderstorms And only last a fraction of a second. But during this time they can overcome more than 40 kilometers.

If you often fly, you probably faced with dark zipper. This phenomenon was studied pretty recently. It is impossible to see such a zipper because it lasts only about 10-100 microseconds. Only occasionally can notice a distinct purple outbreak. However, it emits radiation - about the same as on computed tomography in the hospital. This is not so much, but dark zippers are very common, and it is precisely on those heights where aircraft fly. And this makes them a considerable potential threat.

Even above, you can meet the so-called "elves". These are massive electrical pulses in the form of discs. They were filmed cameras space Shuttles Only in 1992.

To be mysterious, zippers do not necessarily arise in the ionosphere. Scientists are still trying to understand what a ball lightning and what is its principle of action. Only recently they were able to recreate in laboratory conditions. Typically, such lightning is associated with thunderstorms, but they are associated with other, more mystical things.

It is believed that very many alleged UFOs were actually ball lightning, because they can fly across the sky, appear and disappear in seconds and painted in different colors. Perhaps this phenomenon was also taken for wandering lights, which, as a rule, appear in the swamp areas and are considered evil spirits. Now we know that ball lightning exist, but we cannot say for sure how they are formed and for what reason. This suggests that some types of lightning remained the same mysterious as many centuries ago.

Thunderstorm refers to those natural phenomenaWhat causes the thrill, but at the same time fascinated by their beauty. With attentive observation, a person may noted that not always lightning have the same color, rather, on the contrary.

If in one case all the zippers seem white, then in the other they can be red, or even greenish. What is their color depends, and why does he vary? Many inquisitive minds were looking for an answer to this question.

From which the color of zipper depends


Normally, that is, without impact external factorsLightning would have a blossom-purple glow. It is such a tint that will give the air through which the channel passed, which warmed up to a temperature of 30 thousand degrees - it is hot, than the surface of the Sun, and 5 times. But perfect conditions In case of earthly realities, it is a rarity, because it is not always possible to observe the classic shade of heavenly electricity.

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As a rule, various contaminants are contained in the atmosphere. The smallest dust is almost always - and the prejudicable wind is able to lift into the air and rather large particles.

If the air is dusting, and the rain has not yet had time to nail this dust, the lightning will seem yellowish or orange.


However, if the rain has already gone, knocking down all the dust to the ground, this will also change the color of lightning. Remearable about water drops, they will have a red shade. Instead of rain, Grad can go. In addition, the thunderstorm with lightning can occur with snow - it is extremely rare, but it happens. Ice crystals also create their own optical effects, often much more interesting than in all other cases.

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Each zipper in such a situation may have an individual shade, from pink to blue - it will depend on the population of the refraction of light, which is completely unpredictable in this situation. It is the "snowy" lightning most unpredictable, degrees most often gives outbreaks blue color.


Lightning can have and purely white color. Such a phenomenon occurs at low humidity, testifies to its dryness, about the absence of rain. Specialists consider such lightning the most dangerous - falling into the ground, they cause fire, forest fires that are not restrained natural factors And quickly apply.

Proximity to observation

The distance from observing to zipper plays its role. The air dissipates light waves, making it with different intensity for different colors. So, at a large distance, the shades of lightning will not be noticeable, it will seem white, or yellowish. Red, bluish or other, it will seem when observed at a closer distance.

: It is not difficult to determine the distance from a person to zipper. Light and sound spread at different speeds. If the flash and roar occurred almost simultaneously or inevitably, the blow occurred nearby. The longer the interval between the outbreak and sound, the further struck lightning.

What if you got into a thunderstorm?


Lightning strike is a deadly danger to a person. And therefore, when hitting a thunderstorm, the precautionary measures that will protect you from the risk of impaired atmospheric electricity are worthwhile. So, a thunderstorm cannot be found on the hill, when the thunderstorm front approaches it makes sense to go down as soon as possible. In the absence of such a possibility, it is worth looking for a shelter in ravines, any relief decreases. In no case can not be hidden under high trees, especially separately.

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According to statistics, Lightning is most often striking oaks. Not in vain ancient Slavs read this tree as dedicated to Perun, God is the thumbs up. Poplar, especially lonely standing, also fall the zipper "to taste." Immediately after them, fir and pines go on statistics. But hazel and maple are not subjected to lightning strike almost never.

Lipa and acacia are also practically invulnerable to atmospheric electricity. However, blindly believe in such facts is not worth it. Under high wood Any breed to meet a thunderstorm is dangerous. Moreover, there are other factors capable of attracting lightning. This, in particular, cellular telephone - Even working in normal standby. In a thunderstorm, turn off the phone.

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Thus, the color of lightning depends primarily on the atmosphere and its composition, the presence of certain suspensions in it. Dust, rain drops, snow or hail - all this can change the color of the zipper. The remoteness of the observer plays its role, at a large distance zipper seem white or yellowish. With low humidity of lightning, lightning look bright white, and if we exclude the influence of all related factors, they will be bluish-purple. If the thunderstorm starts during the snowfall, it will be possible to see a rare phenomenon with lightning of arbitrary colors, at such moments the sky may look like a New Year's garland.

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