How to write direct speech and dialogue in the text? Punctuation marks in direct speech

In Russian, in order to convey someone's words in the text, such a syntactic construction as direct speech is used. Schemes (there are four of them) in a visual form display which signs are placed and where. To understand this, you need to understand the abbreviations indicated in them.

The difference between direct speech and indirect speech

You can report someone's statements either on behalf of the one who utters them (this is direct speech), or from a third person, and then it will be indirect. In the article we will consider the first option in more detail. The schemes of direct and indirect speech differ, as they are designed and sound differently in the text, for example:

• "Today I'll be late from work," said my mother. reflects what the mother said, conveying information from her personally. In this case, the scheme of direct speech is divided into the one who speaks, and directly into the content.
• Mom said that today it will be late from work. In this version, the words are not transmitted on behalf of the speaker. In writing, indirect speech is in which the author's words come first and are its main part.

There are 4 direct speech transmission schemes in which the following designations are used:

• P - indicates the capital letter with which direct speech begins.
• n - means the beginning of speech with a small letter.
• A are the author's words beginning with capital letter.
• a is a lowercase letter.

Depending on what symbols are used and where they stand in the scheme, a sentence can be built. Which will correspond to it or, conversely, the existing text will allow you to paint it schematically.

Direct speech at the beginning of the text

Schemes of direct speech, in which it precedes the words of the author, are as follows:

• "P", - a.
• "P?" - A.
• "P!" - A.

If the author's words are preceded by direct speech, the rules (the diagram reflects this) require that it be enclosed in quotation marks, and between them put a punctuation mark corresponding to the emotional coloring of the statement. If it is narrative, then the parts are separated by a comma. With an interrogative or exclamatory emotion, signs are put in speech that convey this stylistic coloring of the sentence. For example:

• “We are going to the sea in summer,” said the girl.
• "Are we going to the sea in summer?" - asked the girl.
• “We are going to the sea in summer!” - the girl shouted joyfully.

In these examples, the same content of direct speech is transmitted with different emotional coloring. The words of the author also change in accordance with these changes.

Author's words at the beginning of speech

Schemes of direct speech (with examples below), in which the words of the author begin a syntactic construction, are used when it is important to indicate the speaker. They look like this:

• A: "P".
• A: "P?"
• A: "P!"

The diagrams show that after the words of the author, which begin with a capital letter, as they are at the beginning of a sentence, it is necessary to put a colon. Directly direct speech is enclosed by quotation marks on both sides and begins with a capital letter, as an independent syntactic construction. At the end, the appropriate emotional content of the text is put. For example:

• The boy came up and said in a low voice: "I need to go home to my sick mother." IN this example direct speech is located behind the words of the author and has a neutral color, so a full stop is put at the end.
• A cry of indignation escaped her lips: "How can you not notice this injustice!" The proposal has an emotional expressive coloring that conveys a strong disturbance. Therefore, the direct speech that follows the words of the author and is enclosed in quotation marks ends with an exclamation mark.

• The girl looked at him in surprise: "Why don't you want to go camping with us?" Although the author’s words indicate such an emotion as surprise, direct speech sounds like a question, so at the end it is worth

It is important to remember: the direct speech behind the words of the author is always written with capital letter and separated from them by a colon.

Third scheme

• "P, - a, - p."
• "P-a. - P".

The diagrams show that direct speech is divided into 2 parts by the words of the author. The punctuation in these sentences is such that they are always separated from direct speech on both sides by hyphens. If a comma is placed after the words of the author, the continuation of direct speech is written with a small letter, and if there is a period, then it begins as a new sentence with a capital letter. For example:

• “I’ll pick you up tomorrow,” Yegor said, getting into the car, “don’t oversleep.”
• “Mom arrives early in the morning,” dad reminded. "You need to book a taxi in advance."
• "What are you doing here? Maria asked. "Shouldn't you be at the lecture?"
• “How stubborn you are! - Sveta exclaimed. "I don't want to see you again!"

Important: although in the last two examples the initial part of direct speech does not end with a comma, but with question and exclamation marks, the author's words are written with a small letter.

Direct speech between the words of the author

The fourth scheme of direct speech explains what signs are placed when it stands between the words of the author.

• A: "P" - a.
• A: "P?" - A.
• A: "P!" - A.

For example:

• The announcer said: “Today is on the news” - and for some reason he stumbled.
• An echo came from afar: "Where are you?" - and it became quiet again.
• The brother replied rudely, “None of your business!” - and quickly walked out the door.

It is impossible to be limited only to the schemes listed above, since direct speech can consist of any number of sentences, for example:

“How good! - Grandma exclaimed, - I thought we would never get home. Tired to death". The scheme of this syntactic construction is as follows:

"P! - a, - p. P.

The Russian language is very expressive and there is more in writing than 4 classical schemes can fit. Knowing the basic concepts of direct speech and punctuation marks with it, you can make a sentence of any complexity.

Literally introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing). Unlike indirect speech, it retains the individual and stylistic features of the speech of the one whose statement is reproduced: dialectal features, repetitions, pauses, introductory words, etc. Direct speech is introduced without conjunctions, personal pronouns, verb forms indicate an attitude to the speaker's face, for example : "You said, 'I'll be back late.'" For comparison in indirect speech: "You said you'd be back late." Usually, direct speech is highlighted in the text with quotation marks or is given as a separate paragraph, at the beginning of which a dash is placed. Direct speech as its variety includes quotations.

Designations:

Author's words before direct speech

• The dot is behind the quotes.

• The exclamation mark and question mark remain in quotation marks.

The author's words break direct speech

All direct speech is taken in quotation marks. A dot and a dash are placed between the words of the author and the second part. The rest of the rules are the same.

Dialogue

There are no quotation marks (even if one contains the words of the author). Each replica starts on a new line, with a dash before the replicas.

If there are two direct speeches in one sentence, each with its own verb, then a dash is placed before the second direct speech, in addition to the rest of the punctuation marks.

Dialogue stretched into a line

Short (2-3 lines) dialogues are allowed to be written in one line. Such dialogues are written according to the usual rules of direct speech, but the lines are separated from each other by a dash.

Are not direct speech

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See what "Direct Speech" is in other dictionaries:

Someone's statement, verbatim introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing); cf. Indirect speech … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Direct speech- DIRECT SPEECH. See indirect speech... Dictionary of literary terms

DIRECT, oh, oh; straight, straight, straight, straight and straight. Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Direct speech- (from lat. oratio recta) - one of the ways to convey someone else's speech (see) - the speech of a person reproduced verbatim, designed as a relatively independent proposal and introduced into the text by the words of another person - the author of this text, so ... ... Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language

Reproduction of a statement on behalf of the person by whom it was made, accompanied by the author's words (see author's words). In relation to the author's words, direct speech acts as an independent sentence, only in meaning and ... ... Dictionary linguistic terms

A syntactic way of introducing someone else's speech into the text. Constructions with direct speech include the actual speech of others and the words of the author, which may precede it, follow it, and be included inside; depending on this design in different ways ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Someone's statement, literally introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing); cf. Indirect speech. * * * DIRECT SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH, someone's statement, verbatim introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing); cf. Indirect speech (see ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Direct speech- (Latin oratio recta) verbatim reproduction of someone else's statement, accompanied by a commentary remark of the speaker ("author's words"). Unlike syntactically organized indirect speech, P. r. It is built on the principle of parataxis of free ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Someone's statement, verbatim introduced into the author's speech (speaking or writing). Unlike indirect speech (See Indirect speech), it retains the individual and stylistic features of the speech of the one whose statement is reproduced: ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

direct speech- 1) The speech of another person, transmitted verbatim, regardless of the speech of the person serving as a transmitter. 2) language tool used in artistic speech, journalistic, colloquial styles, where there is an orientation towards expressive possibilities ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

someone else's speech- these are the statements of other persons included in the author's narrative. Words that introduce someone else's speech are called the words of the author or author's words.

Ways of transmitting someone else's speech

There are the following ways to transmit someone else's speech:

1) sentences with direct speech to convey it without changes.

For example: Misha asked: Vitya, please give me this book.».

2) complex sentences With indirect speech to transmit someone else's speech with changes.

For example: Misha asked so that Vitya gives him a book .

3) simple sentences with an addition naming the topic of someone else's speech.

For example: And long, long grandfather about the bitter fate of the plowman spoke with sadness.(N. Nekrasov.)

4) offers with introductory words and introductory sentences to convey the source of the message.

For example: As the poets say, the autumn of life has begun.(K. Paustovsky.)

Different ways of transmitting someone else's speech are syntactic synonyms and can replace each other.

Direct speech sentences

Direct speech- this is a verbatim reproduced statement of a person or group of persons, included in the author's text.

In direct speech, the features of someone else's speech are preserved, therefore, it can contain verbs in the form of the 1st and 2nd person of the indicative and imperative mood, pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person, appeal, incomplete sentences, interjections and particles.

Direct speech may include not one, but several sentences.

The grammatical connection of the author's statement and direct speech is expressed in this case by intonation. In addition, this connection is carried out with the help of verbs that introduce direct speech: spoke, noticed, shouted, etc. These are verbs with the lexical meaning of speaking and thinking. Here are some of them: speak, say, say, repeat, order, notice, ask, whisper, ask, answer, exclaim, shout, think, suppose, decide, dream.

Often the work of words that introduce direct speech is performed by verbs denoting the way the message is conveyed or the feelings that accompany speech.

For example: telegraph, honk, be offended, rejoice, laugh, receive a telegram: A fire was flashing on the shore: “Swim here! » (Migal accompanies the action called).

Verbs that introduce direct speech, as part of the author's speech, can be before direct speech, or after it, or in the middle of it.

For example: The water in the streams sang: "Spring is coming!" "Is the river going to break soon?" - asked Vova. “It is necessary to prepare,” the guys decided, “birdhouses for the arrival of starlings.”

Sometimes verbs that introduce direct speech may be absent.

For example: But Griboyedov is light, he waves his hand nonchalantly: Let's not worry too much about it. Time will take care of itself. (Yu. Tynyanov.)

Direct speech varied. It can be:

1. People's speech:

a) statements of people - the usual composition of direct speech.

For example: "Well guys, - said the commandant- now open the gate, beat the drum. Guys! Forward, on a sortie, for me! (A. Pushkin.)

It was cold, I did not sleep for three nights, exhausting and began to get angry. " Lead me somewhere, robber! To hell with it, just right! I shouted.(M. Lermontov.)

And my mother threw up her hands and said: Don't be upset, Denis, because of the mice. No and no need! Let's go buy you a fish! What do you want, huh?» (V. Dragunsky.)

The owner of the beast wiped his wet face with his palm and suggested to the owner in a deaf and menacing voice: - Buy a skin, manager. (K. Paustovsky.)

b) verbatim transmission as part of direct speech of the statement of another person.

For example: ... Lyubochka herself wanted to write to you, but she tore off the third sheet of paper and said: “ I know what dad is a scoffer: if you make at least one mistake, he will show everyone". Katenka is still sweet, Mimi is still kind and boring. (L. Tolstoy.)

2. Inner speech, that is, people's thoughts.

For example: It used to be standing, standing in a corner, so that your knees and back hurt, and you think: “ Karl Ivanovich forgot about me; he must be comfortable sitting in an easy chair and reading his hydrostatics - but what about me?» (L. Tolstoy.) Lord, how much I expected myself from this trip! " Let me not see anything in detail, - I thought, - but I have seen everything, I have been everywhere; but from everything seen, something whole, some kind of general panorama will be formed ...» (F. Dostoevsky.)

3. Various inscriptions, quoting someone else's text.

For example: "My dear old man, read by Tatyana Petrovna- It's been a month since I've been in the hospital. The wound is not very severe - and in general it heals. For God's sake, don't worry and don't smoke cigarette after cigarette. I beg you!" (K. Paustovsky.) K. Chukovsky writes: “ The imagery of Nekrasov's poetry was its greatest strength.».

4. Statements of various creatures, objects , which human fantasy endows with the ability to think and speak: statements of animals and their inner speech, statements mythical creatures plants, inanimate objects.

For example: When it became completely dark, despair and horror seized Kashtanka. She clung to some entrance and began to cry bitterly.<...>If she were human, she would probably think: No, it's impossible to live like this! Need to shoot!» (A. Chekhov.)

Sadko came into the white stone ward:
The king of the sea is sitting in the chamber,
The king's head is like a heap of hay.
The king says these words:
- Oh, you, Sadko the merchant, a rich guest!
For a century you, Sadko, traveled by sea,
I, the king, did not pay tribute.

(Epic "Sadko".)

PUNCTIVATION IN DIRECT SPEECH

In the text, direct speech is highlighted with quotation marks or dashes.

Direct speech is highlighted with quotation marks if it goes in a line, without a paragraph (it can be after the words of the author, before them or inside them).

Punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech are presented in the table:

DIALOGUE. PUNCUNCATION IN DIALOGUE

The transmission of someone else's thought with the preservation of its form and content is also characteristic of dialogue.

Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people.

Dialogue(from Greek. dialogos- “conversation, conversation”) is a natural form of direct communication.

The words of each person participating in the conversation are called replicas. The words of the author may accompany the replica, or they may be absent. Each replica of the dialogue usually begins on a new line, a dash is placed before the replica, and quotes are not put.

The dialogue consists of several replicas (several, but not less than two). Here is the dialogue of children, transmitted by M. Prishvin:

This spring, the snow in the dense spruce forests was still there at the end of April, but it is always much warmer in the swamps: there was no snow at all at that time. Having learned about this from people, Mitrasha and Nastya began to gather for cranberries.

Nastya, starting to get ready, hung a large basket over her shoulder on a towel.

- Why do you need a towel? Mitrasha asked.

- And how? - answered Nastya. - Don't you remember how your mother went for mushrooms?

- For mushrooms? You understand a lot: there are a lot of mushrooms, so your shoulder hurts.

- And cranberries, maybe we will have even more.

You can see how the dialogue is built: for every statement contained in the replica of one person, there is necessarily an answer in the replica of another person. The replicas are related to each other in content: they seem to cling to each other. And each of the replicas is built as a sentence of direct speech. Punctuation marks are placed in them according to generally accepted rules.

The dialogue is formatted in two ways:

1. Replicas follow each from a new paragraph, are not enclosed in quotation marks, each is preceded by a dash.

For example:

- Will you come?

- Don't know.

2. Replicas follow in a line.

For example:

"So are you married? I didn't know before! How long ago? - "About two years". - "On whom?" - "On Larina". - "Tatyana?" - "Do you know them?" - "I'm their neighbor"(A. S. Pushkin).

If there are no author's words between the replicas of the dialogue when it is transmitted in writing, and the replicas themselves are enclosed in quotation marks, then a dash is placed between these replicas.

For example: <...>The clerk could not come to his senses. “Well, then,” the general continued, “tell me: where did you meet Dubrovsky?” - "At two pines, father, at two pines." - "What did he say to you?" - “He asked me, whose are you, where are you going and why?” - "Well, and after?" “And then he demanded a letter and money.” - "Well". “I gave him the letter and the money.” - "And he? .. Well - and he?" - "Father, it's my fault." - "Well, what did he do? .." - "He returned the money to me and the letter and said: go with God, give it to the post office."(A. Pushkin.)

In the text next door there may be sentences of direct speech in quotation marks and sentences - replicas of the dialogue, highlighted by dashes.

For example:

Spring has come... The bees have woken up from their winter sleep...

The bees flew to the cherry: Sweet cherry! Do you have a flower for hungry bees?"- Pay a visit, dear, tomorrow," the cherry answers them. - Today there is not a single open flower on me.(K. Ushinsky.)

This text contains two sentences of direct speech. The first comes immediately after the sentence of the author's speech, adjoins it. A dash is placed before the second sentence of direct speech, since this sentence begins a paragraph.

SENTENCES WITH INDIRECT SPEECH

Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by unions what, if, to, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, what, how, where, when, why, etc. , or a particle.

Direct speech can take any position in relation to the words of the author, indirect speech always follows the author's words.

For example: I was told, that was my brother.. (A. Pushkin.) She demanded for me to look into her eyes and ask if I remember minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. (A. Chekhov.) They talked about how the birds I caught live. (M. Gorky.)

Direct speech can be replaced by indirect speech.

Indirect speech with unions that, as if expresses the content of the narrative sentences of someone else's speech.

For example: The hunter said what he saw on the lake of swans. The hunter said as if he saw swans on the lake. The hydrologists reported that in search of new sources fresh water they explored hundreds of lakes in the steppes.

Compare: « I'll be waiting for you somewhere around here"Valya said.(A. Fadeev.) - Valya said, that she will be waiting for me somewhere around here.

Indirect speech with union to expresses the content of the incentive sentences of someone else's speech.

For example: The captain ordered to launch the boats. The pike barely breathes and asks for Ivan Tsarevich, so that he took pity on her, threw her into the blue sea.

Compare: Ivan Fedorovich ... asked: “ Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them». (A. Fadeev.) - Ivan Fedorovich asked for Lyuba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.

Indirect speech with pronouns and adverbs what, who, what, how, where, where, when, why etc. or whether the particle expresses the content of interrogative sentences of someone else's speech.

For example: I asked what time it is. We asked the people we met where they were going. I asked a friend did he solve this problem?.

Compare: « Are you thinking of playing hide and seek with me?"Vanya said with annoyance.(A. Fadeev.) - Vanya said with annoyance, don't I think to play hide and seek with him.

A question conveyed in indirect speech is called an indirect question. There is no question mark after an indirect question.

When replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech Special attention need to refer to correct usage personal and possessive pronouns, since in indirect speech we convey other people's words on our own behalf. It is also important to understand that not all features of someone else's speech can be conveyed indirectly.

For example, in indirect speech there can be no appeals, interjections, forms of the imperative mood and many other forms of oral speech. When translating direct speech into indirect speech, such words and forms are either omitted altogether or replaced by others.

For example: The teacher said: Alyosha, go get some chalk". - The teacher said to Alyosha, so that he goes for chalk.

Our topic today is sentences with direct speech. Examples of such proposals are found everywhere: in fiction, magazines, newspapers, publicistic materials. Already from the very name "direct speech" it becomes clear that in this case the author of the text conveys the words of a person exactly as they were pronounced.

What is the difference between direct speech and indirect speech?

In direct speech, any statement retains its features - syntactic, lexical and stylistic. It is connected with the words of the author only in terms of intonation and meaning, while remaining an independent construction.

If we are talking about sentences with indirect speech, then the author conveys someone else's speech without its syntactic, stylistic and lexical features, keeping only the content of the statement unchanged. Moreover, depending on the goals of the author and the context, the statement can be changed.

Let us consider in more detail sentences with direct speech. Examples of such structures might look like this:

• Ivan said: "Let's quickly clean up the class and go to the park!"
• “It's warm outside today,” Anna remarked. “It seems that spring has finally come into its own.”
• "Would you like some tea?" Daniel asked the guests.

Now let's try to reformulate these same sentences in such a way that instead of direct speech they use indirect:

• Ivan offered to quickly finish cleaning the classroom and go to the park.
• Anna noted that it became unusually warm outside and spring finally came into its own.
• Daniel asked the guests if they would like to drink tea.

Basics of spelling sentences with direct speech

Punctuation in the transmission of direct speech directly depends on how the statement is located in the sentence relative to the words of the author.

Direct speech at the beginning of a sentence

The entire statement in this case is enclosed in quotation marks (""). Depending on the type of exclamatory or interrogative), the further transition to the words of the author may be different:

• for declarative sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH" - the words of the author;
• for exclamatory (incentive) sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH!" - words of the author;
• for interrogative sentences:"DIRECT SPEECH?" - words of the author.

Note! In declarative sentences, a period is NOT put at the end of a quote. But an exclamation mark or put is a must. In addition, in declarative sentences, a comma is placed after quotation marks, but in other cases it is not.

Here are some examples:

• “There will be a lot of mushrooms in the forest today,” grandfather said.
• “Do you think there will be many mushrooms in the forest today?” the boy asked.
• “How many mushrooms are in the forest today!” Zhenya exclaimed.

Direct speech at the end of a sentence

In another case, direct speech may be located after the author's words. Everything is much simpler here: a colon is placed immediately after the words of the author, and the entire quote is again enclosed in quotation marks.

Consider similar sentences with direct speech. Examples might look like this:

• Anya said: "I read an interesting book."
• The librarian asked, “Have you finished that book you borrowed a week ago?”
• Dima exclaimed: “I have never read a more interesting story in my life!”

Note! In a declarative sentence, quotes are closed first, and only then a full stop is put. But if you need to put or exclamation mark, it must be exclusively inside quotes.

Direct speech between the words of the author

If a quote from someone's statement is between two fragments of the author's words, the above rules seem to be combined.

Unclear? Then let's try with direct speech of this type:

• He said, "It looks like it's going to rain today," and put an umbrella in his bag.
• Igor asked: “How are you?” - and handed a classmate a bouquet of wildflowers.
• Katya shouted: “Faster! All come here!" - and began to wave her hands violently to get attention.

You already know these rules, and therefore there should be no problems with such offers at all - just be careful!

Direct speech, which is interrupted by the author's text

But this is a rather interesting type of proposal.

As always, direct speech begins with quotation marks. The words of the author are preceded by a comma and a dash, and after - a period, a dash and the continuation of the quote. Wherein direct speech continues with a capital letter! Quotes are closed at the end of a sentence.

Let's look in practice at such sentences with direct speech. Examples that can be given in this case:

• “Let's buy a bouquet of flowers,” Lena suggested. - We'll give it to mom.
• “Grandma loves this service very much,” Roman remarked. - His grandfather gave.

Note! If, due to a break in direct speech, the first part loses its semantic completeness and a feeling of understatement appears, then a comma should be placed after the author’s words, and the continuation of direct speech should begin lower case.

• “It would be nice,” said Igor, “to walk along the embankment in the evening.”
• “It seems,” the girl noted, “they promised rain today.”

Simply put, if a sentence can be divided into two, and the reader will still understand everything, a full stop is needed. And if one of the fragments of direct speech separately does not carry any meaning, it makes sense to put a comma and continue the thought with a small letter.

Syntactic analysis of sentences with direct speech

With direct speech, it is practically no different from the usual one. However, it will be necessary, among other things, to name the author and direct speech, parse them (as two separate sentences), explain the punctuation marks, and also draw a diagram.

This is how, in practice, direct speech turns out to be completely simple and understandable. The main thing is to analyze each example and try to make your own options according to the model.

Direct speech is someone else's speech, accurately reproduced and transmitted on behalf of the one who uttered it. Sentences with direct speech include two components: the actual speech and the introductory words, which indicate who this speech was said (the words of the author).

To highlight direct speech in a sentence, punctuation marks are used: dashes or quotation marks. The placement of punctuation marks depends on the design of direct speech.

1.1. start a paragraph, then it must be preceded by a dash:

“Everything is forgiven for work,” Vedeneev says dryly. (Panova)

1.2. formatted as a string and separated with quotation marks:

"Maxim Maksimych, would you like some tea?" - I shouted out the window to him (Lermontov)

Note: Both rules are valid when building a dialogue:

- Svetlana, where is the piece of chocolate that I left on the table?

- His cat ate it.

Why did you let her? (L.A. Barto)

“How, how? .. Could you turn it up louder? .. What kind of song? ..” - “I accidentally remembered this one ... My father once sang. You can come up with something else ... "-" Do not need another, let's do this one! (according to B. Chirkov)

2.1. before direct speech, then a colon is placed after the author's words, direct speech begins with a capital letter and ends with the punctuation mark that is required by the nature of the statement:

Raising Alka in her arms and showing the sea, Natka quickly said: “Alka, look what a fast big ship!” (A. Gaidar)

Once, when Gianni Rodari was visiting the Krasnodar guys, one boy asked him:

Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?

2.2. after a direct speech, at the end of which a sign of a suitable meaning is placed (a question or exclamation mark, an ellipsis or a comma, but not a period), then follows a dash and the words of the author, starting with a lowercase letter:

"You're lying, you won't catch!" - Metelitsa solemnly said.

"Is it necessary to be an optimist?" - Tanya asked somehow. “It is desirable, because an optimist is smarter than a pessimist,” Andrey answered cheerfully (K.A. Ketlinskaya)

Note: as can be seen from the last example, the peculiarity of setting a comma after direct speech is that it is placed not inside the statement, but after the closing quote.

2.3. inside direct speech, breaking the latter into two parts. It has its own peculiarities of writing punctuation marks.

• if direct speech is a single sentence and should be continued after the break, then the author's words are separated from both sides by a comma and a dash, after which the first word is written with a small letter:

"Is it really," I thought, "my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people's hopes?" (Lermontov)

• if the statement consists of several sentences, and the words of the author are after one of them, then the exclamation and question marks, the ellipsis at the end of this sentence are preserved, the dot is replaced by a comma. This is followed by a dash, the words of the author with a small letter, a dot, a dash, and direct speech continues with a capital letter:

“We have nothing to shoot with here,” Popko’s voice answered in the receiver. “I myself wonder why he jumped back?” (L.S. Sobolev);

"Frost! Baklanov shouted after those who were leaving. “You still don’t lose sight of each other.” (Fadeev)

• if the author's words contain verbs that have the meaning of an utterance and are related to different parts broken direct speech, then a colon and a dash are placed before its second part:

“Let’s go, it’s cold,” Makarov said and sullenly asked: “Why are you silent?” (Bitter).

2.4. before and after direct speech, which, in fact, breaks the author's speech. In this case, after the first part of the author's words, a colon, an opening quotation mark, direct speech, a punctuation mark necessary for the meaning (except for a period), a closing quotation mark, a dash, the second part of the author's words are put. If direct speech should have ended with a period, then instead of it, a comma is placed after the closing quote:

To my question: "Is the old caretaker still alive?" - no one could give me a satisfactory answer (Pushkin);

Arriving at the dacha in a large company, the brother suddenly says: "Mishka, let's go to billiards," and they locked themselves up and played billiards for three hours. (Simonov).