Nadezhda Krupskaya and Lenin. Nadezhda Krupskaya (wife of V.I. Lenin): biography. Bibliography of Nadezhda Krupskaya
Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (1869–1939) - the most prominent party and statesman, professional revolutionary, colleague, wife and friend of the great Lenin.
The whole life of Nadezhda Konstantinovna was devoted to the party, the struggle for the victory of the working class, the struggle for the construction of socialism, for the victory of communism.
Youth
Nadezhda Konstantinovna was born and studied in St. Petersburg. While still a very young girl, she began to think about the injustice that reigned around, about the arbitrariness of the tsarist government, which oppressed the working people, about the poverty and suffering of the people.
What to do?- this question worried Nadezhda Konstantinovna, did not give her rest. Only when she joined the Marxist circle, got acquainted with the teachings of Marx, did she understand what needs to be done, which way to go.
“Marxism,” she later wrote, “gave me the greatest happiness that a person could ever wish for: knowing where to go, calm confidence in the final outcome of the case with which she connected her life.” This unshakable confidence in the correctness of Marxism, in the victory of communism distinguished Nadezhda Konstantinovna all her life. Neither arrests, nor exile, nor long years emigration.
Nadezhda Krupskaya in her youth. 1890s.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna goes to the workers, works for free as a teacher in the evening and Sunday school for workers behind the Nevsky Zastava in St. Petersburg. She combines the teaching of writing and counting with the propaganda of Marxism, actively participates in the work of the Marxist organization, created after the arrival of V. I. Lenin in St. Petersburg, who united the scattered Marxist circles into a single harmonious organization, which later received the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". Nadezhda Konstantinovna is included in the central core of this organization.
Arrest and exile
In the case of the Union of Struggle, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was arrested in 1897, and then exiled for three years from St. Petersburg. She served a link first in the village of Shushenskoye, in Siberia, where at that time V.I. Lenin was in exile, whom she married in July 1898. “Since then,” she later wrote, “my life followed his life, I helped him in his work in any way and how I could.”
And, indeed, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was the most true friend and associate of V. I. Lenin. Together with him, under his leadership, she participated in the creation and organization of the party. Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote her first book in exile "Woman Worker". It was the first Marxist work on the position of women workers and peasants in Russia. In it, Nadezhda Konstantinovna showed that a working woman can achieve liberation only in a joint struggle with the working class for the overthrow of the autocracy, for the victory of the proletariat. This book was published illegally abroad. Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not put her last name on it, and she went out under a pseudonym "Sablina".
Nadezhda Konstantinovna spent the last year of her exile in Ufa. At the end of the exile in the spring of 1901, she went to V.I. Lenin abroad. By this time, he had already organized the publication of a party newspaper "Spark", and Nadezhda Konstantinovna becomes the secretary of the Iskra editorial board.
Emigration
Abroad, Nadezhda Konstantinovna all the time carried out tremendous party work, being the secretary of the editorial office of Bolshevik newspapers. "Forward" And "Proletarian", the Foreign Bureau of the Central Committee and other central organizations of our Party. During the years of the first Russian revolution (1905-1907), she, together with Lenin, returned to Russia, to St. Petersburg, and worked as a secretary of the party's Central Committee. In December 1907, Nadezhda Konstantinovna again had to go abroad. It actively participates in the party's struggle on two fronts - with liquidators And otzovists, establishes ties with Russia, with the newspaper Pravda and the Bolshevik factions of the III and IV State Duma.
Correspondence with Bolshevik party organizations and with party comrades who were underground about Russia, sending party literature, sending comrades to work illegally, helping in case of failures and escapes - all this lay with Nadezhda Konstantinovna.
During the years of emigration, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, along with a huge party work, dealt with issues of pedagogy with great enthusiasm: she studied the statements of Marx and Engels on education, got acquainted with the organization of school affairs in France and Switzerland, studied the works of the great educators of the past.
The result of this work was the book she wrote in 1915. "People's Education and Democracy", which was highly valued by V. I. Lenin. This work was the first Marxist work in the field of pedagogy. Nadezhda Konstantinovna raised the question of the need for polytechnic education, the creation of a labor school, and the connection of school with life. (For this work, Nadezhda Konstantinovna was awarded the degree of Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences in 1936).
Return to Russia
In April 1917, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, together with V. I. Lenin, returned to Russia, to Petrograd, and immediately plunged headlong into agitation and propaganda mass work. She often spoke at factories and factories in front of workers and workers, at rallies in front of soldiers, at meetings of soldiers, explaining to them the policy of the party, propagandizing Lenin's slogan of the transfer of all power to the Soviets, explaining the course of the Bolshevik Party for the socialist revolution.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna, recalling this time, said that she used to be very shy, “but I had to defend the policy of the party, I forgot that I don’t know how to speak.” She possessed an extraordinary gift for simply, heartfelt conversations with the working people. Whatever audience she spoke to - a small one, where there were 15-20 people, or a large one - 1000 people, it seemed to everyone that it was with him that she was talking so sincerely.
At that difficult time, when Vladimir Ilyich was forced to hide in Finland from the persecution of the Provisional Government, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, under the guise of a worker Agafya Atamanova went to see him in Finland, in Helsingfors. She conveyed to him the instructions of the Central Committee of the Party, informed him of the state of affairs, and received the necessary instructions for transmission to the Central Committee.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna took an active part in the preparation and conduct of the Great October Socialist Revolution, working in Vyborgsky district and Smolny.
People's Commissar of Education
After the victory of October, the party entrusted Nadezhda Konstantinovna with the work of public education. The largest Marxist teacher, the founder of Marxist pedagogy, Nadezhda Konstantinovna is fighting for the creation of a labor polytechnic school. The connection of the school with life, the communist education of the rising generation and the broad masses of the people are constantly at the center of its concerns and attention.
Krupskaya among the pioneers, 1936. Nadezhda Konstantinovna was the "soul of the People's Commissariat of Education", as she was then called. Deep knowledge of theoretical and practical issues pedagogy, closeness to the workers, knowledge of their interests and demands, vast experience in party work helped her immediately outline the path that must be followed.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna devoted much energy and attention to work among the youth, to the struggle for enlightenment and the real emancipation of women, for their participation in all areas of socialist construction.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna loved children very much and did a lot to make their life happy. “Children have the right to happiness,” she said.
She was one of the founders of the pioneer organization, followed the work of the pioneers, and helped them in everything. In his biography "My life" written for the pioneers, she wrote:
“I always regretted that I didn’t have guys. Now I don't regret it. Now I have a lot of them - members of the Komsomol and young pioneers. They are all Leninists, they want to be Leninists. By order of the young pioneers, this autobiography was written. To them, my dear, dear children, I dedicate it.”
And the guys paid Nadezhda Konstantinovna with ardent love. They wrote letters to her, told her how they studied, wrote that they wanted to be like Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. They sent Nadezhda Konstantinovna works that they themselves had made.
Proceedings
Nadezhda Konstantinovna wrote many articles and books on issues of party and Soviet work, communist education, work among women, youth, and everyday life.
A special place is occupied by the works of Nadezhda Konstantinovna about V. I. Lenin, which recreate the living image of our great leader.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna was a passionate propagandist of Lenin's ideas and Lenin's traditions in the party.
Krupskaya's character
Basic hallmark Nadezhda Konstantinovna was her adherence to principles, party spirit, purposefulness. Becoming a Marxist at a young age, devoting all her thoughts to the cause of the victory of the working class, serving the Party, she is in joy and in sorrow - always with the Party.
Krupskaya with her husband Vladimir Lenin in Gorki. 1922 Unusual courage distinguished Nadezhda Konstantinovna. In those difficult, difficult days when she lost her very close friend, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, she, despite the greatest grief, found the strength to speak at the mourning meeting of the II All-Union Congress of Soviets with such a wonderful heartfelt speech that everyone was shocked. She spoke about Lenin, about his precepts, called on the working people to rally under the banner of Lenin, under the banner of the Party. It took extraordinary courage to make such a speech in the days of great personal grief. Only the one whom the great Lenin chose as his life companion, the one who for many years fought hand in hand with him for the victory of the working class, the one who went with him through all the storms and hardships, who was his comrade-in-arms, his faithful friend.
Nadezhda Konstantinovna, both at home and at work, was a simple, cordial, modest, sympathetic person. Extremely efficient, organized, demanding of herself and others, she worked tirelessly.
The pure, bright and courageous image of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya is always kept in the heart of our people. It is extremely unfortunate that this image has not yet found sufficient reflection in the works of our artists.
February 26 marks the 145th anniversary of the birth of his wife and faithful companion V. I. LENINA Nadezhda Konstantinovna KRUPSKOY. She was born on February 26, 1869, and passed away on February 27, 1939 - suddenly, the day after her 70th birthday. They said that her sudden death not without the participation of STALIN. However, a lot of things were said about Krupskaya. Historian Yaroslav LISTOV spent a lot of time sorting through the archives, and he can confidently assert that far from everything that Nadenka, beloved by Ilyich, is represented, is true.
The photographs taken in Soviet time, we are accustomed to seeing an elderly, overweight lady with a characteristic "Based" look, in ridiculous hats and baggy outfits. Once upon a time, I was tormented by a naive question: how could the energetic, ruddy Ilyich, as he was portrayed on posters and in books, fall in love with such a woman? Which, moreover, did not know how to cook, did not want to create comfort, could not give her husband children - a standard set of "charges" against Lenin's wife. But they have been married for 30 years. So there was something else that connected these people?
- Immediately about the unattractive appearance of Nadezhda Konstantinovna, - Yaroslav Igorevich Listov declared with masculine categoricalness. - When Vladimir Ilyich saw Krupskaya for the first time, she was 25 years old. Hope could not be called a beauty, but ... Krupskaya called her appearance "St. Petersburg": pale skin, light greenish eyes, blond braid. The disease, which eventually distorted the features, had already begun to develop, but from the outside it was not noticeable. Hope impressed many young people. Menshevik Sukhanov wrote: sweetest creature Nadezhda Konstantinovna ... ”The owner of the apartment where he and Vladimir Ilyich met also noted the same.
- Was it purely a business date?
- It must be understood that this happened in patriarchal Russia, where intimate life was strictly taboo. Premarital affairs were condemned or were classified - as a rule, they took place in higher circles where it could be hidden. In a revolutionary environment, it was considered a special chic to invite a girl to a revolutionary get-together. Nadezhda Konstantinovna was brought to a meeting with the Old Man - Lenin had such a nickname - for the same purpose. We are accustomed to look at Vladimir Ilyich as a monument from the Finland Station with an outstretched hand, but then he was a rather timid young man of 24 years old.
- On the day they met, they say, the “timid” young man first paid attention not to Nadia, but to her more attractive friend.
- This girl, Apollinaria Yakubova, was, as they say, "blood with milk." And Vladimir Ilyich really took a great interest in her. But when he was imprisoned and needed a person to contact him, he chose Nadya. As Lenin wrote, she guessed his every word. It is often said that they got married by party order. Vladimir Ilyich made an offer before sending and into exile in Shushenskoye. It sounded like this: “Do you want to become my wife?” - "Well, the wife is the wife," - answered Krupskaya. Outside of marriage, she could not live with Ilyich under the same roof. By the way, in Russian Empire they had a positive attitude towards the marriage of prisoners: it was believed that a person would settle down and leave the revolution. Lenin and Krupskaya got married in Shushenskoye.
- Nadezhda Konstantinovna became Ulyanova?
She took her husband's last name, but never used it. A “separate” surname helped her to distance herself from Lenin - many jokes about the old man Krupsky are connected with this. Before the revolution, she was more known by party nicknames: Fish, Lamprey, Onegin, Rybkin ...
- There was information that Nadezhda Konstantinovna had a connection with one of the political prisoners in Shushenskoye.
- This is stated by the modern writer Vasiliev's spruce. But any person who has been to Shushenskoye will say that it is impossible to start a secret romance there. Any absence - t There were also local peasants who reported where necessary. All political people were followed. For example, we know more about the hunting of Vladimir Ilyich than about the hunting of some princes. Where did he go, what did he bring: if he came with booty, then he was not at the turnout. These reports even contain value judgments: a good hunter walked for three hours, and dragged three capercaillie.
- Did Krupskaya's mother, Elizaveta Vasilievna, go to Shushenskoye to feed her son-in-law?
- Nadezhda Konstantinovna, of course, could not compare with her mother in this ability. Girls from noble families were not taught cooking - they were entrusted with the management of households: she knew how much fabric to buy for curtains, how to prepare jam ... Here, by the way, there is also a controversial point: when she and Ilyich lived in exile in Switzerland, an interesting note where Lenin says: “Nadya will treat me to the eighth kind of borscht.” But more often, Krupskaya herself wrote, they sat on dry food. This can be explained by the fact that, say, they did not have a kitchen in their Parisian apartment. We ate in a cafe, bought what the hostesses cooked and carried it to apartments. In Switzerland they hired a cook.
- On what means did the spouses live in exile?
- At the beginning of the 20th century, renting an apartment in Zurich, Bern, Poznan or Paris was inexpensive. This was the money from the sale of Kokushkino - the estate of grandfather Le Nina, Alexander Dmitrievich Blank. The second source is the pension that Nadezhda Konstantinovna received for her father: he died when she was 14 years old. And finally ets, income from journalistic activities. Abroad, many sympathized with the Russian Social Democrats and contributed money to mutual aid funds.
- It was in exile that relations between Vladimir Lenin and Inessa Armand began. Were they close?
- To document that Ilyich is cheating l wife with Inessa Armand, no one has yet succeeded. Between them, no doubt, there were tender feelings. In the only letter that has come down to us, Inessa Fedorovna writes about kisses, without which she “could do without,” but I suspect her relationship with Lenin was soon is platonic. With due respect from both sides to Nadezhda Konstantinovna.
- But Krupskaya herself suggested that Ilyich part.
- Not a confirmed fact. The same Vasilyeva came up with a story that in 1919 Krupskaya allegedly ran away from her husband. Nadezhda Konstantinovna really left, because to together with Molotov liked to agitate along the Volga. During the trip, Ilyich constantly bombarded Molotov with questions about the health of his wife and, as soon as an indisposition arose, demanded her urgent return.
What was her diagnosis?
- Illness associated with dysfunction of the thyroid gland, led to infertility. Now this problem can be solved, but then it was incurable, and in order to compensate for the emptiness, after the death of Armand Krupskaya, she turned her attention to her children. She was especially close to 22-year-old Inessa. It was already too late to adopt a girl, but in other cases, other people's children were willingly accepted into families. Voroshilov brought up not his own children, but the children of Frunze. Growing up in Stalin's family Foster-son Artem, the same thing happened in the family of Molotov, Kaganovich ... Perhaps this "trend" was unofficially set by Ilyich's wife.
- The leader of the world revolution more than once "found" illegitimate children.
- The Mensheviks were the first to talk about this, declaring that one of the sons of Inessa Armand was the leader's child. But he appeared was born five years before his mother met Ilyich. There was talk that Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, was the last Russian prince saved by Lenin. He was also born in St. Petersburg, in the same year as Alexei Romanov. Linen Ying allegedly gave him bail to the nanny, and she was oblique, and therefore Kosygin. No relationship has yet been confirmed.
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Ilyich loved grilled meat
- Krupskaya shared what Lenin was like in everyday life?
- Nadezhda Konstantinovna has always advocated not to make an icon out of Lenin - a “cherub”, as she said. IN recent works she tried to “humanize” her husband - she recalled that Ilyich loved to listen to the nightingales, that he stopped for a walk and looked for bullfinches among the branches for a long time, washed himself with melt water, and rejoiced at the New Year tree in Gorki. Loved dark Bavarian beer and grilled meat. He was undemanding to clothes and wore boots to holes. I couldn't stand it when people smoke. In his youth, he ran well and fought with his fists. He liked to walk - in Gorki he waved ten kilometers.
By the way, in the first time after the revolution, Ilyich did not have a serious bodyguard. In 1918 in Moscow, even before the assassination attempt, they even managed to rob him. He was carrying a can of milk to Nadezhda Konstantinovna, who was ill. The car was stopped by local "authorities", the driver, Lenin and a guard with a can were taken out at gunpoint, and the car was stolen.
Stalin and Molotov, who lived in the National Hotel, also easily walked unaccompanied from the Kremlin to Tverskaya. One day a beggar asked them for a penny. Molotov did not give it and got it: "Oh, you bourgeois, you feel sorry for the working man." And Stalin held out ten rubles - and heard another speech: "Ah, bourgeois, you haven't finished off enough." After that, Iosif Vissarionovich thoughtfully uttered: “Our person needs to know how much to give: if you give a lot, it’s bad, if you don’t give enough, it’s also bad.”
- I read that Stalin accused Krupskaya of improperly caring for the sick leader.
- The “bad” departure consisted in the fact that Nadezhda Konstantinovna, violating the ban on the party, gave Ilyich newspapers to read.
- Is it true that Lenin asked his wife to give him poison to ease his suffering?
- It seems that he asked about it, but there is still no paper, and it is important for us to see who wrote it, what signature is on what form. A certain document circulates in a list version, but it can neither be recognized as the original nor refuted. But it is hard to believe that Lenin could ask for such a thing. He steadfastly survived the first stroke, learned to speak, walk, write again - everything indicates that the person did not give up. Of course, his health was deteriorating, but there was nothing catastrophic that could push him to suicide.
- What diagnosis did the doctors make to Vladimir Ilyich?
- Atherosclerosis - blockage of blood vessels. As a result of a wound received in 1918, a bullet injured the carotid artery that feeds the brain, and a blood clot began to form in it, which blocked the lumen of the vessel. The occlusion of the vessels with calcium was such that a hair did not pass through them. Ilyich, after being wounded, was given calcium-containing preparations ... Popular versions that the bullet that hit Lenin was poisoned and that he died of syphilitic brain damage were not confirmed.
- And what do doctors say about the cause of Krupskaya's death?
- The medical history of Nadezhda Konstantinovna is still classified - 90 years must pass after her death. Krupskaya never considered herself ill. IN last years lived in a sanatorium in Arkhangelsk, where her receptionist constantly worked. Noting
70th birthday, she violated the prescription of doctors. After a modest feast, her appendicitis worsened, which developed into peritonitis. There was no poisoned cake allegedly given by Stalin. The cake was made in the sanatorium and ten people ate it. The trouble happened only with Nadezhda Konstantinovna, who immediately became ill. If the special services were involved in this case, they would certainly have chosen a different method of elimination. They would cause a heart attack, something else, no one would even ask questions.
I came up with a dummy
In addition to extensive pedagogical activity, which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was engaged in until the end of her days, great attention she devoted to hygiene issues. Together with Lenin's brother, People's Commissar of Health Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov, she carried out a grandiose campaign to introduce pacifiers into the USSR, which saved the lives of millions of babies. Prior to this, mothers used a crumb of bread, which could contain ergot, a fungus that causes severe poisoning. Another fact in terms of caring for the younger generation: it was on the orders of Krupskaya that Mayakovsky wrote the poster “Woman, wash my breasts before feeding.”
Krupskaya turned out to be perhaps the most enigmatic character in Russian history in the last century. She herself wrote about her life. In Soviet times, her biography was corrected to be glossy-ideal. After the 1990s, this gloss began to be poured with mud, and as thoroughly as it was previously bleached. So what was this woman?
Biography of the wife of Vladimir Lenin
She was born on February 14 (26), 1869 in a family of poor nobles. Father - Konstantin Ignatievich Krupsky - a lawyer. Mother - Elizaveta Vasilievna Tistrova - governess.
About father for a long time they wrote that he was a revolutionary, in his youth supported the participants Polish uprising 1863. Perhaps it was so, if not for a nuance: he became the head of the district in Groets (Poland) after graduating from the St. Petersburg Military Law Academy. It is difficult to link such views with the type of profession. True, they say, because of his worldview, he received his resignation, the court. But it is not known for sure.
There was no big money in the family, although only daughter taken care of, they sent her to a gymnasium, about which there are big disagreements between former and current historians.
It was once written that Krupskaya studied well at the gymnasium and graduated from it in 1887 with a gold medal. But Nadezhda Konstantinovna herself writes in the book “My Life” that it was always difficult to study, teaching at the gymnasium was boring, it was difficult to understand, etc. And no one has ever seen her gold medal, and there are no gymnasium friends who would later (in Moscow or in exile) talk about joint studies. Therefore, the fact that the gymnasium was completed, and Nadezhda Konstantinovna later worked as a teacher in it, is fair, but there is no evidence of a medal.
Further Bestuzhev courses in St. Petersburg. The girl stayed there for two months, but for some reason she considered the Marxist circle and teaching at the evening school for workers to be more important. higher education. 5 years engaged in this work, until the very first arrest.
A circle friend introduced her to Vladimir. His enthusiasm for the ideas of Marx, his ability to convince others impressed. And he drew attention to her, although she was not a beauty. Nevertheless, we believe that Nadezhda Konstantinovna had a high intellect, despite her incomplete education.
revolutionary
1896 Arrest and exile in Ufa. At the same time, Vladimir Ulyanov was also deported to Shushenskoye. He and Krupskaya's mother, with whom the girl went to Siberia, wrote many letters to the authorities so that she would be allowed to serve her exile in Shushenskoye in connection with the wedding. By the way, the land where the father's grave was located was sold in order to get money. The Ulyanovs got married in a church marriage in 1898. In the same year she joined the RSDLP.
In 1917, returning to Russia, Krupskaya actively prepared October revolution. Later, she stood at the origins of the organization (having studied the scouting movement in Europe, she considered that it would fit perfectly into Russian reality, changing to the interests of the Bolsheviks).
Her next job was education. In 1917 Krupskaya enters the State Commission on education. In 1924 - a member of the Central Committee of the Party, since 1929 - Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, one of the creators of the Soviet system of public education.
However, this activity is difficult to evaluate only with a plus or a minus. Having no children of her own, Krupskaya spent her love and energy on children in general, regardless of origin and nationality. She cared about their lives and how to make life easier for their mothers. At the same time, she criticized the Makarenko system, based on education by labor, arguing that the communist ideology is more important. She resented the fairy tales of Korney Chukovsky, not understanding the importance of magic and fantasy for kids.
Social activity
Nadezhda Krupskaya and Vladimir Lenin
She devoted her whole life to her husband, the revolution and the building of a new society. Fate deprived her of simple human happiness, illness took away her beauty, and her husband, to whom she remained faithful all her life, cheated on her. But she did not grumble and courageously endured all the blows of fate.
Nadezhda Krupskaya was born in St. Petersburg on February 26, 1869 into an impoverished noble family. She graduated with a gold medal teaching class gymnasium, entered the Higher Women's Courses, where she studied for only a year.
Nadezhda's father was close to the members of the Narodnaya Volya movement, so it is no coincidence that the girl became infected with leftist ideas and ended up on the lists of "unreliable". In 1883, her father died, and Nadia had to support the whole family - she gave private lessons and at the same time taught at a Sunday evening school for adults behind the Nevsky Zastava. In those years, Nadia's already poor health suffered greatly when she had to run through the cold and damp streets of St. Petersburg from student to student. Subsequently, this tragically affected her health.
Party First Beauty
In 1890, Nadezhda Krupskaya became a member of the Marxist circle, and four years later she met the "Old Man" - such a party nickname was the energetic young socialist Vladimir Ulyanov. At that time, many young ladies fell in love with him. It was simply impossible not to notice Ulyanov's brilliant sense of humor, sharp mind and excellent oratorical skills, and revolutionary-minded young ladies simply could not resist his charm.
And although later they wrote that the inspirer of the revolution was attracted in Krupskaya only by ideological closeness, and not by female beauty, which simply did not exist, this was not so. In her younger years, Nadezhda was very attractive, but Graves' disease (diffuse toxic goiter) deprived her of this beauty, one of the manifestations of which is bulging eyes. While effective ways there was no fight against this disease, this diagnosis crippled Krupskaya all her life.
Work instead of children
In 1896, Nadezhda Krupskaya, as an activist of the Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, created by Vladimir Ulyanov, was sent to prison. The leader himself was in prison at that time. From there, he made Nadezhda a marriage proposal. She agreed, but due to her own arrest, the wedding had to be postponed. The couple got married after 2 years in the summer of 1898 already in Siberian Shushenskoye.
Later, evil tongues said that Vladimir was indifferent to his wife, and therefore they had no children. But in fact, in the early years of their married life the relationship was full, they thought about the children. But Nadezhda's illness progressed, depriving Nadezhda of the opportunity to become a mother. When Krupskaya realized that she would not have children, she plunged headlong into political activity and became the main and most reliable assistant to her husband.
She was next to him in exile, in exile, processed a huge amount of materials and correspondence, understood various issues and at the same time managed to write her own articles. Meanwhile, her own health was getting worse and worse, and her appearance more and more ugly. She took it very hard.
Party love triangle
Nadezhda was a smart and pragmatic woman and was well aware that her husband could be carried away by other women. What happened. He began an affair with another political ally - Inessa Armand. These relations continued even after the political emigrant Ulyanov Lenin became the leader of the Soviet state in 1917.
Krupskaya, deeply suffering, offered her husband freedom from family ties, and even, seeing that he hesitated, was ready to leave herself. But Vladimir Ilyich stayed with his wife.
Today, from the point of view of human relations, it is difficult to understand how Nadezhda and Inessa remained in great relationship. And their political struggle was higher than personal happiness. In 1920, Inessa Armand died of cholera. Lenin was able to survive this heavy blow only with the support of Krupskaya.
A year later, Lenin himself was struck down by a serious illness - he was paralyzed. Hope brought the half-paralyzed husband back to life - she taught him to read, speak and write again. It seemed incredible, but through her efforts Lenin was able to return to active work. But there was a new stroke, and Vladimir Ilyich became hopeless.
Life after Lenin
In 1924, Lenin died, and work became the only meaning of life for Nadezhda Konstantinovna. She did a lot for the development of the women's movement, pioneering, literature and journalism. She was very critical of Makarenko's pedagogy and considered Chukovsky's fairy tales harmful to children. But her trouble was that the intelligent, talented and self-sufficient Krupskaya in the USSR was perceived exclusively as "Lenin's wife." On the one hand, this status aroused universal respect, but at the same time, no one took her personal political position seriously.
“The party loves Nadezhda Konstantinovna not because she great person but because she close person our great Lenin,” this phrase, once spoken from a high rostrum, very accurately determined the position of Krupskaya in the USSR of the 1930s.
In her declining years, Nadezhda Konstantinovna lacked the simple family happiness that the political struggle and illness deprived her of. She warmly communicated with the daughter of Inessa Armand, and she considered her grandson her own.
death on anniversary
On February 26, 1939, the Bolsheviks gathered for the 70th anniversary of Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, and even Stalin himself, remembering that the wife and comrade-in-arms of the leader of the proletariat loved sweets, sent her a cake. It was this cake that later became for evil tongues reason to blame the father of nations for the death of Krupskaya. But in fact, of all those present at the anniversary, only the birthday girl herself did not eat the cake.
Literally a few hours after the guests left, Krupskaya felt unwell. Doctors diagnosed her with acute appendicitis, which turned into peritonitis. But they couldn't save the woman. The niche of the Kremlin wall became her resting place.
Today it is of great interest and - a story about love, which is stronger than death.
She was born on February 26, 1869, and passed away on February 27, 1939 - suddenly, the day after her 70th birthday. It was said that her sudden death was not without the participation of Stalin . However, a lot of things were said about Krupskaya. Historian Yaroslav Listov he spent a lot of time sorting through the archives, and he can confidently assert: far from everything that Nadenka, beloved by Ilyich, represents, is true.
In photographs taken during the Soviet era, we are accustomed to seeing an elderly, overweight lady with a characteristic "Based" look, in ridiculous hats and baggy outfits. Once upon a time, I was tormented by a naive question: how could the energetic, ruddy Ilyich, as he was portrayed on posters and in books, fall in love with such a woman? Which, moreover, did not know how to cook, did not want to create comfort, could not give her husband children - a standard set of "charges" against his wife Lenin. But they have been married for 30 years. So there was something else that connected these people?
Immediately about the unattractive appearance of Nadezhda Konstantinovna, - with masculine categoricalness, Yaroslav Igorevich Listov. When Vladimir Ilyich saw Krupskaya for the first time, she was 25 years old. Hope could not be called a beauty, but ... Krupskaya called her appearance "St. Petersburg": pale skin, light greenish eyes, blond braid. The disease, which eventually distorted the features, had already begun to develop, but from the outside it was not noticeable. Hope impressed many young people. Menshevik Sukhanov wrote: “The sweetest creature Nadezhda Konstantinovna ...” The owner of the apartment where he and Vladimir Ilyich met also noted the same.
- Was it purely a business date?
It must be understood that this happened in patriarchal Russia, where intimate life was strictly taboo. Premarital affairs were condemned or kept secret - as a rule, they took place in the highest circles, where it could be hidden. In a revolutionary environment, it was considered a special chic to invite a girl to a revolutionary get-together. Nadezhda Konstantinovna was brought to a meeting with the Old Man - Lenin had such a nickname - for the same purpose. We are accustomed to look at Vladimir Ilyich as a monument from the Finland Station with an outstretched hand, but then he was a rather timid young man of 24 years old.
On the day they met, they say, the “timid” young man first drew attention not to Nadia, but to her more attractive friend.
This girl Apollinaria Yakubova, was, as they say, "blood with milk." And Vladimir Ilyich really took a great interest in her. But when he was imprisoned and needed a person to contact him, he chose Nadya. As Lenin wrote, she guessed his every word. It is often said that they got married by party order. Vladimir Ilyich made an offer before being sent into exile in Shushenskoye. It sounded like this: “Do you want to become my wife?” - "Well, the wife is the wife," - answered Krupskaya. Outside of marriage, she could not live with Ilyich under the same roof. By the way, in the Russian Empire they had a positive attitude towards the marriage of prisoners: it was believed that a person would settle down and leave the revolution. Lenin and Krupskaya got married in Shushenskoye.
- Nadezhda Konstantinovna became Ulyanova?
She took her husband's surname, but never used it. A “separate” surname helped her to distance herself from Lenin - many jokes about the old man Krupsky are connected with this. Before the revolution, she was more known by party nicknames: Fish, Lamprey, Onegin, Rybkin ...
- There was information that Nadezhda Konstantinovna had a connection with one of the political prisoners in Shushenskoye.
This is what the contemporary writer claims. Vasiliev. But any person who has been to Shushenskoye will say that it is impossible to start a secret romance there. Any absence - there were local peasants who reported where necessary. All political people were followed. For example, we know more about the hunting of Vladimir Ilyich than about the hunting of some princes. Where did he go, what did he bring: if he came with booty, then he was not at the turnout. These reports even contain value judgments: a good hunter walked for three hours, and dragged three capercaillie.
- Did Krupskaya's mother, Elizaveta Vasilievna, go to Shushenskoye to feed her son-in-law?
Of course, Nadezhda Konstantinovna could not compare with her mother in this skill. Girls from noble families were not taught cooking - they were entrusted with the management of households: she knew how much fabric to buy for curtains, how to prepare jam ... Here, by the way, there is also a controversial point: when she and Ilyich lived in exile in Switzerland, an interesting note where Lenin says: “Nadya will treat me to the eighth kind of borscht.” But more often, Krupskaya herself wrote, they sat on dry food. This can be explained by the fact that, say, they did not have a kitchen in their Parisian apartment. We ate in a cafe, bought what the hostesses cooked and carried it to apartments. In Switzerland they hired a cook.
- On what means did the spouses live in exile?
At the beginning of the 20th century, renting an apartment in Zurich, Bern, Poznan or Paris was inexpensive. This was the money from the sale of Kokushkino - the estate of Lenin's grandfather, Alexander Dmitrievich Blank. The second source is the pension that Nadezhda Konstantinovna received for her father: he died when she was 14 years old. And finally, income from journalistic activities. Abroad, many sympathized with the Russian Social Democrats and contributed money to mutual aid funds.
- It was in exile that relations between Vladimir Lenin and Inessa Armand began. Were they close?
To document that Ilyich cheated on his wife with Inessa Armand, no one has succeeded yet. Between them, no doubt, there were tender feelings. In the only letter that has come down to us, Inessa Fedorovna writes about kisses, without which she “could do without,” but I suspect her relationship with Lenin was rather platonic. With due respect from both sides to Nadezhda Konstantinovna.
- But Krupskaya herself suggested that Ilyich part.
Not a confirmed fact. The same Vasilyeva came up with a story that in 1919 Krupskaya allegedly ran away from her husband. Nadezhda Konstantinovna really left, since together with Molotov went to agitate along the Volga. During the trip, Ilyich constantly bombarded Molotov with questions about the health of his wife and, as soon as an indisposition arose, demanded her urgent return.
What was her diagnosis?
A disease associated with dysfunction of the thyroid gland led to infertility. Now this problem can be solved, but then it was incurable, and in order to compensate for the emptiness, after the death of Armand Krupskaya, she turned her attention to her children. She was especially close to 22-year-old Inessa. It was already too late to adopt a girl, but in other cases, other people's children were willingly accepted into families. Voroshilov raised not his own children, but children Frunze. In family Stalin the adopted son Artem grew up, the same was in the Molotov family, Kaganovich... Perhaps this "trend" was unofficially set by Ilyich's wife.
- The leader of the world revolution more than once "found" illegitimate children.
The Mensheviks were the first to talk about this, declaring that one of the sons of Inessa Armand was the leader's child. But he was born five years before his mother met Ilyich. There was talk that the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Alexey Kosygin- the last Russian prince saved by Lenin. He was also born in St. Petersburg, in the same year as Alexey Romanov. Lenin allegedly gave him bail to the nanny, and she was oblique, and therefore Kosygin. No relationship has yet been confirmed.
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Ilyich loved grilled meat
- Krupskaya shared what Lenin was like in everyday life?
Nadezhda Konstantinovna always advocated not making an icon out of Lenin - a "cherub", as she said. In recent works, she tried to “humanize” her husband - she recalled that Ilyich loved to listen to nightingales, that he stopped for a walk and looked for bullfinches among the branches for a long time, washed himself with melt water, and rejoiced at the New Year tree in Gorki. Loved dark Bavarian beer and grilled meat. He was undemanding to clothes and wore boots to holes. I couldn't stand it when people smoke. In his youth, he ran well and fought with his fists. He liked to walk - in Gorki he waved ten kilometers.
By the way, in the first time after the revolution, Ilyich did not have a serious bodyguard. In 1918 in Moscow, even before the assassination attempt, they even managed to rob him. He was carrying a can of milk to Nadezhda Konstantinovna, who was ill. The car was stopped by local "authorities", the driver, Lenin and a guard with a can were taken out at gunpoint, and the car was stolen.
Stalin and Molotov, who lived in the National Hotel, also easily walked unaccompanied from the Kremlin to Tverskaya. One day a beggar asked them for a penny. Molotov did not give it and got it: "Oh, you bourgeois, you feel sorry for the working man." And Stalin held out ten rubles - and heard another speech: "Ah, bourgeois, you haven't finished off enough." After that, Iosif Vissarionovich thoughtfully uttered: “Our person needs to know how much to give: if you give a lot, it’s bad, if you don’t give enough, it’s also bad.”
- I read that Stalin accused Krupskaya of improperly caring for the sick leader.
- The “bad” departure consisted in the fact that Nadezhda Konstantinovna, violating the ban on the party, gave Ilyich newspapers to read.
- Is it true that Lenin asked his wife to give him poison to ease his suffering?
It seems that he asked about it, but there is still no paper, and it is important for us to see who wrote it, what signature is on what form. A certain document circulates in a list version, but it can neither be recognized as the original nor refuted. But it is hard to believe that Lenin could ask for such a thing. He steadfastly survived the first stroke, learned to speak, walk, write again - everything indicates that the person did not give up. Of course, his health was deteriorating, but there was nothing catastrophic that could push him to suicide.
- What diagnosis did the doctors make to Vladimir Ilyich?
Atherosclerosis - blockage of blood vessels. As a result of a wound received in 1918, a bullet injured the carotid artery that feeds the brain, and a blood clot began to form in it, which blocked the lumen of the vessel. The occlusion of the vessels with calcium was such that a hair did not pass through them. Ilyich, after being wounded, was given calcium-containing preparations ... Popular versions that the bullet that hit Lenin was poisoned and that he died of syphilitic brain damage were not confirmed.
- And what do doctors say about the cause of Krupskaya's death?
The medical history of Nadezhda Konstantinovna is still classified - 90 years must pass after her death. Krupskaya never considered herself ill. In recent years, she lived in a sanatorium in Arkhangelsk, where her receptionist constantly worked. Celebrating her 70th birthday, she violated the prescription of doctors. After a modest feast, her appendicitis worsened, which developed into peritonitis. There was no poisoned cake allegedly given by Stalin. The cake was made in the sanatorium and ten people ate it. The trouble happened only with Nadezhda Konstantinovna, who immediately became ill. If the special services were involved in this case, they would certainly have chosen a different method of elimination. They would cause a heart attack, something else, no one would even ask questions.
I came up with a dummy
In addition to extensive teaching activities, which Nadezhda Konstantinovna was engaged in until the end of her days, she paid great attention to hygiene issues. Together with Lenin's brother, People's Commissar of Health Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov, conducted a grandiose campaign to introduce pacifiers into the USSR, which saved the lives of millions of babies. Prior to this, mothers used a crumb of bread, which could contain ergot, a fungus that causes severe poisoning. Another fact in terms of caring for the younger generation: it was on the orders of Krupskaya Mayakovsky wrote the poster "Woman, my breasts before feeding."
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