Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveness" of our native language is the merit of its constituent words. But before you learn how to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.

When studying a language with a child, you need to clearly make him understand the differences between oral and writing. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is, and what is a letter.

Sounds are what we perceive with our ears. Our brain easily separates what is related to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.

A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But, here for the child lies very great difficulty. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper in different words can differ both in one direction and in the other.

How many letters and sounds in the Russian language and alphabet and their ratio

IMPORTANT: We hear sounds and can make our own speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! There are sounds in all languages. Even in those where there is no writing.

In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced. "b" And "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.

There is also such a "school" word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] pronounced sound [S].

There are still a lot of words in Russian that are not pronounced the way they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.

Alphabet

Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for each people who created their own language, it differs in features characteristic of this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that uses a particular people, there is a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all letters used in writing, standing in strict order.

The alphabet of the Russian language has 33 letters and looks like this:

The alphabet is the base of any language that everyone who learns it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Certainly. But, in addition to being able to express your thoughts, you need to learn how to write and read. And this can not be done without knowing the alphabet.

Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, a small primer that the child can take with him on walks or trips.

In our computerized age, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help you learn the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can connect your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be of interest to the child. Then the training will go faster and more efficiently.

INTERESTING: Teachers came up with a very interesting and fun way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we should not forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, collect them from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter that the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.

Vowel sounds and letters

Introducing the alphabet to a child is a very exciting activity. But, this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue the study of its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.

Those letters that are pronounced lingeringly are called vowels.

  • There are 10 vowels in Russian "A", "E", "E", "I", "O", "U", "S", "E", "Yu", "I"
  • 6 vowels [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s]. Usually vowels in school curriculum should be highlighted in red.

We have already found out the difference between the elementary particles of the language.

Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotated. They mean one or two sounds.

From this table - this difference can be seen again:

INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter "Yo". Today it is mistakenly considered that it was introduced into our alphabet by Karamzin. But, it's not. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783 at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters "IO" to one "Yo".

Stressed and unstressed vowels

  • Stressed vowel pronounced with great force and does not change.

For example: sn e g, st ý l, sh A f

  • unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.

For example: To ABOUT rzina (heard instead of ABOUT, sound A), m E two d (In the first unstressed vowel instead of E, is heard AND), pl E cho (vowel AND heard instead E).

IMPORTANT: The stress is not put in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.

Vowels Iotated letters I, Yu, E, Yo make the consonant sound in front of them soft and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], ё → [o], yu → [y], i → [a ].

For example:

  • At the beginning of a word: hedgehog [y'ozhik]
  • In the middle of a word: shelter [at y'ut]
  • At the end of a word: gun [rouge y'o]

Hard and soft vowels directly affect consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in a word "plastic bag"), and soft (in the word "cookie").

Consonants and letters

Consonants are called such because of the inclusion of consonants in their composition. There are 36 consonants in Russian:

Soft sounds are marked with an apostrophe.
And 21 consonants:

Consonants and sounds soft and hard: table

Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but "Hand"- solid. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. Soften the sounds of iot vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" And "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:

  • "White"
  • "Love"
  • "Friday"

Also softens the sounds of the letter "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. Important role plays the presence of a soft sign at the end of the word:

  • "Linen" And "laziness"

A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:

  • "Skates"

Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table

Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Voiced are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a deaf sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.

Voiced consonants are formed when an air stream passes through the oral cavity and the vocal cords vibrate. This results in consonants such as:

To make it easy to remember deaf consonants, remember the expression: STEPKA DO YOU WANT A PIECE? - FI!

If you delete all vowels from this expression, only deaf consonants remain.

Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table

By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:

Paired and unpaired voiced and deaf consonants: table

In Russian, it is customary to distinguish pairs of deaf-voiced consonants:

The remaining consonants are unpaired:

Sometimes there is a "forced" deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This is due to the position of the sound in the word. A common example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] And booth [butka].

Sonorant- voiced unpaired consonants. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]

Noisy consonants - there are voiced and deaf:

  1. Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [c], [h'], [w], [w'];
  2. Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [h], [h '].

Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:

Hissing consonants

Consonants "AND", "SH", "H" And "SCH" are called hissing. These letters bring some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. While studying these letters, the child should know the rules:

  • "ZhI" — "SHI" write with "AND"
  • "CHA" — "ShA" with a letter "A"
  • "CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"

Letters "AND" And "H" are voiced, and the other two ( "SH" And "SCH") deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that it is impossible to pronounce from without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce hissing consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment to these sounds.

The letter "and short" denotes the consonant sound th

Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets where the Cyrillic alphabet is used. In the Russian alphabet, this letter occupies the 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and voiced consonant J.

It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil type was introduced (as opposed to the church type), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" missing an important part. At the same time, the sound that was designated by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" in the letter succeeded under Peter I. But, at the same time, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.

Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, to such sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still refers to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.

Which letters have multiple sounds?

Ribbon of letters and sounds for elementary school

Very good help in learning the Russian language in various manuals. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, develop children's reading skills faster, and facilitate phonetic parsing words.

Even at first glance "Tape of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from the case. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can self-teach their child literacy with this tool.

What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?

Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.

The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.

Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.

Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [s] — [s], [f] — [sh].

To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.

Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».

Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:

B,IN,G,D,AND,W,Y,TO,L,M,H,P,R,WITH,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.

In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.

Consonants are also hard and soft.

Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.

Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:

The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:

Solid [and] [w] [c]
Soft [h❜] [n❜] [th❜]

Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)

Note: V primary school hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants - in green, vowels are in red.

Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels A , ABOUT , At , S , E .

Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b (soft sign).

Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], corner[corner] - coal[ugal❜].

Unpaired voiced sounds [d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.

Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.

Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.

Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.

In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].

Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with

GOALS:

  • updating, clarifying and concretizing students' knowledge of paired and unpaired voiced and voiceless consonants; introduction to the active dictionary of terms paired consonants and unpaired consonants;
  • development of speech, attention, memory, thinking, phonemic hearing; vocabulary enrichment;
  • fostering a culture of communication and interest in the Russian language.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT.

I greet you as members of the Sound Laboratory of the Russian Language Institute. Where do we start? With a smile! Smile at each other. After all, it is more pleasant to communicate with friendly, benevolent people.

II. MOBILIZING STAGE.

Our Sound Lab operates under the motto:

Russian language is interesting!

Do you agree? Why?

While doing this exercise, we uttered many different words. Can you tell me what words are made of?

What two groups are divided into all the sounds of the Russian language?

What sounds are more in Russian?

Based on your answers, tell us what we will be working on today.

What work needs to be done?

Repeat:

Develop skill:

In our laboratory, you need to work, knowing important information about sounds:

  • Sounds live in words.
  • They are heard but not seen.
  • They can be spoken, but not written.

How are the sounds in writing?

III. A MINUTE OF CLEANWRITING.

Look at the letters on the board:

S, b, f, x, f, d.

What groups can they be divided into?

Make up and write down different chains with the letters of each group:

skhf sfh khsf khfs fsh phs

bjd bj jbd jb dbj jb

What sounds represent the letters you wrote in the first line? In the second?

So, today we will talk about voiced and deaf consonants.

IV. VOCABULARY AND SPELLING WORK.

Today we have a new word that needs to be explored. You can determine it if you arrange the rectangles in order of increasing the number of points in each of them.

What word did you make?

Write it down in a notebook.

Determine the stressed syllable, emphasize the unstressed vowel.

What is a shovel?

Which features can you name this instrument?

Tell me fully what the word shovel means .

Name the consonant sounds in the word shovel, give them a description.

How are consonants pronounced?

So, the sounds of speech are uttered with the help of either noise, or voice, or both. Look at the "Rock of Sounds" diagram and try to tell the names of the sounds that are pronounced with the help of voice; noise; voices and noise.

V. STUDYING A NEW TOPIC. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants.

A couple of words are written on the blackboard:

Barrel - kidney;

Board - longing;

Heat - a ball;

Itching - court.

Read aloud the written pairs of words. What words do you not understand?

How are these words similar?

Say the first sounds in the words of the left column.

What are these consonant sounds?

How are they pronounced?

Say the first sounds in the words of the right column.

What are these consonant sounds?

How are they pronounced?

Compare the first sounds in each pair of words. What can you say about them?

(The first sounds in each pair of words meet the same obstacle. Only the voiced one is pronounced with a voice, and the deaf one is without a voice.)

So each ringing sound forms a pair with the corresponding voiceless:

VOICED [B] [B, ] [C] [C, ] [D] [D, ] [D] [D, ] [F] [Z] [Z, ]

MUTE [P] [P, ] [F] [F, ] [K] [K, ] [T] [T, ] [W] [S] [S, ]

Using the table, name the pairs of consonants according to voiced / deafness.

How can you call sounds that have a pair?

CONCLUSION: pairs for voicedness / deafness - 11. Paired consonants are friends. They are almost twins and differ from each other only in one: the voiced consonant has a voice, while the deaf one does not.

What letter represents these sounds?

B C D E F G

P F K T W S

Write the paired consonants in your notebook.

VI. PHYSICAL MINUTE.

I will name the words. If the word begins with a voiced double consonant, you squat, spread your arms to the sides. If the word begins with a deaf double consonant - get up, lower your hands down.

Bunny, cod, Venya, Fenya, grass, firewood, live, sew, shadow, stump, door, beast, stumps, days.

VII. FIXING.

1. Recognition of paired consonants by voicedness / deafness.

Find and write down the words in which there is one of the pairs of consonants for voiced-deafness. Underline the paired consonants.

Parade, whistle, ball, firing, peephole, small step, patronage, there, buffet, gray, here.

2. Work with the textbook. Exercise 74 (p. 73).

Open the textbook on p.73.

Get to know the words in the exercise.

Name words for reference.

Pay attention to the sample. What can you say about these words? How do they differ? Match the rest of the words in the same way.

The tower is arable land, the owl is a sofa, the guests are bones, the dacha is a wheelbarrow, the heat is a ball, roses are dew.

In the written words, name and underline the letters in place of paired voiced and voiceless consonants.

VIII. Fizkultminutka. The development of fine motor skills.

Moved by the flower
All four petals.
I wanted to rip it off
He fluttered and flew away.

The pendulum is swinging
Forward-backward, backward-forward
From yellow to green
Then vice versa.
While the arrow is swinging
So many times in a row
You are green from yellow
Shift your gaze.

IX. STUDY OF NEW MATERIAL. Unpaired voiced and voiceless consonants.

Read the words. What consonant sound is pronounced at the beginning of each word - voiced or deaf?

Goldfinch, elk, rhinoceros, walrus, heron, ferret, lynx, seagull, iodine.

Consider the table. Explain why the named consonants are arranged in this way.

[Y] [L] [L, ] [MM, ] [N] [N, ] [R]
[R, ]
[X] [X, ] [C] [H, ] [SCH, ]

So what can they be called?

UNPAIRED
[Y] [L] [L, ] [MM, ] [N] [N, ] [R]
[R, ]
THE MOST VOICED CONSONANTS
[X] [X, ] [C] [H, ] [SCH, ]

So, voiced and deaf consonants are paired and unpaired.

X. FIXING.

1. The game "Lost".

Dear employees! We have an unfortunate incident. While we explored the sounds

It is not known how it happened
Only the sound got lost:
He jumped into someone's house
And hosts it!

Correct the word. Name the "lost" sound. What is he? What letter stands for? Write down the word. Underline the letter.

Old Grandpa Pahom
Riding a goat. (Kone.)

The sea turns blue before us
T-shirts fly over the waves. (Seagulls.)

There are no roads in the swamp.
I'm for cats - lope yes lope! (bumps.)

The hunter shouted: - Oh!
The doors are chasing me! (Beasts.)

In front of the kids
The painters paint the rat. (Roof.)

Dropped the doll from my hands
Masha rushes to her mother:
- It crawls there green onion
WITH long mustache! (Bug.)

So, what are voiced and deaf consonants?

2. Individual work. Three students work at the blackboard.

Put the number 1, 2 or 3 above the word, which correspond to the following statements:

1. The word has only deaf consonants;

2. Words in which consonants are only voiced;

3. Words that have both voiceless and voiced consonants.

Scallop, beard, cockerel, sausage, vaseline, frog.

3. Front work.

While the guys are working at the blackboard, we will work orally. In each chain of words, find the extra. Rely on the topic of our lesson and the first letters. Justify the answer.

poppy, meadow, soup, cancer.

Chizh, garden, oak, bow.

Pack, dot, daughter, quotation.

4. Checking individual work.

You should have written: 3 2 1 1 2 3.

5. Writing from memory based on associations.

Now turn your attention to full power. Read word combinations. Try to remember them (2 minutes). I remove the words of the second column. Focusing on the first words, write the second.

Underline in the written words: boys - letters in the place of voiced consonants, girls - letters in the place of deaf consonants.

6. Group work.

Add one consonant to each word to make a new word. For example, a ball - a scarf.

1. Cutting, table, paw.

2. Mustache, rose, mouth.

3. Table, spruce, cat.

4. Tooth, wasp, cancer.

5. Sex, cottage, ox.

XI. GENERALIZATION. Work with signal cards.

Now let's work with signal cards. I am making a statement. If you agree with him, show a green card, no - a red one.

  • A consonant can represent either a hard or a soft sound.
  • The consonants x, c, h, u have their own pair of voiced-deafness.
  • L, m, n, p, d - the most voiced consonants.

XII. HOMEWORK.

At home, learn the rules on p. 70-71, do exercises 72 and 73 on p. 72.

XIII. MARKING.

Our working day at the Sound Lab has come to an end. Now I will note the work of active employees.

  • Mudreyka 5 points - :.
  • Mudreyka 4 points - :.

Well done! You've done well!

XIV. LESSON SUMMARY.

What do you remember about your working day?

Exercise 17, p. 10

17. Help the cat and the dog to collect the letters that represent voiced consonants in one group, and the letters that represent voiceless consonants in another group. Connect the letters of each group with lines.

Deaf→ h → x → w → s → t → c → k → u → p → f

voiced→ st → l → n → r → h → m → e → b → g → r → c

  • Pronounce the sounds that can be indicated by the highlighted letters

h- [h '] m- [mm'], th- [th'] T- [t], [t ']

Exercise 18, p. 10

18. Read. Fill in the missing word in the sentence.

It's so cold outside
I'm like an icicle, all frozen.

L. Yakovlev

  • Underline the letters in the underlined word that represent voiceless paired consonants.

Exercise 19, p. eleven

19. Read. Fill in the missing words-names of consonants.

1. A voiceless consonant is made up of noise.
2. A voiced consonant consists of noise and voice.

Exercise 20, p. eleven

20. Enter the missing letters in the "house", denoting consonants paired in deafness-voicedness.

  • Pick up and write down the words that end with these letters.

Exercise 21, p. eleven

21. Find in the spelling dictionary of the textbook words with paired consonants in deafness-voicedness at the end of the word. Write down a few words.

Alphabet t , all of a sudden , city , plant , pencil , class , hammer , frost , people , lunch , handkerchief , drawing , student , language .

Exercise 22, p. 12

22. Read. What rule are you talking about? Why are the consonants so named?

Paired consonants- the most dangerous!
At the root, you check them -
Substitute a vowel next!

We are talking about the rule of spelling words with a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness at the root of the word. Such consonants are called "dangerous" because we can choose the wrong letter denoting a consonant paired by deafness-voicedness in the root of the word before another paired consonant. These are "error-prone" places, or spelling.

Exercise 23, p. 12

23. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. There will be bread b , there will be lunch . 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. Who is lazy, he is sleepy. 4. Ugly in face, but good in mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, yes hefty.

  • Orally select test words for words with missing letters.

Khle b (bread), lunch (dinners), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), sleepy (drowsy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), clumsy (clumsy) .

Exercise 24, p. 12

24. Read.

Frost creaks. Angry frost.
And the snow is dry and prickly.
And the elm is cold, and the oak is frozen.
The fir-trees were chilled through.

G. Volzhina

  • Choose the correct letter from the brackets for each word and underline it. Write down these words.

Moreau h, snow, elm, chill, oak, froze, through and through.

Exercise 25, p. 13

25. Read the lines from the American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.

Pyro old Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog
He goes to water the flowers.
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog -
In it next to the table.

  • What do you think is true in these lines?

Is it true:
The pie is baked by Old Lady Fogg
In the kitchen at the stove...
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk...
The lines about the bulldog are fiction.

  • Underline the spelling of the learned rules in the words.

Exercise 26, p. 13

26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the highlighted sounds with letters.

cha [sh] ka - cha sh ka uká [s] ka - decree ka
ló [sh] ka - lie ka ká [s] ka - kas ka
la [f] ka - lav ka ló [k] ti - lok ti
kó [f] ta - kóf ta kó [k] ti - kóg ti
shá [p] ka - sháp ka ló [t] ka - lod ka
shý [p] ka - shyb ka shche [t] ka - brush ka

  • Get ready to prove that you spelled the words correctly.

Cha w ka (cup), spoon (spoon), bench (shop), jacket - dictionary word, you need to remember, hat (hat), fur coat (fur coats), decree ka (pointer), cas ka (helmet), lok ti (elbows), claws (claws), lod ka (boat), brush ka (brush ).

Exercise 27, p. 14

27. Read. Underline the consonants whose spelling needs to be checked.

But g ti, riddle, slippery, carrot, carrot, ruby, guard, ruby, slide, nail, guard, guess.

  • Find a test word for each checked word. Write in the pattern.

(Ro b ok) ro b cue, (side and go) side and ka, (zaga d yvat) zaga d ka, (but G ot) but G ti, (how h it) how much h cue, (carrot V ny) carrot V ka.

Exercise 28, p. 14

28. Read. Name the stories.

1. 3 boobies, running away from the palace, lost a crystal slipper.
2. B elos gentle I became very friendly with the seven dwarfs.

  • Insert missing words. Underline in them the letters that denote paired consonant sounds in deafness-voicedness.

Exercise 29, p. 15

29. Choose a single-root test word for each word. Write in the pattern.

Doo b ki - oaks, berries ka - berries.
Cue cue - cue, close cue - close.
Lie ka - spoon, mace ka - pin.
Please - ask, watchman - guard.
Polite - polite, good - good.

  • Underline the letters in the words whose spelling you checked.

Exercise 30, p. 15

30. Read the riddle. Insert the missing letters and the word. Draw a clue.

I am round, I am smooth
And it tastes pleasantly sweet.
Every toddler knows
What is my name.

Exercise 31, p. 15

31. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. Sl V ki, golu b tsy, pyro and ki, aquarius h .
2. Vdru G, blue h ka, sapo and ki, ruba w ka.

Unnecessary words - diver, all of a sudden, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.

  • Underline the extra word in each group of words. Explain your answer.

Exercise 32, p. 16

32. Read. Select the desired letter and insert it into the words.

B? P?
Oak, screw, bug, button, flexible cue.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, easy cue, south, soft cue.
IN? F?
Island, giraffe, jacket, dexterous cue, beak.
D? T?
Yod, look, cage, riddle, mole.
AND? Sh?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? WITH?
Cargo, sauce, sled ki, mask ka, tale ka.

Exercise 33, p. 16

33. Read. Insert the missing letters.

1. Each tree has its own plot d. Floating on the river T.
2. In the hands of the boy T. Deep in the village d.
3. Blooming lu is beautiful in summer G. A green lu grew in the garden To.
4. In the flower bed With scarlet rho bush h.

  • What is interesting about words with missing letters? In the last sentence, underline the main terms.

Each pair of words are pronounced the same but spelled differently.

Exercise 34, p. 17

34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.

  • Explain how you selected test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound and for words with a paired consonant sound in the root of words in terms of deafness-voicedness.

We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound, so that the unstressed vowel sound would become stressed at the root. For a word with a deafness-voiced paired consonant in the root of the word, we selected a single-root word so that the paired consonant in the root would appear before the vowel.

Exercise 35, p. 17

35. Read the riddles. Fill in the missing letters in the clues.

1. Sam hu d, a head with a pood, as it hits, it will become strong. (M o l o t o To)
2. Not snow, not ice, but silver bromine will remove trees. (AND Not j)

  • Underline the spelling in the words.

Exercise 36, p. 18

36. Read. Title the text.

January

I love you, I January!
For me you are I c best -
M O l O doy, b O big, skr And puffy,
W O l O as thick as amber b!
Sun, dream G, O chase, m O roses -
Flame white b e ryo h!

S. Kozlov

  • Do you agree with the author's opinion? What does the word amber mean?

Amber is a fossilized resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.

  • Which of the highlighted spellings can you not explain? Why? Underline these spellings.

We cannot explain the underlined spellings, because these are unstressed vowel sounds in the root, which cannot be verified. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary.

Exercise 37, p. 18

37. Read. Insert the missing letters.

Le hot frost, big snowdrift, silvery hoarfrost, Snow Maiden, snowfall, Santa Claus, fluffy snowflakes, soft snow, skates, smooth ice, snowman.

  • What theme connects these words and combinations of words?

The theme of winter connects these words and combinations of words.

  • Write an oral text on this topic.

It was slightly frosty outside. Yesterday's snowfall wrapped the city in soft snow, the roofs of the houses sparkled from the silvery hoarfrost. The blizzard has covered large snowdrifts.
The children couldn't stay at home. Putting on new skates, from the very morning they drew patterns on smooth ice. The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes were spinning merrily, like children in a New Year's round dance with Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

4.7 (94%) from 10 voters

What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. Shown in letters. In writing, sounds differ from letters by the presence of first square brackets used in phonetic transcription. The letter is o, the sound is [o]. Transcription shows differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates softness of pronunciation.

In contact with

The sounds are divided into:

  • Vowels. They can be easily pulled. When they are created, the tongue does not take an active part, being fixed in one position. The sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, various vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of the air supply. vowel length - basis of vocal art(singing, "singing smooth").
  • The consonants a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to the appearance of noise in the oral cavity. At the output, they are converted into sound. Also, the lips, which close and open during speech, prevent the free passage of air.

The consonants are divided into:

  • deaf and voiced. The deafness and sonority of the sound depends on the operation of the speech apparatus;
  • hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Letters representing consonants

Deaf

Deaf in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. The easiest way to remember the phrase, and not a set of letters, “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? Phi!” containing them all.

An example in which all consonants are deaf: rooster, honeycomb, pin.

voiced

When they are formed, the form of the tongue is close to the form that produces deaf, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonants create active vibrations of the ligaments. vibrations deform sound wave , and not a clean stream of air enters the oral cavity, but sound. In the future, it is additionally transformed by the tongue and lips.

To voiced consonants belong: b, c, d, e, g, h, d, l, m, n, p.

When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx. In addition, it is almost impossible to speak them clearly in a whisper.

A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

Summary table of consonants (voiced and voiced).

It is due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched different words close in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. For example: house - volume, court - itching, code - year.

Paired consonants

What does parity mean? Two letters that are similar in sound, in the pronunciation of which the language occupies similar positions, are called paired consonant sounds. The pronunciation of consonants can be conditionally divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, when pronouncing, the movements of the mouth coincide, and create pairs.

Summary table of paired consonants, taking into account hardness and softness

In speech, it is common not to pronounce each letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only to Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages ​​of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonants replace (by ear) each other during speech. For example: love - [l 'u b about f '].

But not everyone has their own pair. There are not similar in pronunciation to any others - this is unpaired consonants. The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

The first group can be pronounced with softness. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.

Unpaired consonants are divided into:

  • sonoras - [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p ']. When they are pronounced, the air current hits the upper sky like a dome;
  • hissing - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '].

The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in the context. Are the sounds [h], [th], [c], [n] voiced or deaf? Learn these 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [c] is deaf! [n] - sonorous!

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

They are spelled the same but sound different. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was - [b`] beat; [t] current - [t`] current.

When pronouncing hard, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.

In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.

Vowels form pairs: a-i, u-u, e-e, s-i, o-e.

Two-vowel vowels (i, ё, u, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [th] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A, or a soft sign and a paired vowel. For example, the word jung. It is pronounced as [th] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced as: [m '] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, S do not have a double sound, therefore do not affect the pronunciation of the leading consonant.

Difference example:

A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a house is a woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Spoon a] - [L 'u k], [m 'o d] - [m o r 'e], [d o m] - [d' a tel].

Pronunciation rules:

  • hard ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, bentley, former;
  • soft are pronounced before I, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, mashed potatoes, mint;
  • hard ones are pronounced if they are followed by another consonant: death. After the consonant [s], there is a consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, C is pronounced firmly;
  • solid are pronounced if the letter is the last in the word: class, house;
  • consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: scarf - [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
  • always soft before b: elk, pulp.
  • exceptions to the rules:
    • always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
    • always soft J, Ch, W: white, black, pike.