Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born in 1821 in the Podolsk province (Ukraine), where at that time his father was on guard. The poet's mother was Polish Elena Zakrevskaya. Subsequently, he created almost a religious cult of her memory, but the poetic and romantic biography with which he endowed her was almost entirely a figment of the imagination, and his filial feelings during her life did not go beyond the usual. Shortly after the birth of his son, the father retired and settled in his small estate in the Yaroslavl province. He was an uncouth and ignorant landowner - a hunter, petty tyrant, rude and tyrant. WITH early years Nekrasov could not stand his father's house. This made him declassed, although he retained until his death many of the features of a middle-class landowner, in particular, a love of hunting and a large card game.

Portrait of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Artist N. Ge, 1872

At the age of seventeen, against the will of his father, he left his home and went to St. Petersburg, where he enrolled as an external student at the university, but due to lack of money he was soon forced to stop studying. Without support from home, he turned into a proletarian and lived from hand to mouth for several years. In 1840, he published the first collection of poems, in which nothing foreshadowed his future greatness. Belinsky subjected these verses to harsh criticism. Then Nekrasov took up daily - literary and theatrical - work, he also took on publishing enterprises and proved to be a smart businessman.

By 1845 he was on his feet and in fact was the main publisher of the young literary school. Several literary almanacs published by him have had significant commercial success. Among them was the famous Petersburg collection who first published poor people Dostoevsky, as well as several mature poems by Nekrasov himself. He became a close friend of Belinsky, who admired his new poems no less than he resented the collection of 1840. After Belinsky's death, Nekrasov created a real cult of him, similar to the one he created for his mother.

In 1846, Nekrasov purchased from Pletnev former Pushkin Contemporary, and from a decayed relic, which this publication has become in the hands of the remnants of the former “aristocratic” writers, it has turned into a remarkably profitable business and the most lively literary magazine in Russia. Contemporary endured the difficult times of the Nikolaev reaction and in 1856 became the main organ of the extreme left. It was banned in 1866 after the first assassination attempt on Alexander II. But two years later, Nekrasov, together with Saltykov-Shchedrin, bought Domestic Notes and thus remained editor and publisher of the main radical journal until his death. Nekrasov was a brilliant editor: his ability to get the best literature and the most the best people who wrote on the topic of the day, bordered on a miracle. But as a publisher, he was an entrepreneur—unscrupulous, tough, and greedy. Like all entrepreneurs of that time, he did not pay extra to his employees, taking advantage of their disinterestedness. His personal life also did not meet the requirements of radical puritanism. He played cards all the time. Spent a lot of money on his table and his mistresses. He was no stranger to snobbery and loved the company of superior people. All this, according to many contemporaries, did not harmonize with the "humane" and democratic nature of his poetry. But it was his cowardly behavior on the eve of closing that set everyone against him especially. Contemporary when, to save himself and his magazine, he composed and read publicly a poem glorifying Count Muraviev, the most firm and resolute "reactionary".

Lyrics of Nekrasov. Video tutorial

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov - Russian poet, was born on November 22, 1821 in the Podolsk province in the family of an officer. The poet spends his childhood in the family estate in Greshnev, where he observes the cruel treatment of serfs by an imperious father, which gives rise to revolutionary thoughts about the freedom of the peasants in the boy's soul.

In 1832 future poet enters the Yaroslavl gymnasium, in 1836 he moves to St. Petersburg in order to enroll in a noble regiment. However, a meeting with comrades who have become students changes Nekrasov's plans, and he begins to prepare for the entrance exams to St. Petersburg University. Alas, he does not pass the exam and is recorded as a free student of the Faculty of Philology. Having lost financial assistance father, the young man spends almost all his time in search of work, suffers a terrible need. He ends up in an overnight shelter, where he begins to write petitions for money. In this, Nekrasov finds a source of income - he gives lessons, writes articles for newspapers, composes poems and fairy tales. In 1840, he published a collection of poetry "Dreams and Sounds", about which Belinsky speaks in a derogatory manner. The frustrated author buys up and destroys almost all copies of the collection.

In 1843-1846, Nekrasov published several poetry collections, his publishing business was going smoothly, and in 1846, together with Panaev, he bought out the Sovremennik magazine, in which he published poems and novels. The main figures of the magazine are the poet's friends - Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. Later, in 1858, the author creates a satirical supplement to the Sovremennik - Whistle. The popularity of Sovremennik is constantly growing, but the difficult social situation in the country makes the government need to censor printed publications. A black streak begins for the magazine - Dobrolyubov dies, Chernyshevsky is exiled to Siberia. In 1862, the government suspended the publication of the magazine for 8 months, in 1866 it finally banned the magazine.

In 1868, Nekrasov rented the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine and worked as an editor. The journal publishes works by democratic populist authors. The poems of the last years of the poet's life contain elegiac moods caused by the loss of friends and a serious illness.

N. A. Nekrasov (1821-1877)

Poet addicted and passionate

The noble origin of Nekrasov left an indelible imprint on his development as a poet. His father, a retired officer and a famous Yaroslavl landowner, took his family to Greshnevo (family estate), where the patriotic poet spent his childhood, who not by chance fell in love with Russian nature. Among the apple trees of a wide-spread garden not far from the full-flowing Volga, which the young poet liked to call the cradle, the first years of his life passed.

Memories of the famous Siberian River were always alive in Nekrasov’s memory, which he reluctantly recalled: “Everything that rode and walked along it was known: postal troikas or prisoners in chains, accompanied by cruel escorts.” This served as food for children's curiosity. Huge family (13 sisters and brothers), trials on the estate, neglected affairs forced Father Nekrasov to take a police officer.

Having entered the Yaroslavl gymnasium in 1832, Nekrasov studied 5 classes, but he studied satisfactorily and especially did not get along with the gymnasium leadership due to sharp satirical epigrams, and since his father always dreamed of military career son, the 16-year-old poet went to the St. Petersburg regiment to be determined. The matter was almost settled, but Nekrasov met with a gymnasium comrade Glushitsky, who aroused in the poet an unknown thirst for learning: he even neglected his father's threats to leave him without support. So Nekrasov enters the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer.

However, his path was thorny: the poet suffered a terrible need and hunger. There were times when he would go to a restaurant where it was permissible to read newspapers, pull up a plate of bread and eat. Living from hand to mouth, Nekrasov fell ill and ran into debt for a room rented from a soldier, after which he sent him out into the street. The beggar took pity on the sick man and offered him shelter: here the young Nekrasov found a job for himself, for the first time writing a petition to someone for 15 kopecks.

Over time, things went uphill: he took up teaching, wrote articles in magazines, published in the Literary Gazette, composed fairy tales and alphabets in verse for popular print publishers, even staged light vaudevilles on stage under the pseudonym of Perepelsky. The first savings appeared, after which Nekrasov decided to publish a collection of poems in 1840 under the title Dreams and Sounds.

The best representative of the "muse of revenge and sorrow"

As a passionate person, Alexei Sergeevich has always been liked by women. The Warsaw woman Zakrevskaya, the daughter of a wealthy possessor, also fell in love with him. Parents flatly refused to marry their daughter, who received an excellent education, to an average army officer, but the marriage still took place without parental blessing.

Nekrasov always spoke of his mother as a victim of a rough environment and an eternal sufferer who drank Russian grief. The bright image of the mother, brightening up with her nobility the unattractive environment of childhood, was reflected in the poem “Mother”, “Last Songs”, “Knight for an Hour”. The charm of memories of the mother in the work of Nekrasov was affected by his special participation in the difficult female lobe. Hardly any of the Russian poets could do so much for mothers and wives as this stern and supposedly hardened folk poet.

At the dawn of the 40s, he became an employee of Otechestvennye Zapiski. Here Nekrasov meets Belinsky, who was imbued with the poet's work and appreciated his bright mind. But Vissarion Grigoryevich immediately realized that Nekrasov was rather weak in prose and that, apart from an ordinary magazine hack, nothing would come of him, but he loved his poems, especially noting "On the Road."

poet-prophet

His "Petersburg Collection" won special fame; F. M. Dostoevsky's "Poor People" also appeared in it. So good was his publishing business that, in tandem with Panaev, he acquired Sovremennik by 1846. The first poem "Sasha" became a magnificent lyrical introduction and was a song of the joy of returning to the Motherland. The poem received high praise in the 40s. "Peddlers" are presented in a folk spirit with a special, original style. Kuchelbecker was the first to call the poet a prophet then.

The most enduring and famous work Nekrasov - Frost Red Nose. Representing the apotheosis of peasant life, the poet denounces the bright sides of Russian nature; however, there is no sentimentality here thanks to the filigree honing of the stately style. “Who in Rus' should live well” is written in the original size (over 5,000 verses).

Nekrasov's poems, along with poems, provided him with one of the most important places in Russian literature for a long time. From his works one can compose a great work of highly artistic merit, the significance of which will not perish as long as the great Russian language is alive.

About the purpose of the poet

Laudatory reviews of Nekrasov's lyrics were dedicated to Polevoy, Zhukovsky reacted to his poems with trepidation and reverence, even Belinsky was incredibly happy about the appearance of Nekrasov as a unique phenomenon in Russian literature. The magnificent syllable in the work “When from the darkness of delusion I called out a fallen soul” was noted even by critics Apollon Grigoriev and Almazov, who were not disposed to Nekrasov.

The poet died of a serious illness in last days December 1877 Several thousand people, despite the severe frosts, accompanied his body to the place of eternal rest in Novodevichy cemetery. F. M. Dostoevsky said a few farewell words at the grave, putting the name of Nekrasov on a par with Pushkin and Lermontov.

Nikolai Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet, writer and publicist. His works have become classics of Russian literature. He was one of the first poets who began to devote great attention peasant life.

After studying at the gymnasium for 5 years, he graduated from it in 1837, the year he died tragically. Since the father wanted to make a military man out of his son, in 1838 he got him a job at the Konstantinovsky Artillery School, located in.

However, the future writer was not very interested in military affairs, as a result of which he decided to enter St. Petersburg University.

This decision made my father furious. He threatened his son to stop financial support if he went to university.

Interestingly, this did not frighten Nekrasov at all, as a result of which he began to actively prepare for the exams. But he failed to pass them, so he became a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology.

Difficult years

Due to the fact that the father stopped sending money to his son, Nikolai ended up in dire need. He often went hungry, and often he simply had nowhere to sleep. For a while he lived on the street, dragging out a miserable existence.

One day a beggar passing by took pity on him and took him to one of the slums where he could at least have a roof over his head.

These years will become the most difficult in Nekrasov's biography, although they tempered his youthful years.

Literary activity

A few years later, Nekrasov managed to adapt to the conditions in which he lived. Soon he began to write short articles and published in various publications. In addition, he periodically gave lessons, thanks to which he had additional income.

Nikolai Alekseevich plunged headlong into literature, reading the works of Russian and foreign authors. After that, he began to hone his skills in writing poems and vaudeville, as well as diligently work on prose.

As a result, he earned the amount of money needed to publish his first collection of poems, Dreams and Sounds (1840).

An interesting fact is that Nekrasov was very upset by criticism of his works, since by nature he was a very emotional person.

Something similar was done before him, who bought up and burned the "Hanz Kühelgarten".

However, despite the criticism, Nikolai Nekrasov did not give up, but rather continued to work on himself. Soon he began to collaborate with the well-known St. Petersburg publication Otechestvennye Zapiski.

Every year his work got better, and pretty soon a warm and friendly relationship developed between Nekrasov and Belinsky.

During this period, Nekrasov's biography, his works begin to be actively published and receive positive reviews from critics, including Belinsky himself.

In his financial situation, the writer also did not experience any difficulties. In 1846, together with like-minded people, he acquired the Sovremennik magazine, in which many writers later began to publish:, etc.

Due to the fact that the publication was under tsarist censorship, most of the works were of an adventure nature, but this in no way affected the popularity of the magazine.

In the mid-1950s, a serious trouble occurred in Nekrasov's biography. He falls ill with a sore throat, as a result of which he has to go to Italy for treatment.

After staying there for some time, he recovered and returned to his homeland. In the meantime, his works began to be considered among the best, and Dobrolyubov turned out to be among his true friends and assistants.

In 1866, Sovremennik was closed, as a result of which Nekrasov had to look for new ways to continue his activities.

Soon he rented the publication "Domestic Notes", in which he began to successfully publish own work and collaborate with other writers.

The most famous work in the biography of Nekrasov is the poem “Who in Rus' should live well”, which was completed in 1876.

It told about the journey of 7 ordinary men looking for happy person.

After it, many poems come out from the poet's pen, which have positive reviews, both from critics and from the ordinary reader.

Love in the life of a poet

In the biography of Nekrasov there were 3 women who differed from each other both in character and in social status.

The first love was Avdotya Panaeva, whom Nekrasov first saw in 1842. Soon they began a stormy romance, as a result of which they began to live together.

And although they were not officially scheduled, they managed to live together for more than 15 years. Avdotya was a literate and beautiful woman.

An interesting fact is that Fyodor Dostoevsky was in love with her, who, however, could not achieve reciprocity.

The next Nekrasov's girlfriend was the Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, who was distinguished by her easy character and simplicity.

Their close relationship developed over several years, but it never came to marriage.

The third and last woman in Nekrasov's biography was Fekla Viktorova.

All her life she lived in the village, and was a very simple and good-natured person.

Despite the fact that she had a meager education, Nikolai Alekseevich fell in love with her unconscious.

The couple got married six months before the death of the poet, having failed to fully enjoy their married life.

Death

In 1875, Nekrasov was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. The disease caused a lot of suffering, which did not allow him to fully engage in writing.

However, after he began to receive letters from devoted readers, he perked up and took up his pen again.

Sick Nekrasov continues to work in bed

IN last years In his lifetime, he managed to write a satirical poem "Contemporaries", as well as to compose a number of poems "Last Songs".

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov died on December 27, 1877 at the age of 56. Despite the severe December frosts, thousands of people came to say goodbye to the Russian poet.

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Role and place in literature

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov - famous Russian poet, prose writer, critic, publisher 19th century. Nekrasov's literary activity contributed to the development of Russian literary language. In his writings, he used both folklore traditions and new speech elements. The poet is considered an innovator in the field literary genres. His folk, satirical poems have become an important contribution to the golden fund of Russian literature.

Origin and early years

Nekrasov was born on December 10, 1821 in the city of Nemirov. The future poet came from a noble family, formerly rich.

Father - Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov, an army officer, a wealthy landowner. He had a weakness for gambling and women. The father could not serve as a good moral example: he had a cruel, violent character, typical of feudal lords. He mistreated the serfs, made his wife and children suffer.

Mother - Elena Andreevna Nekrasova (nee Zakrevskaya), heiress of a wealthy possessor of the Kherson province. She was educated and pretty. She liked the young officer Alexei Sergeevich, but her parents were against marriage. Then the woman decided to marry without their consent. However family life with a despotic husband has become a nightmare.

The childhood of Nikolai Alekseevich took place in the family estate in the village of Greshnevo. He grew up in big family. In addition to him, the parents had 12 more children. However, the atmosphere was not favorable: the father constantly mocked the serfs, did not respect his family. The precarious financial situation forced Alexei Sergeevich to take the post of police officer. He traveled around the neighborhood and beat out arrears from the peasants. Father often took little Nikolai with him to work, perhaps to show what a landowner should be like. However, the future poet, on the contrary, was forever inflamed with hatred for the feudal lords and pity for the common people.

Education

When Nekrasov was 11 years old, he was sent to study at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. He stayed there until 5th grade. He did not study very well, did not get along with the school administration, which was unhappy with his satirical rhymes.

In 1838, his father sent his 17-year-old son to St. Petersburg to enter the noble regiment. However, Nikolai did not share his father's dream of a military career. Having met a friend from the gymnasium, who became a student, he also wanted to study. Therefore, Nekrasov violates his father's order and tries to enter St. Petersburg University, but to no avail. He becomes a volunteer lecturer. Strict father does not forgive his son and ceases to provide him with money. Young Nekrasov is now forced to fight for survival. He spent most of his time looking for a job. By chance, he found a way to make money - he wrote petitions for pennies.

Creation

Having lived independently for several years in need, Nekrasov gradually began to get out of it with the help of literary talent. He gave private lessons, published small articles in periodicals. The first successes inspired the young man - and he is seriously thinking about literary activity: tries himself in poetry and prose. At first, Nikolai writes in a romantic direction, imitating the best representatives, which later will become the basis for developing his own realistic method.

In 1840, with the support of his comrades, Nekrasov published his first book entitled Dreams and Sounds. The poems were a clear imitation of the romantic works of famous poets. The critic Belinsky gave a negative assessment of the book, although he noted that the poems of the young poet "came out of the soul." Not only critics, but also readers did not take Nekrasov's poetic debut seriously. This upset Nikolai so much that he himself bought up his books in order to destroy them, as the famous Gogol once did.

After a poetic failure, Nekrasov tries his hand at prose. In the works, he displayed personal life experience, so the images turned out to be truthful and therefore close to the people.

Nekrasov tries himself in different genres, including humorous: he writes joke poems and vaudeville.

Publishing activities also attracted a multifaceted writer.

Major works

The poem "To whom it is good to live in Rus'" is a very important work in the creative heritage of Nikolai Nekrasov. It was written between 1866 and 1876. The main idea of ​​the poem is the search for a happy person in Rus'. The work reflected the true situation of the people in the post-reform period.

Of the many poems by Nekrasov, schoolchildren can be offered the work "On the Road" for study. This is an early work by Nekrasov, but the author's style is already visible in it.

Last years

In 1875, Nekrasov was found terrible disease- bowel cancer. His last works are a cycle of poems "Last Songs" dedicated to his wife. The poet died on December 27, 1877.

Chronological table (by dates)

Interesting facts from the life of the poet

  • Nikolai Nekrasov was very critical of his own work.
  • The poet loved to play cards, once he lost a large sum of money to A. Chuzhbinsky. As it turned out, he cheated with long nails.
  • The poet was fond of hunting, loved to go to the bear.
  • Nekrasov suffered from bouts of melancholy and depression, which had a bad effect on his personal life. .

Museum of Nikolai Nekrasov

There are several museums in honor of Nikolai Nekrasov: in St. Petersburg, Chudovo, in the Karabikha estate, where the poet lived from 1871 to 1876.