2S25 "Octopus-SD" (according to the GABTU index - object 952) is a self-propelled airborne anti-tank gun production of the USSR, and, subsequently, the Russian Federation. The development was carried out by OKB-9 (Yekaterinburg) and at the Design Bureau of the Volgograd Tractor Plant. At the same time, the scientific leadership was carried out by the Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering (Klimovsk). The functionality of 2S25 "Octopus-SD" is to fight against armored vehicles, tanks and military personnel of the enemy as part of units marines, Airborne Forces and Special Forces.

1. Photos

2. Video

3. History of creation

3.1 Prerequisites for creation

By the end of the 60s Soviet army had light tanks PT-76. They were mostly commanded by the line units of the marines and reconnaissance units of the ground forces. When the BMP-1 was put into service in 1966, the need for further operation of the PT-76 became unobvious, but there were opinions that it was impossible to simply abandon equipment of this class. In addition, such a type of weapon as a floating light tank, showed itself well during the Arab-Israeli conflicts. For this reason, the development of such an amphibious light tank, which would be better than the PT-76B and its counterparts in foreign countries, was included in the eight-year plan for development and research work. Until the 1980s, several variants of the tank were developed, including the Object 934. At the beginning of 1980, work on a new light tank were curtailed due to the start of work on the BMP "Object 688".

By the middle of the corresponding decade, the NATO member states began to arm themselves with the M1, M60A3, Challenger and Leopard 2 tanks. The Soviet army was armed with the BTR-RD "Robot" and BMD-1, weaker in relation to Western models. At the same time, thanks to the start of operation of the Il-76 aircraft, the capabilities of the Soviet military transport aviation increased significantly. The maximum carrying capacity has become 40 tons, and the landing cargo - 20 tons. Since the airborne troops were able to produce heavier combat vehicles with a simultaneous increase in firepower and security, the possibilities for upgrading the chassis of the BTR-D and BMD-1 types came to a standstill.

3.2 Preliminary studies

In 1982, the Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering did research work on the creation of an anti-tank self-propelled gun of a light weight category, caliber 125 mm. Came out next year legal act, which spoke about the need to carry out preliminary work to assess the possibility of developing an anti-tank self-propelled gun based on units and assemblies of a promising BMD.

The chassis was taken from the "Object 934". In 1983, one of its three prototypes was transferred to the Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering, and then, during the year, a mock-up of a 125 mm self-propelled airborne anti-tank gun was made there. It was made according to the classical turret scheme, but there were also such options as with remote weapons and wheelhouse. In 1984, experimental firing took place, which showed that the accuracy of the new weapon was as good as the tanks, and the loads acting on the hull and crew were normal. These developments formed the basis of development work, which was given the name "Octopus-SD", according to the GRAU index - 2S25.

3.3 Trials and adoption

In the same year, the tactical and technical assignment was approved. The following year, work began on the development of the gun. In early 1986, the development of landing equipment began. In 1990-1991, the guns underwent state tests. At the same time, the means of landing did not pass them. Their very high production cost, problems in use and the inconvenient design of the parachute engine cassette unit were revealed. Therefore, in 1994, these landing aids were canceled, and instead, the development of the P260M Sprut-PDS strapdown landing system started. In 2001, additional tests were carried out. Finally, after 5 years, the gun entered service with the Russian army.

4. Tactical and technical characteristics

4.1 Dimensions

  • Case length, cm: 708.5
  • Length with cannon forward, cm: 977
  • Hull width, cm: 315.2
  • Height, cm: 305
  • Base, cm: 422.5
  • Track, cm: 274.4
  • Clearance, cm: 10 ... 50.

4.2 Booking

  • Armor type: bulletproof.

4.3 Armament

  • Brand and caliber of the gun: 2A75, caliber 125 mm
  • Gun type: smoothbore gun
  • Barrel length, calibers: 48
  • Gun ammunition: 40
  • Angles HV, degrees: -5…+15
  • Angles GN, degrees: 360
  • Sights: TO1-KO1R, 1A40-1M, 1K13-3S
  • Machine guns: PKTM, caliber 7.62 mm.

4.4 Mobility

  • Engine type: 2V-06-2S
  • Engine power, l. p.: 510
  • Highway speed, km/h: 70
  • Cross-country speed, km / h: 45-50, swim - 9
  • Power reserve on the highway, km: 500
  • Power reserve over rough terrain, km: 350
  • Specific power, l. s./t: 28.3
  • Suspension type: hydropneumatic individual
  • Specific ground pressure, kg/cm²: 0.36-0.53
  • Climbability, degrees: 35
  • Overcoming wall, cm: 80
  • Crossable ditch, cm: 280
  • Crossable ford: floats.

4.5 Other parameters

  • Classification: anti-tank self-propelled gun
  • Combat weight, kg: 18000
  • Layout scheme: classic
  • Crew, people: 3

5. Series production and modifications

In addition to the Sprut-SD self-propelled artillery mount, intended for the airborne troops, the Sprut-SSV anti-tank self-propelled gun of 125 mm caliber was also being developed for use by the ground forces. She does not have landing capabilities, and the base chassis was a development called "Planer" (Design Bureau of the Kharkov Transport Plant), produced in order to replace the MT-Lbu and MT-LB tracked tractors in the ground forces. But the Sprut-SV project stopped in development after the creation and testing of prototypes.

The serial production of SPTP 2S25 was opened before being put into service, in 2005, at the Volgograd Tractor Plant and lasted 5 years. Then it was stopped in order to modernize the Sprut-SD self-propelled guns. She was given the designation 2S25M. Unification with the BMD-4M was made in terms of transmission, engine and chassis. Also, the sighting system will be subsequently improved. After this modernization is completed, the release of the Sprut-SD self-propelled guns will be resumed.

The development of a light tracked self-propelled gun with a 125-millimeter tank gun was ordered by Russian paratroopers from OJSC Kurganmashzavod. According to Izvestia, citing a representative of the Airborne Forces participating in the work, the new vehicle should be airborne and will replace the Sprut-SD artillery mounts, which the Airborne Forces abandoned in 2010, when after the May 9 parade one burned out due to a fuel leak. such a self-propelled artillery mount with an anti-tank gun. Having received a new car, the Airborne Forces will acquire weapons to combat American tanks"Abrams" and Israeli MBT "Merkava", - the newspaper writes.

Earlier it was reported that on May 9, 2010, after passing through Red Square, an engine caught fire at one of the Sprutov-SD. Later, the car was recognized as dangerous and a decision was made to stop further purchases of Octopuses.

The decision to develop a new gun mount was made in February 2013 by Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yuri Borisov.

According to the publication, the new self-propelled guns will be created on the basis of the BMD-4 airborne combat vehicle. Instead of a 100-mm cannon, a 125-mm 2A46M-5 tank artillery system, which, in particular, are armed with, will be installed on the same platform. T-90 tanks. The gun will be able to fire armor-piercing shells, including "Lead", and anti-tank missiles. The guidance system will include a thermal imager and a target tracking machine, which is capable of independently measuring the range and calculating the trajectory.

The length of the new machine will be just over seven meters, and the weight will be about 18 tons, that is self-propelled unit can be easily transported by Il-76 military transport aircraft and Mi-26 helicopters. The new gun mount must move through the water, and will also be able to climb up to 35 degrees.

Light tanks, which will include the new self-propelled guns, are acquired by all great popularity in the armies of the world. Such machines are created in Sweden, Poland, China. A light tank is required in mountainous areas, in swamps, where heavy equipment cannot pass. It can be delivered by air, and the infantry immediately has fighting machine capable of delivering powerful fire. A new self-propelled unit in the Airborne Forces will be needed not only to fight tanks, but also to destroy enemy shelters and fortified buildings. When long-range artillery fails to hit the target, the new self-propelled guns will destroy with direct fire.

Self-propelled artillery mount 2S25 "Octopus-SD"(SD - self-propelled landing) was developed in the early 1990s. The 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun 2S25 "Sprut-SD" is designed to destroy equipment, including armored, and enemy manpower when operating as part of ground and airborne troops as well as the Marine Corps. Externally, the vehicle looks like a conventional tank and combines the capabilities of an airborne amphibious BMD with a main battle tank. The Sprut-SD self-propelled guns can be transported by VTA planes and landing ships, parachute with a crew inside the vehicle and overcome water obstacles without training.

The 125 mm 2A75 smoothbore gun is the main armament of the Sprut-SD self-propelled gun, created on the basis of the 125 mm 2A46 tank gun, which is mounted on the T-72, T-80 and T-90 tanks. When installed on a lighter chassis, the gun was equipped with a new type of recoil device, providing a recoil of no more than 700 mm. The machine, with a length of about 7 m, a width of 3.2 m and a height of 2.9 m, has a mass of 18 tons, can reach speeds of up to 70 km / h, and a cruising range of 500 km. Deliveries of 2S25 to the troops began in 2008; in total, the Airborne Forces received 24 vehicles.

The main performance characteristics of the self-propelled anti-tank gun 2S25 "Octopus-SD"
Crew, pers.
3
Booking
Bulletproof
Combat weight, t
18
length / with cannon 7,07 / 9,771
width
3,152
height / with wind sensor 2,72 / 2,98
Maximum speed, km/h:
by highway
up to 70
on the ground
up to 49
afloat
to 10
Power reserve, km
500
Sighting range, m
4000
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In the early 1980s, the development of a new light tank for the Ground Forces was stopped in the USSR. But soon the Airborne Forces became interested in a light machine with a “tank” power gun.

The beginning of work on the topic "Octopus-SD" was preceded by a number of events and developments. In 1982, a research project was opened under the code "Burun", within the framework of which TsNIITOCHMASH (Klimovsk) explored the possibility of creating an airborne self-propelled anti-tank gun, as unified as possible with a 125-mm high-ballistic gun tank troops. There was already a chassis suitable for solving the problem - an experienced light amphibious tank "Object 934" ("Judge"), developed by a design bureau under the leadership of A.V. Shebalin at the Volgograd Tractor Plant (VgTZ). Its elements were used in the development of a new generation airborne combat vehicle at VgTZ on the subject of "Bakhcha". And already in 1984, experimental firing took place from a 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun (SPTP), installed by TsNIITOCHMASH on the chassis of the "Object 934".

A HUGE BIRTH

The decision of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 20, 1985 determined the conduct of development work on the creation of a 125-mm SPTP, which was assigned the code "Octopus-SD" (self-propelled, airborne). VgTZ was appointed the lead executor of the work, scientific and technical coordination of the work was entrusted to TsNIITOCHMASH and VNIITRANSMASH. OKB-9 UZTM (Uralmashzavod), Central Design Bureau for Krasnogorsk Plant (Krasnogorsk Plant named after S.A. Zverev), Central Design Bureau Peleng (Minsk), VNII "Signal", NIMI, Instrument Design Bureau (Tula), Volgograd Shipbuilding Plant. The development of landing equipment was taken up by the Moscow Aggregate Plant "Universal". The 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun SPTP 2S25 Sprut-SD was adopted by the Russian army by a decree of the government of the Russian Federation of September 26, 2005. Since the same 2005, SPTP 2S25 has been put into mass production at VgTZ.

DEVICE, WEAPONS, TRANSPORTATION

The machine is arranged according to the classical scheme with the front location of the control compartment, the middle one - the fighting compartment and the stern - the engine-transmission compartment. In the stowed position, the commander and gunner are located in the vehicle body, in the control compartment.

The 125-mm 2A75 smoothbore gun manufactured by plant No. 9 (Yekaterinburg) installed in a rotating turret provides the machine with firepower yu at the level of tanks T-72, T-80, T-90. The gun has a vertical semi-automatic wedge gate, a galvanic shock trigger, a hydropneumatic recoil brake and a pneumatic knurler, an ejector. The recoil length of the gun is 740 mm. Installed two-plane stabilizer 2E64. The entire range of 125-mm tank gun rounds can be used for cannon firing, including shots with feathered armor-piercing sub-caliber, HEAT and high-explosive fragmentation shells. Shots - separate-sleeve loading with a partially burning sleeve. The 9K120 Svir guided weapon system with 9M119, 9M119F, 9M119F1 (ZUBK14 shots) or 9M119M (ZUBK20 Invar) guided missiles launched through the gun barrel can also be used. The fighting compartment is equipped with an automatic loader with a rotating conveyor for 22 shots and a chain rammer for shot elements.

The fire control system includes a laser rangefinder and a digital ballistic computer. Workplace the gunner is equipped with a 1A40-1M rangefinder sight, a Buran-PA night sight, the commander's position is equipped with a 1K13-ZS combined sight-guidance device "Bug" with a night branch, a laser rangefinder, information channel for launching and guiding a 125 mm guided missile. The interchangeability of the commander and gunner is provided.

The hull and turret are made of aluminum armor alloy, the frontal part of the turret is reinforced with steel plates. In combination with the angles of the armor, this provides protection against 23-mm projectiles at a distance of 500 m. The frontal projection of the SPTP is protected from fire from 12.7-mm weapons from all ranges. All-round protection provided against fire small arms caliber 7.62 mm. A unified 81-mm installation 902V "Cloud" is installed on the tower for launching smoke grenades and lighting projectiles. A four-stroke multi-fuel boxer is installed in the engine compartment diesel engine 2V06-2S, developing a power of 510 liters. s, and a hydromechanical transmission interlocked with it.

Final drives - single-stage planetary. Chassis- with individual hydropneumatic suspension. The drive wheel is rear. Controlled hydropneumatic suspension allows you to change the ground clearance in the range from 100 to 500 mm from the driver's seat. Also, the hydraulic track tensioning mechanism is controlled from the driver's seat.

Caterpillar - steel, with a rubber-metal hinge, lantern gearing. The extended recoil length of the gun compared to the tank mount, combined with the recoil of the vehicle hull due to the operation of the hydropneumatic suspension, made it possible to use a gun with a high recoil momentum on a light chassis, while ensuring the SPTP stability when fired. The vehicle overcomes water obstacles without additional devices; two jet propulsion units provide afloat movement. The means of communication include the R-163-50U radio station and the R-163-UP radio receiver, the R-174 tank intercom. Airborne landing is carried out by parachute from heights from 400 to 1500 m using a special parachute multi-dome strapdown system P260M with a 14-dome parachute system MKS-350-14M and forced air cushioning. It is possible to land 2S25 with all three crew members inside the vehicle. The machine can be transferred by a heavy transport helicopter Mi-26T on an external sling.

The volume of production of "Octopus-SD" was small - only 36 vehicles entered the troops. In connection with the transfer of the production of airborne combat vehicles from Volgograd to Kurgan and, accordingly, the transfer of the “family” of armored vehicles for the Airborne Forces to the chassis of the Kurganmashzavod, the question arose of changing the chassis for the SPTP, which received the designation Sprut-SDM1. However, this is already a new car.

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The Sprut-SD self-propelled anti-tank gun is quite complex, so we will limit ourselves to mentioning only its main stages. In the 1970s research and development work was carried out to create a new generation of self-propelled anti-tank guns (SPTP). Interest in a self-propelled armored vehicle with a powerful anti-tank gun was shown, in particular, by the airborne troops. An analysis of trends in the development of foreign armored vehicles, carried out at the 3rd Central Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense, showed that the effectiveness of the anti-tank weapons available in the Airborne Forces is no longer sufficient to combat enemy tanks, which he will inevitably use to combat airborne assault. If the Ground Forces to fight armored vehicles the enemy can be attracted by main battle tanks, then in paratroopers this is impossible. The capabilities of military transport aviation and landing equipment allow the use of vehicles with a maximum mass of about 18 tons as part of a paratrooper.

By that time, R&D had already been completed to create a light tank (code "Judge"), armed with a 100-mm rifled gun and adapted for airborne landing, VgTZ was working on a light tank on the topic "Yacht". But lung project amphibious tank, as you know, was stopped at the same time when the R&D was asked for BMD "Bakhcha".

Meanwhile, research conducted by TsNIITOCHMASH specialists showed the fundamental possibility of switching from a 100 mm anti-tank gun caliber (based on ballistics and ammunition of the T-12 serial smoothbore gun) to a 125 mm caliber. Experiments with a prototype on the BMP-2 chassis confirmed that a gun with the ballistics of a 125-mm D-81 smoothbore tank gun can be installed on a light carrier, subject to some refinement of the artillery unit. Since 1982, TsNIITOCHMASH has been researching the possibility of creating an airborne self-propelled anti-tank gun, the most unified in the artillery part with an easel gun. Based on these results, the protocol of the Commission of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 29, 1983, instructed to carry out preliminary studies to determine the possibility of creating a 125-mm SPTP for the Airborne Forces on unified chassis units of a promising airborne combat vehicle.

Initially, it was assumed that the SPTP would not only solve the problems of combating enemy tanks and armored vehicles, but also fire at its manpower and firepower, support airborne units direct fire during the attack of the object of capture, to act directly in the combat formations of airborne combat vehicles during the attack and when repelling the attack of the enemy on the march. This required from the SPTP the qualities of a light tank and the corresponding ammunition load, but the term "light tank" was no longer used. The work was carried out under the auspices of the GRAU, which, unlike the GBTU, could not deal with “tanks”. Of course, specialists from VgTZ and OKB-9 of Uralmashzavod (plant No. 9, Sverdlovsk, now Yekaterinburg) - the manufacturer of the 125-mm tank gun - also participated in the research.

The experience of creating a light tank nevertheless provided the basis for starting work on the SPTP. Through GBTU and GRAU, a prototype of the tank "Object 934" ("Judge") was transferred to TsNIITOCHMASH. On this chassis in 1983-1984. and made an experimental sample of an airborne 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun. The installation of a gun in a fixed wheelhouse (as in previous Soviet anti-tank self-propelled guns, including the airborne ASU-57 and SU-85) was abandoned, as well as the remote installation of weapons. The new SPTP was developed with the installation of a gun in a manned rotating armored turret. In the turret version, the gun was initially equipped with a muzzle brake and a two-plane stabilizer. However, the muzzle brake had to be excluded - not so much because of shells with a detachable pallet and deployable tail (this problem was solved by the corresponding muzzle brake profile), but because of the presence of an ATGM shot in the ammunition load: the release of hot powder gases from the side windows of the brake could lead to loss of missile control. The muzzle brake also created a muzzle wave directed to the sides and back, and in fact the gun was supposed to operate in the battle formations of the paratroopers, possibly with the landing on the armor. In addition, during this research, the composition of the instrumentation complex and the scheme of stabilized guidance drives in the fire control system were substantiated.

Experimental firing conducted in 1984 at the 38th Research Institute in Kubinka showed that the maximum overloads acting on the crew (crew members) during the shot, the angular displacements of the hull and the excess pressure in the trunnion area did not exceed the permissible limits, residual waste and suspension penetration were absent, while the accuracy of fire was at the level of regular tank systems.

By the decision of the Military-Industrial Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 20, 1985, the ROC was asked to create a 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun, which was assigned the code "Sprut-SD". VgTZ was appointed as the lead contractor; TsNIITOCHMASH (Klimovsk, Moscow Region) and VNIITRANSMASH (Leningrad) were entrusted with the scientific and technical coordination of work and participation in the technical and economic assessment. The new car received the index "Object 952".

Design Bureau No. 9 of Uralmashzavod, Central Design Bureau of Production Association Krasnogorsk Plant im. S.A. Zverev”, Central Design Bureau “Peleng” (Minsk), All-Russian Research Institute “Signal” (Kovrov), Instrument Design Bureau (Tula), Volgograd Shipbuilding Plant, NIMI (Moscow). In February 1986, the Moscow Aggregate Plant "Universal" was issued a tactical and technical assignment for the creation of landing aids that ensure the landing of the Sprut-SD SPTP with a crew of three inside. The research institutes of the Ministry of Defense also participated in the work.

OKB-9 "Uralmashzavod" was simultaneously engaged in a towed self-propelled version of the 125-mm anti-tank gun "Sprut-B"; it was put into service in 1989 under the designation 2A-45M. The installation of a 125-mm gun on the GAZ-5923 wheeled chassis, the future BTR-90, was also considered.

From the opening of the ROC on the topic "Octopus-SD" to the adoption of the SPTP for service, no more, no less than twenty years have passed. Among the main reasons for such a temporary gap are the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the country's economy, which have been mentioned more than once. In addition to the removal of the state order and a sharp drop in funding for the defense industry, the collapse of former production ties also had the most negative impact. Thus, the sight-guidance device "Bug" was developed in Belarus, where separatist sentiments prevailed for some time.

And yet, by decree of the government of the Russian Federation of September 26, 2005 No. 1502-r and by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of January 9, 2006, the 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun 2S25 "Sprut-SD" was put into service. The order for SPTP 2S25 was received by VgTZ.

Of course, vehicles of the 2S25 Sprut-SD type are not capable of replacing main battle tanks. However light machine mass categories similar to tanks in terms of their firepower, but with high air mobility and the possibility of landing from the air or from the sea, are necessary for rapid reaction forces in contemporary conflicts. Work on them has been going on for a long time in different countries, but in Sprut-SD, almost for the first time in world practice, an airborne weapon system with the firepower of the main battle tank was implemented (in most foreign developments in this category, guns, although of “tank” calibers, are used, but with reduced ballistics).

The 2S25 combat vehicle is arranged according to the classical scheme with a front location of the control compartment, a middle one - a fighting compartment with the placement of weapons and crew members in a rotating turret and a rear - MTO. The commander and gunner are placed in the tower in a combat position; when landing and in the stowed position, they are located on universal seats in the control compartment - respectively, to the right and left of the driver.

The 125-mm 2A75 smoothbore gun mounted in the turret provides firepower at the level of tanks of the T-72, T-80, T-90 families. The length of the gun barrel is 6000 mm, the weight of the gun is 2350 kg. For firing, the entire range of separate-sleeve-loading rounds for 125-mm tank guns can be used, including shots with armor-piercing sub-caliber shells with a detachable pallet and with 9M119 ATGM (3UBK14 shot) launched through the gun barrel. ATGM control - semi-automatic, by laser beam. Armor penetration - 700-770 mm with overcoming dynamic protection. Rate of fire - 7 rds / min.

The installation of a 125-mm high-ballistic gun, designed for a combat vehicle weighing about 40 tons, on a product weighing 18 tons, and even in a turret version, required a number of special design solutions. In addition to more than doubling the recoil length - up to 740 mm (compared to 310-340 mm for the 125-mm gun of the main battle tank), the hull of the carrier vehicle itself was also recoiled due to the operation of the hydropneumatic chassis suspension. Before the recoil momentum acts on the crew and mechanisms, the gun recoils relative to the turret and the hull recoils relative to the lower branches of the tracks resting on the ground. It turns out a kind of double rollback, absorbing the recoil energy of a powerful gun - just as it was done earlier, for example, in railway artillery transporters. The non-linear characteristic and the high energy intensity of the chassis air suspension, as well as the large dynamic travel of the rollers, played a role here. When the hull rolls back, it "crouches" somewhat, while the length of the bearing surface of the tracks increases, which contributes to the stability of the SPTP when fired.

A 7.62-mm PKT (PKTM) machine gun with an ammunition load of 2,000 rounds of ammunition loaded into ribbons is paired with a cannon. Vertical pointing angles - from -5 to + 15 °, when turning aft - from -3 to + 17 °. The installation of weapons is stabilized in two planes. The fire control system includes a laser rangefinder and a digital ballistic computer.


SPTP 2S25 "Octopus-SD" with landing gear P260M

The gunner's workplace is equipped with a 1A40-1M instrument complex, a TO1-KO1R Buran-PA night sight (complex) and TNPO-170 surveillance devices. The commander’s station is equipped with a 1K13-ZS combined sight-guidance device with a field of view stabilized in two planes, a night branch, a laser range finder, an ATGM control information channel, a backup ballistic device with communication channels with a gunner’s sight ballistic computer, a system for entering aiming angles and lateral lead into the position of the gun relative to the line of sight, an autonomous control panel for the automatic loader and guidance drives with the possibility of prompt transfer of control of the complex at the command of the commander from gunner to commander and vice versa. This ensures the interchangeability of the commander and gunner. The magnification of the day channel of the commander's 1K13-3S sight is 1x, 4x and 8x, the night channel is 5.5x. For a circular view, the commander is served by periscope observation devices TNPO-170, TNPT-1.

The automatic loader of the gun includes: a rotating conveyor with 22 shots (shells and charges are placed in cassettes), a chain mechanism for lifting the cassette with shot elements, a mechanism for catching and removing spent pallets, a chain (two-way) rammer of shot elements from the cassette to the gun, a cover drive pallet ejection hatch and movable tray, electromechanical gun stop at the loading angle and control unit. To obtain an increased recoil, the automatic loader has a broadened cassette lifter frame, inside of which are parts of the mechanism for catching and removing spent pallets during recoil. The mechanism for catching and removing the pallet is located on the end part of the gun breech with the possibility of delaying the pallet. The mechanism is designed in such a way that it is possible to temporarily block the back side of the end part of the gun breech and, during the subsequent movement of the spent pallet, blow the breech area with air from the cleaning system. The latter has an air duct from the filter-ventilation device to the gun breech area and to the crew workplaces using a rotating air device. The shape and dimensions of the autoloader conveyor allow crew members to move inside the vehicle from the fighting compartment to the control compartment along the sides of the hull.


SPTP 2S25 "Sprut-SD" after landing

The hull and turret of the SPTP 2S25 are made of aluminum armor alloy, the frontal part of the turret is reinforced with steel plates. An 81-mm installation of the 902V "Cloud" system is mounted on the tower. SPTP is equipped with a system of protection against mass destruction.

The MTO is equipped with a four-stroke multi-fuel diesel engine 2V-06-2S, developing a power of 510 hp, and a hydromechanical transmission interlocked with it. The transmission includes a hydrostatic steering mechanism and provides five forward speeds and the same reverse speed.

The undercarriage includes seven road wheels, four support rollers on one side, the drive wheel is rear-mounted. High (28.3 hp / t) specific engine power, combined with hydropneumatic suspension and low specific ground pressure, provided the machine with good driving characteristics.

Sprut-SD overcomes water obstacles without additional devices, two water cannons provide afloat movement. The vehicle has good seaworthiness: with waves up to 3 points, it can not only overcome water obstacles on the move, but also conduct aimed fire in the forward sector of fire equal to ±35 °.

SPTP 2S25 "Octopus-SD" is transported by military transport aircraft. Air landing is carried out by parachute.

Tactical and technical characteristics 2S25 "Sprut-SD"

Gross weight, t .............................................. ....eighteen
Crew, people ............................................... ...........3

Air transportation .............. by aircraft of the Il-76 (M, MD), An-22 type

Height at the working clearance, mm .............................................. ......2720 (wind sensor - 2980)
Length with gun forward, mm .............................. 9771
Body length, mm......................................7070
Width, mm ............................................... .....3152
Clearance, mm....................................... 100- 500 (working - 420)

Gun armament:
- brand ................................................ ........2A75
- caliber (mm), type .............. 125, smoothbore
- loading .......................................separate, automatic
- rate of fire, rds / min ....................... 7

machine gun:
-brand ...............................PKT( PKTM)
- caliber, mm ............................................... ...7.62

Weapon aiming angles:
- on the horizon ............................................... ..360"
- vertically forward ..................... From -5 "to +15"
- vertically back (aft) ...... From -3 "to + 17"

Ammunition:
- shots to the gun ..................... 40 (of which 22 - in the automatic loader)
- types of shots ................ high-explosive fragmentation, cumulative, armor-piercing sub-caliber, ATGMZUBK14 (launched through the gun barrel)
- cartridges ............................................... .....2000

Armor protection:
- frontal ................... from fire of 12.7-mm machine guns (in the sector ± 40 ")
- circular ........................ from fire 7.62-mm weapons

Engine:
- type.................................................four-stroke 6- cylinder diesel with gas-turbine turbocharging, direct fuel injection, liquid cooling
- brand ................................................ ..2V-06-2С
- power, h.p. (kW) ...............................510(375)

Transmission .......................... hydromechanical, with hydrostatic rotation mechanism

Suspension of track rollers ...............individual pneumatic

Caterpillar ........................steel, double-ridge, lantern gearing, with successive rubber-metal hinges

Main track width
caterpillars, mm ............................................... ....380

Water mover, type ...... hydrojet

Maximum speed, km/h:
- on the highway ............................................... ..70-71
- afloat................................................ ..........10

Average dry speed
dirt road, km/h .............................. 47-49

Power reserve:
- on the highway, km .............................................. ....500
- on a dirt road, km ............................... 350
- afloat, h ................................................... .........10

Specific ground pressure, kg/cm2 ..................0.53

Initially, landing was planned with the help of parachute-jet means. The development, which received the designation P260, was carried out by the Universal plant (Moscow) together with the Research Institute of Parachute Engineering (Moscow, parachute system) and NPO Iskra (Perm, powder rocket engines). They took as a basis the P235 parachute-jet systems developed for landing the BMP-3; as the basic rocket unit, a brake rocket engine produced by NPO Iskra, borrowed from the soft landing system of the descent spacecraft Soyuz type. The technical design of the PRS P260 for the Sprut-SD was reviewed and defended in 1986.

Although several prototypes of the PRS were manufactured and a full cycle of preliminary ground tests was carried out, an analysis of the performance of the PRS revealed a large number of shortcomings, primarily in the complexity and cumbersome design of the PRS cassette unit, high manufacturing cost and complexity in operation. In the process of preliminary flight tests, problems were revealed in the operation of the selected parachute system. In addition, PRS required higher qualifications service personnel. Yes, and the difficult situation that has developed during the “market reforms” economic situation in the country did not allow even testing of P260 facilities with braking propulsion systems.

As a result, by a joint decision of the Air Force, Airborne Forces and MKPK "Universal" dated May 30, 1994, the PRS variant was canceled and the development of the Sprut-PDS means was approved in the variant of a multi-dome parachute strapdown system with air cushioning, as unified as possible in terms of operating principles, components and components with serial means of landing PBS-950 for BMD-3. The parachute version of the Sprut-PDS landing equipment was designated P260M. Differences in the design of the P260M from the PBS-950 are due to an increase in the mass and dimensions of the landing object itself.

The basis of the P-260M facilities was the 14-dome parachute system MKS-350-14M (based on a unified unit with a parachute with an area of ​​350 m2) with an exhaust parachute system VPS-14 and forced air cushioning with a mechanical pressurization unit (unified with PBS-950) . The minimum landing height had to be increased from the three hundred meters indicated in the TTZ to four hundred meters.

Here again, the collapse of the integrated system for the development of weapons objects of the Airborne Forces, their means of landing and aircraft of military transport aviation manifested itself: by the time the SPTP 2S25 Sprut-SD was adopted, the P260M equipment was only undergoing flight design tests, and the modernized Il-76MD-90 aircraft - flight tests.

The finalization of the design of the 2S25 "Octopus-SD", which affected the external contours of the machine, required changes to be made to the landing equipment. On this moment landing aids P260M in versions for landing "Object 952" and "Object 952A" brought to the stage of state testing.



The features of the P260M include the absence of a central unit (carriages for attaching cargo to the monorail are fixed directly on the vehicle body) and the introduction of a guide system for orienting the landing object in the direction of the wind. In this case, the role of the guide is played by the front carriage, which is detached after the object leaves the aircraft during landing. suspension system Includes automatic release with 12 second pyro retarder. The mass of landing aids is in the range of 1802-1902 kg, which provides a monocargo flight mass of about 20,000 kg.

From the Il-76 aircraft it is possible to land one object, from the Il-76M (MD) - two. The landing height above the landing area is from 400 to 1500 m at an aircraft flight speed of 300-380 km/h. The maximum vertical acceleration during landing is 15 g. To quickly bring the machine to combat readiness after landing, an accelerated berthing system is used. Without its use, the time to release the machine from the means of landing manually during the tests did not exceed 3 minutes.

On March 25, 2010, as part of the exercises of the 76th Airborne Assault Division, SPTP 2S25 Sprut-SD and BMD-4M were successfully landed on the Kislovo landing site near Pskov as part of a parachute assault force, including 14 units of military equipment. On August 25 of the same year, similar drops of Sprut-SD and BMD-4M were carried out on the Budikhino landing site near the city of Kostroma.

As part of the creation and development of equipment for the airborne troops, a new modification of the Sprut-SD self-propelled anti-tank gun was developed. To date, the updated machine called "Sprut-SDM1" has been tested and is undergoing all the necessary checks. In the foreseeable future, this self-propelled gun can be put into service with the subsequent serial construction and supply of equipment by the troops.

The existing 2S25 Sprut-SD armored vehicle has been developed since the mid-eighties, but for various reasons it was put into service only in 2006. The project involved the use of the existing tracked chassis "Object 934", on which a new fighting compartment was to be mounted. The Sprut-SD SPG/SPTP is equipped with a 125 mm 2A75 smoothbore gun, which allows the use of the same ammunition as in the case of existing tanks. Relatively small dimensions and weight allow for parachute landing of equipment.

Serial production of Sprut-SD machines was carried out from 2005 to 2010. After that, it was decided to suspend the assembly of new equipment until a new project of a modernized self-propelled gun appeared. The new project of the updated self-propelled gun received symbol 2S25M "Octopus-SDM1". Its development was carried out by specialists from several enterprises from the Tractor Plants concern. The objective of this project was to improve the main combat characteristics through the use of a number of new equipment, primarily other sighting devices and fire control tools. In addition, it was proposed to refine the existing chassis with the widespread use of existing components and assemblies, aimed at maximum unification with other equipment of the airborne troops.

SPTP "Octopus-SDM1" at the exhibition "Army-2015". Photo bmpd.livejournal.com

As part of the modernization of self-propelled guns, it was decided to keep the existing armored units. The hull and turret of the original and upgraded vehicles have almost no differences. The applied improvements touched only on some details and are associated only with the need to use new nodes. The overall architecture, layout and other features of the machine, however, did not change.

The most noticeable external difference between the Sprut-SDM1 SPTP and the base Sprut-SD is the use of a new running gear. In order to simplify and reduce the cost of the simultaneous production of several models of equipment for the Airborne Forces, it was decided to equip the self-propelled gun with a chassis based on the units of the BMD-4M airborne combat vehicle. It is noteworthy that such unification does not have a significant impact on the overall parameters of the running new machine. After the update, the self-propelled gun receives seven small-diameter road wheels with an individual torsion bar suspension and hydraulic shock absorbers on each side. The ability to change the clearance by adjusting the suspension parameters has been retained.

Also included in the undercarriage are stern drive wheels with lantern gearing, front guides with a tension mechanism and several small diameter support rollers designed to hold the upper branch of the caterpillar in the correct position.

The unification of the latest technology for the airborne troops also affected the power plant and transmission of the new self-propelled anti-tank gun. The Sprut-SDM1 machine receives a new diesel engine of the UTD-29 type with a power of 500 hp. instead of the original 450-horsepower 2B-06-2. The self-propelled gun also receives a transmission borrowed from an existing airborne combat vehicle. Such improvements to some extent increase the specific power of self-propelled guns and, as a result, should have a positive effect on its mobility.

The fighting compartment underwent noticeable improvements as part of the modernization project. According to reports, the Sprut-SDM1 ACS / SPTP is receiving an updated fire control system with a number of new systems and sighting equipment with improved performance. Now the machine has combined sights with television and thermal imaging channels, allowing the use of weapons at any time of the day. A target tracking machine is also provided, which increases the overall combat characteristics.

The new electronic equipment of the updated machine includes communications integrated into single system tactical level control, which allows the crew to transmit data on various targets to other vehicles, as well as receive target designation and other information. Such equipment is designed to increase the effectiveness of the joint combat work of several self-propelled guns.

Due to the updated fire control system, Sprut-SDM1 retains the ability to use the already existing range of ammunition. In addition, compatibility with programmable fuses for remote detonation in the specified section of the trajectory is ensured. Also, the self-propelled gun can use several types of guided missiles launched from the barrel of the main gun.

The "main caliber" of the vehicle remained the same - the 125-mm 2A75 gun, which is a development of the 2A46 tank system. The gun with a barrel length of 48 calibers is mounted on a stabilized system and can be aimed in a horizontal plane in any direction. Elevation angles vary from -5° to +15°. The gun is equipped with an automatic loader that independently feeds separate loading ammunition of the required type into the chamber. Ammunition "Octopus-SDM1", like its predecessor, consists of 40 shells of various types.


Updated self-propelled gun turret. Photo Bastion-karpenko.ru

The new project involves the strengthening of additional machine-gun armament. To the 7.62 mm caliber PKT paired with a gun, another similar one is added, mounted on a remotely controlled combat module. The module is proposed to be mounted in the aft part of the tower, it should be controlled from the control panels of the fighting compartment. In the boxes for the ammunition of the combat module, 1000 rounds are placed. The presence of an additional machine gun improves the ability of equipment in self-defense against infantry and unprotected enemy vehicles, and the placement of such weapons on a remotely controlled weapon station, in turn, dramatically reduces the risks for the crew.

The modernized Sprut-SDM1 self-propelled gun has a combat weight of 18 tons. The dimensions of the vehicle have not changed compared to the basic version. Mobility also remained at the current level. The maximum speed on the highway is 70 km/h. With the help of stern water cannons, the self-propelled gun can swim through water obstacles at a speed of up to 7 km / h. The vehicle must be driven by a crew of three: a driver, a commander and a gunner-operator.

The first prototype of the new self-propelled guns / SPTP 2S25M "Sprut-SDM1" was built last year. Concern "Tractor Plants" for the first time presented this machine to the general public at the exhibition "Army-2015". At the same time, the main features of the new project were announced and some characteristics of the updated machine were named. At that time, the upgraded armored vehicles were considered as a replacement for existing equipment.

A few days ago, at the Strugi Krasnye training ground (Pskov region), a meeting of the leadership of the artillery of the airborne troops took place. The commanders of the Airborne Forces were able to exchange experiences and learn the latest in the field of artillery. In addition, during the gathering, a demonstration demonstration of the new Sprut-SDM1 SPTP took place with firing. The press service of the ministry reports that during the demonstration firing, not only a new self-propelled gun was used, but also some auxiliary means. So, unmanned aerial vehicles participated in providing firing with the help of target designation and fire adjustment. aircrafts Orlan, as well as the Aistenok and Sobolyatnik radar stations.

According to reports, a new type of self-propelled anti-tank gun is still being tested and is not yet ready for mass production in the interests of the airborne troops. Nevertheless, the authors of the project are already making appropriate plans. According to the domestic press, the Sprut-SDM1 machines should go into production in 2018. Shortly thereafter, the troops will be able to receive new armored vehicles with enhanced combat performance. According to latest posts, representatives of the Airborne Forces have already familiarized themselves with the new self-propelled gun. This event, as well as the continuation of work on a new project, to some extent accelerate the adoption of new equipment into service.

According to the websites:
https://rg.ru/
http://tass.ru/
http://ria.ru/
http://vestnik-rm.ru/
http://bastion-karpenko.ru/