Steel Birds en 64 Apache. Apache night hunter. Protection against high voltage wires

A spokesman for the US Department of Defense released a message saying that Boeing has received a contract for AH-64 Apache attack helicopters.

For the needs of the US Army, the contractor, Boeing, is to supply 35 helicopters of the latest modification in the amount of $591 million.

The Boeing AH-64 Apache is a four-bladed attack helicopter equipped with a wheeled landing gear and a crew of 2 pilots.

Helicopters is armed with a 30 mm M230 Chain Gun automatic cannon with 1200 rounds of ammunition, located under the main landing gear, under the forward part of the helicopter fuselage. To accommodate weapons, 4 external suspension units are installed, where, as a rule, AGM-114 Helifire and Hydra 70 missile launchers are mounted. To increase survivability, the helicopter is equipped with additional backup systems for the main work processes during the flight.

The AH-64 Apache model replaced the AH-1 Cobra combat helicopter. The latest modification of the helicopter has been produced at the Boeing Defense factories from 1997 to the present. In total, more than 2000 aircraft were produced.

In the US Army, the helicopter is the main combat vehicle, and is also used by the armed forces of Greece, Japan, Israel, the Netherlands and Singapore. Manufactured under license in the UK under the name Agusta Westland Apache.

The first samples of the Apache helicopter entered the army in 1981. After rigorous testing in the field and during combat operations, they were approved for mass delivery to US Army units. In the course of transformations at Boeing and improvements to the project since 1997, Apache has been produced at the company's factories.

During the modernization of the helicopter, Apache modifications were produced: AH-64A, AH-64A + / D, AH-64E, WAH-64D.

The AH-64 Apache has four main rotor blades and four tail rotor blades. The crew in the cabin of the helicopter is located in tandem: the gunner sits in front, and the pilot sits on a raised platform behind. Helicopters are equipped with a power plant consisting of two GE T700 turboshaft engines with a power (depending on modification) of 1696 - 2100 hp. One of the features of the Apache helicopter was the use of an integrated helmet with the display of sighting systems (IHADSS). The helmet allowed the pilot to control the aiming of the automatic cannon with aimed fire at the enemy.

The AH-64 is designed to perform combat missions around the clock with adverse conditions, through the use of night vision systems.

Helicopter specifications

crew - 2 people;

weight (empty) - 5165 kg;

weight (equipped) - 8000 kg;

maximum takeoff weight - 10433 kg;

power plant - 2 turboshaft engines GE T700-GE-701$

maximum speed - 293 km / h;

cruising speed - 265 km / h;

combat radius - 476 km and 295 minutes;

· the maximum height of rise - 6400 m (with the minimum load);

armament: 1x3ohm M230 Chain Gun with 1200 rounds of ammunition,

· rockets Hydra 70 -70 mm and CRV 70 - 70 mm, air - ground, AGM-114 Hellfire.

The helicopter continues to enter service with the US Army and its allies, undergoing constant modernization and re-equipment.

h 1972 ZPDKh LPNBODPCHBOYE BTNYY uyb UZHPTNYTPCHBMP FTEVPCHBOYS L RETURELFYCHOPNKH CHETFPMEFKH PZOECHPK RPDDETTSLY. uPZMBUOP RTPZTBNNE Abo (Advanced Attack Helicopter), PUOPCHOPK ЪBDBYUK OPCHPK NBYYOSCH DPMTSOB UFBFSH VPTSVB U FBOLBNY CH MAVHA RPZPDKH, CH HUMPCHYSI RTPFICHPDEKUFCHYS UIM rchp Y UTEDUFCH tv RT PFICHOILB. rty ffpn pvsbfemshoschny ftevpchboysny schmsmyush chshchuplbs tsychkhyueufsh, iptpybs nboechteoopufsh y bchfpnopufsh rtyneoeoys, ch fpn Yuyume URPUPVOPUFSH L UBNPTBCHETFSHCHCHBOYA.

h LPOLKHTUOKHA TBTBVPFLH RTPELFB Abo CHLMAYUYMYUSH CHUE CHEDHEYE CHETFPMEFPUFTPYFEMSHOSHCHE ZYTNSHCH uyb - VMM, vPYOZ CHETFPM, ISHA, UILPTULYK, B FBLTS Y "UBNPMEFOBS" MPLIYD, OP LPOFTBLFSCH ABOUT RPMOPNBUYFBVOHA TBTBVPFLH Y UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP RTPFPFYRPCH VHDHEEZP PUOPCHOPZP HDBTOPZP CHETFPMEFB BTNYY uyb RPMHYUYMY MYYSH DCHB RTEDRTYSFYS - VEMM ( Bell Helicopter uP) Yisha (Hughes Helicopters).

ufbtfpchsche HUMPCHYS VSCHMY RTYNETOP TBCHOSCH. h LBYUEUFCHE UYMPCHPK HUFBOPCHLY RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH DCHKHIЪBMSHOSHCHK ZBPFHTVYOOOSCHK DCHYZBFEMSH (zfd) if-700, HCE RTYOSFSHCHK DMS FTBOURPTFOSCHI CHETFPMEFCH OPCHPZP R PLPMEOYS UH-60. teZMBNEOFYTPCHBMUS Y PUOPCHOPK OBVPT ChPPTKhTSEOIS Y VPTFPPK YMELFTPOYLY. FEN OE NEOEE, HTS TEHMSHFBFSCH OBENOSCHI YURSHCHFBOIK NBYYO-LPOLKHTEOPCH RPLBBMY RTEYNKHEUFCHP ISHAPCHULPZP RTPELFB. VEMM RTEDUFBCHYM LPNYUUY RTBLFYUEULY HCHEMYYUEOOKHA lPVTH - nPDEMSH 409 YAH-63, FPZDB LBL iSHA 77 YAH-64 VSHCHM RTYOGYRYBMSHOP OPCHPK NBYOPK, OE ULPCHBOOPK TBNLBNY FTB DYGYK.

RETCHSHCHK YAH-64 GTV (Ground Test Vehicle - NBYOB DMS OBENOSHI YURSHCHFBOYK) VSHCHM UDBO 22 YAOS 1975 ZPDB. PO RPMHYUYM TEZYUFTBGYPOOSCHK OPNET 74-22247 Y ZHYTNEOOSCHK YODEL AV-01 - Air Vehicle, YMY MEFOBS NBYYOB No. 01. ZhYTNB OBNELBMB ABOUT FP, UFP LFP RPMOPGEOOSCHK CHETFPMEF - BRTBCHSH EZP FPRMMYCHPN Y MEFI IPFS UEKYUBU.

30 UEOFSVTS 1975 ZPDB tPVETF ZhETTY (Robert Ferry) Y tm zhMEFYUET (Raleigh Fletcher) CHCHCHEMY ABOUT YOURSCHFBOIS Y RETCHSHCHK MEFBAEYK YAH-64. h TEZYUFTBGYPOOSCHI DPLKHNEOFBI BTNYY ON RTPIPDYM RPD OPNETPN 74-22248 YYNEM BCHPDULPE PVP-OBYEOOYE AV-02.

h RECHPK RPMPCHYOE 1976 ZPDB OBYUBMUS ZMBCHOSCHK LFBR LPOLKhTUOPK ZPOLY - UTBCHOYFEMSHOSHCHE YURSHCHFBOIS. l FPNH READING HCE YNEMPUSH DCHB MEFOSHCHI LENRMSTTB YAH-64A (AV-02 Y AV-03) Y DCHB YAH-63. fp vshchm ftkhdoshchk retypd dms pveyi zhytn. 4 YAOS "YEUFSHDEUSF FTEFYK" RPFETREM BCHBTYA Y, OEUNPFTS ABOUT FP, UFP VSCHM VSHCHUFTP OBNEOEO DTHZYN LEENRMSTPN, UIMSHOP "RPDNPYUYM" TERHFBGYA UCHPYI UPDBFEMEK. OP ZMBCHOSCHN LPSCHTEN ZHITNSCH ISH PLBBMYUSH MEFOSHCHE IBTBLFETYUFYLY, UHEEUFCHEOOP RTECHSHCHYBCHYE FTEVKHENSCHE CH BDBOYY. rTECHPUIPDUFCHP VSHMP PUPVEOOP ЪBNEFOP CH YUBUFY ULPTPRPDYAENOPUFY Y NBOECHTEOOPUFY.

h IPDE LPOLKHTUOSCHI YURSHCHFBOIK RTPDPMTSBMBUSH DPCHPDLB YAH-64. fBL, OEUHEIK CHYOF RTYYMPUSH RPDOSFSH OB 240 NN, FBL LBL EZP MPRBUFY RTY CHSHCHRPMOOYY OELPFPTSHI NBOECHTCH PLBBSCHCHBMYUSH CH PRBUOPK VMYYPUFY PF PUFELMEOYS LBVYOSCH, B OB BL ЪENRMSTE AV-03 UFBVYMYBFPT U FOUR LIMS RETENEUFYMY ABOUT ICHPUFCHHA VBMLH.

UTBCHOYFEMSHOSHCHE YURSHCHFBOIS PRTDEDEMYMY RPVEDIFEMS. LTPNE HCE RETEYUMEOOOSCHI RTEINKHEEUFCH, ISHAH 77 PFMYYUBMUS MHYUYEK HRTBCHMSENPUFSHHA OB VTEAEEN RPMEFE, RPOITSEOOOSCHN CHYVTBGYK, VSCHM NEOEE "ЪBNEFOSHCHN", Y, CH FP CE CHTENS, P VMBDBM VPMEE CHSHCHUPLPK VPECHPK TSYCHHYUEUFSHHA Y CHSHCHTSYCHBENPUFSHHA LLYRBTSB. fBL, RTY RBDEOYY RPCHTETSDEOOPZP CHETFPMEFB UP ULPTPUFSHHA 12.8 N/U TBUYUEFOBS CHETPSFOPUFSH URBUEOIS RYMPFB Y PRETBFPTB UPUFBCHMSMB 95%. l FPNKh CE, OEUNPFTS ABOUT RPMOPUFSHHA OPCHHA LPOUFTHLGYA, YAH-64 PVEEBM VSHCHFSH DEYECHME CH RTPYYCHPDUFCHE Y LURMHBFBGYY.

h LPOGE 1976 ZPDB RPVEDICHYBS CH LPOLCHTUE JYTNB ISHA RPMKHYUYMB 317 NYMMMYPOCH DPMMBTCH ABOUT UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP EEE FTEI YAH-64A. FEN READING VSCHMB BCHETEOB FBL OBSCCHCHBENBS RETCHBS ZHBB YURSHCHFBOIK, CH IPDE LPFPTSCHI RTPYMY UFTEMSHVSHCH 70-NN OEHRTBCHMSENSCHNY TBLEFBNY FFAR. ABOUT CHFPTKHA ZHBKH MEFOSHCHI RTPCHETPL ZYTNB RPMHYUYMB EEE 73 NMO. DPMMBTPCH.

NETSDH HAIR DRYER, H LPNRMELF CHPPTKHTSEOIS CHETFPMEFB VSMP TEIEOP CHLMAYUYFSH OPCHEKYHA RTPFYCHPFBOLPCHA TBLEPHHMM AGM-114A iEMMZHBKT (Rockwell Hellfire) Y 30-NN RHYLH n-230b-1, LUFBFY, FPCE TBTBVPFBOOKHA JYTNPC iSHA OB LPOLHTUOPK PUOPCHE - DMS CHETFPMEFB OPCHPZP RPLPMEOYS UPDBCHBMBUSH Y OPCHBS ZEOETBGYS CHPPTHTSEOIS.

h BRTEME 1978 ZPDB ABOUT MEFOSHCHI RTPFPFYRBI NPDEMMY 77 AV-02 Y 03 RPSCHYMYUSH MPRBUFY OEUHEEP CHYOFB UP UFTEMPCHIDOSCHNY BLPOGPCHLBNY, HMHYUYCHYYE ULTPUFOSHCHE IBTBLFETYUFY LY Y LPOPNYUOPUFSH CHETFPMEFB. ZMBCHOSCHK TPFPT VSHCHM RPDOSF EEE ABOUT 152 NN, B DYBNEFT NBMPYHNOPZP i-PVTBBOPZP LPNREOUITHAEEZP CHIOFB RTYYMPUSH HCHEMYYUYFSH ABOUT 76 NN - OBDETSDSCH ABOUT EZP VPMEE CHSHCHUPLYK LRD PRTBCHDBMYUSH MYYSH YUBUFYUOP. lTPNE FPZP, ABOUT CHSHCHIMPROSCHI UPRMBI zfd UNPOFYTPCHBMY FERMPTBUUEYCHBAEYE OBUBDLY vML iPHM PLETYOB (Black Hole Okarina) - FBL OBSCCHCHBENSCHE "YUETOSHCHE DSHCHTSCH". sing UHEEUFCHEOOP UOYYMY IL-UYZOBFHTH CHETFPMEFB, HNEOSHYYCH FEN UBNSCHN CHETPSFOPUFSH EZP RPTBTSEOIS TBLEFBNY U FARMCHPK ZPMCHLPK UBNPOBCHEDEOYS. yFP VSCHMB MYYSH RETCHBS UETYS DPTBVPFPL NBYOSCH.

PE 2-K UETYY OBLPOEG-FP DPVTBMYUSH Y DP BCHYPOYLY. DMS VPTFCHPZP tp UNPOFYTPCHBMY EEE 2 PFUELB - UCHPEPVTBOBOSCHI "SAILB" RP VPTFBN ZHAEMSCB. lBVYOB LLYRBTSB RPMHYUYMB OCHPE PUFELMEOYE. FP VSHMP CHSHCHBOP FEN, UFP HUFBOPCHMEOOOSCHE TBOEE RBOEMY UFELM VPMSHYPK RMPEBDY DTEVETSBMY, HFPNMSS LYRBTs.

h LPOGE 1978 ZPDB PVB RTPFPFYRB UPCHB CHSCHYMY ABOUT YURSHCHFBOIS, L LPFPTSCHN RPDLMAYUYMYUSH Y RTEDUFBCHYFEMY LPTRKHUB nPTULPK REIPFSCH uyb (LPR). b CH BRTEME UMEDHAEZP ZPDB ABOUT RPMYZPOE lnr lnr ryodmefpo VSCHMY RTPCHEDEOSCH VPECSHCHE UFTEMSHVSC TBLEFBNY iLMMZHBKT, CH IPDE LPFPTSCHI VSCHMP CHSHCHHRHEOP 5 TBLEF, CH FPN Yuyume DCHE CH RPMEFE .

L FFPNKh NPNEOPKH ABOUT PRSHCHFOSHCHK PVTBYEG AV-02 VSCHMB HUFBOPCHMEOB OPCHBS YOFEZTBMSHOBS RTYGEMSHOP-OBCHYZBGYPOOBS UYUFENB TADS / PNVS, TBTBVPFBOOBS JYTNPK nBTFYO-nBTYEFF B (Martin-Marietta).

uFB UYUFENB UPUFPYF YDCHHI NPDHMEK. chTBEBAEIKUS CH DCHHI RMPULPUFSI "VPYUPOPL" CH STUFF CHETFPMEFB PVEUREYUYCHBEF RHUL rfht CH MAVHA RPZPDH Y OPYUSHA. "zMB" FEMEBRRBTBFHTSCH PVOBTHTSYCHBEF GEMSH Y RETEDBEF YЪPVTBTSEOIE OB RTYGEM PTF CH LBVYOE PRETBFPTB PTHTSYS. OPYUSHA CHLMAYUBEFUS YOGTBLTBUOSCHK VMPL FLIR (Forvard Look InfraRed Sensor), ChNPOFYTPCHBOOSCHK Ch FPF TSE LPNRMELU. lPZDB GEMSH PVOBTHTSEOB, H TBVPFKh HUFHRBEF MBETOSCHK DBMSHOPNET-GEMEHLBFEMSH ILS, OBRTBCHMSAEIK TBLEFKH ABOUT RTPFICHOYLB. hCHEMYYUEOOPE YЪPVTBTSEOYE GEMY NPTsOP RPMHYUYFSH, YURPMSHЪHS PRFYUEULHA UYUFENKH DVO YMYY FEMECHYYPOOKHA DTV.

RTEDRPMBZBMPUSH, UFP PRETBFPT, CHPURPMShЪPCHBCHYUSH UYUFENPK TADS (Target Acquisition Vision System), UNPTSEF PUKHEUFCHYFSH BCHFPNBFYUEULIK BICHBF GEMY, B RTY CHEDEOYY LPNRMELUOPZP OBVMADEOYS ЪB PVUFBOPCHLPK UYUFENB UBNB CHSHDEMYF RPDCHYTSOSCHE PVYAELFSH RTPFICHOYLB Y PVEUREYUYF PVUFTEM YI U RTYNEOEOYEN rfht, OEKHRTBCHMSENSCHI TBLEF YMYY RHYLY.

OBD "VPYUPOLPN" UYUFENSCH TADS TBNEEEOSCH UEOUPTSCH LPNRMELUB PNVS (Pilot Night Vision System), DBAEEZP ChPNPTSOPUFSH MEFBFSH "CHUMERHA" ABOUT MAVPK CHSHCHUPFE. rTY LFPN PVUFBOPCHLB PFPVTBTSBEFUS ABOUT GCHEFOPN DYURMEE YMY CHCHCHPDYFUS ABOUT "ZMBBPL" OBYMENOPZP YODYLBFPTB IHADSS (Integrated Helmet And Display Sighting System).

rPSCHYCHYKUS CH 1979 ZPDKh RTPFPFYR AV-04 (77-23257) YNEM RPMOPUFSHA RETELPNRPOPCHBOOKHA ICHPUFCHHA YUBUFSH Y HCHEMYYUEOOSCHK EEE ABOUT 254 NN THMECHPK CHYOF. OPCHSHCHK "RMBCHBAEYK" UFBVYMYYBFPT RPCHPMYM HMHYUYFSH HRTBCHMSENPUFSH CHETFPMEFB X ЪENMY.

CHETFPMEFH AV-04 CHSHCHRBMB REYUBMSHOBS HYUBUFSH PFLTSCHFSH URYUPL RPFETSOOSHCHI bo-64 28 OPSVTS 1984 ZPDB ON UFPMLOHMUS U UBNPMEFPN UPRTCHPTsDEOYS T-28D. rPZYVMP 3 YuEMPCHELB.

PRSCHFOSHCHK PVTBYEG AV-05 (77-23258) H PUOPCHOPN RPCHFPTSM YuEFCHETFSHCHK RTPFPFYR, B AV-06 (77-23259) DPMTSEO VSCHM UFBFSH FFBMPOPN DMS UETYY CHULPTE Y CHUE TBOEE RPUFTPEOOSHCHE YAH-64 VSCHMY DPTBVPFBOSHCH RP UFBODBTFH "OPMSh-YEUFPZP" rPUMEDOIN YFTYIPN UFBMB HUFBOPCHLB ABOUT AV-05 VPMEE NPEOSCHI zfd T-700-GE-701.

MEFPN 1981 ZPDB ABOUT RPMYZPOE iBOFET MYZZEF CH LBMIZHPTOY OBYUBMYUSH CHPKULPCHSHCHE YURSHCHFBOIS YAH-64. RTY LFPN DMS RPDZPPFPCHLY BTNEKULYI RYMPPFCH L RPMEFBN ABOUT OPCHPK NBYOE VSCHMY YURPMSHЪPCHBOSH NPDETOYJTPCHBOOSCHE LPVTSCH - CHETFPMEFSHCH TH-1S, DPPUOBEEOOSHCH UYUFENPK TADS / PNVS 3 RTP FPFIRB, HYUBUFCHPCHBCHYE CH FYI YURSHCHFBOISI, L FPNKh READING HCE RPMHYUYMY PZHYGIBMSHOSHCHK "UETYKOSHCHK" YODELU bo-64. UFTPECHSHCHE LYRBTSY PUFBMYUSH DPCHPMSHOSCH OPCHSHCHNY NBYOBNY.

FP VSCHMB RPVEDB. 19 DElbvts 1981 bo-64b, LPFPTPNH RTYUCHPYMY VPECHPE "YNS" - BRBYu (Apache).

oEUNPFTS ABOUT SCHOSCHK KHUREI, YOFEOUYCHOPUFSH YURSHCHFBOIK YAH-64 OE PUMBVECHBMB. PUEOSHA 1981 ZPDB VSCHMB RTPCHETEOB CHPNPTSOPUFSH FTBOURPTFYTPCHLY BRBYUK UBNPMEFBNY, CH OBYUBME 1982 ZPDB RPMOPUFSHHA "PVLBFBMY" OPCHHA UYMPCHHA HUFBOPCHLH AV-05, CH NBTFE FP ZP CE ZPDB RTPCHETYMY TBVPFPPURPUPVOPUFSH NBYYOSCH CH HUMPCHYSI OILLYI FENRETBFHT Y PVMEDEOOYS. CHULPTE AV-02 VSCHM DPUFBCHMEO UBNPMEFPN u-5b Ch echtprkh, OP ffp htse vshchmp zhblfyuyeully telmbnope fkhtoe.

UREGYBMSHOP DMS UETYKOPC RPUFTPKLY BRBYEK CH ZPTPDE NEUB (YFBF bTYOBOB) VSCHM RPUFTPEO IBCHPD. 30 UEOFSVTS 1983 ZPDB Y ChPTPF EZP UVPTPYuOPZP GEIB CHSHCHLBFYMY RETCHSHCHK UETYKOSHCHK bo-64b, RPMHYUYCHYK "ZHYTNEOOSCHK" YODELU PV-01 (Production Vehicle - UETIKOBS NBYOB). at NPNEOFB RETCHPZP CHMEFB AV-02 RTPYMP 8 MEF.

rTPZTBNNB UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB RTPVOPK UETYY OBVITBMB UIMH, LPZDB RTPYYPYMP OEPTSYDBOOPE UPVSHCHFYE. rTEDRTYSFIYE ISHAH iEMILPRFET VSCHMP RTPDBOP b UINCHPMYUEULHA GEOCH 470 NMO. DPMMBTPCH LPOGETOH nBL dPOOEMM-dHZMBU (MU Donnell-Douglas).

LPOEYUOP, FP OE POBYUBMP PFLB PF ChSCHHRHULB BRBYUK. dMS RETCHPK UFTPECHPK YUBUFY, PUOBEEOOOPK OPCHSCHNY CHIOFPLTSCHMSCHNY YFHTNPCHILBNY HTS ZPFCHYMUS MYUOSCHK UPUFBCH. yFPK YUBUFSHHA UFBMB 6-S vPECHBS bTPNPVYMSHOBS vTYZBDB (6th Air Cavalry Brigade (Air Combat)).

LYRBTSY 6 VTYZBDSH PFTBVBFSHCHCHBMY RTBLFILH VPECPZP RTYNEOEOYS Y CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS U UHIPRHFOSCHNY CHPKULBNY Y BCHYBGYEK. h FFPN RTPGEUUE BLFICHOP YURPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH HCE KHRPNYOBCHYEUS CHETFPMEFSHCH TH-1S TH NPEOSCHE FTEOBTSESCHE LPNRMELUSCH.

h UEOFSVTE 1984 ZPDB RETCHSHCHE UFTPECHSHCHE LLYRBTSY PUKHEUFCHYMY RTBLFYUEULIE RHULY rfht immmzhbkt. oEUNPFTS ABOUT OERPZPDH, UFTEMSHVSH VSCHMY KHUREYOSCH. CHULPTE CHPNPTSOPUFY TBLEFSHCH AGM-114 VSCHMY RTPCHETEOSCH CH HUMPCHYSI UEZPRBDB Y OPYUSHA. th UOPCHB PGEOLB VSCMB PFMYUOPK rTBChDB P RPMOPK BCHFPNBFYBGYY OCHEDEOYS TBLEFSHCH ZPCHPTYFSH OE RTYIPDYMPUSH - GEMSH "CHEM" PRETBFPT.

OPOE CHUEZDB DEMP YMP ZMBDLP. h 1986 ZPDKh RPMEFSCH CHUEI bo-64b VSCHMY RTELTBEEOSCH CH UCHSKII U FEN, UFP CH UFBMSHOPN ICHPUFPCHYLE MPRBUFY CHIOFB PDOPZP YЪ CHETFPMEFPCH VSCHMB PVOBTKHTSEOB FTEEYOB. rTY LFPN MPRBUFSH OBTBVPFBMB 330 MEFOSHCHI YUBUPCH, UFP UPUFBCHYMP 7.3% PF OBOBBYUEOOPZP TEUKHTUB. NOOEE OBYUYFEMSHOSH RPCHTETSDEOYS VSCHMY PVOBTHTSEOSHCH TPFTBI EEE 13 BRBYEK.

UMHYUBMYUSH Y VPMEE UETSHEOSCHE YOGYDEOFSHCH. fBL, FPMSHLP IB 1983 ZPD VSHMP RPFETSOP 3 NBYOSCH LFPZP FIRB. 21 BCHZHUFB ABOUT VBE zhPTF-tBLLET YЪ-ЪB PFLBB HRTBCHMEOYS THMECHSHCHN CHIOFPN, bo-64 RPFETSM HUFPKYUYCHPUFSH Y CHTEBMUS CH ENMA, RPIPTPOYCH RPD PVMPNLBNY RYMPFB-YO UFTHLFPTB. ffp UFBMP RTYUYOPK PFLBB PF HYBUFYS BRBYEK CH NBOECHTBI TEZHPTDTSET-87. DMS YURTBCHMEOYS UYFKHBGYY LPNBODPCHBOYA BTNEKULPK BCHYBGYY Y ZHYTNE NBL dPOOEMM-dKHZMBU RTYYMPUSH RTYOYNBFSH NETSCH BCHTBMSHOPN RPTSDLE.

CHULPTE BRBYU CHUE TS RPSCHIMYUSH CH UFBTPN UCHEFE. RETCHCHE CE LTHROSCHE HYUEOYS U YI HYBUFYEN RPLBBMY, UFP RTY UHEEUFFCHHAEEK FBLFILE RTYNEOEOYS, FFY CHETFPMEFSHCH PTSD MY URUPVOSCCHCHCHTSYFSH OBD RPMEN VPS H HUMPCHYSI BLFICHOPZP RTPFYCH PDEKUFCHYS UP UFPTPOSCH RTPFYCHOYLB

h RPYULBI CHSHCHIPDB Y UPDBCHYEKUS UYFHBGYY VSMP TEIEOP HUPCHETOUFCHPCHBFSH NEFPDYLH VPCHPZP RTYNEOEOYS bo-64, PRYTBSUSH ABOUT HTS ЪBMPTSEOOSCHE CH FFH NBYOH CHP-NPTSOPUFY pDOIN YЪ UBNSCHI LZHZHELFICHOSCHI RTYENCH, TBTBVPFBOOSCHI U FPC GEMSHA, UFBM FBL OBSCCHCHBENSCHK RPMEF CH TETSYNE NOE (Nap Of the Earth -VHLCHBMSHOP - RTPUUEUSCHCHBOYE ENMY). h FBLPN RPMEFE CHETFPMEF, YDS ABOUT RTYMYUOPK ULPTPUFY, YURPMSHHEF DMS NBULYTPCHLY DETECHSHS, EDBOIS, TEMSHEZH Y F.R. eUFEUFCHEOOP, FFP PYUEOSH UMPTsOP, OP ABOUT RPNPESH RYMPPHH RTYIPDYF VPTFPCBS UYUFENB BCHFPNBFYUEULPK UFBVYMYYBGYY RPMEFB DASE (Digital Automatic Stabilization Equipment) pOB, RPNYNP RTPYUEZP, RTEDPF CHTBEBEF CHSHHIPD NBYYOSCH ABOUT BLTYFYUEULYE TETSYNSCH RPMEFB

rtyneoeoye TETSYNB NOE TELP UPLTBFYMP OBIPTSDEOYE CHYOFPLTSCHMSHI YFHTNPCHYLCH H POOE PZOS, OP CHCHSCHYMP EEE PDOPZP OEEPTSYDBOOPZP CHTBZB. PUOPCHON RPFEOGYBMSHOSHCHN FEBFTPN CHPEOOSHCHI DEKUFCHYK DMS BRBYEK CH FE ZPDSC UYUYFBMBUSH ECHTPRB, VHLCHBMSHOP BCHSYBS CH ZHUFPK UEFY MYOYK LMELFTPRETEDBYU, RTPCHPDB LPFP TSCHI RTEDUFBCHMSAF UNETFEMSHOHA HZTPЪH DMS MAVPZP OYLPMEFSEZP BRRBTBFB. BEYFPK PF FFK PRBUOPUFY UFBMY UREGYBMSHOSHCHE OPTSY, LPFPTSCHE DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY RTYLTSCCHBFSH CHFHMLH OEUHEZP CHYOFB, RHYLH Y PUOPCHOSHE UFPKLY YBUUY CHETFPMEFB.

rTPVMENB RPMEFB X ENMY VSCHMB YUBUFYUOP TEYOB, OP DBCE EUMY CHETFPMEF ULTSCHFOP CHCHYEM ABOUT RPYGYA PFLTSCHFIS PZOS Y RTPYJCHEM RHUL rfht, PUFBEFUS OBYUYFEMSHOBS CHETPSFOPUF SH FPZP, UFP PO VKhDEF KHOYUFPTSEO IB FE OEULPMSHLP UELKHOD, RPLB PRETBFPT VKhDEF "CHEUFY" TBLEFH. h FYI UMHYUBSI VSCHMY TBTBVPFBOSC RTYENSCH RPDUCHEFLY GEMY U DTHZPZP CHETFPMEFB YMY RETEOPUOSCHN GEMEHLBBFEMEN U ENMY. oblpoeg Vshchm PRTPVPCHBO FBL obschchbenshchk ruechdpbchfpopnoshchk rhul rfht. h LFPN UMHYUBE CHSHCHUFTEM RTPYCHPDYMUS EEE DP BICHBFB MBETOPZP RSFOB ZPMPCHOPK TBLEFSHCH CH TBKPO OBIPTSDEOYS GEMY, HCE "RPDUCHEYUEOOOPK" DTHZYN GEMEHLBFEMEN.

rPSCHMEOYE H OBYUBME 80-I OPHSHCHI OEIFOSHI UTEDUFCH U HNEOSHYEOOSCHN READING TEBLGIY DBMP FPMYUPL Y L UCHETIOUFCHPCHBOYA UBNPZP CHETFPMEFB, Y PUPVEOOP EZP LMELFTPOILY Y PTHTSYS. UYUFENB AAWWS (Airborne Adverse Weather Weapon System) DPMTSOB VSHMB PVEUREYUYFSH UCHCHTENEOOPE PVOBTKHTSEOYE GEMY Y RTYNEOEOYS CHUIDCH PTHTSYS CH MAVKHA RPZPDKH Y OPYUSHA. rTY LFPN BOFEOOOH EE ZMBCHOPZP LPNRPOEOFB - TBDBTB mPOZ VPH (Long Bow) TBNEUFYMY OBD CHFKHMLPK OEUHEEZP CHYOFB, UFP RPCHPMYMP CHEUFY OBVMADEOYE ULTSCHFOP, "OE CHCHUPCHSHCHCH" BSUSH".

pTYEOFYTHSUSH ABOUT CHOEDTEOYE LPNRMELUB AAWWS, DMS iYMMZHBKTB VSCHMB TBTBVPFBOB OPCBS zuo, TEBMYKHAEBS RTYOGYR RBUUYCHOPZP TBDYPMPLBGYPOOPZP OBCHEDEOYS rfht ABOUT GEMSH, RPDUCHEYU EOOHA TBDBTPN mPOZ vPH. rTY LFPN LPNRMELU PVEUREIUIM UFTEMSHVKh RP OBENOSCHN Y CHPDHYOSCHN NYYEOSN H BCHFPOPNOPN TETSYNE.

VSCHUFTSHCHK PVNEO YOZHPTNBGEK NETSDH CHETFPMEFBNY HDBTOPK ZTHHRRSCH Y UYMBNY PVEUREYUEOYS FBL CE VMBZPFTCHPTOP CHMYSEF ABOUT zhzhzhelfychopufsh y Chshtsychbenpufsh CHETFPMEFB H VPA. dms FPMEFBNY YMY RTYGEMSHOSHCHN LPNRMELUPN PNVS PDOPC NBYYOSCH Y LPNBODOSCHN RHOLFPN. FP RPCHPMYMP VSC ZYVLP Y TBGYPOBMSHOP NBOECHTYTPCHBFSH UYMBNY, B FBLTS PRPCHEEBFSH PUFBMSHOSHCHE CHETFPMEFSHCH ZTHHRRSCH P UTEDUFCHBI rchp RTPFYCHOYLB, PVOBTHTSEOOSHCHI PDOIN Yb br BUEK.

oEKFTBMYЪPCHBCH IPFS VSC YUBUFYUOP HZTPЪKH PF OPCHSHI OEOYFOSHCHI LPNRMELUPCH, NPTsOP VSCHMP RPDHNBFSH Y P RTPFYCHPVPTUFCHE U ChTBTSEULPK BCHYBGYEK. chshchuplye mefoshche IBTBLFETYUFILY Y DPUFBFPYuOBS RTPUOPUFSH bo-64b CHRPMOE RPCHPMSAF ENH CHEUFY PVTPPOYFEMSHOSHCHK CHPDHHYOSCHK VPK, B ChPNPTSOPUFSH RTYNEOEOYS RPMOPUFSHHA BCHFPOPNO SHCHI TBLEF LMBUUB "CHPDHI-CHPDDHI" U FARMCHSCHNY zuo TELLP HMHYUYBAF YBOUSCH CHETFPMEFB DBCE H VPA RTPFYCH YUFTEVYFEMEK. RTYUEN YURSHCHFBOYS RPDFCHETDYMY ChPNPTSOPUFSH YURPMSHJPCHBOYS OE FPMSHLP BCHYBGYPOOSCHI TBLEF AIM-9L UBKDHYODET (Sidewinder), OP Y REIPFOSCHI RETEOPUOSCHI EOIFOSCHI LPNRMELUPCH FIM-9 2A UFYOSET (Stinger).

CHUE RETEYUMEOOSHCHE NBL dPOOEMM-dKhZMBU Y NOPZYN DTHZYN, CH FPN YUYUME YOE BNETIL BOWLINE, RTEDRTHYSFISN. CHEOGPN LFPZP OBRTBCHMEOYS TBCHYFYS CHETFPMEFB UFBM TSD RTPELFPC EZP RETURELFYCHOSCHI NPDYZHYLBGYK.

yI URYUPL PFLTSCHM bo-64ch BRBYu vTBCHP (Apache Brawo), ZMBCHOPK YANYOLPK LPFPTPZP UFBMP HCHEMYYUEOOPE LTSHMP, OPCHPE vtp Y UYUFENB RPCHSHCHIEOOOPK ЪBEYFSCH LLYRBTSB PF PTHTSYS NBUU PCHPZP RPTBTSEOIS. rTY LFPN PFNEYUBMPUSH, UFP RTPELFOBS CHMEFOBS NBUUB bo-64ch CHUEZP OB 122 LZ VPMSHIE, YUEN H UETIKOPZP BRBYUB.

chBTYBOF vTBChP RMBOITCHBMPUSH UFTPIFSH Y ABOUT LLURPTF. h LFPN UMHYUBE EZP PVPTKHDPCHBOYE Y PTKHTSYE RTEDRPMBZBMPUSH YЪNEOSFSH RPTSEMBOYA BLBYUYLB. DMS obfp VSCHMB UPDBOB OEULPMSHLP HRTPEEOOBS NPDYZHYLBGYS AH-64B / G UDCHBOUED BRBY (Advanced Apache). CHRPYUEN "HRTPEEOOPUFSH" FFK CHETUY CHETFPMEFB CHEUSHNB HUMPHOB - HER RTEDRPMBZBMPUSH PUOBUFYFSH DBCE UYUFENPK AAWWS, OPCHSHCHNY DCHYZBFEMSNY Y dukh. zhYTNB tplkhmm UPCHNEUFOP U VTYFBOULPK nBTLPOY (Marconi) RTEDMPTSYMB DMS yDCHBOUED BRBYU Y OPCHA CHETUYA iYMMZHBKTB, LPFPTBS VKHDEF YNEFSHOE FPMSHLP RETURELFYCHOKHA zuo, UPCHNEUFY NHA U TBDBTPN mPOZ vPH, OP Y HNEOSHYEOOPE ABOUT 50% YUBUFOPUFY, RPCHSHCHYBEF ULPTPUFSH RPMEFB TBLEFSHCH.

CHETFPMEF, PUOBEEOOSHK OBDCHFHMPYuOPK tmu NYMMYNEFTCHPZP DYBRB'POB, RMBOITCHBMPUSh PVP-OBYUBFSH AH-64D. DMS HDPVUFCHB RTPYCHPDUFCHB OPCHPZP ChBTYBOFB BRBYUB EZP RTEDRPMBZBMPUSH KHOJYGYTPCHBFSH RP RMBOETH Y UYMPCHPK HUFBOPCLE U RETURELFYCHOPK PUOPCHOPK NPDIJYLBGEK bo-64u, LPFPTBS RPMKHYUMB VSC OEPVVIPDINSCHE YNEOEOYS, PVCUMPCHMEOOOSCHE OBLPRMEOOSCHN PRSHFPN LLURMHBFBGYY Y HUPCHETOUFCHPCHBOOSCHE DCHYZBFEMY T700-GE-701C.

pDOBLP, EKZHPTYS CHPLTKhZ CHPNPTSOSCHI OPCSHCHI LPOFTBLFPCH RP RTPZTBNNE bo-64 VSHCHUFTP URBMB. l 1990 ZPDH OE VSHMP RPMHYUEOP OY PDOPZP YOPUFTBOOPZP BLBLB, B RTPZTBNNB BLHRPL bo-64b DMS BTNY Y OBGYPOBMSHOPK ZCHBTDYY uyb VSCHMB HTEBOB U VPMEE YUEN 1200 NBYYO DP 807, Ъ LPFPTSCHI MYYSH 227 RMBOITCHBMPUSH PUOBUFYFSH LPNRMELUPN AAWWS. pF NPTULPZP uy zPYOZ BRBYUB (Sea Going Apache), ChPPTKhTSEOOPZP RTPFYCHPLPTVEMSHOSHCHNY TBLEFBNY zBTRKHO (Harpoon) Y rJOZCHYO (Penquin), a FBLTSE DBMSHOEKYEK TBTBVPFLY AH-64B/G VSHMP TEYOP PFLBEBFSHUSS. CHUE FFP RPUFBCHYMP CHETFPMEFOSHCHK BLCHPD H ZPTPDE NEUB H FTHDOPE RPMPTSEOIE. rTBCHDB RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP uyb RPYMP OBCHUFTEYUKH RTEDRTYSFYA, RPCHPMYCH "TBUFSOHFSH" UTPLY UDBYUY BLBBOOSCHI bo-64, UPITBOYCH FEN UBNSCHN TBVPYYE NEUFB.

FEN CHTENEOEN YFBFOBS UFTHLFHTB RPDTBDEMEOYK, ChPPTKhTSEOOSHI BRBYUBNY, PLPOYUBFEMSHOP UZHPTNYTPCHBMBUSH. lBTsDBS YULBDTYMShS (YMY flag H BNETYLBOULPK FETNYOPMPZYY) RPMHYUYMB 18 HDBTOSHCHI bo-64b, 13 CHETFPMEFPCH TBECHEDLY Y GEMEHLBBOYS OH-58C/D, Y FTPCLH NOPZPGEMECHI U H-60A.

"khFTSUMYUSH" Y CHPRTPUSCH FBLFILY, tambourine brby bbosm DPUFPKOPE NEUFP CH OPCHPK DPLFTYOE RTYNEOEOYS UHIPRHFOSHCHI ChPKUL uyb, obchboopk ct-meod vffm 90 (Air-Land Battle 90). CHULPTE DMS OEZP OBUFBM Yubu RECHPK LTPCHY.

h OPYUSH ABOUT 20 DELBVTS 1989 ZPDB BRBYuY UPCHNEUFOP U DTHZYNY CHETFPMEFBNY YJ 82-K BTPNPVIMSHOPK VTYZBDSH PVEUREYUIMY CHSHCHUBDLH "TEKODTSETCH" YJ 82-K RBTBYAFOP-DEUBOFO PK Y REIPFYOGECH YЪ 7 MEZLPK REIPFOPK DYCHYYY BTNYY uyb. fBL OBYUBMBUSH PRETBGYS dTSBUF lPЪ (Just Cause) - CHFPPTSEOYE CH rBOBNH.

h VPECHSCHI DEKUFCHYSI RTYOYNBMP HYBUFYE 11 CHETFPMEFCH bo-64b. sing CHEMY RBFTHMYTPCHBOYE, KHOYUFPTSBMY PRPTOSHCHE RHOLFSCH RTPFYCHOYLB. rTY LFPN YURPMSHЪPCHBMYUSHOE FPMShLP OEHRTBCHMSENSCHE TBLEFSCH Y VPTPCHBS RHYLB, OP Y rfht iyMMZhBKT. rPUMEDOYE, RP PZHYGYBMSHOSHCHN DBOOSCHN, YNEMY UFPRTPGEOFOHA CHETPSFOPUFSH RPRBDBOYS CH GEMY.

YOFETEUOP, YuFP Ch PRETBGYY dTsBUF LP OBTSDH U BRBYEN DEVAFYTPCHBM EEE PYO "OPCHPVTBOEG" - NBMPBNEFOSHCHK HDBTOSHCHK UBNPMEF F-117A. ChRTPYUEN, MBFYOULBS bNETYLB PLBBMBUSH LTBKOE RTYNYFYCHON RPMYZPOPN DMS UCHETIPTHTSYS RPUMEDOEZP RPLPMEOYS. RBOBNGSHCHOE TBURPMBZBMY DPUFPKOSHCHNY UTEDUFCHBNY RTPFYCHPDEKUFCHYS, Y YZTB SCHOP YMB CH PDOY CHPTPFB. FEN OE NOOEE, FTY BRBYUB RPMHYUYMY RPCHTETSDEOYS PF PZOS U ENMY.

h OEVE rBOBNShch bo-64 OBMEFBMY PLPMP 250 YUBUPCH, RP PRSHCHFH LPFPTSCHI MYOYY LMELFTPRETEDBYU UPUFBCHYMY DMS OII ZPTBDP VPMSHYHA PRBUOPUFSH, OECEMY UPVUFCHEOOP PZPOSH CHTBZB. FP RPUMKHTSYMP RTBLFYUEULYN FPMYULPN DMS CHOEDTEOYS ABOUT UETYKOSHCHI bo-64 OPTsEK-TBUUELBFEMEK WSPS, TBTBVPFBOOSCHI TBOEE H TBNLBI RTPZTBNNSC VSIP ZHYMYBMPN VTYFBOULPK ZHITNSCH VTY UFPM BYTPURECU (Bristol Aerospace) CHIOYORESE.

b FEN CHTENEOEN OEHDBYU Y LURPTFPN bo-64 Y OEHUFPKYUYCHSHCHK YOFETEU LPOZTEUUB L RTPZTBNNE UPDBOYS OPCHPZP VPECHPZP CHETFPMEFB RAH-66 LPNBOYU (Comanche) ZTPYMY OPCHSHCHNY FTH DOPUFSNY DMS ZHJTNSCH NBL dPOOEMM-dKhZMBU Y CHETFPMEFOPZP LPNRMELUB NEUB. OP 2 BCHZHUFB 1990 ZPDB ChPKULB yTBLB CHFPTZMYUSH CH UPUEDOYK LHCHEKF, TELLP PVPUFTYCH NETSDHOBTPDOHA UYFKHBGYA Y RPDOSCH YOFETEU L BLKHRLBN CHPPTHTSEOIK X NOPZYI VMY TSOCHPUFPUOSCHI UFTBO. h URYULBI YI BLBPCH ABOUT PDOPN Y RETCHSHI NEUF YUYUMYMYUSH RTPFYCHPFBOLPCHSHCHE UYUFENSCH. rTYUYOB RTPUFB - BTNYS yTBLB ABOUT FPF RETYPD YNEMB 5600 FBOLPCH Y ubh, YuFP VSCHMP UETSHEPK HZTPPK DMS MAVPZP RTPFYCHOYLB.

OP CHPF RTYPVTEFBS FEIOILKH, TBUYUEFMICHSHCHE BTBVULIE YEKIY CHSHCHVYTBMY CH PUOPCHOPN VPMEE RTYNYFYCHOSCHE, OP NEOEE DPTPZYE PVTBGBGSCH, RTEDPYUYFBS UCHTENEOOOPPNKh PTHTSYA FBLHA PFLT PCHEOOHA "IBMFKhTH", LBL, OBRTYNET, UMEZLB NPDETOYJTPCHBOOSCHK Y ChPPTKhTSEOOSCHK UFBTPK rfht TOW MEZLYK CHETFPMEF VEMM 406. ULHRPK RMBFIF DCHBTsDSCH, BLBLBM 18 bo-64b.

b RPLB ABOUT NYTPCHPN PTKHTSEKOPN TSCHOLE GBTYM BTsYPFBTs, RPD KHOSHMHA ULPTPZCHPTLH FEMETERPTTFBTsEK BNETYLBOULIE uFBTMYZHFETSCH TBZTHYMY CH UBHDCHULPK bTBCHY RETCHSHCHE BRB-YU U ENJOY U.S. ARMY ABOUT VPTFBI. YI LLYRBTSY U IPDH CHLMAYUYMYUSH CH RPDZPPFPCHLH L VHDHEEK CHPKOE CH TBNLBI PRETBGYY EIF RHUFSHCHOY (Desert Shield).

FHF CE PLBBMPUSH, YuFP CHEDEUKHEIK REUPL RTPOYLBM VHLCHBMSHOP CHP CHUE EEMM, RPTFYM FPOLHA LMELFTPOILKH, RU RBDBM Ch ZMBB RETUPOBMH, UBFTKhDOSM RTYGEMYCHBOYE, B ZMB CHOPE - TBTHYBM MBLPLTBUPYUOPE RPLTSCHFYE (mlr) RP HFTBN ABOUT TPFTBI PUEDBMB TPUB, LPFPTBS CHRYFSCHCHBMBUSH CH NEUFBI ULPMCH mlr NBFETYBMPN MPRBUFEK, UFP RTYCHPDYMP L YI NEUFOPNH PUMBVMEOYA Y RPSCHMEOYA FTEEYO. eEE PDOB RTPVMENB - RPRBDBOYE NEMLYI LBNEYLPCH ABOUT THMECHSHCHE CHYOFSHCH PE CHTENS CHMEFB U OERPZPPFCHMEOOOSCHI RMPEBDPL. DPUFBCHBMPUSH Y DCHYZBFEMSN, IPFS YI GEOFPVETSOSCHE RSHCHMEHMPCHYFEMY BDETTSYCHBMY DP 95% FCHEDSHHI YUBUFYG CH RPFPLE CHUBUSCHCHBENPZP CHPDHIB (DMS UTBCHOEOYS ABOUT CHETFPMEFE NY-24 MYYSH 70-75%), B DCHYZBFEMS fch-117.

OP CH GEMPN BRBYu RPLBBM IPTPYKHA TBVPFPURPUPVOPUFSH CH HUMPCHYSI BTBCHYKULPK TsBTSHCH. fBL ABOUT CHSHCHUPFE 1200 N RTY FENRETBFKHTE b VPTFPN 35°u EZP ULPTPRPDYAENOPUFSH UPUFBCHMSMB 4.4 N/U U ChPUENSHA iMMZHBKTBNY Y 1200-NY UOBTSDBNY DMS RHYLY. uFBFYUEULYK RPFPMPL CH FEI CE HUMPCHYSI VSCM 2040 N. Chue LFP VSMP OBBYUYFEMSHOP MKHYUYE, YUEN X OBYVPMEE UPCTENEOOOPZP VPECHPZP CHETFPMEFB YTBLGECH NY-24.

bNETYLBOULYE BOBMYFYLY PRTDEDEMYMY, UFP U HYUEFPN NBLUINBMSHOP CHPNPTsOPK LPOGEOFTTBGYY UVUFCHEOOOSHI VTPOEFBOLPCHI UYM, BOFIITBLULPK LPBMYGYY RPFTEVHEFUS OE NEOEE 4 00 bRBYUK RMAU OELPFTPE LPMYUEUFCHP CHETFPMEFCH bo-1 lPVTB Y po-58 lBKCHB. yI ZMBCHOPK GEMSHA DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UVBFSH FBOLPCHSHCHE ZTHRRSHCH CHFPTPZP LYEMMPOB RTPFYCHOYLB, URPUPVOSHCHE PUHEEUFCHMSFSH RTTPTSCHCHSHCH Y ZHMBOSPCHSHCHE HDBTSHCH. lTPNE FPZP, CHETFPMEFYUYLY DPMTSOSCH VSHMY VMPLYTPCHBFSH RHFY PFIPDB YTBLLULYI CHPKUL, DEPTZBOYPCHSHCHCHBFSH YI VPECHPE HRTBCHMEOYE Y UOBVCEOYE, PUHEUFCHMSFSH PFCHMELBAEYE H DBTSH Y PLBSCCHBFSH RUYIPMPZYUEULPE CHPDEKUFCHYE ABOUT CHTBTSEOULYK MYUOSCHK UPUFBCH, VMBZP CHOEYOYK CHYD BRBYUK RPDPYEM DMS LFPK GEMY YUFP OBSHCHCHBEFUS "ABOUT CHUE UFP".

17 SOCHBTS 1991 ZPDB BRBYuY CHNEUFE U HDBTONSCHNY "OECHIDYNLBNY" F-117A OBOEM RETCHSHCHE HDBTSHCH RP yTBLH. fbl CHETFPMEFYUYLBN VSCHMB RPUFBCHMEOB OEPVSCHUOBS BDBYUB - RPDBCHYFSH CHBTSOSCHK PVYAELF CHTBTSUEULPK UYUFENSCH rchp

hDBTOBS ZTHRRB CH UPUFBCHE DCHHI CHEOSHECH BRBYEK ULTSHFOP CHSHYMB CH PYO YЪ BRBDOSCHI TBKPOPC yTBLB, ZDE TBNEEBMYUSH DCHE tmu DBMSHOEZP PVOBTHTSEOIS CHPDHHYOSCHI GEMEK. yI DECUFCHYS PVEUREYYCHBMY CHETFPMEFSHCH tv eo-60b vMEL iPHL, "PUMEREYCHYYE" TBDBTSCH RPNEIBNY. at DYUFBOGYY 12 LYMPNEFTCH GEMY VSCHMY CHYHBMSHOP PVOBTHTSEOSHCH, B at YEUFY LYMPNEFTCH VSCHM OBUBF RHUL iEMMZHBKTPCH. uOBYUBMB VSCHMY HOYUFPTSEOSH RETEDCHYTSOSCHE LMELFTPUFBOGYY, BLFEN RHOLF UCHSY Y, OBLPOEG, UBNY MPLBFPTSCH. bFBLB DMYMBUSH 4 NYOHFSCH.

bo-64 UOPCHB CHUFKHRIM CH VPI 24 ZHECHTBMS, LPZDB CH 4:00 RP NEUFOPNKh READING U NPEOPC PZOECHPK RPZPPFPCHLY OBYUBMUS CHFPTPK LFBR PRETBGYY vKhTS CH rhufshchoe - Ch OBUFHRMEOYE RYMY UHIPRHFOSHCHE YU BUFY Y LPNNBODPU nOPZPOBGYPOBMSHOSHCHI UYM (know). CHRTPYUEN, YDEUSH LYRBTSY BRBYUK TsDBMP OELPFPTPE TBBPYUBTPCHBOYE - CHPKOSHCH CH RPMOPN UNSCHUME UMCHB OE RPMKHYUMPUSH, YTBLGSCH CHEMY UEVS RBUUICHOP, FBOLY YURPMSH'PCHBMYUSH YUBEE LBL OERPCHYTSCHE PZOECHSCHE FPYULY, UTEDUFCHB tv OE RTYNEOSMYUSH, B RTPFYCHPDEKUFCHYE HDBTBN U CHPDHIB PLBSCCHBMPUSH CH PUOPCHOPN JEOIFOPK BTFYMMETYEK - URBTEOOCHNY HUFBOPCHLBNY L BMYVTB 23 NN, yukh-57-2 Y yukh-23-4 "yYMLB" UPCHEFULPZP RTPY'CHPDUFCHB.

PRSHCHF VPEC RPLBBM, YuFP MHYUYK FBOL YTBLULPK BTNYY f-72n, U VPMSHYPK CHETPSFOPUFSHHA RPTBTSBMUS rfkht AGM-114A. rty lfpn dbtse eumy tblefb y oe rtpvychbmb ltrhu, ezp llyrbts vshchm pteyueo yb-b DEGELFCH LPOUFTHLGYY.

h ZPTSYULE VPEC DPUFBCHBMPUSH PF PZOS BRBYUK Y UCHPYN. pDOBCDShch bo-64 "HZPUFYM" RBTPK iMZHBKTPCH FBOL n1b1 bVTBNE, RTYOBDMETSBEYK BTNYY uyb. tblefshch RPRBMY PDOB b DTKhZPK Ch MPVCHKHA YUBUFSH LPTRKHUB, OP RTPVYFSH EZP OE UNPZMY. LYRBTs OE RPUFTDBM, B FBOL VSCHM PFTENPOFYTPCHBO.

h VPECHSHCHI PRETBGYSI "CHETFHYLY" PVSCHYUOP DEKUFCHPCHBMY PE CHBYNPDEKUFCHY UP YFHTNPCHYLBNY b-10b fBODEVPMF II (Thunderbolt II), RPDBCHMSCHYN UTEDUFCHB rchp RTPFYCHOYLB.

bOBMY TEEKHMSHFBFPCH VPECHPZP RTYNEOEOYS CHETFPMEFPH PZOECHPK RPDDETTSLY bo-64b BRBYU CHCHSCHYM CHSHCHUPLHA YZHZHELFYCHOPUFSH Y "TSYCHKHYUEUFSH" NBYYO OPCHPZP RPLPMEOYS. pVEYE RPFETY UPUFBCHYMY 3 CHETFPMEFB YЪ 200, HYBUFCHPCHBCHYI CH LPOZHMYLFE, RTYUEN FPMSHLP PYO - Yb-b VPECHSHI RPCHTETSDEOYK. Retchshchk brbyuy ch ffpk chpeooopk lvshchm khftbyueo eee 7 SOCHBTS chp chtens rpcbtb, umhyuychyezpus rthy tbzthye deubofopzp LPTBVMS, RETEVTBUSCHCHBCHYEZP CHETFPMEFSHCH ЪPOH LPOZH MYLFB. chFPTBS NBYOB VSCHMB RPFETSOB 21 SOCHBTS RTY BCHBTYY CHP CHTENS ЪBRTBCHLY FPRMYCHPN.

CHSCCHYMUS, PDOBLP, Y TSD RTPVMEN. PLBMBUSH RMPIP PFTBVPFBOOPK UYUFENB YDEOFYZHYLBGYY "UCHPK-YUH-TsPK" VTPOEFBOLPPCHPK FEIOYLY: VSCHMY ЪBZHYLUYTPCHBOSHCH UMHYUBY "KHUREYOSCHI" BFBL CHETFPMEFPCH bo-64b OB VTPOEFTBO URPTFETSCH NOPZPOBGYPOBMSHOSHCHI A LOT. ChPOYLBMY UMPTSOPUFY Y CH LLURMHBFBGYY CHETFPMEFPCH CH HUMPCHYSI RHUFSHCHOY. h DOECHOPE CHTENS Yb-b TsBTshch VBFTHDOSMPUSH FEIOYYUEULPE PVUMHTSYCHBOYE CHETFPMEFCH. pF CHPDEKUFCHYS NEMLPZP RHUFSHCHOOPZP REULB DBTSE CH URPLLPKOPC BFNPUZHETE, BOYE FPMSHLP PE CHTENS REYYUBOSCHI VKhTSH YUBUFP CHSHCHIPDYMYY YU UFTPS PRFYUEULYE LMENEOFSCH UYUFEN HRTBCHMEOYS PZEN.

h IPDE CHPKOSHCH CH BLMYCHE LLYRBTSY BRBYUK FBL YOE UNPZMY UFSTSBFSH OEHCHSDBENPK VPECHPK UMBCHSHCH. rTBCHDB YI CHYOSCH CH FFPN OEF - RTPUFP RTPFYCHOYL PLBBMUS UMBVPCHBF. h TEEKHMSHFBFE H ЪBRBDOPK RTEUUE RPUME PLPOYUBOYS VPECSHI DEKUFCHYK RPSCHYMPUSH OEULPMSHLP LTYFYYUEULYI ЪBNEYUBOYK CH BDTEU bo-64, UFP, CHRTPYUEN, OE RPNEYBMP DPMZPTsDBOOPNKh KHUREIKH NBYYOSCH ABOUT CHOEYOYEN TSCHOLE. l LPOGH 1992 ZPDB CHETFPMEFSHCH LFPZP FIRB BLBLBMY EEE 4 UFTBOSC - EZIREF (24 NBYOSCH). UBHDCHULBS bTBCHYS (12), vBITEKO (8) Y PVYADYOEOOOSCHE bTBVULIE NYTBFSCH (20). fBLYN PVTBBPN RMBOPCHPE LPMYUEUFCHP UETYKOSCHI bo-64b UPUFBCHYMP 879 YFHL.

lTPNE FPZP, lPOZTEU uyb CH UEOFSVTE 1992 ZPDB PDPVTIME CHSHDEMEOYE RETCHPK UHVUIDYY CH 21 NYMMYPO DPMMBTCH OB UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP DCHHI bo-64u Y YuEFShTEI AH-64D U RPMOPUFSH LP NRMELFOPC UYUFENPC AAWWS. PUEOSHA FPZP CE ZPDB JYTNB nBL dPOOEMM-dKhZMBU iEMYLPRFET RTYUFHRYMB L CHSHCHRPMOOEOYA RTPZTBNNSC RPMOPNBUYFBVOK TBTBVPFLY LFYI CHETFPMEFPCH, TBUUYUYFBOOPK ABOUT YEUFSH MEF.

pDOBLP CHULPTE H BRBYUB RPSCHYMUS OEPTSYDBOOSCHK LPOLKHTEOF - tPUUYS RTEDMPTSYMB OB LLURPTF UCHPK OPCHEKYK CHYOFPLTSCHMSHCHK YFHTNPCHYL LB-50, CHPPTKHTSEOOSCHK OPCHSCHNY rfkht "chYITSH", UTB YKH RTYZMSOKHCHYKUS TSDH UFTBO. pDOIN Y ZPUHDBTUFCH, CHSHCHTBYCHYI TSEMBOYE RPMHYUYFSH ABOUT CHPPTKHTSEOYE YUHDP-DEFYEE UPCHEFULPK "PVPTPOLY", OEPTSYDBOOP UFBMB fKhTGYS. pVSCHUOP FFPF ULTPNOSHCHK, OE UMYYLPN EEDTSCHK ABOUT CHPEOOSHCHK VADCEF NMBDYK RBTFOET RP obfp RETEVYCHBMUS HUFBTECHYNYY BRBDOSCHNY PVTBGBNY, Y EZP CEMBOYE RTYIPVTEUFY CHEUSHNB DPTPZPK LB-50 ChSCHCHBMP HDYCHMEOYE.

OP TEBLGYS BNETYLBOGECH VSCHMB VSHCHUFTPK Y CHEUSHNB RTBZNBFYuOPK - FHTGY VSCHM RTEDMPTSEO CHUE FPF TSE bo-64b, OP RP PYUEOSH OYLLPK GEOE. h TEEKHMSHFBFE POB CHYDYNP UFBOEF CHFPTPK UFTBOPK obfp, RPMHYUYCHYEK BRBYuY. fBL UFP RETCHSHCHK TBHOD CH "FPTZPPCHPK CHPKOE" RPLB OB BNETYLBOGBNY. lBLPCHB TSE VHDEF RPYGYS CHEMYLPVTYFBOY, CHSHCHULBCHYEK YOFETEU L BLKHRLE LTHROPK RBTFYY LB-50?

h FPN ChPRTPUE PZTPNOHA TPMSh OCHETOPE NPTCEF USCZTBFSH OE FPMSHLP FEIOYUEULBS UFPTPOB DEMB, OP Y URPUPVOPUFSH RPUFBCHEYLB CHSHCHRPMOYFSH HUMPCHYS LPOFTBLFB FPYUOP Y H UTPL, B LFP Zh YTNB NBL dPOOEMM-dKHZMBU ZBTBOFYTHEF.

PRYUBOYE LPOUFTHLGYY

CHETFPMEF PZOECHPK RPDDETSLY bo-64b RTEDOBYOBYEO DMS VPTSHVSCH U VTPOYTPPCHBOOSCHNY RPDCHYTSOSCHNYY OPERACHITSOCHNY GEMSNY, B FBLTS DMS YFHTNPCHSCHI DECUFCHYK RP TSYCHPK UYME Y VPECHPK FEIOYLE RTPFICHOILB. LTPNE FPZP, PO NPTSEF YURPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS DMS UPRTCHPTSDEOYS FTBOURPTFOP-DEUBOPOSCHI CHETFPMEFCH.

lPOUFTHLFICHOP CHETFPMEF CHSHCHRPMOEO RP PDOPCHIOFPCHPK UIENE U YEFSCHTEIMPRBUFOSHCHN OEUHEIN Y THMECHSHCHN CHYOFBNY, LTSCHMPN OEPPMSHYPZP HDMYOEOYS Y FTEIPRPTOSHCHN OEKHVYTBAENUUS YBUUY U CHPU FPSCHN LPMEUPN.

GEMSHOPNEFBMMYUEULYK ZHAEMSTS UDEMBO Y BMANYOYECHSCHI URMBCHCHCH U YURPMSH'CHCHBOYEN NBFETYIBMPCH RPCHSHCHYOOOPK RTPUOPUFY Y CHSLPUFY. LBVYOB LYRBTsB DCHINEUFOBS, U FBODENIGHT TBURPMPTSEOEN RYMPFCH. CHRETEDY TBNEEBEFUS PRETBFPT UYUFEN CHPPTKHTSEOIS, B UBDY Y CHCHIE (OB 480 NN) DMS HMHYUYOYS PVPTTB - MEFUYL. MEZLBS VTPOS (URMBCH ABOUT PUOPCHE VPTB), BEIEBAEBS LBVYOH LLYRBTSB UOYEKH Y VPLCH, CHSHDETSYCHBEF RPRBDBOYE RHMSH Y UOBTSDPCH LBMYVTPN 12.7 NN. NECDH LBVYOBNY HUFBOPCHMEOB RETEZPTPDLB YB BTNYTPCHBOOPZP RMBUFYLB, RTEDPITBOSAEBS PDOPZP YY UMEOPCH LLYRBTsB PF PULPMLPC 23 NN UOBTSDB, TBTCHBCHYEZPUS H DTHZPK L BYOE. RP VPLBN RYMPFULYYI (OELBFBRKHMSHFYTHENSCHI) h LBVYOE PRETBFPTB TBNEEEOSCH CHUE OEPVVIPDINSCHE RTYVPTSCH Y PTZBOSC HRTTBCHMEOYS DMS UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPZP CHSHCHRPMOEOIS RPMEFB Y RPUBDLY RTY RPTBTSEOY LPNBODYTB LLYRBTSB.

oEUHEIK CHYOF YNEEF YUEFSHCHTE MPRBUFY RTSNPKhZPMSHOPK ZHPTNSCH UP ULPIEOOOSCHNY BLPOGPCHLBNY. DMS PVEUREYUEOYS RPCHSHCHIEOOOPK TSYCHKHYUEUFY LBTsDBS MPRBUFSH UPUFPYF YJ RSFY UFBMSHOSHHI MPOTSETPOCH, KHUYMEOOOSHI UYMPCHSHCHNY RTPLMBDLBNY Y UFELMPRMBUFYLB. pVYCHLB RETEDOEK LTPNLY UFBMSHOBS, PUFBMSHOPE - LECHMBT. l CHFKHMLE MPRBUFSH LTERYFUS U RPNPESH RBLEFB HRTKHZYI RMBUFYO Y OETTSBCHEAEK UFBMY. pFUHFUFCHYE FTBDYGYPOOSCHI YBTOYTPCH BLNEFOP RPCHSHCHYBEF VPECHA TSYCHHYUEUFSH ZMBCHOPZP TPFPTB.

THMECHPK CHYOF - YuEFSCHTEIMPRBUFOK, FPMLBAEEZP FIRB, LPOUFTHLFICHOP CHSHCHRPMOEO YDCHHI DCHIMPRBUFOSHCHI CHIOFPC, TBURPMPTSEOOSCHI RPD HZMPN 55° Y 125° PFOPUYFEMSHOP DTHZ DTHZB. FP RPCHPMSEF OBBYUYFEMSHOP UOYYFSH HTPCHEOSH YKHNB YJ-B PUMBVMEOYS CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS LPOGECHCHSHI CHYITEK LBTsDPK RBTSHCH UVMYTSEOOSCHI MPRBUFEK.

LTSCHMP - RTSNPE, UYAENOPE, NBMPZP HDMYOEOYS, VEH RPRETEYUOPZP "V", TBNBIPN 5.23 N. dMS HMXYYOYOS NBOECHTEOOSCHI IBTBLFETYUFYL ABOUT BDOEK LTPNLE HUFBOPCHMEOSCH BLTSCHMLY U RT EDEMSHOSCHN HZMPN PFLMPOEOYS 20°. ChP CHTENS BCHBTIKOPK RPUBDLY ABOUT TETSYNE BCHFPTPFBGYY BLTSCHMLY PFLMPOSAFUS ABOUT 45° CHETI, VMBZPDBTS YuENKH PVEUREYUYCHBEFUUS OBZTKHЪLB OEUKHEEZP CHYOFB Y RPDDETSYCHBEFUS YUBUFPFB CHTBEEEOIS, OEPVIPDYNBS DMS HRTBCHMEOYS CHETFPMEFPN ABOUT RPUBDLE. about LBTsDPK LPOUPMY HUFBOPCHMEOSCH DCHB RYMPOB DMS RPDCHEULY CHPPTKhTSEOIS, RPDCHEUOSCHI FPRMYCHOSCHI VBLPC (rfv) Y UREGYBMSHOSHCHI FTBOURPTFOSHCHI LPOFEKOETCH.

iChPUFCHPE PRETEOYE: LYMSH - UFTEMPCHIDOSCHK, U MECHPK UFPTPOSCH HUFBOCHMEO THMECHPK CHYOF. uFBVYMYYBFPT RTSNPC, GEMSHOPRCHPTPFOSCHK.

yBUUY - OEKHVYTBENPE U ICHPUFPCHSHCHN LPMEUPN. PUOPCHOSHE PRPTSCH TBUUYUYFBOSHCH ABOUT OPTNBMSHOHA RPUBDLH U CHETFYLBMSHOPK ULPTPPUFSHHA DP 3 N/U (CH BCHBTYKOSCHI UIFHBGYSI DP 12.8 N/U). CHMEF Y RPUBDLB NPCEF RTPYCHPDYFSHUS U RMPEBDPL U KhZMPN OBLMPOB 12° H OBRTBCHMEOYY RTPDPMSHOPK PUY CHETFPMEFB Y DP 15° H RPRETEYUOPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. lPMEUB PUOPCHOSCHI PRPT PUOBEEOSCH ZYDTBCHMYYUEULYNY FPTNPBNY.

fPRMYCHOBS UYUFENB UPUFPYF YJ DCHHI RTPFELFYTPCHBOOSCHI VBLPC PVEEK ENLPUFSHHA 1422 M. pDIO FPRMYCHOSCHK VBL TBURPMPTSEO UBDY UIDEOSHS MEFUYLB, DTHZPK - YB ZMBCHOSCHN TED HLFPTPN. CHETFPMEF NPTSEF OEUFY DPRPMOYFEMSHOP 4 rfv ENLPUFSHHA RP 770 M, H RETEZPOPYUOPK LPOZHYZHTBGYY.

hRTBCHMEOYE CHETFPMEFPN PUHEEUFCHMSEFUS RPUTEDUFCHPN PUOPCHOPK YMY TEETCHOPK UYUFEN. rTPCHPDLY HRTBCHMEOYS YBZPN CHYOFB, RPRETEYUOPZP Y RTPDPMSHOPZP HRTBCHMEOYS, HRTBCHMEOYS THMECHSHCHN CHYOFPN CHSHRPMOOSCH Y TSEUFLYI UFBMSHOSHCHI FSS, BEYEEOOSHCHI CH LTYFYYUEUL YI NEUFBY VTPOEK.

TEJETCHOBS UYUFENB HRTBCHMEOYS - LMELFTPDYUFBOHYPOOBS.

pUPVEOOPUFSHHA UYUFENSCH HRTBCHMEOYS SCHMSEFUS OBMYYYE LMELFTPOOPK UYUFENSCH BCHFPNBFYUEULPK UFBVYMYYBGYY, DMS PVMZUEEOIS RYMPFYTPCHBOYS CH UMPTSOSCHI UIFHBGYSI (OBRTYNET, CHYUE OYE CH OPYUOSCHI HUMPCHYSI NETSDH DETECHSHSN Y F. D.)

UYMPCHBS HUFBOPCHLB UPUFPYF YJ DCHHI FHTVPCHBMSHOSHCHI DCHYZBFEMEK DTSEOETBM 'MELFTYL T-700-GE-701 NPEOPUFSHHA 1270 LchF (1695 M.W.) RTY CHSHCHIPDE Y U UFTPS PDOZP Y DCHYZBFEMEK CHETFPMEF NPCEF RTPDPMTSBFSH RPMEF ABOUT PDOPN, LPFPTSHCHK BCHFPNBFYUEULY RETECHPDYFUS ABOUT TBVPPFH CH TETSYNE NBLUINBMSHOPK NPEOPUFY.

dCHYZBFEMI TBNEEEOSCH CH TBDEMSHOSHCHI NPFPZBODPMBI RP VPLBN ZHAEMSCB, UFP YULMAYUBEF CHPNPTSOPUFSH RPTBTSEOIS PVPYI PDOIN UOBTSDPN.

ChPDHIPBVPTOILY DCHYZBFEMEK PUOBEEOSCH RTPFICHPRSHCHCHCHNY ZHYMSHFTTBNY - UERBTBFPTBNY (RSHCHMEYBEYFOSHCHE HUFTPKUFCHB). chshchimprosche Zbsch PIMBTsDBAFUS UREGYBMSHOPK UYUFENPK chop (Black Hole Okarlna), UFP OBBYUYFEMSHOP UOYTSBEF OBNEFOPUFSH CHETFPMEFB CH yl-DYBRBPOOE. pFLIDOSCHE RBOEMY LBRPFCH DCHYZBFEMEK NPZKhF UMHTSYFSH RMBFZHPTNBNY DMS PVUMHTSYCHBAEEZP RETUPOBMB RTY RTPCHEDEOYY TEZMBNEOFOSCHI Y TENPOPOSCHI TBVPF.

PUOPCHOSCHN CHYDPN CHPPTHTSEOIS SCHMSAFUS xt AGM-114A iEMMZHBKT LMBUUB "CHPDHI-RPCHETIOPUFSH" U MBETOSCHNY zuo. UYUFENB OBCHEDEOYS RPMHBLFICHOBS. GEMSH NPCEF RPDUCHEYUYCHBFSHUS MBETTOCHN MHYUPN OE FPMSHLP U VPTFB BFBLHAEEZP CHETFPMEFB, OP Y U DTHZYI UYUFEN GEMEHLBBOIS (DTHZYE CHETFPMEFSHCH, UBNPMEFSHCH, OBENOSHCH UTEDU FCHB). DMS OBCHEDEOYS YURPMSHHEFUS LPDYTPCHBOOBS MBETOBS RPDUCHEFLB, RPCHPMSAEBS RTBLFYUEULY PDOCHTENEOOOSCHK BRHUL DP 6 ht RP TBMYUOSCHN GEMSN.

tblefshch iEMMZHBKT YNEAF NBUUH 44.5 LZ, DBMSHOPUFSH RPTSDLB 6 - 8 LN Y ULTPUFSH PLPMP 350 N/U. vPECHBS YUBUFSH RPCHPMSEF RPTBTSBFSH VTPOYTPCHBOOSCHE GEMY U FPMEYOPK VTPOY DP 700 NN. TBLEFSHCH RPDCHEYCHBAFUS ABOUT RPDCHYTSOSCHI HRTBCHMSENSCHI DETTSBFEMSI (DYBRBPO: 5° CHET, 28°).

dMS RPTBTSEOIS OEVTPOYTPCHBOOSCHI GEMEK Y UFTEMSHVSCH RP RMPEBDSN RTYNEOSAFUS OEHRTBCHMSENSCHE TEBLFICHOSCHE WOBTSDSCH (okhtu) FFAB LBMYVTB 69.9 NN (H VMPLBI n260 OB 7 PC YMY n261 OB 19 PC ).

bTFYMMETYKULPE CHPPTKhTSEOYE UPUFPIYF Y PDOPUFCHPMSHOPK BCHFPNBFYUEULPK RHYLY ISHA n-230e1 LBMYVTPN 30 NN. rHYLB TBNEEEOB ABOUT DYUFBOGIPOOP HRTBCHMSENPK FKhTEMY RPD ZHAEMSTSEN NETSDH LBVYOBNY LYRBTSB. POB RP'CHPMSEF CHEUFY UFTEMSHVKh H UELFPTE + 110° RP ZPTY'POFBMY Y PF +11° DP -60° RP CHETFYLBMY. ULPTPUFTEMSHOPUFSH - TEZHMYTHENBS: 1 - 650 CHSHUFTEMPCH CH NYOHFH. ZhZHELFYCHOBS DBMSHOPUFSH - 3000 N. nBLUINBMSHOSHCHK VPEBRBU - 1200 UOBTSDPCH FIRB M789HEDP (LHNHMSFICHOP-VTPOEVPKOSHCHE), M799HEI (VTPOEVPKOP-BTSYZBFEMSHOSHCHE) YMY n788 ft (HYUEVOSCHE). ChPNPTSOP YURPMSHЪPCHBOYE UFBODBTFOSHI (ECHTPREKULYI) VPERTYRBUCH obfp DMS RHYEL FIRB Aden / DEFA-30.

lBL RTBCHYMP, PZOEN RHYLY Y UFTEMSHVPK ohtu HRTBCCHMSEF CHFPTPK YUMEO LYRBTsB - RYMPF-PRETBFPT CHPPTHTSEOIS. OBCHEDEOYE Y BRHUL ht iEMMZHBKT CHIPDYF H PVSBOOPUFY LPNBOYTB LLYRBTSB. rty OEVPVIPDYNPUFY LBTsDSHK YUMEO LYRBTsB NPTSEF HRTBCHMSFSH CHUEN LPNRMELUPN CHPPTHTSEOIS.

RTYGEMSHOP-OBCHYZBGYPOOBS UYUFENB CHETFPMEFB RTEDOBOBBYUEOB DMS TEYOYS BDBY RTYGEMYCHBOYS U YURPMSHЪPCHBOYEN YFBFOZZP CHPPTKhTSEOIS RP OBENOSCHN Y ChPDHYOSCHN GEMSN, B FB LTS ЪBDBYu OBCHYZBGYY CH RTPUFSHCHI Y UMPTSOSCHI NEFEPHUMPCHYSI (CH FPN YUYUME Y OPYUSHA).

h HER UPUFBCH CHIPDSF: LPNRMELUOBS OBYMENOBS UYUFENB RTYGEMYCHBOYS IHADSS, PRFILP-LMELFTPOOBS PVPTOP-RTYGEMSHOBS UYUFENB TADS/PNVS, DPRMETPCHULYK YЪNETYFEMSH RHFECHPK ULPTPUFY Y HZMB UOPUB AN/ANS-128, YOETGYBMSHOBS OBCHYZBGYPOOBS UYUFENB AN/ANS-143 Y TBDYPCHSHCHUPFPNET, UYUFENB BCHFPNBFYUEULPK UFBVYMYYBGYY DASE .

UYUFENB TADS CHLMAYUBEF CH UEVS PRFIYUEULYK RTYGEM, FEMECHYYPOOKHA LBNETH, MBETOSCHK DBMSHOPNET - GEMEHLBBFEMSH Y FARMPREMEOZBFPPT. CHUE LMENEOFSCH UYUFENSCH NPZKhF TBVPFBFSH LBL CH TETSYNE RPYULB Y PRPOBCHBOYS GEMEK, FBL Y CH TETSYNE RTYGEMYCHBOYS. PRFYUEULYK RTYGEM Y FEMECHYYPOOBS UYUFENB YURPMSHHAFUS CH HUMPCHYSI IPTPYEK CHYDYNPUFY. FERMPREMEOZBFPT - OPYUSHA Y CH HUMPCHYSI RMPIPK CHYDYNPUFY.

uYUFENB PNVS UMHTSYF DMS PVEUREYUEOYS RPMEFPCH H HUMPCHYSI RMPIPK CHYDYNPUFY.

rPNYNP RETEYUMEOOOPZP PVPTKHDPCHBOYS CHETFPMEF PUOBBEEO TBBOPPVTBBOOPK UCHSHOPK BRRBTBFHTPC, UTEDUFCHBNY TBDYPMELFTPOOPK VPTSVSHCH (UFBOGIY BLFICHOSHI RPNEI Y UVBODBTFOSCHN HUFTPKUFCHPN CHSHCHVTPUB n-130 U RBFTPOBNY DCHHI FYRPCH - RTPFYCHPMPLBGYPOOSCHNY Y YOZHTBLTBUOSCHNY (FARMCHSHCHNY) MPCHKHYLBNY).

CHETFPMEF PVPTKHDPCHBO UYUFENPK PRPOBCHBOYS "UCHPK - YUHTSPK" AN / APX-110 Y UFBOGISNNY RTEDHRTETSDEOYS PV PVMHYUEOYY tmu AN / APR-39 Y MBETOPN PVMKHYUEOYY AN / AV-2.

nPJYLBGYY:

bo-64b Apache	RETCHBS WETYKOBS NPDJYLBGYS.
Bo-64h Apache Bravo	NPDETOYITCHBOOBS CHETUYS bo-64b, U OPCHPK tmu Y OPCHSHCHN zfd Y ChPNPTSOPUFSH RTYNEOEOYS xt "CHPDHI-CHPDDHI" AIM-9L Sidewinder.
Bo-64C Apache	NPDETOYYTPCHBOOBS CHETUYS bo-64b DP UFBODBTFB bo-64D.
Bo-64D Longbow Apache	CHETUYS bo-64h U UYUFENPK HRTBCHMEOYS PZOEN Longbow ABOUT VBE tmu U NYMYNEFTCHPK CHPMOPK ZHITNSCH Westinghouse.
AH-64 Sea Apache	CHETUYS CHETFPMEFB DMS lPRHUB NPTULPK REIPFSCH U tp UBNPMEFB F/A-18, tmu APG-65 Y ChPNPTSOPUFSHHA YURPMSHЪPCHBOIS rlt AGM-84 Harpoon Y/YMY AGM-119 Penguin Y xt "CHPDDHI-CHP UDHI AIM-120 AMRAAM YMY AIM-132 ASRAAM .

mfi:

nPJYLBGYS	AH-64A
DYBNEFT OEUHEESP CHYOFB, N	14.63
DYBNEFT THMECHPZP CHYOFB, N	2.79
dMYOB RPMOBS, N	17.73
chShCHUPFB,N	4. 64
nBUUB, LZ
RHFBP	5165
OPTNBMSHOBS CHMEFOBS	6838
NBLUINBMSHOBS CHMEFOBS	9525
CHOHFTEOOOYE FPRMMYCHP, LZ	1157
rfv	4 and 871
FYR DCHYZBFEMS	2 xfd General Electric T700-GE-701C
nPEOPUFSH, LchF	2 and 1342
nBLUYNBMSHOBS ULPTPUFSH, LN/Yu	293
lTECUETULBS ULPTPUFSH, LN/Yu	279
rTBLFYUEULBS DBMSHOPUFSH, LN	1 900
vPECHBS DBMSHOPUFSH DECUFCHYS, LN	480
rTPPDPMTSYFEMSHOPUFSH RPMEFB, Yu.NYO	3.10
ULPTPRPDYAENOPUFSH, N/NYO	889
rTBLFYUEULYK RPFPMPL, N	6400
uFBFYUEULYK RPFPMPL, N	4570
LIRBC, UEM	2
chpptxeoye:	PDOB 30-NN RHYLB M230 Chain Gun U 1200 RBFTPOBNY VPECBS OBZTHJLB - 771 LZ OB 4 HYMBI RPDCHEULY: 16 (4I4) rfht AGM-114 Hellfire JMY 4 px n260 YMY LAU-61/A with 19I70-NN okht, 4 xt CHPDHI-CHPDHI AIM-92 Stinger, YMY YI LPNVIOBGYY.

McDonnell Douglas AH-64A "Apache"

Considered the world's first true attack helicopter, the Apache helicopter gained recognition during Operation Desert Storm. It was these helicopters that completed the first combat mission in this war, destroying Iraqi defensive positions on the very first day.

The AN-64 "Apache" helicopter combines the qualities of a helicopter with the firepower of an attack aircraft. Like an infantryman, the AN-64 helicopter can quickly maneuver in order to most effectively use its weapons.He is also able to hide in the folds of the terrain, sharply "dive", suddenly appear and quickly respond to a rapidly changing combat situation. But, unlike the infantryman, he can quickly deliver his heavy weapons over a long distance. Acting on the battlefield in conjunction with Boeing / Northrop Grumman E-8 "J-STARS" electronic intelligence and communications aircraft, the Apache helicopter becomes a decisive factor in the success of a military operation.
Clumsy and oddly beetle-like in appearance, the helicopter transforms when it carries a Hellfire ATGM, Hydra unguided missiles, and an M230 Chain Gun cannon. This powerful arsenal is supported by an effective system of high-tech sensors (optoelectronic and thermal), which allow you to fight the enemy at any time of the day.
The Apache helicopter was conceived and developed during the Cold War years, as the West needed an adequate weapon against heavy tanks. Today, the time when NATO countries were threatened by tens of thousands of tanks in service with the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies is almost forgotten. The Apache helicopter is capable of detecting a tank and destroying it, while it can use the folds of the terrain to approach the target unnoticed. When everything is ready to strike, the helicopter abruptly “jumps” from behind cover and uses its deadly weapon, being out of reach of tank weapons. If the situation is not as it should be, then the Apache's weapons allow it to fight at close range.
Apache helicopters are capable of doing their job, despite some limitations. Many of the helicopters in service do not have a GPS satellite navigation system and equipment for long-term flights in the terrain following mode.
Being a product of the 1970s, the AN-64 helicopter is more of an "analog" fighter than a "digital" one. It takes a lot of hard work to put a combat mission plan into helicopter systems, and the plan must first be written down on paper. "Apache" perform the task as a group, and if the connection in the group is lost, then it is no longer possible to complete the task. Helicopter crews are testing the veracity of the statement of the German military theorist and General Karl Clausewitz, who said that "in contact with the enemy, no plan survives." Pilots must fly and fight in a stressful situation, hoping that all the answers to the questions asked are correct before the moment when the shooting begins.
The gunner-operator and pilot sit in tandem in a double cockpit. The crew has excellent visibility and can effectively control the helicopter. The helicopter quickly responds to commands from the controls. The wheeled chassis provides free movement on the ground.
The AN-64 "Apache" combat helicopter is a formidable weapon. But he was not the first in this capacity. The superiority in the market of combat rotorcraft belongs to the Bell AH-1G Huye Cobra helicopter, which debuted during the years of the Vietnam War.
Currently, six countries that have Apache helicopters in service are implementing programs for their further improvement.
The goal of these programs is to incorporate modern radar systems and digital avionics into the design of a helicopter created in the 1970s. Once regarded only as an anti-tank weapon, the Apache helicopter is turning into an effective and powerful multi-purpose weapon on the battlefield of the 21st century.

Apache Helicopter Development History

Having failed with the development of the improved combat rotorcraft Lokheed AN-56A "Cheyenne", carried out in 1962 - 1970. Under the AAJFSS (Advanced Close Support Combat System) program, which cost more than $600 million and was assessed as a "resounding failure", the US Army tried to use an intermediate type of attack helicopters: the Sikorsky S-67, developed from the S-61 helicopter and the Bell 309 "King Cobra", developed from the Bell 209 "Huye Cobra" and "Sea Cobra" helicopters. However, in 1972, it was found that none of these helicopters, as well as the modified AN-56 rotorcraft, did not meet the requirements of the army, which decided to start a new program of advanced combat helicopter AAN (Advanced Attack Helicopter), proposed in August 1972. helicopter companies to participate in the US Army competition.
In October 1972, the requirements for the ANN helicopter were developed: armament: a gun with a caliber of 30 mm and a rate of fire of 500-700 rounds per minute on a turret with an ammunition load of 800 rounds and up to 16 ATGM "Tou" on four pylons or up to 72 NAR with a caliber of 70 mm in four containers;
a crew of two in tandem; estimated takeoff weight 7260 kg; rate of climb with vertical takeoff 2.5 m/s; ferry range with external fuel tanks 1480-1350 km; navigational equipment with night vision devices, providing flights in difficult meteorological conditions and at night at an altitude of less than 30 m at a speed of more than 90 km/h; passive radio countermeasure system for ground-based radars; IR reduction system and non-reflective painting of the helicopter to reduce the likelihood of detection; booking the cockpit and the most important units for protection against bullets with a caliber of 12.7 mm; duration of helicopter maintenance: for one flight hour 8-15 hours.

In August 1972, the US Army published a formal request for proposals for the creation on a competitive basis of an advanced new generation combat helicopter AAN (Advanced Attack Helicopter).
The AAN helicopter was considered as a replacement for the Bell AN-1 "Cobra" helicopters, which played important role at the end of the Vietnam War. The main task of the future AAN helicopter was night strike operations in the European theater of operations. In response to a request, five US helicopter companies submitted proposals. These were Bell, Boeing-Vertoll (together with Grumann), Hughes Helicopters, Lokheed and Sikorsky. Of these, Bell saw itself, not without reason, as a potential winner. Indeed, of all the contestants, Bell had the most experience in building combat helicopters. The YAH-63 (“Model 409”) helicopter she developed looked quite flawless in appearance. The Hughes Helicopters company created some kind of angular and clumsy Model 77 helicopter, which received the designation YAH-64 in the American army.
On June 22, 1973, the US Department of Defense announced that the Bell YAH-63 and Hughes Helicopters YAH-64 helicopters had been selected for further development and comparative testing. Thus began the first phase of the AAN program. Each firm was assigned to build three helicopters: two for flight and one for ground testing, the so-called GTV (Ground Test Vehicle) helicopter. By June 1975, Hughes Helicopters managed to start ground tests of the first flight prototype AV-01 (Air Vehicle-01) helicopter. The power plant and some systems were worked out on this helicopter. The AV-02 helicopter was intended for flight tests. It should be noted that the AV-01 helicopter never took off, in fact, it served as a GTV helicopter.
Bell was ahead of the competition. Back in April 1975, the YAH-63 GTV helicopter was ready, which forced Hughes Helicopters to speed up the development of their helicopter. As a result, the first flight of an experimental YAH-64 helicopter took place on September 30, 1975, a day earlier than the YAH-63 helicopter.
An intensive flight test program began.
At first it was factory tests, and then comparative tests in the US Army. At this point, instead of the proposed Tou ATGMs, it was decided to arm the AAN helicopter with Rocwell Hellfire missiles. ATGM "Hellfire" was specially designed for helicopters. It was a laser-guided missile capable of hitting targets over 6 km away. It was based on the principle of “fire and forget”, i.e. after launch, the helicopter had to hide, and the control of the rocket was transferred to the ground operator, who provided laser illumination of the target.

On December 10, 1976, after analyzing the results of comparative tests, the army announced the Hughes YAH-64 helicopter as the winner of the AAH program. During the first stage of testing, this helicopter had various problems, even the main rotor had to be redone: the length of the main rotor shaft was increased, and the tips of the blades were made swept. The mass of the airframe of the experimental helicopter turned out to be overestimated, in order to reduce it, Hughes Helicopters changed the design of the tail and applied the lightweight Black Hole system to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gases.
In accordance with the contract for the second stage of testing, Hughes Helicopters was obliged to build three AN-64 helicopters and one GTV helicopter (meeting the serial standard) and complete the integration of the weapon system and sensors. The first flight of the AV-02 helicopter, modified into a serial version, took place on November 28, 1977. In April 1979, the launches of the Hellfire ATGM began. On experimental helicopters, two target designation and night vision systems TADS / PNVS (Target Acquisition and Designation Sight / Pilot's Night Vision Sensor) were tested. The AV-02 helicopter had a Martin-Marietta system, and the AV-03 machine had Northrop.

On March 16, 1980, the AV-06 helicopter took off, the last of the installation series of three machines provided for in the second stage of testing. This helicopter was the first to use a low-lying all-moving stabilizer and a tail rotor with an increased diameter.
In April 1980, an important moment came in the helicopter development program - Martin-Marietta won the competition for the TADS / PNVS system.
The year 1980 ended on a tragic note. On November 20, an AV-04 helicopter was flying to test the horizontal stabilizer angle control system. The helicopter was escorted by a T-28D with a cameraman in the cockpit. At one point, both aircraft approached a dangerous distance and collided. Only the pilot of the aircraft survived the crash.
In May 1981, the AV-02, 03 and 06 helicopters were handed over to the army for final evaluation tests at the training center at Fort Hunter Ligget. Everything went well. As a result of these tests, it was decided to install a new modification of the General Electric T700-GE-701 gas turbine engine with a capacity of 1690 hp each. With. Later that year, the helicopter was given the name "Apache".

On April 15, 1982, the long-awaited permission was received to begin full-scale serial production of Apache helicopters. The US Army announced that it would buy 536 helicopters, but then was forced to limit the purchase of 446 machines.
Based on this, Hughes Helicopters calculated that the production program would cost 5.994 billion dollars. The army has always understood that to meet the estimated price of one helicopter, equal to 1.6 million dollars (in 1972 prices), fail. Now, according to Hughes Helicopters, the price of one machine has jumped to $13 million (by the end of 1982 it had risen to $16.2 million). It is no coincidence that the AAN attack helicopter program has come under fire from the US government. But Apache had powerful friends. On July 22, 1982, General Bernard Rogers, Commander of NATO Armed Forces in Europe, sent a letter to senators opposed to the AA program. In this letter, he spoke about the threat posed to Western Europe by the troops of the Warsaw Pact, especially their tank armies. The general ended his message like this: “We urgently need AN-64 helicopters in Europe, we cannot afford their tanks to go like on a smooth board.”

On September 30, 1983, eight years after the first flight, the official presentation of the first production Apache helicopter took place at the Hughes Helicopters plant in Mesa (Arizona) for the US Army. The project manager, Brigadier General Charles Drenz, then announced that the initial price of one helicopter is $ 7.8 million (at the rate of 1984) or $ 9 million at the current rate. Taking into account R&D costs, this price reaches almost 14 million dollars. Hughes Helicopters planned to increase the mass production of helicopters to 12 units per month by 1986. Thus, in the budget of the US Department of Defense for 1985 f. the purchase of 144 helicopters was envisaged. In the next 1986 f. it was also planned to purchase 144 cars, and in 1987 f. city - 56 in total.
The first truly serial helicopter AN-64 PV-01 performed on January 9, 1984 the first flight lasting 30 minutes.By this time, the prototypes had spent more than 4500 hours in the air. This event occurred after it became known on January 6 that Hughes Helicopters was becoming a subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas Corporation.
The handover ceremony for the first AN-64A helicopter to the US Army took place on January 26, 1984. In fact, it was a formal procedure, since the first production PV-01 machine remained in the ownership of Hughes Helicopters / McDonnell Douglas. In fact, the first Apache helicopter that the army could consider its own was the car numbered PV-13. It was on this helicopter that army pilots flew to their base.
The first serial "Apache" first fell into training squadrons at the bases in Fort Eustis (Virginia), where the training center for maintenance and logistics specialists was located, and Fort Rucker (Alabama), where the flight crews were trained. The program for the purchase of Apache helicopters was announced: 138 - in 1985 f. city, 116 - in 1986 f. city, 101 - in 1987 f. g., 77-in 1988 f. g., 54 - in 1989 f. g., 154 - in 1990 f. g. and 10 more helicopters, but only in 1995 f. d. If we take into account the six experimental and pre-production helicopters, as well as 171 helicopters ordered in the first half of the 1980s, the total number of purchases has reached 827 units. The first full-time helicopter unit was the 7th battalion of the 17th cavalry brigade, in which in April 1986 a 90-day retraining began. The last, 821st production helicopter AN-64A "Apache" was put into service on April 30, 1996.

DESIGN.

The helicopter is made according to a single-rotor scheme with a tail rotor. The fuselage is all-metal type semi-monocoque made of aluminum alloys.
The crew cabin is double, with a tandem arrangement of seats; the arrow's front seat is lowered 0.48 m relative to the pilot's rear seat. The armor that protects the crew cabin from below and from the sides, and the armored partition between the seats are made of boron-based materials and must withstand 23 mm projectiles. At the level of the shoulders of the pilot and gunner, there are also retractable armor shields. Cabin glazing panels are made flat to reduce glare. The vertical tail is swept, horizontal with a span of 3.4 m, straight, all-moving, lower. Tail boom folding and wing undocking are provided.
The wing is straight, with a span of 5.23 m, equipped with flaps that deviate down by 20 ° automatically, depending on the speed and altitude of the flight. During landing in autorotation mode, the flaps can deflect upwards by 45° to unload the wing. The wing is removable, the consoles are mounted on the sides of the cabin and have two pylons for attaching weapons or external tanks, SD can also be installed at the ends of the wing.
The main rotor is four-bladed, with hingeless blades. The blades are rectangular in plan, with swept tips. The bushing is made of aluminum alloy. The blades are fastened to the hub by means of torsion bars (packages of elastic plates) made of stainless steel. A feature of the installation of the main rotor is the use of a fixed hollow shaft attached to the fuselage, inside which the main rotor shaft passes.
The blade has five spars made of aluminum alloy, if one of them is damaged, the blade remains operational; the blade chord is 0.53 m, the HH-02 profile has a large curvature. Blade twist - 9 °, blade weight 77 kg.
The tail screw is four-bladed, mounted on the left side of the keel. It consists of two two-bladed propellers installed in an X-shaped pattern (the blades are located at an angle of 60° and 120° to each other). The blades are attached to the hub by means of torsion bars. The bushing uses elastomeric bearings.
The power plant consists of two gas turbine engines General Electric T700-GE-701 with a capacity of 1265 kW / 1695 hp. with., limited to ensure a reserve of power in combat conditions. If one gas turbine engine fails, the power of the second automatically increases to 1285/1723 hp. With. The engines have a modular design and are placed in nacelles on the sides of the fuselage. The motor reducer reduces the shaft rotation speed from 17,000-21,000 to 9800 rpm. Ring-type air intakes, with anti-icing system and centrifugal particulate filter. Nozzles with passive cooling "Black Hole" are installed to reduce thermal radiation. Dry engine weight 192 kg, dimensions 1.181 x 0.635 x 0.584 m.
The transmission consists of the main and intermediate gearboxes of the main and tail rotors, which reduce the rotation speed, respectively, from 9800 to 300 rpm, from 9800 to 3700 rpm and from 3700 to 1400 rpm. The tail rotor drive shaft is made of light alloys. All transmission clutches are oversized for increased survivability. Lubrication is carried out by an oil system, which includes two independent sets of oil tanks, pumps and oil lines. Critical areas are equipped with oil wicks, which continue to provide lubrication to these areas for 30 minutes of operation in case of failure of both oil systems.
Tricycle landing gear, with a non-retractable tail wheel.
The main mounts have linkage suspension with oil-air shock absorbers and can be folded back to reduce the size during transport. The landing gear is designed for a normal sink rate of 3.0 m/s and 12.8 m/s during an emergency landing.
The control system is booster, duplicated. The main rotor control system is mechanical, with hydraulic boosters, protected in critical places by additional armor. The backup control system of the main rotor is electro-remote. The tail rotor control system consists of two mechanical systems (with rigid cable wiring), separated from each other by the greatest possible distance. When the spare system is in operation, the helicopter can continue flying for 30 minutes.
The fuel system consists of two sealed fuel tanks with a total capacity of 1422 liters, one of which is located behind the pilot's seat, the second behind the main gearbox.
The hydraulic system is duplicated, with a working pressure of 20.6 MPa / 210 kg / cm2. The main and auxiliary systems are independent, they serve to control the main and tail rotors.
The auxiliary system also provides control of the rotor brake, weapons system, auxiliary power unit and flaps.
Electronic equipment includes ARC-164 and AN / ARC-186 radio stations operating in the HF and VHF bands, the ASN-128 Doppler navigation system, which provides automatic helicopter control over the target and flight in the terrain following mode, electro-optical, sighting night vision navigation system TADS / PNVS, which includes a laser range finder and target designator; FLIR night vision system; helmet-mounted display and aiming system IHADSS; Computer for fire control and stabilized aiming.
Passive protection means consist of a radar radiation detection receiver, IR and radar interference transmitters, chaff and IR decoys.
The armament consists of a single-barreled M250 E1 "Chain Gun" 30 mm gun mounted on a turret under the fuselage between the main landing gear, 1200 rounds of ammunition; rate of fire 625 rounds per minute. Under the wing on four pylons, 16 Hellfire ATGMs or 76 NARs with a caliber of 70 mm are suspended. At the ends of the wing can be installed SD "Stinger".

Exhaust gas temperature reduction system "Black Hole"
A combat helicopter is at risk from hitting man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems with a thermal homing head, for example Russian missiles Arrow or Needle. When developing the Apache helicopter, taking into account the peculiarities of its combat use, the task was to make its thermal visibility as small as possible. To this end, Hughes Helicopters designed the original Black Hole exhaust gas temperature reduction system, which is a large box-shaped fairings around the engines. The Black Hole system draws in outside air, which cools the exhaust gases and, using special heat-absorbing materials, reduces the exhaust temperature.

ATGM "Hellfire"
The Rocwell AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missile is the main weapon of the AN-64A Apache helicopter. It combines the high accuracy of a laser guidance system, a long flight range (the highest of all existing ATGMs) and a powerful warhead capable of destroying any tank in one hit. The exact range of the Hellfire missile is being kept under wraps, but it is certainly in excess of 5 miles. Now the US Army is adopting a new modification of the AGM-114K Hellfire II, which appeared as a result of the experience of the Persian Gulf War in 1991. The Hellfire II missile has an improved laser head, a new autopilot and an upgraded warhead. For previous Hellfire ATGMs, the warhead consists of a formed explosive charge (EC), inside of which there is a copper core. When a missile hits a target (for example, a tank), then with the help of an EO the core pierces the armor, a jet of molten metal bursts into the hole formed, destroying everything in its path.
The Hellfire II rocket uses a cumulative tandem warhead, and the copper core is replaced with a steel one.

Tail propeller
The tail rotor of the Apache helicopter has an unusual X-shape, its blades are installed asymmetrically at an angle of 60 and 120 ° relative to each other. This configuration reduces the noise level of the tail rotor, which makes a major contribution to the acoustic performance of any helicopter. New form tail rotor allows you to load the AN-64A helicopter into the cargo compartment of a military transport aircraft without removing the propeller.

Armament under the wing
The usual armament of the helicopter includes a combination of AGM-114 "Hellfire" ATGMs and containers with PCs, which improves the operational flexibility of the machine, allowing it to hit various targets. The maximum helicopter can take 16 ATGMs. In this case, it is purely anti-tank. PCs in 70mm caliber are used to engage targets at close range.

Defense systems
The helicopter is equipped with the AN/APR-39(V)1 Radar Warning System, the antennas of which are located in various places on the fuselage from nose to tail. The AN / ALQ-136 electronic countermeasure system can be used. Toward the end of the tail boom, systems for firing heat traps and chaff M130 can be placed, designed for 30 shots and protecting the helicopter from anti-aircraft missiles with thermal or radar guidance. Under the main rotor is the AN / ALQ 144 (V) "Disco Light" system to suppress the operation of enemy thermal imaging equipment.

Air-to-air missiles
In the 1980s, tests were carried out in the United States on the use of air-to-air guided missiles on Apache helicopters. These tests used AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and an aircraft version of the Stinger man-portable anti-aircraft missile. However, tests of the English Starstreak missile (in the helicopter version of the Helistrek showed that it is superior in accuracy to the American ones. It is possible that the WAH-64 helicopters (in service with the British army) will be the first in the Apache family of helicopters equipped with missiles of the class air - air.Perhaps, then the US Army will become interested in such missiles.

crew cabin
The experience of the Vietnam War made army specialists think. When designing the Apache helicopter, crew protection was a fundamental requirement. The cockpit is heavily armored, the pilot's and gunner's seats are individually armored, and the seats are not destroyed when a helicopter crashes. The Apache chassis is capable of withstanding the roughest landings. The convex glazing of the cockpit, which was previously used on helicopters, contributed to the detection of the machine by solar glare at a very long distance.
On the Apache helicopter, the flight deck glass panels are flat to minimize glare. Currently, the possibility of using air inflatable safety bags in the cockpit, which should further secure the pilots, is being studied.

Sensor systems
An important element of the Apache helicopter avionics complex is the TADS / PNVS (Target Acquisition and Designation / Pilot's Night Vision System) sighting system, combined with night vision equipment. Without such a system, the helicopter is not able to perform its tasks. AAQ-11 night vision system is a FUR heat direction finder mounted on a turret above the forward fuselage and used by the pilot during night flights or in poor visibility.The AN/ASQ-170 sighting system consists of two independent turrets located in the forward fuselage. a heat direction finder, largely identical to the heat direction finder of the PNVS system, but used by the shooter to determine the location of targets.On the right side of the other turret are an optical telescopic system and a laser designator that provide guidance for the Hellfire ATGM.

Armament
Currently, the AGM-114 Hellfire ATGM, combined with the TADS / PNVS system, makes the Apache helicopter the most effective combat rifle-winged vehicle in the world. When the AN-640 Apache Longbow helicopter was put into service, a modification of the AGM-114L Longbow Hellfire missile was used on it. This missile is controlled by a millimeter-wave Longbow over-the-hustle radar, which allows the helicopter to launch missiles while hiding among trees or hills. Conventional ATGM "Hellfire" during the entire flight to the target must constantly track the laser illumination of the target from the helicopter.

Power point
The AN-64A Apache helicopter is equipped with two General Electric T700-GE-701 gas turbine engines with a capacity of 1695 hp each. With. Starting from the 604th serial helicopter, T700-GE-701C engines with an HP 1890 power were installed. With. All AN-64A helicopters being upgraded to the AH-64D variant on the instructions of the US Army will also receive the 701C engine, and the Boeing-Westland WAH-64D helicopters for the British army will have a Rolls-Royce / Turbomeca RTM322 gas turbine engine with a capacity of 2210 hp each. With.

Cannon М230Е1 "Chain Gun"
The 30mm M230E1 "Chain Gun" (Chain Gun) is a unique weapon. Its developer is Hughes Helicopters. The name of the gun was given by the mechanism for feeding shells, consisting of a linkless metal chain (chain - in English "chain"). The shell box usually contains almost 1100 shells, another 100 are located directly in the tape. The cannon is linked to the pilot's IHADSS helmet-mounted sight. It can deviate in elevation from +11° to -60° and turn in azimuth at an angle of ±100°.

Pylons for suspension of weapons
The underwing pylons on the Apache helicopter can be deflected in the vertical plane to provide the required elevation angle during rocket firing or to achieve the required aerodynamic characteristics in flight.
When the helicopter lands, the pylons automatically move to the "on the ground" position, i.e. parallel to the earth's surface.

Audible warning system
During critical situations (when there is a threat of defeat, failure of any on-board system, etc.), in addition to visual alarm, an audible one is switched on in the headphones of the crew members. Pilots can also receive tone signaling, which indicates that they are conducting radio communications in a closed mode for eavesdropping.

Main landing gear
The main landing gear has shock absorbers. Before transportation in the cargo compartment of the aircraft, the supports are bent, reducing the height of the helicopter. The shock absorbers are capable of absorbing shock overloads during an emergency landing, protecting the crew. But they can do this only once, after such a landing they must be changed.

Protection against high voltage wires
Under the nose of the fuselage in front of the gun, above the cockpit in front of the main rotor, in front of the turret of the TADS / PNVS system and on the main landing gear, sawtooth knives are installed for cutting high-voltage wires. Such knives are especially important when flying in urban areas.

Shooting system for heat traps and chaff
On the sides of the tail boom, 30-round M130 blocks for firing heat traps and chaff are installed. The M1 chaff protects the helicopter from radar-guided anti-aircraft missiles.

Operation of AN-64 helicopters

For the first time, the combat capabilities of the AN-64 "Apache" helicopters were demonstrated to the world during the Persian Gulf War in 1991. After that, McDonnell-Douglas began to receive from various countries proposals for the purchase of Apache helicopters in order to increase the strike capabilities of the armed forces. According to experts, such helicopters can be successfully used in local armed conflicts.

Constant territorial disputes between Greece and Turkey forced the first to modernize the fleet of combat helicopters. On December 24, 1991, the Greek Army Aviation Command signed a contract for the supply of 12 AN-64A Apache helicopters and reserved an order for another 8 machines.
At the same time, it was agreed that the number of reserved orders could be increased to 12. In June 1996, the first ordered Apache helicopters were delivered aboard sea transport. Greece currently has 20 vehicles in service. They are all part of the 1st Attack Helicopter Battalion based in Stefanovikion. According to some sources in the US, the possibility of buying another 24 helicopters is being discussed.
In the Netherlands, requirements were formulated for a multi-purpose armed helicopter, which must perform reconnaissance, escort transport helicopters and close support of ground forces. Under these requirements, Apache-type helicopters were best suited. Despite the objections of some economists, on May 24, 1995, the leadership of the Netherlands decided to buy AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopters for its Air Force. Thus, this country became the first exporter of AH-64D helicopters. During 1998, it was planned to receive 30 cars. A feature of the Dutch AH-64D helicopters was the absence of the Longbow overhead radar. Helicopters formed the core of the Netherlands' newly established rapid reaction force.
After the end of the Gulf War in 1991, many Arab countries also began to buy AN-64 helicopters. For the UAE, which has huge oil reserves, the problem of the cost of a helicopter was not so acute. The Air Force of this country received the first Apache combat helicopter at an official ceremony on October 3, 1993 in Abu Dhabi. During 1993, deliveries continued, with all 20 vehicles based in Al Dhafra. It remains to receive 10 more helicopters.
In 1993, Saudi Arabia received 12 AN-64A helicopters. All of them are located at the army aviation base King Khalid. These helicopters perform tasks as part of the so-called "hunting groups", which include light reconnaissance and combat helicopters Bell 406CS "Combat Scout". It is not yet clear whether Saudi Arabia has received AGM-114 Hellfire missiles for the AN-64A helicopters.
In March 1995, Egypt received a large shipment of weapons from the United States worth $318 million. It included 36 AN-64A helicopters, four spare sets of Hellfire ATGMs, 34 PC containers and six spare T700 engines, as well as spare parts for laser and optical aiming systems. Egypt also asked the Americans to sell 12 more helicopters. All delivered helicopters met American standards, they were equipped with GPS satellite navigation equipment. Only the radio equipment was tuned to the appropriate frequencies.
On September 12, 1990, the 113th squadron of the Israeli Air Force became the first to adopt Apache helicopters. In August - September 1993, Israel received another 24 AN-64A helicopters (together with two Sikorsky UH-6A multi-purpose machines). These helicopters were stored by the American army in warehouses in Europe and handed over to Israel as a token of gratitude for the support of the United States during Operation Desert Storm. Helicopters were delivered aboard Lokheed C-5 Galaxy military transport aircraft from the US air base in Ramstein (Germany). The second squadron was formed from the newly arrived helicopters in the Israeli Air Force.
In November 1991, Israel, the first foreign buyer of Apache helicopters, used them in combat. Then, in the territory of southern Lebanon, various bases of Hezbollah militants were attacked.
Among potential buyers Apache helicopters is located in Kuwait, where a search is underway for a new combat helicopter. However, the contract for their supply will hardly be signed. The fact is that Kuwait has already bought a batch of Sikorsky UH-60L multi-purpose helicopters armed with Hellfire ATGMs. Bahrain and South Korea are showing great interest in the Apache helicopter. Negotiations with these countries have yet to be completed.

Immediately after the end of Operation Desert Shield, the Apache helicopters of the American army participating in it were involved in the UN peacekeeping operation in northern Iraq. Helicopters directly participated in Operation Provide Comfort, the purpose of which was to protect the Kurdish population from the troops of Saddam Hussein. The AN-64A helicopters were assigned to the battalion 6/6 CAV "Sixshooters". On April 24, 1991, these helicopters were deployed on military transport aircraft from the air base in Illesheim (Germany) to Turkey. The entire journey took 23 hours. During the peacekeeping operation, combat helicopters provided escort for UN transport helicopters delivering food and medicine to Kurdish refugee camps in the mountains of northern Iraq. Apaches were also used to track the nighttime movements of Iraqi troops.

When the US Army launched a campaign in the Balkans in December 1995, in the process of redeploying parts of the 1st Armored Division from Germany, air protection was provided by AN-64A helicopters from battalions 2-227 and 3-227, usually based in the German city of Hanau . Apache helicopters took off before the arrival of the main forces.
First they reached the Hungarian Tashar, where American troops were gathering. Then they flew to the base in Zupanje (Croatia) to ensure the safety of the construction of a pontoon bridge across the Sava River. Only after completing this task did the helicopters finally reach their base in Tuzla.
Units of the 1st Armored Division of the US Army, as part of the peacekeeping force (IFOR), were engaged in the separation of the warring parties in Bosnia. Apache helicopters patrolled the dividing line in order to prevent any violation of it, and also escorted transport helicopters and automobile convoys. They were attracted to ensure the security of various events, including visits of high-ranking officials. At the end of 1996, after the stabilization of the situation in Bosnia, the Apache helicopters returned to Germany.

When NATO troops launched Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia on March 24, 1999, there were no official plans to deploy Apache helicopters there. However, on April 4, the Pentagon decided to send combat helicopters there anyway. This decision was made with great fanfare, since many military and politicians believed that Apache helicopters should be used from the very first days of hostilities. However, the deployment of the Hawke battle group (this is the name given to the helicopter unit) was more like a failed "PR" action. In Illesheim, the 2/6 CAV and 6/6 CAV battalions of the 11th Aviation Regiment had 24 AN-64A helicopters.
They were supported by 26 UH-60L "Black Hawk" and CH-47D "Chinook" helicopters, the latter serving as forward refueling points. On the ground, the helicopters were defended by powerful forces of infantry and armored vehicles. According to experts, the transfer of the Hawk battle group to the base in Rinas (Albania) will require 115 sorties of strategic Boeing C-17 aircraft.
The helicopter delivery operation began on April 14, 1999. For some time, "Apache" had to stay at the base in Pisa (Italy), before they reached Tirana on April 21. Finally, on April 26, all Apache helicopters ended up in Albania. And from that day on, trouble began with them. During a training flight on the afternoon of April 26, one helicopter crashed into trees and crashed.
On May 4, but already at night, the second helicopter was lost.Both airmen were killed, NATO officials presented them as the first victims of Operation Allied Force. Nevertheless, training flights continued, and on June 9 the operation was completed. That's so widely advertised battle group"Hawk" never participated in it and did not fire a single shot.
However, the next day, i.e. June 10, a dozen AN-64A Apache helicopters from the 6/6 CAV battalion were transferred to the forward 12th battle group at the Able Sentry camp in Petrovice (Macedonia). There, preparations began for Operation Joint Guard, the purpose of which was the occupation of Kosovo after the withdrawal of the Serbs. On June 12, Apache helicopters became the first NATO forces to cross the border into Kosovo. Their task was to escort the British Puma and Chinook helicopters that delivered the landing units. "Apache" performed the escort and the role of "air" police throughout the operation in Kosovo.

Attack helicopters "Apache" were among the main "actors" in other operations. For example, with their help, the activities of Albanian terrorists were suppressed. In December 1999, the 12th Battle Group was deployed to Camp Bondsteel in Kosovo. By this time, helicopters from the 6/6 CAV battalion had been replaced by eight vehicles from squadron B Co.1/1 AVN Wolfpack and six from the 69th Aviation Group of the UAE Air Force.
At the end of 2000, Apache helicopters took part in another peacekeeping operation, in which for the first time AN-64D Apache Longbow helicopters were involved, as well as Dutch Air Force vehicles. Four helicopters from the Dutch air base in Gilze-Rijen arrived in the French colony of Djibouti to assist UN forces in ending the armed conflict between Ethiopia and Somalia.

Operations "Resolute Freedom" (Afghanistan) and "Iraqi Freedom" (Iraq) have shown that Apache helicopters, capable of destroying tanks from a safe distance, are in some cases vulnerable to conventional small arms.
In Afghanistan, almost 80% of the Apaches operating there were heavily damaged by small arms fire, and during the Iraq campaign, helicopters suffered greatly from automatic fire while flying over urban areas.
Apache helicopters were used much more actively by the Israeli armed forces, where they were called "Peten" ("Cobra").They were first recognized in 1996 during Operation Grapes of Wrath against militants in South Lebanon. Helicopters with precise strikes destroyed Hezbollah headquarters in the southern quarters of Beirut and suppressed enemy manpower with fire.
In early 2000, the smoldering Israeli-Lebanese conflict escalated into a real war, after which Israel was forced to withdraw from southern Lebanon. Apache found work again, attacking Hezbollah forces that fired rockets into Israel's border areas and provided support for the Israeli troops leaving. On May 24, 2000, the last Israeli soldier left Lebanese territory. At the end of 2006, Hezbollah units again began rocket attacks on the northern territory of Israel, which forced Apache helicopters to be used again.
During 2001, Apache helicopters retaliated against Palestinian guerrilla bases on the West Bank of the Jordan in the Gaza Strip. Their targets were police posts in the Palestinian Authority, as well as some city blocks where groups of terrorists were hiding.

The main modifications of the helicopter AN-64 "Apache":
AN-64A- original basic modification; It was mass-produced for the US Army and National Guard in 1979-1994. Since 1990, they began to be exported to Israel, which ordered 20 helicopters, Saudi Arabia (12), Egypt (24), Greece (20) and the United Arab Emirates (30);
"Sea Apache"- deck version, developed since 1985 for the Marine Corps and the US Navy for anti-submarine defense, escort, reconnaissance and detection of over-the-horizon targets;
"Advance Apache"- a combat helicopter with an improved electric remote control system, two gas turbine engines with a capacity of 1491 kW / 2000 hp each. With. with a digital control system, an AAWWS Longbow all-weather weapon control system with a millimeter-wave radar above the main rotor hub and a Hellfire missile defense system with a fire-and-forget homing system, a Stinger air-to-air missile with a helmet-mounted sight , TV system for viewing the rear hemisphere and a gun with an increased barrel length and a digital control system; developed since 1985.
In 1988, the MSIP program for the improvement of AN-64 helicopters was launched, which provides for the redesign of the cockpit, improved visibility, increased control automation, and reduced infrared radiation. The proposed improvements were used for the AN-64V, C and D helicopters;
AN-64V- a version of the AN-64 helicopter, improved in 1991 using the experience of combat use in military operations in the Persian Gulf. It was supposed to upgrade 254 AN-64A helicopters into AN-64V; development was terminated in 1992;
AN-64S- modernized AN-64A helicopter with improved equipment and weapons; was developed under the army modernization program; It was planned to upgrade 308 AN-64A helicopters into AN-64S under a program with a total cost of $2,490 million and a cost of upgrading one helicopter of $8 million. In 1992, two experimental helicopters were upgraded. In 1993, the development of the program was discontinued;
AH-64D "Apache Longbow"- an improved combat helicopter with a Longbow radar of a millimeter dipaozone above the main rotor hub, more powerful gas turbine engines, with 70 kVA generators, improved Hellfire ATGMs, a Doppler navigation system and a processor. Tests of the modernized helicopter began in August 1990, with the Longbow system - in March 1991; the first launch of the Hellfire ATGM was made in May 1995. Initially, it was planned to upgrade 218 AN-64A helicopters into AH-64D under a program worth $3,196 million, with the cost of upgrading one helicopter being $14.1 million. The possibility of upgrading 540 helicopters was considered;
GAH-64A- AN-64A helicopters converted into ground simulators; converted 17 helicopters.

Apache today

Although today the AH-64A Apache is in the shadow of the AH-64D Apache Longbow, this machine continues to be the main army aviation helicopter in many countries.
Many Middle Eastern countries at one time ordered the AN-64A, and today this modification continues to be popular.
Egypt, which bought 36 Apaches in 1995, began upgrading them to the AH-64D standard in 2001. By 2005, all Egyptian Apaches had been upgraded in the US and Egypt was reported to have continued to operate 35 machines in 2010 (the lowest accident rate).
Meanwhile, Israel is using 37 of the 42 AN-64As received. Two helicopters were lost in 2006 after a mid-air collision. In 2000, Israel signed
an agreement with Boeing to convert 12 of their Petens into AH-64Ds. Israel actively tried to acquire additional Longbows, but political reasons prevented it from replenishing the AH-64D fleet. It is believed that if the United States continues to refuse to sell the Longbow (for fear that they will be used against the Palestinians), Israel will have to deal with the modernization of its own fleet of AN-64As as a necessary measure.

mixed park
The UAE, which received the last of its 30 AH-64As in 2005, now operates a mixed fleet of 12 Type A and 14 Type D aircraft. The Saudi Air Force operates 12 Apaches. Like several other operators of these machines, they do not plan to upgrade their AN-64As, but wish to purchase new Longbow Apaches to create a mixed fleet.
By 2006, the US Army AN-64A had flown over 1.6 million hours, and today these helicopters continue to be used in many hot spots around the world. In September 2000, Boeing received a contract to upgrade an additional 269 AH-64As to the Apache Longbow until 2006. Thus, in 2010, the US Army fleet consisted of 241 Apaches (and 500 AN-64s). Japan, which began purchasing 50 upgraded AH-64DJP Longbows in 2005, has only two AH-64As left. Meanwhile, Greece, which bought 12 AH-64DHA Longbows in 2007, has retained its 19 AN-64As, using them along with new machines.
Over the eight years that have passed since the invasion of Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) at the end of 2001, the AN-64s have become regular participants in hostilities in hot spots.
After the start of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein continued to ignore numerous UN resolutions and demands from military inspectors.
It was clear that US President George W. Bush was determined to invade Iraq. When this finally happened in March 2003, the Apache found itself in the middle of a hostilities involving a mixed force of AN-64A and AH-64D Longbow Apache.
During Operation Iraqi Freedom, the Apache operated from forward sites (FARP - Forward Arming and Refueling Points) created by the US Army outside major cities and combat areas. The invasion itself lasted only a week, during which the Apache initially acted against their traditional targets, such as armored vehicles, infantry and stationary enemy fortifications. The resistance of the Iraqi Republican Guard was quickly crushed, Iraq was "liberated", but the created power vacuum was quickly filled by the rebels. It was these elusive forces that became the main opponents of the Apache throughout the conflict.
Helicopter crews had to adapt to the new threat by taking on less fuel and weapons (often only two AGM-114 Hellfire missiles and a full load of 30mm rounds) to make their aircraft lighter and more agile. This made it possible to reduce the likelihood of being hit by fire from RPGs, MANPADS and small-caliber weapons, which had become a real threat by the time Enduring Freedom was completed. 12 Apaches and Apache Longbows became victims of sudden attacks, and often their crews had little time to respond to a sudden threat.

Assassin and spy
While the AN-64s were present on the battlefield, the infantrymen felt confident on the ground. But Apache's ability to operate at night also proved to be an important advantage.
So the AN-64s provided support to the US special forces that found and detained Saddam Hussein.
Israeli Apaches also allowed the armed forces to neutralize the enemy in cramped urban environments. The much-criticized tactic of destroying key targets in Palestine with laser-guided AGM-114L Hellfire missiles proved very effective. In addition, the AN-64's PNVS and TADS systems proved to be excellent, albeit unconventional, reconnaissance and surveillance tools that allow Israel to track the actions of its adversaries.
Israeli Apaches acted in many operations as reconnaissance and as a weapon of retaliation. And during the war in Lebanon in 2006 and the conflict in Gaza in 2008-2009, Apache tracked the movement of the enemy and preparations for the launch of makeshift missiles, which made it possible to obtain a more accurate picture and launch preemptive strikes.
During the war in Lebanon, two AN-64As collided in the air. The pilot of one of the vehicles was killed, and the other three crew members were seriously injured.

Sources

World Aviation №111
Jackson R. Helicopters. Illustrated encyclopedia. / Per. from English / - M .: "Omega", 2007
Ruzhitsky E.I. Helicopters, - M. Victoria, ACT, 1997 book 2nd

Indian military according to the results of the technical tests decided to purchase American AH-64D Apache helicopters developed by Boeing, and not Russian Mi-28N Night Hunter attack helicopters.
Information about this was confirmed to Russian agencies by the Indian Ministry of Defense and the Arms Procurement Commission. According to unnamed sources, the reasons for choosing the Indian side "are not of a political nature." The reasons for abandoning the Mi-28 helicopter were of a technical nature. According to our experts, Mi -28N does not meet the requirements of the tender on 20 points, unlike the Apache helicopter, which showed best performance", - RIA Novosti quotes the words of his interlocutor from the arms procurement commission. In May this year, at the air show in Le Bourget, it was announced that Russia had signed a contract for the supply of 80 Mi-17 helicopters to India. The plans of the Indian Ministry of Defense for the purchase of a helicopter technology also provides for several more competitions in the future, including the supply of multi-purpose helicopters for the country's navy.According to experts, in the next ten years, India will take into service about 700 new helicopters.
Technical and political reasons

The reason for the loss of the Russian combat helicopter Mi-28N in the Indian tender was a whole range of factors, and the technical condition of the machine is not the most important among them, Ruslan Pukhov, director of the Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, told RIA Novosti. According to Pukhov, three blocks played a role in this defeat reasons.
"At the moment, two more helicopter tenders are being held in India: for the purchase multipurpose helicopter, the Russian Ka-226 participates in it, and the super-heavy one - here the Russian participant - the Mi-26. Both helicopters have very serious chances of success. And the Indians simply cannot give all three victories to Russia," he said.
In addition, according to him, an important role in the decision of the Indian Ministry of Defense was played by the current "fascination" with American weapons. At the same time, the CAST director said that the Mi-28N has not been finalized to an ideal state. Currently, two more tenders are being held in India for the supply of helicopters: 12 heavy transport helicopters and 197 light multi-purpose ones. Based on the results of these tenders, contracts with a total value of 2.5 billion dollars. In the first competition, the Russian Mi-26T2 helicopter and the American Chinook became finalists, and in the second - Ka-226T and Eurocopter AS550. According to the plan, it should replace the Mi-24 helicopters. The Russian Ministry of Defense earlier announced its intention to purchase 300 Night Hunters for the needs of the army.

In order to understand, you need to look at the technical specifications.

A new generation combat helicopter Mi-28N ("Night Hunter") is designed to search for and destroy enemy tanks, armored vehicles, manpower; destruction of protected objects and destruction of area targets (lines of trenches, defensive structures, etc.); laying minefields; search and destruction of boats and other small watercraft; combating high-speed and low-flying aircraft of the enemy; destruction of low-speed air targets day and night in simple and adverse weather conditions.

Mi-28N - development of the Moscow Helicopter Plant. M.L. Mile based on the Mi-28 combat helicopter (the base helicopter is sometimes referred to as the Mi-28A).

Before drawing up the terms of reference for the Mi-28N, for several years, the plant's specialists, together with the institutes of the Ministry of Defense, formed the appearance of this helicopter. The helicopter was intended to work with the Ground Forces, so the specific features of these troops (work at any time of the day, in simple and difficult weather conditions, away from airfields and stationary bases, compatibility of fuels and lubricants, ammunition, communications and control equipment, ease of operation of the applied technology) demanded appropriate qualities from the Mi-28N.

The first prototype was rolled out of the assembly shop on August 16, 1996; on November 14, 1996, the helicopter took off for the first time.

On December 24, 2008, the state commission, based on the results of state tests, recommended that the Mi 28N combat helicopter be adopted by the Russian Ministry of Defense and put into serial production. The Mi-28N will be produced by the Rostov plant (JSC Rostvertol).

The Mi-28N is a two-seat (pilot and navigator-operator) helicopter of a classic single-rotor design with a five-blade main rotor and an X-shaped tail rotor controlled by a stabilizer, wheel fixed landing gear with a tail support. The wing serves for the suspension of weapons and additional fuel tanks.

The helicopter is equipped with a set of on-board radio-electronic and instrumental equipment (avionics), which ensures the use of weapons and the solution of flight and navigation tasks day and night in simple and difficult weather conditions at extremely low altitudes with automatic terrain avoidance and obstacle avoidance.

The avionics also provides control over the work power plant and other systems; voice notification of the crew; radio communication between helicopters and ground stations; communication between crew members and recording their conversations.

Design features provide high survivability of the helicopter. Crew survival during emergency landings with vertical speeds up to 12 m/s is ensured by the use of a passive protection system with energy-absorbing structural elements (chassis, seats, fuselage elements).

Tactical and technical characteristics of the helicopter:

Crew - 2 people (if necessary, 2-3 more people can be transported in the rear compartment).

The power plant is 2 TV3 117VMA engines with a capacity of 2200 horsepower each.

Takeoff weight:

normal - 10700 kg
maximum - 12000 kg

Combat load weight - 2300 kg

Flight speed:
maximum - 305 km / h,
cruising - 270 km / h.

Static ceiling - 3600 m.

Dynamic ceiling - 5700 m.

Range of flight:
normal - 450 km
in the ferry version - 1100 km

Helicopter overall dimensions:

length -7.01 m
height 3.82 m
width 5.89 m

Rotor diameter - 17.2m

To perform combat missions on a helicopter, the following weapons are used:

Fixed mobile gun mount NPPU 28N with a 2A42 gun of 30 mm caliber with 250 rounds of ammunition.

Universal cannon containers UPK 23 250 (2 pcs.) with a 23 mm GSh 23L cannon and 250 rounds of ammunition in each container.

Anti-tank missile system 9 A2313 "Ataka-V" with guided missiles 9M120, 9M120F, 9A 2200 (up to 16 pcs.).

Guided missiles with a thermal homing head "Igla" (up to 8 pcs.).

Unguided missiles type C 8 caliber 80 mm in blocks B8V20 A (up to 4 blocks).

Unguided missiles type C 13 caliber 122 mm in blocks B13L1 (up to 4 blocks).

Unified containers of small-sized cargo KMGU 2 (up to 4 blocks).

Attack helicopter AH-64 Apache

In early 1984, the first group of AH-64A Apache helicopters entered service with the US Army. AH-64A, according to NATO experts, is the most advanced of all combat helicopters in service with the countries of the alliance. It was created to fight enemy tanks in conditions of high saturation of the battlefield with military air defense systems. The tasks assigned to it AH-64 Apache can perform in difficult meteorological conditions, conditions of poor visibility, day and night. According to experts, the AH-64 Apache is a helicopter of the XXI century. It has good maneuverability and high flight speed. Its design is designed for overloads from -1.5 to + 3.5. The engines are equipped with a special device that disperses the jet and reduces the exhaust temperature, which reduces the likelihood of a helicopter being hit by missiles with an infrared guidance head. The main rotor blades are sheathed in a layered structure of steel and composite materials. Fundamentally new solutions have been applied when attaching the blades to the propeller hub. The blade remains operational when hit by 12.7 mm caliber bullets. Landing gear - non-retractable, which significantly increased the payload of the helicopter. The AH-64A has an X-shaped tail rotor, which is much more efficient than usual. AH-64 Apache is equipped with modern electronic equipment. For the first time, a helmet-mounted target designation system was installed on a combat helicopter, which allows you to control small arms and missile weapons head movement.

The AH-64A helicopter has the following weapons: Hellfire anti-tank guided missiles with a laser guidance system, Hughes H230A-1 Chaingun automatic cannon installed between the main landing gear, containers with unguided aircraft missiles. The use of two independent hydraulic systems, an armored cabin and the most important systems and sections of the airframe, as well as the use of fuel tanks of a special shape and design, allowed the developers to create a machine capable of performing combat mission and return to the base after hitting the helicopter with 23 mm shells. Since 1985, the United States began developing a new AH-64B Apache Bravo helicopter, which has a larger wing span and increased power engines. The modification includes the replacement of electronic equipment. The helicopter kit includes a knife for cutting high-voltage wires. The AH-64A Apache performed well during the Iraq War (1991). McDonnell-Douglas is currently producing a new model of the AH-64D helicopter, called the Apache Longbow. The AH-64D is equipped with a more modern weapons control system that provides targeted fire from long distances. The Dutch Air Force and the Royal Air Force of Great Britain plan to purchase 30 and 67 AH-64D helicopters, respectively.
AH-64 helicopter modifications

AH-64A Apache - the first serial modification.

AH-64B Apache Bravo - an upgraded version of the AH-64A, with a new radar and a new gas turbine engine and the ability to use AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missiles.

AH-64C Apache - upgraded version of AH-64A to AH-64D standard.

AH-64D Longbow Apache - an improved version of the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter with a Longbow fire control system based on Westinghouse millimeter wave radar above the rotor hub, more powerful General Electric T700-GE-701 gas turbine engines (1417 kW or 1930 hp .), advanced ATGM AGM-114D Longbow Hellfire, Doppler navigation system and processor. The helicopter is equipped with a system that allows receiving information from the US Air Force Joint-STARS complex. The AH-64D is equipped with an aiming system based on Target Acquisition Designation Sight (TADS - AN / ASQ-170) and Pilot Night Vision Sensor (PNVS - AN / AAQ-11). The first helicopter with the Longbow system made its first flight on March 11, 1991, the first launch of the Hellfire ATGM was made in May 1995, deliveries to the US Army began in 1996. Helicopters are also planned to be delivered to the army of Great Britain and the Netherlands. The English version of the helicopter will be equipped with a Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca RTM322 gas turbine engine.

AH-64 Sea Apache - version of the helicopter for the Corps of the Marine Corps with the F / A-18 aircraft avionics, APG-65 radar and the ability to use AGM-84 Harpoon and / or AGM-119 Penguin anti-ship missiles and AIM-120 air-to-air missiles AMRAAM or AIM-132 ASRAAM.

Armament AH-64 Apache: 1 30mm M230 Chain Gun with 1200 rounds. Combat load - 771 kg on 4 hardpoints: 16 (4x4) AGM-114 Hellfire ATGM or 4 M260 or LAU-61 / A launchers with 19x70-mm NUR, 4 AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles, or combinations thereof .

TTX AH-64
Year of adoption 1984
Rotor diameter 14.63 m
Tail rotor diameter 2.79 m
Helicopter length with rotating propellers 17.3 m
Length 14.97 m
Height 4.66 m
Swept rotor area 168.1 sq.m
Crew 2 people
Practical ceiling 6400 m
Static ceiling 4570 m
Maximum flight range (only with internal fuel) 400 km
Maximum flight range (with external fuel supply) 1900 km
Internal fuel capacity 1157 kg
PTB 4 x 871
Maximum flight duration 3 h 9 m (with internal fuel)
Engines 2 x General Electric T700-GE-701C
Power 2 x 1825 hp (1342 kW)
Maximum rate of climb 942 m/min
Maximum vertical rate of climb 474 m/min
Speed - Maximum 365 km/h
Speed - Cruising 293 km/h
Rate of climb 14.6 m/s
Weight - Maximum 9520 kg
Weight - Normal 5550 kg
Weight - Empty 5165 kg

Now, by comparing the numbers, you can see where we lost.

AH-64 "Apache"(Eng. Apache) - the main combat helicopter of the US Army since the mid-1980s.

History of creation

The successful use of the AH-1 Cobra in Vietnam confirmed the viability of the idea of a combat helicopter. At the same time, the situation with the alleged "heir" of the "Cobra" remained unclear. The ambitious and costly AH-56 Cheyenne program continued for about a decade and was finally closed in 1972. Attempts to find a temporary replacement in the form of the Sikorsky S-67 model, modifications of the S-61 and other helicopters were also unsuccessful. Finally, in 1972, the US Army began a program of advanced combat helicopters (Advanced Attack Helicopter, AAH), designed primarily to deal with enemy tanks at any time of the day and in bad weather conditions.

The main requirements put forward to the AAH helicopter:

Armament - 30 mm M230 Chain Gun, 16 anti-tank missiles AGM-114 or 4 installations with 19 70-mm NUR Hydra 70

Crew - 2 people

Characteristics: estimated takeoff weight - 7260 kg, rate of climb - 12.7 m / s, ferry range with PTB - 1850 km

Navigational equipment for flights at night and in bad weather at an altitude of less than 30 m

The engine is a gas turbine XT-700, which ensured unification with the UH-60 military transport helicopter being developed

IR reduction system

Ensuring the combat survivability of the helicopter. In particular, zero vulnerability of a helicopter with a single hit by a 12.7 mm bullet at a speed of 490 m/s and minimization of vulnerability if hit by a 23 mm OFZ projectile. Ability to continue flight for at least 30 minutes after the specified impact on any part of the machine structure

Estimated service life - 15 years

The estimated cost of a serial machine is 14 million dollars, the cost of production is 11 - 12 million dollars.

Five aircraft manufacturing firms took part in the competition: Boeing-Vertol, Bell, Hughes, Lockheed, Sikorsky. In June 1973, two of these firms (Bell and Hughes) were awarded contracts to develop and manufacture prototypes. Bell offered the YAH-63 (Model 409) as a development of the AH-1; the prototype made its first flight on November 22, 1975. A little earlier, on September 30, the Hughes YAH-64 flew for the first time, piloted by test pilots Robert Ferry and Raleigh Fletcher. In the course of comparative tests conducted by the army, the Hughes model showed its significant superiority over the competitor in rate of climb and maneuverability, and in general its performance exceeded army requirements. The accident of the YAH-63 in one of the test flights also played its role. In December 1976, Hughes won the YAH-64 helicopter competition.

After winning the competition, the company continued the lengthy tests of the helicopter, making a number of changes to its design and on-board equipment. In total, the volume of flight tests amounted to 2400 hours. Due to a number of difficulties, the decision on serial production was delayed for two years. Only in the summer of 1981 began military testing of the helicopter. The combat crews were satisfied with the new machine, and on December 19 of the same year, it was decided to mass-produce the helicopter under the designation AH-64A and the name "Apache".

For the production of Apaches, a plant was built in Mesa (Arizona). The roll-out of the first production car took place on September 30, 1983, exactly eight years after the first flight of the AH-64. The following year, Hughes was bought by the McDonnell-Douglas Corporation, which also took over the production of the helicopter. Apaches began to enter the troops and were distributed by 18 helicopters per squadron. The first squadron reached combat readiness in July 1986. Since 1989, Apaches began to enter the US National Guard. Serial production for the needs of the US armed forces was completed in December 1994 after the construction of 827 vehicles. The average cost of one helicopter of early modification AH-64A is estimated at about 14.5 million dollars.

Design features

The AH-64 engines are spaced apart and are interchangeable.

The helicopter is equipped with an EED to reduce the thermal radiation of the engine exhaust. The principle of its operation is to mix hot air in the engine with cold outside air.

In the forward part of the fuselage, on the turret, there are: a video camera, a laser system for measuring distance and target illumination, a thermal imager, the image from which is transmitted to the pilot's TV screen, and a mobile gun mount.

To reduce the noise of the helicopter, the tail rotor was replaced with an X-shaped one. The PB blades are set at different angles so that each one cancels out some of the noise produced by the other. In this case, the double screw is quieter than the single screw.

Main landing gear (fixed landing gear) equipped with powerful shock absorbers. The shock absorbers are capable of absorbing impact energy during an emergency landing at a vertical speed of up to 12.8 m/s, preventing injury to the crew.

An over-hub radar that performs the functions of mapping and radar.

ALQ-144 IR jamming system and IR trap launcher.

Radar APG-78

Range 8 km

Number of tracked targets: 256

The radar provides:
- missile attack alert
- flying at low altitudes
- fixes emitting radars
- automatic detection of moving and stationary targets and their classification.

Electron-optical system TADS (Target Acquisition and Designation Sights, Pilot Night Vision System).

The TADS system includes the following subsystems:
- laser rangefinder-target designator (LRF/D);
- IR night vision system (FLIR) with 30x magnification;
- direct vision optical system (DVO);
- television display system in the daytime (DT);

Viewing angles:
± 120 in azimuth
+30/-60 in elevation

Modifications

YAH-64 - prototype. Built 5 copies.

AH-64A - the first serial modification. 827 helicopters were built. In 1996-2005, 501 helicopters were converted to the AH-64D variant.

GAH-64A - A variant of the AH-64A converted into a ground trainer. 17 helicopters have been converted.

JAH-64A - modification for special flight research. 7 cars built.

AH-64B - A variant upgraded to reflect the combat experience of Operation Desert Storm. It had an enlarged wing, new means of communication and navigation, enhanced armor protection. Development ceased in 1992.

AH-64C - Upgraded AH-64A. Before the closure of the program in 1993, only two helicopters were upgraded.

AH-64D "Apache Longbow" - the second major modification of the "Apache" ("Longbow" means "long bow"). The main feature is the AN / APG-78 Longbow millimeter-wave radar located in a streamlined container above the main rotor hub. In addition, reinforced engines and new on-board equipment have been installed. Entered service in 1995, however, until 1997, the Apaches of this modification did not install an over-hub radar. It is planned to upgrade all remaining AH-64As to this variant in 2008.

AH-64D Block III - propeller blades made of composite materials, T700-GE-701D engines (2000 hp), more modern electronic flight control system, capable of controlling several unmanned aerial vehicles, speed up to 300 km / h, flight range more 1.9 thousand km.

Armament

Aviation single-barreled automatic gun M230
- caliber 30 mm
- rate of fire 600-650 rounds per minute
- initial speed of shells 792 m / s.
- ammunition 1200 rounds.
- types of ammunition used:
> cartridge with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile M799 equipment 43 g of explosives,
> a cartridge with an armor-piercing-cumulative M789 projectile with armor penetration of about 50 mm of homogeneous armor.

Aircraft gun M230

Air-to-surface missiles 4x4 AGM-114

AGM-114 and Hydra

Combat use

The AH-64's "baptism of fire" took place during the American invasion of Panama in December 1989. The combat experience gained was quite symbolic: only 11 vehicles took part in the operation. There have been several successful launches of AGM-114 missiles. There were no losses, three helicopters received light damage.

A more serious test was Operation Desert Storm in 1991. It was Apaches that fired the first shots of this war, attacking on the night of January 17 two Iraqi radar stations in the Baghdad region, which posed a threat to coalition aviation over the Iraqi capital. Both radars were destroyed. Subsequently, AH-64s took part in a number of border skirmishes with Iraqi forces during the air phase of the campaign. On February 24, the ground offensive of the Multinational Force began; in four days of ground warfare, the AH-64 proved to be an effective anti-tank weapon. They also performed close support for troops, sometimes interacting with A-10 attack aircraft. Losses were very low for such a large-scale operation - only three helicopters (including one lost from enemy fire), and one of them was lost in a ground fire before the start of hostilities.

During the NATO military operation against Yugoslavia in 1999, the AH-64 squadron was deployed to Albania and was intended to support a possible ground offensive in Kosovo. However, in late April - early May, two Apaches were lost during training flights over Albania, the crew of one of them died. Ultimately, the AH-64s did not take part in combat operations. According to some unofficial Serbian sources, about a dozen Apaches were put out of action on April 26 as a result of a Serbian air raid on the Rinas airbase, but the very fact of this operation is not confirmed by either the NATO command or official Serbian representatives.

AH-64s have been in active use since the first day of the invasion of Iraq in March 2003. For the first time, AH-64D modification machines were involved. In general, the Apaches confirmed their high reputation in this conflict. Problems arose mainly due to unsuccessful tactics of application, most famous example what is the raid against a brigade from the Medina Republican Guard Division on March 24, 2003. Faced with an unsuppressed and well-organized enemy air defense system, 30 of the 33 Apaches participating in the raid received combat damage. In this episode, the high survivability of the AH-64 was again confirmed: only one of the downed helicopters made an emergency landing on enemy territory (its crew was captured, and the helicopter itself was destroyed by an air strike so that its equipment would not fall into the hands of the enemy).

However, with the start in Iraq guerrilla war AH-64 losses began to mount. The main reason for this is the unexpectedness of shelling from the ground, characteristic of guerrilla warfare, especially when flying over city blocks, when it is impossible to determine where the fire is coming from. The helicopter simply does not have time to perform an anti-aircraft maneuver. In addition, the Apache reservation is intended only for protection from machine gun fire and, in part, small-caliber anti-aircraft guns. Like any other helicopter, it is vulnerable to MANPADS missiles.

American, British and Dutch helicopters are used in combat operations in Afghanistan. Losses here turned out to be small and were mainly due to technical problems.

Israeli helicopters were first used in combat in 1991 in Lebanon. They were used during limited military operations against Hezbollah in 1993 and 1996. Apaches were widely used during the second Palestinian Intifada of 2000-2005. As a rule, they delivered demonstrative strikes against Palestinian organizations in response to ongoing sabotage, but they also took part in real support for ground troops during Operation Protective Wall in March-April 2002. During the Lebanese campaign in the summer of 2006, AH-64s were used to strike targets in Lebanon. Three vehicles were lost, including two that collided with each other in the air. According to preliminary data, all losses were non-combat, although Hezbollah claimed responsibility for shooting down all three helicopters.

On August 07, 2011, British AH-64 Apache helicopters, operating from the Ocean helicopter carrier of the British Navy, attacked the positions of Libyan government forces with Hellfire missiles and airborne artillery during the military operation of the coalition forces.

Worth in service

Bahrain (8 AH-64A)

UK .66 AH-64D for 2010. In service are WAH-64D helicopters, manufactured by Westland under license (a total of 67 aircraft were assembled from parts kits supplied by Boeing). They are powered by British Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca RTM 322 engines. In the British Army, they have replaced the Lynx helicopters as tactical attack helicopters.

Greece 20 AH-64A,12 AH-64D for 2010.

Egypt 35 AH-64As for 2010 (36 AH-64As that were supposed to be converted to AH-64Ds)

Israel (30 AH-64As received local name Peten; 18 AH-64D Saraf) for 2010.

India has been planning 22 AH-64D Apache Longbow since 2011.

Kuwait 12 AH-64D for 2010.

Netherlands. 29 AH-64D for 2010. The Royal Netherlands Air Force had leased AH-64As for some time (12 vehicles), and then placed an order for 30 AH-64Ds without radar. Dutch helicopters at various times were stationed in Djibouti, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Afghanistan.

UAE (30 AH-64A) for 2010.

Saudi Arabia (12 AH-64A) as of 2010.

Singapore 12 AH-64D for 2010.

US 741 AH-64 (241 AH-64A, and 500 AH-64D as of January 2010).

Taiwan

South Korea

Japan 10 AH-64D for 2010.

Flight characteristics

Maximum allowable speed, km/h: 365

Maximum speed, km/h: 300

Practical range, km: 690

Ferry range, km: 2020

Practical ceiling, m: 6 400

Maximum rate of climb, m/s: 12.3

Vertical rate of climb, m/s: 12.7