The variant of the technological layout of the sales area is selected depending on the method of sale, the range of goods, the architectural and planning solution of the sales area, the type of equipment.

Technological schemes for placing equipment in the trading floor must provide the following conditions:

clear orientation of buyers in the sales area;

optimization of consumer and commodity flows;

rational placement and display of goods in the trading floor;

reducing the time for purchasing goods;

a wide range of goods and convenience when making a purchase;

efficient use of retail space in compliance with the requirements of SNiP;

convenience for staff when replenishing commodity stocks in the sales area and customer service.

The following basic forms of equipment placement in the sales area are used: linear (longitudinal and transverse), boxed, exhibition, mixed.

Linear layout allows you to form the desired directions of customer flows, design a single calculation unit, create Better conditions for displaying and selecting goods, as well as viewing the trading floor. When the width of the sales area is up to 12 m, it is advisable to use a linear layout with a longitudinal arrangement of equipment, from 12 to 24 m - with a transverse arrangement.

If there are supporting columns in the sales area, they should be "inscribed" in the equipment lines so that they do not interfere with movement.

The box layout of the sales area is used if there is a need to allocate sections (departments) in stores with a relatively large sales area. At the same time, an independent calculation unit is designed in each box. This layout is less efficient than linear.

The exhibition layout is advisable when it is required to present to the buyer for inspection and selection the samples of goods offered for sale, as a rule, fabrics, large-sized and other goods. The design of exhibition space has its own characteristics. the main task- show the product, pay attention to all its advantages.

A mixed layout is used, as a rule, in large stores with a wide sales area (more than 24 m), selling goods requiring different conditions of sale. In this case, it becomes necessary to combine the linear, box, exhibition part of the room. Sometimes it becomes necessary to design the placement of sales workers' workplaces in the form of separate islands. This allows you to create the necessary conditions trade for each product group, taking into account their specifics.

The arrangement of equipment in the sales areas of self-service stores has its own characteristics:

it must provide free access to goods;

inbound and outbound flows should be separated by rational placement of inputs, outputs, settlement unit, trade equipment, product range;

the visibility of the trading floor and the system of goods safety must be ensured.

If a self-service store has a department with a service counter, a separate place is provided for it, away from the cashiers in the self-service hall.

When placing calculation nodes between checkout booths, it is necessary to have aisles of 0.6 m. The number of checkouts, the area of ​​the calculation unit, its layout must have sufficient throughput, at which no queues are formed and counter flows of customers are excluded. For grocery stores, one is recommended. cash machine for every 100 m of the sales area, in non-food stores - for every 60 m2. These norms can be adjusted taking into account the intensity of customer flows.

When developing a technological design for a store, it is advisable to provide for the mechanization of trade processes. For this, a more rational layout would be when all operating rooms are located at the same level, which eliminates the need for vertical movement of goods. For unloading goods, it is advisable to have unloading ramps (platforms) 3-6 m wide, 1.2 m high, so that the car can unload without special leveling devices.

The efficiency of using the retail space of the store is assessed by the following indicators: the coefficients of the installation and display area and throughput store.

The installation area is determined by the dimensions of the outer boundaries of commercial equipment or auxiliary structures (fitting rooms, etc.). It can be used to judge the effectiveness of the placement of equipment in the sales area.

The specialists came to the conclusion that the index of the equipment placement efficiency in the sales area is the installation area coefficient (KU), defined as the ratio of the installation area to the total area of ​​the sales area.

where Ku is the coefficient of the installation area;

Sy - installation area, m2;

St. h - area of ​​the trading floor, m2.

The optimal value of Ku in self-service stores is 0.3-0.32; in department stores - 0.29; in shoe stores - 0.33; clothes-0.28; household goods-0.32. In other words, the average is close to 0.3 for most product groups. This is the norm, a deviation from which should make you think about increasing the efficiency of the hall.

However, the efficiency of using the area of ​​the trading floor is determined not only by the degree of its use for the installation of equipment. It is also important that the installation area is effectively used for displaying goods, which can be achieved by equipping the sales area with equipment that has a sufficiently large display area.

The display area (display area) is calculated as the sum of the areas of all equipment items on which goods can be laid out. This also includes the area occupied by the installation of bulky goods.

The indicator characterizing the degree of use of the trading floor area for displaying goods is the coefficient of the exposition area. It is defined as the ratio of the area of ​​the display of goods to the area of ​​the trading floor:

where Kexp. - coefficient of use of the trading floor area for displaying goods;

Sexp. - area of ​​display of goods, m2;

St. h. - trading floor area, m2.

This indicator cannot increase infinitely, since its overestimation can suffer rational organization technological processes, deteriorate the visibility of goods. It is believed that the most acceptable relationship between display area and sales area in self-service stores is 70-75%.

Part of the trading floor area is allocated for the areas for the aisles of buyers. When determining the width of the aisles in each particular store, the density of the customer flow should be taken into account (Table 1).

In shops where trade is carried out through the service counter, an area is allocated for organizing the workplaces of sellers. Its size is determined by multiplying the length of the front of the counter by the depth of the workplace. In this case, the depth of the workplace includes the width of the counter, the width of the passage between the counter and the trade equipment for laying out and placing the working stock of goods and the depth of this equipment.

The area of ​​the settlement area includes the area occupied by the booths of the cashiers, the area of ​​the passages between the booths and the area required to provide additional services buyers in the process of settlement transactions. To calculate the number of jobs for cashiers-controllers, use the following formula:

where K is the number of jobs for cashiers;

P is the area of ​​the trading floor, m2;

T is the average time spent by the customer on service (approximately 10 minutes),

n is the area of ​​the trading floor per customer, m2;

2 - coefficient of uneven movement of the flow of buyers.

All of the above indicators in the complex make it possible to characterize the efficiency of using the retail space of the store and are taken into account when making a decision to improve planning decisions.

salesroom arrangement shop

The final stage of planning (layout) is the placement of equipment (calculated and selected in accordance with the equipment standards). Properly organized workplace increases labor efficiency by 20%. When planning, it is necessary to take into account the factors of the formation and layout of workplaces:

  • Placement of equipment in accordance with the direction technological process;
  • · Correct fixation of the size of the working aisles, which simultaneously serve as paths of movement;
  • · Organization of paths of movement along the shortest, rectilinear and non-intersecting directions;
  • · Creation of a progressive organization of the production process;
  • · Providing good conditions for cleaning jobs;
  • · Taking into account the requirements of labor protection when installing machines and devices;
  • · Efficient use of the premises.

To arrange equipment in each workshop, conditional lines for processing raw materials, products, finalizing semi-finished products and cooking are outlined ready meals and products. The design and equipment of technological lines should be linked to the accepted product range. For each technological line, certain equipment, inventory, dishes, containers are assigned. Technological lines should not cross each other and have a return flow. When combining separate technological lines, a time gap is provided between the processing of the next types of product. This means that one product is processed first, and only after the equipment and inventory have been rinsed, another.

The expediency of organizing independent lines is determined in each specific case by the range and quantity of processed raw materials, semi-finished products or manufactured finished products.

The linear principle of the arrangement of equipment will ensure consistency and convenient interconnection different stages technological process, taking into account the flow of movement of products in production. Linear / island and wall / placement of sectional modulated equipment allows you to equip it with local systems / local ventilation systems /. The installation area per unit area of ​​the working surface for modular equipment is 1.4 -5.4 times less than for similar equipment. Modular equipment is produced in a mounted and floor version / on farms, on stands, when the length of the technological line is less than 2.4 m /.

When equipping the shops of procurement enterprises, one should focus on the use of functional containers and means of moving them - racks, containers, etc. Their use makes it possible to reduce the number of transshipments of products in the process of their manufacture and transportation.

Taking into account the requirements scientific organization labor (IT), compliance with safety regulations and industrial sanitation, a certain width of aisles has been established / for pre-procurement enterprises /:

  • - between the technological lines of auxiliary equipment and the lines of equipment that generates heat - 1.3 m;
  • - between the technological lines of the equipment that generates heat, as well as between these lines and the dispensing line - 1.5 m;
  • - between the wall and the technological line - 1.0 m, near the wall with windows 0.2 - 1 m, from the side of the workplace - 1.0 m;
  • - between technological lines of equipment / tables, baths, etc. / when working places are located in the aisle in two rows -1.2-1.3 m;
  • - between the mechanical equipment and the wall - 0.4 m;
  • - between individual types of mechanical equipment - 0.7-0.8 m;
  • - between the wall and the stove / from the side of the furnace hole / with solid fuel - 1.5 m, with other types of fuel - 1.25 m; between the wall and bakery / roasting / ovens - 0.6 m;
  • - with the length of a row of tables up to 3 m, the width of the passage must be at least 1.3 m, over 3 m - at least 1.5 m.

Minimum width for procurement companies:

  • - between the lines of auxiliary equipment and heating equipment - 1.5 m;
  • - between lines of heating equipment - 2-2.5 m;
  • - between the mechanized lines when removing products from the sides of the conveyor - 2.5 m;
  • - when removing products from the end - 0.8 - 1.0 m;
  • - when using an electric forklift - 3.0 m.

When arranging equipment, it is necessary to use the data of the installation albums technological equipment, which indicate the installation distances from equipment to walls or to other equipment when different options location.

In the hall, the equipment is arranged in accordance with the direction of movement of consumer flows, service personnel as well as streams of clean and used dishes. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure a free access to the dispensing line and dining tables.

The width of the aisles in the halls is determined by the distance between the backs of the chairs / when the back of the chair is 0.5 m from the edge of the table /, between the free sides of the tables or between the backs of the chairs and the free sides of the tables. The width of the aisles in the halls for different types catering establishments are determined according to the data presented in the table.

The width of the feeding aisles while standing is shown in brackets. In dining halls with more than 200 seats - it is allowed to increase the width of the main aisle by 0.2 m for every 100 seats over 200 seats, but in general by no more than 1.2 m.

Tables in the halls can be placed diagonally or in parallel rows / lines equally spaced from each other / or in groups with different spacing between the tables.

The distance between the wall and the tables located along it should be at least 0.4 m, and when arranged in parallel rows - 0.3 m.

In self-service enterprises, a dispensing line is usually located in the area of ​​the halls. The gap between the dispensing counter and the barrier when consumers pass in one row should be taken - 0.7 -0.8 m, in two rows / with overtaking / "- 1.4 -1.6 m. The width of the dispensing zone behind the dispensing line should be not less than I m. When installed behind the line of utility tables, the width increases by 0.8 -0.9 m.

Vending machines in the halls are located at a distance of 1.2 m from the walls, and at least 2 m to the nearest tables.

The ratio of tables in the hall depends on the specific conditions of the hall layout and may vary. The approximate ratio of tables for various types of catering establishments is shown in the table.

The arrangement of furniture should be linked to the configuration of the hall, the position of light openings, columns, and the placement of lamps. It is necessary to strive to reduce the length of secondary and auxiliary passes. Furniture in the halls can be installed in relation to the aisles rectangular, diagonally, freely. The combination of a rectangular arrangement of tables along the walls and a diagonal arrangement in the middle of the hall is effective. Sideboards for waiters can be freestanding, interlocked with each other, placed against walls and columns, or near decorative elements. Sideboards are accepted on the basis of one sideboard for two waiters.

EQUIPMENT PLACEMENT AND ROOM PLANNING

Topic 8

Plan:

1. The main methods of equipment placement.

2. Placement of equipment according to the technological principle.

3. Placement of production on a subject-matter basis.

4. Placement of equipment according to the principle of servicing a stationary object.

5. Placement of premises of service enterprises.

The purpose of the planning is such a mutual arrangement of these objects, which will provide a smooth production flow at the plant or a specific service scheme in service organizations. In any case, such assumptions should be taken into account when deciding on the optimal placement.

1. Specific objectives and related criteria used to evaluate the project. The main criteria taken into account during placement are: the size of the production areas and the distances that must be overcome between the various production elements.

2. Demand for products or services produced in this system.

3. Requirements for the process, taking into account the number of operations and the volume of material flows between individual elements in the layout.

4. Spatial requirements when placing elements in rooms.

5. Spatial accessibility within the structure itself or, if it is a new structure, then possible building and architectural forms.

All these points are actually the starting point both when planning the location of production facilities, and when choosing a production process, which was discussed in the previous chapters. This chapter discusses the principles and methods of equipment placement used for various production streams. While designing the layout, the emphasis is on quantitative methods, but the examples given also emphasize the importance of qualitative factors. This chapter deals with material production enterprises and service departments.

The organization of subdivisions into production areas and the corresponding placement of equipment are determined by the main characteristics of the production flow. There are three main methods for placing equipment and organizing workplaces: placement according to the technological principle, according to the principle of manufacturing a certain range of products (subject principle), according to the principle of servicing a stationary object, and also one combined method - according to the principle of group technology, or the formation of technological cells.

Technological arrangement of equipment(also called placement according to the functional principle or location of production, working on orders)- This is a method of placement in which the same equipment or similar technological operations are grouped together, for example, all lathes are located in one place, and all stamping presses in another. The workpiece is moved in accordance with the sequence of operations from one place to another, where the corresponding equipment is located for each operation. This type of placement is typical, for example, for hospitals, where certain areas are intended to provide certain types medical care such as maternity wards and intensive care units.


Placement of equipment by subject matter(also called, placement of equipment along the material flow)- this is a method of placing equipment, in which equipment or production processes are lined up in the course of technological operations, through which the product passes sequentially during manufacture. In other words, the trajectory of each part is a straight line. Footwear production lines, chemical plants, car wash are all examples of equipment placement and organization of work according to the subject principle.

Placement of equipment according to the principle of group technology (formation of technological cells); the principle of group technology involves the grouping of various equipment into work centers, or technological cells, for processing products that have the same or similar methods and processing requirements. The placement of equipment according to the principle of group technology, on the one hand, is similar to the placement of equipment according to the technological principle, in accordance with which cells are created to perform a certain set of technological operations, and on the other hand, it resembles placement according to the subject principle, since work centers specialize in the production of a limited range of products ... Group technology also requires that a process classification is carried out for all components of the product and the corresponding codes are set, which are then used to determine the types of equipment included in the process cells.

Placement of equipment according to the principle of servicing a fixed object it is realized if the product (due to its large dimensions or weight) remains in one place during the entire technological process. Production equipment is brought to the product, and not vice versa. Shipyards, construction and filming sites are organized according to this principle.

Many production sites are generally a combination of different types placement of equipment and organization of the process. For example, work

one workshop can be organized on the basis of the technological principle, and the other - on the basis of the subject. Usually, the work of the entire plant is organized according to the subject principle (production of main units, intermediate assembly, line final assembly), but each production stage is implemented according to the technological principle or according to the subject, for example, in the assembly shop. Similarly, the organization of work on the basis of group technology is often found in areas that are themselves elements of the organization of production according to the subject principle that is widely used at a given plant.

Competent placement of commercial equipment according to the art of merchandising allows:

  • eliminate the number of "dead zones"
  • increase the number of "hot" zones
  • manage the flow of customers in the store
  • make everyone work fully square meter store

and ultimately gives an additional at least 30% of the turnover only due to the knowledge of how to do it correctly!

How do we create the right store layout?
After determining the categories of goods, it is necessary to distribute these categories across the sales area based on several principles:

  1. Profitability and turnover
  2. Dimensions of goods
  3. Placement specifics
  4. Security


The composition of the service "Technological planning and zoning of the sales area"

  1. Detailed study of the layout of the shopping area - zoning of departments, circulation and navigation of visitors without dead zones
  2. Merchandising plan of product neighborhood in the hall (correctly selected combinations of departments enhance each other's sales)

Layout goal: maximum income + customer convenience
Result of work - store plan in AutoCad

Is it possible to independently cope with the planning, zoning of shopping areas and the arrangement of equipment without involving specialists in the field of merchandising?
Is one enough common sense in order to arrange equipment in the sales area in accordance with your aesthetic preferences. Far from it, and no one is immune from mistakes that are well known and obvious to professionals.

TYPICAL ERRORS OF DESIGNERS WHEN CREATING STORE PROJECTS

ineffective efficiently

What affects customer flow and blind spots?

  1. Location of commodity groups
  2. Equipment, expositions
  3. Lighting
  4. Entrance location

Room configuration

The main types of internal layout of commercial equipment.

"Rake"
This method helps to optimize the place as much as possible. It is possible to install a large number additional points of sale adjacent to the edges of the main rows
"Net"
Typical location in big stores... Good customer circulation and maximum display space.
"Diagonal"
In fact, it is the same as the "Grid", but with a more elegant look. Looks attractive, but the place is being sacrificed.
"Freestyle"
This style is used to adapt to the structure and layout of the building, such as pillars, walls, etc. This is reminiscent of the "Diagonal", because a lot of usable space is lost.

Location of commodity groups.

  • 80-90% of buyers bypass all points of sale located along the perimeter of the sales area and only 40-50% of buyers bypass the inner aisles;
  • there are product groups followed by the bulk of buyers, the rest of the product groups are to some extent accompanying;
  • Avoid placing close to departments with the most popular product.

"Golden Triangle"

The classic layout of the sales area is based on the location of the main product group. Thus, the following triangle is formed: entrance - dairy department - cash desks. You can only change the size and configuration of the "golden triangle" by moving its vertices.

Store locations can be divided into two main categories:

Strong points:

  • Shelves on the right side in the direction of movement of buyers
  • Crossing rows of shelves in a store
  • Seats with good frontal visibility
  • Space near the checkout
  • End sections of gondolas

Weak spots:

  • Shelves on the left side in the direction of the movement of buyers
  • Store corners
  • Places near the entrance to the store

Calculating the effective store area

In the general theory of store building, the ratio of the retail area to the total determines the efficiency coefficient (Ke) of using the total area of ​​the store: Ke = St / Sо. The higher the value obtained, the more efficiently the store area is used.... We offer to make simple calculations for your store.

Example... Suppose total area store 2000 m2 of which retail space - 1000 m2. The efficiency ratio is: 1000: 2000 = 0.5.

Calculation formula... If the coefficient<0,6 это означает, что торговая площадь используется неэффективно. На Западе наиболее оптимальным является соотношение торговой и неторговой площади магазина 70:30 , that is, the coefficient Ke = 0.7.

Installation area of ​​equipment.

The installation area of ​​the equipment is of particular importance. It is determined by the dimensions of the outer boundaries of commercial equipment or auxiliary structures (fitting booths, etc.). It can be used to judge the effectiveness of the placement of equipment in the sales area.

The specialists came to the conclusion that the index of the equipment placement efficiency in the sales area is the installation area coefficient (KU), defined as the ratio of the installation area to the total area of ​​the sales area. Ku = Sу / Sо
Optimal value of Ku:

  • in self-service stores is 0.3-0.2;
  • in department stores - 0.29;
  • in shoe stores - 0.33;
  • in clothing stores - 0.28;
  • in household goods stores - 0.32.

The average is close to 0.3 for most product groups. This is the norm, a deviation from which should make you think about increasing the efficiency of the work of the hall.

The coefficient of the installation area of ​​the equipment.
We recommend doing simple calculations yourself.

Example... Let's assume that the total sales area of ​​your store is 1000 m2, and the equipment occupies a total of 500 m2. Ku = 500/1000 = 0.5... This means that the sales area is overloaded with equipment.

Calculation formula... If the coefficient is> 0.35, this means that the sales area is overloaded with equipment, and what is there is used inefficiently. It has limited options for choosing a product, tense flows of customer movements, and difficult customer service.

The comfortable environment of the trading floor - a spacious, well-lit hall, no hum of refrigeration chambers, pleasant coolness from air conditioners, unobtrusive music - creates a person's desire to escape from the running of time, postpone their problems and just pamper themselves with something refined, new and longed for ...

Competent organization of the retail space has become a business axiom. Our experts will help you to plan the arrangement of trade equipment correctly, taking into account the specifics of your store and your sales plan.

If you have questions, or you want to order us a plan of your store, write

There are the following types of technological layout of the sales area, which determine the principle of placing the main points of sale:

Linear (lattice). Linear layout assumes a layout of goods and aisles for buyers in the form of parallel lines. In this case, the line of the calculation node is perpendicular. This layout is typical for self-service grocery stores.

Advantages:

Allows you to maximize the use of the area of ​​the trading floor

Allows you to clearly form the traffic flows of buyers

Creates the best conditions for grouping and placing goods

· Consumers most effectively perceive information about goods.

By changing the length of the lines, the concentration of buyers in different parts of the trading floor is regulated

Disadvantages:

Due to the use of correct geometric lines, buyers have a feeling of discomfort, lack of comfort

· Does not facilitate the passage of the entire area of ​​the sales area by the buyer (there are usually fewer visitors in the central aisles).

Linear layout can be of four types: longitudinal, transverse, mixed, diagonal.

Lattice with linear longitudinal arrangement of equipment- shop equipment is located perpendicular to the flow of customers entering the hall. Such a layout impedes a free view of the entire retail space, and is also ineffective in terms of the large number of aisles at the main wall that guides the movement of buyers. It is used in sales areas of rectangular configuration with a width of 7 to 12 m.

Linear transverse lattice- the equipment is located parallel to the incoming customer flow. This layout has the effect of feeling moving along a long fence.

Mixed Linear Arrangement Grille- a combination of longitudinal and transverse placement. There is a possibility of installing a large number of additional points of sale, bridging to the edges of the main rows. It is used when the width of the sales area is more than 24 m.

Diagonal grille- the location of the equipment at an angle to the customer flow. The trading floor area is not used very efficiently.

ü Boxing (track, loop). The trade equipment is placed in such a way that it forms a loop along which the buyer moves and thus is forced to bypass all departments and see all the offered goods. Used in large department stores and shopping centers, the trading floor of which is divided into departments, sections, pavilions, isolated from each other, where trade is conducted through the counter. Disadvantage: if the buyer wants to turn back (he forgot something or just wants to look more closely) he will have to move towards the general flow.

ü Mixed layout... It involves the use of various types of equipment placement (linear (longitudinal, transverse, diagonal) and boxed). At the same time, it is very important to take care of signs and signs so that the buyer does not feel like in a maze.

ü Exhibition layout. Used when selling goods according to samples. Bulky goods are placed on various types of commercial equipment (islands). Often this layout is used in the sale of lamps, interior items. Dishes may be displayed on the islands.

ü Free layout... It involves the arrangement of commercial equipment without a specific geometric system in accordance with the general concept of the store, its capabilities. At the same time, the buyer feels at ease, because his movement is not limited by anything.

The layout of the store determines the size and location of retail and utility rooms, divides the TZ area into functional zones and forms routes for the movement of buyers through the placement of departments, sections and trade equipment.

The factors shaping the layout of the store include:

Sales area configuration;

Placement of entrances and exits;

The sequence of placement of departments, sections and goods;

Organization of customer flows;

Equipment installation system and placement of calculation units;

Lighting system in TK, etc .;

The purpose of the internal layout is the efficient use of space to achieve the planned level of turnover and profit for the owner.

The TK layout must meet the following requirements:

1. Effective use of space;

2. Organization of a logical structure of trade;

3. Movement of buyers throughout the store;

4. Creation of an attractive interior that makes a favorable impression on the buyer;

5. Balancing the turnover by selling high-performance goods of impulse and passive demand.

6. Reducing the burden on TK sellers;

7. Safety of goods;

Requirements for the sequential placement of departments and product groups:

1. The direction of movement of streams of buyers 9the stream should attract buyers to certain places of the TK);

2. Joint acquisition (the direction of the customer flow should ensure a complex purchase, for example, from laying out tea to confectionery);



3. Frequency of purchases and nature of demand (goods of frequent demand - in places of intense customer flow; departments of target demand - in remote places hall);

4. Duration of selection of goods;

5. Freedom and convenience of movement of buyers;

6. Labor intensity of moving goods from storage facilities(there should be intersections of consumer and commodity flows);