Man uses one way or another all the minerals and rocks of the Earth. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals how minerals are part of the earth's crust in the form ores. According to scientist A. Vinogradova in the deposits of the earth's crust are dominated the following elements(their content is given as a percentage): magnesium (2.2), potassium (2.5), sodium (2.8), calcium (3.7), iron (5.5), aluminum (8.5), silicon (27), oxygen (48). These elements are part of the silicates and aluminosilicates that make up the earth's crust.

Iron

Iron is a common element. Its quantity in earth's crust is estimated at a few percent, however, iron is mined from rich ores with a content of at least 25 percent of the metal.

Iron ores

The types of iron deposits are very diverse. Highest value have so-called ferruginous quartzites- thin-banded rocks, in which black stripes are iron minerals magnetite - magnetic iron ore and less hematite - hematite- interleaved with ribbons of light quartz. Such deposits contain many billions of tons iron ores and are known mainly in the most ancient strata aged two or more billion years! They are developed in ancient crystalline shields and platforms. They are widespread in Northern and South America , in the West australia, V Africa, V India. The reserves of iron ores of this type are practically unlimited - more than 30 trillion tons, a truly astronomical figure! It is assumed that ferruginous quartzites were formed under the action of iron bacteria in ancient basins due to iron supplied in solutions from the surrounding hills, and possibly in hot deep solutions.
Deposition sedimentary iron ores takes place in lakes, seas - modern "natural laboratories". IN last years allocations are open iron nodules(nodules) at the bottom of the oceans. They contain huge reserves not only of iron, but also of related products. manganese, nickel and other elements. The types of iron deposits include the so-called contact or skarn deposits located on the border granite rocks And limestone and formed due to solutions brought from the magmatic body. Deposits of this type are composed of rich ores. There seems to be few iron minerals. The main ones are: magnetite, hematite, as well as various types brown iron ore, siderite(iron carbonate). These minerals provide a wide variety of deposit types.

Manganese

It is similar to iron in terms of formation conditions and technical application. manganese.

Sedimentary ores

It usually accompanies iron in sedimentary ores and ancient metamorphic deposits. He, like iron, basis of ferrous metallurgy, used for the production of high-quality steels.

Chromium

The ferrous metals include chromium. Its main mineral is chromite- forms black solid masses and inclusions of crystals in ultrabasic rocks.

Chromite deposits

Chromite deposits, as well as the enclosing massifs of ultramafic rocks, occur in zones of deep faults. Ore-bearing magma came from the subcrustal depths, from the mantle. Chromite deposits are known in South West Africa, on Philippines, on Cuba, on Ural. Chromium is used in metallurgical production for making steel especially hard, in chrome plating of metal surfaces and in the production of paints, it gives the compounds a green color.

To the same technical group belongs titanium. It is mined from basic igneous rocks in the form of ilmenite and from placers, terrestrial and very widespread on sea beaches and shelves ( Brazil, Australia, India), where its source is titanomagnetite, ilmenite, and rutile.
Titanium is used in the production special steel grades. This heat resistant, light metal.


Also important is vanadium- a frequent companion of titanium in deposits and placers, used for the manufacture extra strong steel grades used in the production of armor and shells, in the automotive industry, in nuclear power. Here, new combinations of elements in alloys play an increasingly important role. For example, an alloy of vanadium with titanium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, aluminum is used in the manufacture of rockets and in nuclear technology. Composite new materials are also prepared from mineral raw materials.

Nickel and cobalt

Nickel and cobalt, also elements of the iron family, occur more frequently in mafic and ultramafic rocks, especially nickel.

Nickel ores


It forms large deposits V South West Africa, on Kola Peninsula and in the area Norilsk. These are magmatic deposits. Nickel sulfides crystallized from magmatic melt coming from the mantle or from hot aqueous solutions. Of a special type are residual nickel deposits formed as a result of the weathering of nickel-bearing base rocks, for example basalts, gabbroids. In this case, oxidized nickel minerals appear in the form of loose greenish masses. These same residual nickel ores enriched with iron, which allows them to be used for the manufacture of iron-nickel alloys. Such deposits are found in Ural, but they are especially widespread in tropical zone- on islands Indonesia, on Philippines, where intense oxidation of rocks on the surface occurs.

Non-ferrous metals

Important for the industry are non-ferrous metals. Many of them geochemically belong to the group of chalcophiles related to copper (chalkos - copper): copper, lead, zinc, molybdenum, bismuth. In nature, these metals form compounds with gray, sulfides. Minerals of non-ferrous metals were deposited mostly from hot aqueous solutions; the main ones are for copper chalcopyrite- golden mineral bornite- a lilac mineral, a constant companion of chalcopyrite, as well as black sooty chalcosine, which is found at the top of many copper deposits.

copper ores

Copper deposits are very diverse. In recent years, very great importance acquired poor disseminated ores of the so-called porphyry type, which often occur in volcanic vents. They were formed from hot solutions coming from deep magma chambers. The reserves of such ores are enormous, especially in South and North America.
Reservoir deposits are also of great importance. copper ores, formed at volcanic eruptions at the bottom of the seas. This is the so-called pyrite type, in which copper pyrite - chalcopyrite- occurs together with iron pyrite - pyrite. These deposits for a long time served as the main source of ores in the Urals. Finally, the role of the so-called cuprous sandstones containing copper minerals. This type includes deposits in Chita region, and abroad the largest deposits Katanga in Africa.

Lead and zinc

Deposits have their own characteristics lead and zinc, these inextricably linked metals. The main mineral of lead is lead luster, or galena, a silver-white mineral in cubic crystals.

lead ores

Extracted from lead concentrates silver, bismuth, antimony. The latter form only an insignificant impurity in the lead sheen, however, with a huge scale of smelting lead ores they constitute a very important supplement to the extraction of these valuable elements from their own minerals. The main mineral of zinc is sphalerite(zinc snag). It is called a snag because it has a diamond luster rather than a metallic one, like ore. Its color is different: from brown to black and cream. These two minerals, galena and sphalerite, are said to be constantly found together.

Zinc concentrates

From zinc concentrates mined germanium, indium, cadmium and gallium. They form a very small impurity in zinc blendes, where they replace zinc atoms in the crystal lattice, taking their place. And, despite the insignificant content, it is the extraction of these small impurities from zinc blende that is the main source of their production. They are of great value! For example, cadmium is used in the production of nuclear reactors, batteries, and low-melting alloys. Gallium, due to its low melting point (melting point of only 30 degrees Celsius), is used as a substitute for mercury in thermometers. Cadmium with tin and bismuth gives Wood's alloy with a melting point of 70 degrees. Indium, added to silver, gives the latter a great brilliance, and in an alloy with copper protects ship hulls from corrosion in sea ​​water. Germanium is used in the production of semiconductors.

Sulphide ore

Often found together with lead and zinc in ores silver, bismuth, arsenic, copper Therefore, lead-zinc deposits are called polymetallic. These deposits are formed from hot aqueous solutions and are especially common in the form of deposits and veins among limestone, which are replaced sulfide ore.

Tin and tungsten

Tin and tungsten belong to rarer metals and represent a special group (in practice they are now referred to as "non-ferrous"). The use of non-ferrous metals is very wide: in mechanical engineering, other areas of technology, in military affairs.
Imagine for a moment that the resources of such a metal as tin were depleted, all life would immediately stop: after all, tin alloys go to the bearings necessary in any mechanism, without tin alloys it would be impossible to produce cars, electric locomotives, machine tools, the production of canned food would fall (tin - can metal). It would seem that such an inconspicuous metal as tin is an extremely necessary link in all technology.

Rare metal minerals

These metals are found in the form of oxygen compounds: tin - in oxide, cassiterite, or tin stone, tungsten - in salts of tungstic acid: wolframite and scheelite. Minerals these elements are often found in quartz veins among granites or near them. Shiny black or brown wolframite crystals stand out sharply against white quartz. Sometimes they are found in other types of deposits: scheelite on contacts of granites with limestones in skarns, cassiterite in sulfide veins. Oxygen compounds form many so-called rare metals: lithium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, neobium, tantalum - they are often found in pegmatite veins. The ancient Precambrian pegmatites are especially rich in them ( Africa, Brazil, Canada).

Light metals are gaining importance at the present time - aluminum and its even lighter counterparts - magnesium And beryllium. These metals are competitors of the all-powerful iron, designed to replace it in many areas. These metals and their alloys are widely used in engineering, especially in aircraft construction, rocket science, in the production of drill pipes - wherever a light metal is needed.

Raw materials for aluminum - bauxite

Aluminum, as is known, is very widespread in the earth's crust, and in the future it will be possible to obtain it from any aluminosilicate rocks rich in this element. While traditional raw material for aluminum are bauxites. They consist of aqueous alumina compounds formed both by sedimentation during deposition in marine basins and during weathering of aluminosilicate rocks. IN Lately developed a method for obtaining aluminum from ancient schist, formed during the metamorphism of clay deposits, as well as from alkaline igneous rocks. Thus, the problem of sources for obtaining aluminum will never confront a person: this metal will be enough in abundance for all subsequent generations. It is only a matter of the technology of its extraction and electricity to create powerful energy-intensive industries.


Another thing beryllium. It is a relatively rare metal. It is part of beryl and other minerals that are found in high-temperature deposits, in pegmatites, as well as in veins formed from hot aqueous solutions. This valuable metal is used in special alloys for the manufacture of X-ray tubes.


The integrated use of minerals is increasing. For example, rare elements are extracted from coal, mainly extremely valuable germanium.


An element like selenium, is not often found in independent minerals, but is present in pyrite and others sulfides in the form of an insignificant impurity, taking the place of sulfur; it is used to create semiconductors, optical devices, in particular binoculars, telegraph equipment, colorless glass.

Along with combustibles, there are so-called ore minerals. An ore is a rock that large quantities contains certain elements or their compounds (substances). The most used types of ores are iron, copper and nickel.

Ores are called, which contain iron in such quantities and chemical compounds that its extraction is possible and economically profitable. The most important minerals are: magnetite, magnomagnetite, titanomagnetite, hematite and others. Iron ores differ in their mineral composition, iron content, useful and harmful impurities, formation conditions and industrial properties.

Iron ores are divided into rich (more than 50% iron), ordinary (50-25%) and poor (less than 25% iron) Depending on chemical composition they are used for smelting iron in its natural form or after enrichment. Iron ores used to make steel must contain certain substances in the required proportions. The quality of the resulting product depends on this. Some chemical elements (other than iron) can be extracted from the ore and used for other purposes.

Iron ore deposits are divided by origin. Usually there are 3 groups: igneous, exogenous and metamorphogenic. They can be further subdivided into several groups. Magmatogenic are formed mainly when exposed to various compounds high temperatures. Exogenous deposits arose in the valleys during the deposition of and. Metamorphic deposits are pre-existing sedimentary deposits that have been transformed under conditions of high temperatures. The largest number iron ore is concentrated in Russia.

The Kursk magnetic anomaly is the most powerful iron ore basin in the world. Ore deposits on its territory are estimated at 200-210 billion tons, which is about 50% of the iron ore reserves on the planet. It is located mainly on the territory of the Kursk, Belgorod and Oryol regions.

Nickel ore is an ore containing chemical element in such quantities and chemical compounds that its extraction is not only possible, but also economically viable. Usually these are deposits of sulfide (nickel content 1-2%) and silicate (nickel content 1-1.5%) ores. The most important include the most common: sulfides, hydrous silicates and nickel chlorites.

Copper ores are natural mineral formations, the copper content of which is sufficient for the economically profitable extraction of this metal. Of the many known minerals containing copper, about 17 are used on an industrial scale: native copper, bornite, chalcopyrite (copper pyrites) and others. The following types of deposits are of industrial importance: copper pyrite, skarn copper-magnetite, copper-titanomagnetite and copper-porphyry.

They lie among the volcanic rocks of the ancient period. During this period, numerous ground and submarine operated. Volcanoes emitted sulphurous and hot waters saturated with metals - iron, copper, zinc and others. Of these, on the seabed and in the underlying rocks, ores were deposited, consisting of iron, copper and zinc sulfides, called pyrites. The main mineral of sulfide ores is pyrite, or sulfur pyrite, which makes up the predominant part (50–90%) of the volume of sulfide ores.

Most of the mined nickel is used for the production of heat-resistant, structural, tool, stainless steels and alloys. A small part of nickel is spent on the production of nickel and copper-nickel rolled products, for the manufacture of wire, tapes, various equipment for industry, as well as in aviation, rocket science, in the manufacture of equipment for nuclear power plants, and in the manufacture of radar instruments. In industry, nickel alloys with copper, zinc, aluminum, chromium and other metals.

Iron ore began to be mined by man many centuries ago. Even then, the advantages of using iron became obvious.

Finding mineral formations containing iron is quite easy, as this element makes up about five percent of the earth's crust. Overall, iron is the fourth most abundant element in nature.

It is impossible to find it in its pure form, iron is contained in a certain amount in many types of rocks. Most content iron has iron ore, the extraction of metal from which is the most economically profitable. The amount of iron contained in it depends on its origin, the normal proportion of which is about 15%.

Chemical composition

The properties of iron ore, its value and characteristics directly depend on its chemical composition. Iron ore may contain varying amounts of iron and other impurities. Depending on this, there are several types of it:

  • very rich when the iron content in ores exceeds 65%;
  • rich, the percentage of iron in which varies from 60% to 65%;
  • medium, from 45% and above;
  • the poor, in whom the percentage useful elements does not exceed 45%.

The more side impurities in the composition of iron ore, the more energy is needed for its processing, and the less efficient is the production of finished products.

The composition of the rock may be a combination of various minerals, waste rock and other impurities, the ratio of which depends on its deposit.

Magnetic ores are distinguished by the fact that they are based on an oxide having magnetic properties, but with strong heating they are lost. The amount of this type of rock in nature is limited, but the iron content in it may not be inferior to red iron ore. Outwardly, it looks like solid crystals of black and blue.

Spar iron ore is an ore rock based on siderite. Very often it contains a significant amount of clay. This type of rock is relatively hard to find in nature, which, given the small amount of iron content, makes it rarely used. Therefore, it is impossible to attribute them to industrial types of ores.

In addition to oxides, other ores based on silicates and carbonates are found in nature. The amount of iron content in the rock is very important for its industrial use, but the presence of useful by-products such as nickel, magnesium, and molybdenum is also important.

Application industries

The scope of iron ore is almost completely limited to metallurgy. It is used mainly for the smelting of pig iron, which is mined using open-hearth or converter furnaces. Today cast iron is used in various fields human life, including in most types of industrial production.

Various iron-based alloys are used to no lesser extent - steel has found the widest application due to its strength and anti-corrosion properties.

Cast iron, steel, and various other iron alloys are used in:

  1. Mechanical engineering, for the production of various machine tools and apparatus.
  2. Automotive industry, for the manufacture of engines, housings, frames, as well as other components and parts.
  3. Military and missile industries, in the production of special equipment, weapons and missiles.
  4. Construction, as a reinforcing element or erection of load-bearing structures.
  5. Light and food industry, as containers, production lines, various units and devices.
  6. Mining industry, as special machinery and equipment.

Iron ore deposits

The world's iron ore reserves are limited in quantity and location. The areas of accumulation of ore reserves are called deposits. Today, iron ore deposits are divided into:

  1. Endogenous. They are characterized by a special location in the earth's crust, usually in the form of titanomagnetite ores. The forms and locations of such inclusions are varied, they can be in the form of lenses, layers located in the earth's crust in the form of deposits, volcano-like deposits, in the form of various veins and other irregular shapes.
  2. Exogenous. This type includes deposits of brown iron ore and other sedimentary rocks.
  3. Metamorphogenic. Which include quartzite deposits.

Deposits of such ores can be found throughout our planet. The largest number of deposits is concentrated on the territory of the post-Soviet republics. Especially Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan.

Countries such as Brazil, Canada, Australia, the USA, India and South Africa have large iron reserves. At the same time, almost every country on the globe has its own developed deposits, in case of a shortage of which, the breed is imported from other countries.

Enrichment of iron ores

As stated, there are several types of ores. The rich can be processed immediately after being extracted from the earth's crust, others must be enriched. In addition to the beneficiation process, ore processing includes several stages, such as sorting, crushing, separation and agglomeration.

To date, there are several main ways of enrichment:

  1. Flushing.

It is used to clean ores from side impurities in the form of clay or sand, which are washed out using water jets under high pressure. This operation allows you to increase the amount of iron content in poor ore by about 5%. Therefore, it is used only in combination with other types of enrichment.

  1. Gravity cleaning.

It is carried out using special types of suspensions, the density of which exceeds the density of the waste rock, but is inferior to the density of iron. Under the influence of gravitational forces, the side components rise to the top, and the iron sinks to the bottom of the suspension.

  1. magnetic separation.

The most common enrichment method, which is based on a different level of perception by the ore components of the impact of magnetic forces. Such separation can be carried out with dry rock, wet rock, or in an alternate combination of its two states.

For the processing of dry and wet mixtures, special drums with electromagnets are used.

  1. Flotation.

For this method, crushed ore in the form of dust is lowered into water with the addition of a special substance (flotation agent) and air. Under the action of the reagent, iron joins the air bubbles and rises to the surface of the water, and the waste rock sinks to the bottom. Components containing iron are collected from the surface in the form of foam.

From the sonorous Latin word "minera" - "a stone that gives birth to metal", - the word "mineralogy" came about. The origins of knowledge about the stone were lost somewhere in the distance of the Paleolithic. The inexhaustible curiosity of our ancestors was combined with an insatiable desire to benefit from environment, and a naive tendency to deify nature - with a "blasphemous" desire to immediately use the power of the "gods" in action. Even the most formidable "deity" - fire - a man ventured to bring into his cave. And hard flint pebbles generously scattered by nature (these "cornerstones of history"), which split, exposing sharp edges, he turned into chisels, scrapers, spearheads and arrows.

Our Stone Age ancestor Homohabilis (skillful man) *, who mined flint as the first "ore", used (of course, unconsciously!) One of the main geochemical features of the silicon element, namely, its prevalence: in the earth's crust, silicon is a little more than a quarter, t i.e. as much as all other elements combined (minus oxygen).

* (The oldest stone tools found in Kenya and Tanzania were made over 2.5 million years ago!)

True, in order to master such an ore, it was necessary to experimentally study the basic properties of flint: the ability to give a spark upon impact, high hardness, viscosity, and most importantly, a conchoidal fracture that forms a sharp cutting edge (Fig. 32).

In addition to the rational form and perfect processing of Stone Age tools, we are also struck by something else: Stone Age man (already in the Neolithic) was not limited to searching for first-class flints on the surface, he mined flint "ores" at depth. Neolithic underground flint mining is known in Belgium, France, England, Sweden, Poland and Belarus. One of the mines in Belgium (the town of Spienne) reaches a depth of seventeen meters. At the bottom of the mine there are horizontal workings, fastened entirely by the left rock. One can only marvel at the skill with which the Stone Age miners dug these oldest shafts on earth, accurately tracing the interlayers of high-quality flint in the soft chalk limestone. These people cannot be denied involvement in mineralogy!

No less admirable is the first Neolithic city known in the history of mankind, Chatal-huyuk in South Anatolia, which arose in the 7th millennium BC. e. based on mining. The area once occupied by this settlement was 32 acres! In this area, houses with flat roofs were located, separated by narrow streets running up the hillside to the foot of the extinct volcanoes Karadzhidag and Hasandag. Archaeologist James Mellaart, who discovered this ancient settlement in 1958, describes the amazing things found there: bone and wooden vessels, figurines made of baked clay and dark green stone, including figurines of the Mother Goddess, small figurines of foot and horse people, images of bulls , sheep, leopards. Even more surprising are the bright multicolored paintings on the walls of the tomb temples and especially the huge, sometimes reaching two meters, bas-reliefs of people and animals. During their manufacture, a layer of gypsum was applied to a skeleton of straw or clay, and for the image of a deity with the head of a bull or a cow, simply a genuine skull with horns was attached to the wall of the temple as the basis of the bas-relief, which was also covered with then painted plaster.

Archaeologists have established the composition of the herd belonging to this tribe and found out that in addition to cattle breeding and agriculture, the people of Chatal-huyuk hunted wild donkeys, deer, wild boars, and leopards. And yet, according to James Mellaart, the basis of their existence, which determined the whole way of life and the size of the settlement, unprecedented at that time, was the extraction of obsidian - an excellent raw material for ceremonial and military weapons. The inexhaustible reserves of this high-quality raw material were concealed by the "pantries" of the Karadzhidag and Hasandag volcanoes. It can be considered that Chatal-huyuk is one of the first settlements on earth of "monopolists" of the excellent "strategic raw materials" of the Stone Age. Archaeologists found the best samples of this ancient "ore" hidden in reserve under the floors of houses.

But in Chatal-huyuk, another find is also interesting: it was here that the most ancient * metal products were first found - small awls, piercings, beads. Studies have shown that they are made mainly of copper.

* (Somewhat later, in the upper reaches of the river. Tiger, east of Chatal Huyuk, were discovered small items from copper (VIII - VII millennium BC).)

Perhaps in Southern Anatolia people first got acquainted with ore in our understanding of the word. Archaeological finds show that mineralogists who lived almost nine millennia ago were well aware of the properties of not only volcanic glass, but also some copper minerals.

So, the first acquaintance with ore took place back in the Stone Age, when people noticed that not all stones crack from the heat of a fire and scatter into sharp fragments (it was from a fire that stone processing often began), sometimes there are lumps that become soft, pliable in fire - malleable. The human palm for the first time felt the magnificent heaviness and chill of metal!

Probably, "finished" metals were mastered first of all - native copper, gold, iron. They are both metals and minerals - natural formations of constant composition.

But what exactly made gold "the metal of kings and the king of metals"? Why was copper ahead of iron by almost five millennia, while aluminum has been known to us for a little over a hundred years? Why do we call tantalum, beryllium and cesium "metals of today"?

It turns out that the fate of a metal very often depends not only on its own qualities, but also on the properties of its natural compounds - minerals. Let's remember the history of the development of metals.

Ore

Chipmunk ore- local, Siberian, the name of the banded lead-zinc ore from the polymetallic deposits of Eastern Transbaikalia. It is characterized by frequent alternation of thin strips of sulfide minerals and carbonates. It is formed by selective replacement of crystalline limestones and banded dolomites with sphalerite and galena.

Stone ore- consisting of boulders or fragments of a useful component (for example; brown iron ore, bauxite, phosphorite) and loose barren host rock.

Disseminated ore- consisting of a predominant, empty (enclosing) rock, in which ore minerals are more or less evenly distributed (interspersed) in the form of individual grains, clusters of grains and veinlets. Often, such blotches accompany along the edges large bodies solid ores, forming halos around them, and also form independent, often very large deposits, for example, deposits of porphyritic copper (Cu) ores. synonym: Scattered ore.

Ore galmeynaya- secondary zinc ore, consisting mainly of calamine and smithsonite. It is typical for the oxidation zone of zinc deposits in carbonate rocks.

Pea ore- a kind of legume ores.

Soddy ore- loose, sometimes cemented, partly porous formations, consisting of clay formations of limonite with an admixture of other hydrates of iron oxide (Fe) and a variable amount of iron compounds with phosphoric, humic and silicic acids. Soddy ore also includes sand and clay. It is formed by subsoil waters rising to the surface with the participation of microorganisms in swamps and wet meadows and represents the second horizon of marsh and meadow soils. Synonym: meadow ore.

Nodular ore- represented by ore nodules. It occurs among sedimentary iron (limonite), phosphorite and some other deposits.

Ore cockade (ringed)- with cockade texture. See the texture of the ores cockade

Complex ore- complex in composition ore, from which are extracted or can be economic benefit several metals or useful components are extracted, for example, copper-nickel ore, from which, in addition to nickel and copper, cobalt, platinum group metals, gold, silver, selenium, tellurium, sulfur can be extracted.

Meadow ore- a synonym for the term Soddy ore.

Ore is massive- a synonym for the term Solid ore.

Metal ore- ore, in which the useful component is any metalused by industry. Contrasted with non-metallic ores, such as phosphorus, barite, etc.

Mylonitized ore- crushed and finely ground ore, sometimes with a parallel texture. It is formed in crushing zones and along thrust and fault planes.

Mint ore- accumulations of small flat-shaped concretions of iron oxides or oxides of iron and manganese at the bottom of lakes; used as iron ore. Mint ores are confined to the lakes of the taiga zone in the areas of distribution of ancient eroded (destroyed) igneous rocks and wide development of flat-undulating relief with many swamps.

Lake ore- iron (limonite) ore deposited at the bottom of lakes. Similar to swamp ores. Distributed in the lakes of the northern part of Russia. See bean ore.

Oxidized ore- ore of the near-surface part (oxidation zone) of sulfide deposits, resulting from the oxidation of primary ores.

Oolitic ore- consisting of small rounded concentric-shelly and silt of radially radiant formations, the so-called. ooliths. A common structural type of iron ores, in which ore minerals are silicates from the chlorite group (chamoisite, thuringite) or siderite, hematite, limonite, sometimes magnetite, often present together, sometimes with a predominance of one of these minerals. The oolitic composition is also characteristic of the ores of many bauxite deposits.

Sedimentary ferruginous ore- see Sedimentary ferruginous rock

Smallpox ore- a variety of disseminated magnetite ores in syenite rocks in the Urals. local term.

Ore primary- not subjected to later changes.

Ore recrystallized- undergone the transformation of the mineral composition, textures and structures during the processes of metamorphism without changing the chemical composition.

Polymetallic ore- containing lead, zinc and usually copper, and as permanent impurities silver, gold and often cadmium, indium, gallium and some other rare metals.

Banded ore- consisting of thin layers (bands) that differ significantly in composition, grain size or quantitative ratio of minerals.

Porphyry copper ore (or porphyry copper)- formation of sulfide disseminated and vein-disseminated copper and molybdenum-copper ores in highly silicified hypabyssal moderately acidic granitoid and subvolcanic porphyry intrusions and their enclosing effusive, tuffaceous and metasomatic rocks. Ores are represented by pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, more rarely bornite, fahlore, molybdenite. The copper content is usually low, on average 0.5-1%. In the absence or very low content of molybdenum, they are developed only in the zones of secondary sulfide enrichment, with a content of 0.8-1.5% copper. Elevated molybdenum content makes it possible to develop and copper ores primary zone. In view of the large size of ore deposits, porphyritic ores are one of the main industrial types of copper and molybdenum ores.

Naturally alloyed ore- lateritic iron ore with a higher than usual content of nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium and other metals, which give an increased quality - alloying - to cast iron smelted from such ores and its processing products (iron, steel).

Ore radioactive- contains metals of radioactive elements (uranium, radium, thorium)

Ore collapsible- from which manual disassembly or elementary enrichment (screening, washing, winnowing, etc.) can be used to isolate a useful component in a pure or highly concentrated form.

Scattered ore- a synonym for the term disseminated ore.

Ore ordinary- 1. Usual average ore of this deposit, 2. Ore as it comes from mine workings before ore sorting or beneficiation. 3. Ordinary ore as opposed to collapsible ore.

Sooty ore- finely dispersed loose masses of black color, consisting of secondary oxides (tenorite) and copper sulfides - covelline and chalcocite, formed in the zone of secondary sulfide enrichment, and representing rich copper ore.

Ore- pieces (ores) of ordinary rich ore that do not require enrichment.

Ore endogenous- see endogenous minerals (ores).

Some of the ore minerals

  • Beryl , Be 3 Al(SiO 3) 6
  • Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites), CuFeS 2

see also

Literature

Geological dictionary, T. 1. - M .: Nedra, 1978. - S. 193-194.

Links

  • Definition of ore on the Mining Encyclopedia website

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See what "Ore" is in other dictionaries:

    The struggle and clash of homonyms did not always end with the elimination of one of them. In these cases, the inconvenience of homonymy was eliminated by the withering away of the corresponding word, its disappearance. The question of the reasons that caused the decay of some ... ... History of words

    Dial. also in meaning. blood, arch. (Sub.), Ukrainian. ore ore; blood, blr. ore dirt, blood, Art. glory. road μέταλλον (Supr.), Bolg. ore ore, Serbohorv. ore - the same, Slovenian. ruda - the same, Czech, Slavic, Polish. ruda ore, c. puddle, n. puddles… … Etymological dictionary Russian language by Max Fasmer

    1. ORE, s; ores; and. Natural mineral raw materials containing metals or their compounds. Zheleznaya r. Mednaya r. polymetallic ores. Percentage copper in ore. ◁ Rudny, oh, oh. R th fossils. R ye deposits. R ye galleries. R o… … encyclopedic Dictionary