Pouring the foundation of a two-story house. What is the best foundation for a brick two-story house. What should he be

The foundation is the basis of any capital construction, therefore, before proceeding with the choice of the type of foundation, several important factors related to both the soil and future loads should be determined. If you intend to build a two-story brick house, first of all, you need to do some research.

In order for the foundation not to sag, crack or warp over time, it is necessary to order engineering and geological studies. At this stage, specialists take soil samples, identify their qualitative characteristics, and, based on the studies carried out, will provide a report and recommendations on which foundation is best for a brick two-story house.

A mandatory criterion for deciding the type of foundation should be the overall load indicator, which carries a large number of indicators related to the weight of all structures and payload. Such values are also very important in order to determine the total area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation. Building a foundation for a house is a delicate matter. The foundation for a two-story house should not be too large, as this will increase its cost.

What type of foundation is better for a two-story brick house?

The following factors influence the choice of the type of foundation: the weight of the building structures, the type of soil, the level of groundwater and the depth of soil freezing. Taking into account all these factors, experts determine the required type of foundation and its dimensions. A visual diagram showing the basic principles of laying a strip foundation for a brick house.

For brick houses, it is necessary to install deep strip foundations.

Image of a buried strip foundation:

A visual diagram of the strip foundation shows what basic components this type of structure consists of.

To build a quality foundation yourself, you will need:

Dig a trench;

It is good to tamp the bottom of the trench, it is also the foundation of the future foundation;

Make an underlying layer of rubble, tamp it well into the ground;

Make a sand pillow;

It is good to compact the sand cushion;

Install the formwork corresponding to the dimensions of the future foundation;

Install the reinforcing cage;

Fill with concrete.

We do not recommend choosing slab foundations for two-story houses. Such foundations are not distinguished by strength and stability. They are intended for small buildings such as garages. Buildings of two or more floors need reliable reinforcement from below.

Foundation depth for a two-story brick house

A very important point in the construction of a house is the depth of the foundation for a two-story brick house.

It is worth remembering one of the basic principles when determining the depth of the foundation - the depth of its laying should be below the soil freezing mark in this region. First of all, this applies to heaving soils (clays, loams). Freezing these soils swell, increasing in volume, and raise the foundation. This leads to cracks and deformations of the structure, and sometimes to the destruction of the foundation. Therefore, it is necessary to lay the foundation in heaving soils below the freezing mark.

Sandy soils are less or not at all subject to heaving. Therefore, there is no need to lay a foundation in sandy soils below the freezing mark. The depth of the foundation will depend more on the structural load and the bearing capacity of the soil. But in order for the soil to be considered non-porous, the content of clay particles in it must be less than 50%. These characteristics must be determined by specialists when conducting geological surveys in order to correctly determine the type of foundation and the depth of its laying.

The freezing depth is given in the building regulatory literature and depends on the climatic region. The calculation is made according to a formula that takes into account the average monthly index of negative temperatures, the duration of the period with negative temperatures and the type of soil. For settlements with the same temperature indicator but different types of soil, the freezing depth will be different.

Roughly, it is possible to determine the depth of freezing on a map showing the depth of soil freezing by region. The red line is the boundary of the climatic region with a certain soil freezing index, which is indicated in centimeters. Thus, in the area between lines 120 and 140, the depth of soil freezing is from 1.2 m to 1.4 m. Intermediate values are determined by interpolation. Learn more about foundation depth.

What else is worth paying attention to?

On need drainage system, especially if the house is planned to be built near a reservoir or in a lowland, where the level should be high level ground water. Since in winter the groundwater freezes and increases in volume, they try to push out the foundation, as a result of which it will gradually collapse. There are a few additional factors to consider, but we will not go into them as they depend on the choice of the construction team. After all, a good foundation for a house is already half the battle, so you should not save on the construction team in any case, especially when the foundation is laid for a brick two-story house.

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About strip foundations

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Many land owners dream of a large and bright house, with a staircase and an attic. To translate such fantasies into reality, it is necessary to calculate and build a foundation for a two-story house.

Types and features

The bearing system for a two-story building must be more rigid than for a small building. This is due to the great pressure of the house on the ground, exerted by two floors and a large number of interior partitions.

Photo - strip foundation project for a two-story house

There are several types of supports for a private house:

strip foundation;
Columnar;
Monolithic.

The pile foundation is categorically not suitable because of its instability. Stilted options can support a one-story brick house, but a tall two-story building, even from a bar, will be too heavy. Screw piles can be useful when installing a small two-story utility building, but they are not recommended for home construction - it will be difficult to legalize the construction later.

Columnar is installed under the usual tape, as in the photo. This helps to further strengthen the structure. In most cases, this option is used on moving soils or swampy areas.

Photo - pillar foundation

The strip foundation for a private two-story house is easy to do with your own hands, it is this type of construction that modern masters most often resort to. The tape allows you to provide correct distribution loads between walls and nodes, and save a significant amount of money on concreting. When choosing such a design, it is very important to calculate the loads that will be placed on the carrier system in order to calculate the optimal depth and width of the support and sole.

A monolithic slab is the most expensive, but also the most reliable type of foundation for a private building. Despite its high cost, such a fill is often used in individual construction, because with the correct calculation of the dimensions of the foundation, it provides a reliable foundation for the house. The reliability of such a foundation is undeniable, it is believed that even during the movement of the earth (for example, during heaving or small tremors), a correctly calculated monolithic foundation will remain intact.

Photo - an example of a foundation design

Video: which foundation to choose

Foundation calculation

The height and thickness of the foundation for a two-story house are the main parameters that you need to know in order to calculate the bearing capacity of the system.

To build a foundation for a house of foam blocks, gas silicate or silicate bricks, you need to find out the minimum width of the base of the support system:

In this case, the value may change with an increase in the level of groundwater. If you plan to build a house in a swampy area, then you also need to calculate the height of the drains. This is important not only for the level of depth, but also for calculating the width. If, during the rise of groundwater, the depth of the proposed base becomes smaller than the width, then the values \u200b\u200bchange upwards:

The thickness of the foundation tape depends on the level of soil freezing, you need to understand that this indicator and the depth of the support are one and the same. To correctly calculate this indicator, you need to know the level of soil freezing in your area. By Russian Federation the freezing level varies between 1 meter and 1.8. At the same time, in middle lane you need to adhere to indicators of 1.5 - they are optimal. You can find out more exact values in any geological bureau of your region.

If the house is planned with a basement, then also be sure to check the level of groundwater. In some cities, it is so high that even drainage does not save. But even these indicators are not final. In addition to internal parameters, you also need to calculate the height of the foundation above the ground. This value depends on the building materials of the house and the supporting system. For example, for a support made of aerated concrete and foam concrete, this value is 300 mm, for a conventional concrete mortar - 200 mm.

Photo - an approximate calculation of the foundation for a two-story house

In this case, the monolithic slab should be smaller. In most cases, for a cement poured foundation, a height of more than 150 mm above ground level is sufficient, and the width of the sole is taken with indicators 50 mm wider than the walls of a two-story house.

Reinforcement

Strengthening the support is necessary to give the structure additional rigidity. You need to install reinforcing units at the intersections of the walls, as well as under the bearing walls. Reinforcing wires are connected using bundles or welded joints.

Photo - reinforcement for strip foundation

The foundation for a brick two-story house must be additionally reinforced. This will help protect the base from stretching and deformation during operation. It is best to use ribbed reinforcement for a tall building. It is suitable for a frame building and a house made of gas blocks or gas silicate. Due to the uneven structure, it is this wire that provides maximum adhesion to the concrete mortar of the foundation.

Photo - strip foundation options

How to pour the base

To make a foundation for a wooden, brick or block two-story house, you will need to mark out the site. There should be no communications in the marked area, since when digging trenches, pipes can be damaged. Pits of the selected size are dug, after which the walls are compacted. Next, you will need step by step guide:

Do not forget that depending on what material will be used for the foundation, it may need to be isolated from moisture. All types of foam blocks, aerated concrete slabs will need to be covered with a special film on all sides before installation. To do this, install the film on a sand cushion and carefully mount building materials on it.

Two-story brick houses are very common, so it's worth talking about their construction. The main component of any structure is the foundation, which can withstand the entire load. For a two-story house, it must be special in order to become a reliable foundation.

For high-quality installation of the foundation for a two-story brick house, you need to do some research in advance that will help in further work. First of all, the type of soil and its qualitative characteristics are determined, on the basis of which a decision is made about which type of foundation is preferable. After that, the total load is calculated. The correspondence of these data to each other indicates the desired type of foundation. This article will choose optimal type foundation for a two-story brick house and recommendations for its installation.

Characteristics of the building material

Any brick house, even a one-story one, is very susceptible to various kinds of shrinkage, and also has a lot of weight. These are two indicators that clearly characterize this structure.

The brick is resistant to compression, but when bent and stretched, it can collapse. With uneven shrinkage of the soil, distortions and cracks in the walls are possible, which can significantly reduce the strength of the structure. Distortion occurs due to:

The main nuances of choice

The standard solution for a multi-storey house is a strip foundation. It is divided into shallow and deep foundations. Depending on the type of soil on the site and the technical characteristics of the building, the appropriate type of foundation is selected.

For brick houses, since their weight is quite large, a recessed strip foundation. It is laid below the freezing layer in the soil. If the foundation is laid above this mark, then the soil, as a result of swelling during freezing, will push the foundation up, resulting in cracks and distortions in the walls, and in the worst case, destruction of the structure may follow.

The heaving of the soil is determined by the content of clay substances in it, if they are more than 50%, then the soil is recognized as such. This study can only be carried out by professional geologists, so you should not even try to do it yourself.

Sandy soils do not require deep laying, as they are not heaving. Here, the depth of laying will determine the load of the building itself.

Also, when choosing a base, you should not forget about the level of groundwater. If the building is erected in an area where their level is high or near a reservoir, then a drainage system is necessarily provided.

In addition to the strip foundation, a pile-tape version can be equipped under a two-story brick house. It is laid using TISE technology. It is perfect for heaving soils, to prevent the separation of piles from the tape, you need to make a stabilizing type pillow. Such a combined foundation will be useful on those soils where dense soil is below the level of 2.5 meters.

Important! With such a foundation, you can build a two-story brick house, but without the use of heavy interior decoration.

If the site is located in a swampy area, then there is a way out. In this case, the foundation is built on screw piles. Such a foundation will prevent distortions and shrinkage of the building and distribute the load over a stable layer of soil that is buried.

You can use the pile foundation and in order to build on stable ground. This option will significantly reduce the cost of arranging the foundation. A building on such a foundation will last a long time, and at the same time, it will in no way react to the change of seasons.

From the foregoing, we can conclude that only the surrounding conditions determine which foundation will be best for a brick two-story house.

Installation of a strip foundation for a two-story brick house

Since the classic option for a two-story brick house is a strip foundation, we will consider how it can be organized on the site.

Preparatory work

After the type of foundation has been selected and its project has been produced, you can begin to develop a site for the house.

To do this, the site is well cleaned of debris and the upper fertile layer is removed. Then you can dig trenches in accordance with the plan. The width of the trench is determined depending on the loads that are expected, but it should not be less than 500 mm. The depth of the foundation for a brick house should be from 1 meter to 1.2 m.

Usually they dig a trench a little deeper, about 1300 mm, which makes it possible to equip a crushed stone pillow. Before this, the bottom of the ditch is compacted independently or with vibrating plates. Plates are used weighing at least 120 kg, it is enough to walk along the bottom of the ditch about 10 times.

If a combined version of the pile-tape foundation is mounted, then the piles should be at a depth of about 5 meters. Piles should have a diameter of at least 1800-2000 mm and be buried only in a vertical position.

Advice! To reduce pressure on the walls of the house, it is possible to make a pillow of sand and gravel around the perimeter of the entire base with a layer of 20 to 40 cm.

Strip foundation reinforcement

The well-known metal reinforcement bars are now gradually being replaced by modern composite-based basalt bars. They do not rust, but are strong enough to support a two-story brick house.

Such composite reinforcement is perfect for waterlogged soils and those areas that are in the lowlands. It is better in such conditions to lay rods with a cross section of 14 mm. Under normal conditions, it is not necessary to use a composite material; you can get by with class A-3 metal fittings.

If it is necessary to reinforce the field under the pile-strip foundation, then vertical-type frames are made of rods with a cross section of about 12 mm. Girths are made of reinforcement about 8 mm. Such elements should be located along the entire length of the rod at a distance of 30 - 40 cm from each other.

Important! Be sure to organize the release of reinforcement for a bunch of piles with a tape base.

For a two-story house, there should be at least 6 rods located longitudinally in a concrete section with a thickness of 14 to 18 mm. This rule is true for the foundation, the cross section of which is 1200 * 600 mm.

Important! The foundation of a brick house must be reinforced, as it is a structure of great weight.

Formwork arrangement

The better the formwork is installed, the faster and more efficiently the foundation will be poured. In order to save money, you can choose the fixed type option. For a two-story house, block formwork made of metal or plastic will be ideal. Such a design can be quickly assembled right in the pit.

Very often, after pouring concrete, developers try to get rid of the formwork as soon as possible, but it is better not to do this, as the edges may break off, since the concrete has not yet hardened. For faster setting of concrete, a plasticizer or additive is added to the mass.

If the volumes of concreting are small, that is, they do not exceed 20 cubic meters. meters, then you can use boards hammered together as formwork.

Advice! For better separation from concrete, a film is laid between the formwork and the foundation, and in the case of using a metal structure, it is lubricated with machine oil.

Pouring concrete

Concrete can be poured with your own hands using a concrete mixer, but first you need to equip several galvanized gutters around the perimeter to move the solution.

The combined type foundation must be performed in two approaches: installing piles and pouring the tape on top. If the piles were made of reinforced concrete, then you need to withstand them for 30 days so that the concrete gains strength.

Also, if the budget allows, you can order ready-made concrete, which is poured into the formwork.

Important! The poured concrete must be processed with a deep vibrator to remove voids.

Conclusion

A brick two-story house turns out to be very beautiful and majestic, but in order to achieve exactly a high-quality structure, you will have to correctly calculate all the accompanying conditions, and choose exactly the foundation that will be relevant for these indicators. You do not need to rely only on your own strength, the main work of examination and design should be done by professionals.

The foundation is the main structural element of any building. The brick house is no exception. Without a reliable load-bearing foundation, it is impossible to build a durable and comfortable home. An incorrectly laid foundation of a building can cause a lot of trouble, up to the destruction of the entire building. Therefore, it is so important to choose the right and qualitatively fill the foundation for a brick house. This article is intended to answer questions about which foundation is better and how it is poured.

Aspects of choice

In the arsenal of modern builders there are several types of foundations that differ from each other in their design, technical specifications and scope. Due to these features, you need the right approach to choosing a foundation for a brick house. There are a number of criteria that direct influence for the operation of load-bearing foundations. The most important among them are:

Dimensions and weight of the building.
Physical characteristics of the soil at the construction site.
Site relief.
Groundwater level.
The depth of soil freezing in winter time.

You should familiarize yourself with each of these aspects in more detail in order to better understand what the foundation for the house should be.

Dimensions and weight of the building

A distinctive feature of a building made of brick or stone is their large weight. One floor of a brick building in its mass can be more than two floors of a house made of timber. The thing is that the density of building bricks is up to 1.5 tons per 1 cubic meter. For pine or spruce, the density index is only 500 - 600 kg. This puts forward special requirements for the strength and reliability of bearing foundations for brick buildings.

Big brick house

According to building codes, the foundation for a brick house should not be shallow tape. A columnar foundation made of metal pipes will not work either. This is due to the low load-bearing properties of tape shallow foundations and the susceptibility to corrosion of metal pipes.

Play their role and the size of the house. So, the foundation for a two-story house should be much stronger than for a one-story building. And given that sometimes the height of private buildings is not limited to two floors, then the foundation must be poured in full accordance with the norms of SNiP. To properly equip the supporting base for a two-story brick building, you need a construction project with all the accompanying engineering calculations.

Soil characteristic

The type of soil also largely determines which foundation for a brick house should be chosen in each case. According to their bearing characteristics, soils can be weak, medium and strong. The weak ones include marshy and clay soils - primarily because of their ability to accumulate moisture in themselves. IN warm time such soils do not have sufficient strength to withstand the massive structure of the base, especially the foundation for a two-story brick or stone house.

In winter, swampy or clayey soils are subject to seasonal heaving. The water accumulated in their thickness freezes and turns into ice, as a result of which it significantly increases in volume. Expanding, the soil saturated with moisture begins to bulge out in mounds, deforming and breaking incorrectly laid foundations, therefore, on weak soils, the most preferred option is a pile foundation for a house.

Piles must be driven below the freezing depth of the soil.

Solid soils include rocks and sandstones. They are strong enough to withstand any kind of foundation - from lightweight, shallow to a powerful strip foundation for a two-story house.

Sand and rock climbing practically do not retain moisture, therefore they are little susceptible to the forces of frost heaving. Sandy loams and loams are intermediate types of soils, the strength of which depends on the degree of their saturation with moisture, therefore, when choosing a foundation for a brick house on loamy or sandy loamy soil, one should pay attention to such a parameter as the height of groundwater.

No. Type of foundation Type of soil 1 Banded prefabricated or monolithic Non-rocky soils - sandstones or rocks 2 Slab Strong non-rocky and heaving, prone to subsidence 3 Pile Any types of soil 4 Banded rubble Non-rocky and non-sagging sandy and loamy

Ground water height

The depths of the sole of the bearing base depend on this indicator of soils. A high groundwater level means that the soils on the site are very likely to be subject to frost heaving, so it is not recommended to build a strip foundation for a brick house in such a place. best way out in this case - to build a pile foundation or a monolithic "floating" slab. True, such options are most often used for small light buildings.

For a two-story brick house, the pile or slab foundation foundation will have to be significantly strengthened due to the large massiveness of the building. Another option is to equip an effective drainage and drainage system on the site and lay a foundation tape.

The depth of the strip foundation in this case should be below the freezing level of the soil so that the heaving forces do not destroy it. This option is great for southern regions, where the soil freezing index does not exceed 0.5 - 0.7 m. In the northern regions, where freezing depths can reach 1.5 meters or more, the installation of a deep-laid base tape may become economically unprofitable, as it will significantly increase the total estimated construction cost.

Also, when constructing a strip foundation with a high level of groundwater, one should take into account the costs of high-quality multi-layer waterproofing of the walls and floors of the basement. Without this, ground moisture will penetrate into the basement through the slightest cracks and pores in the concrete walls, which will cause the development of fungus and mold. Water that gets into the pores of concrete, when frozen, will expand them, forming cracks.

Many private developers have a question: "What should be the depth of the foundation for a two-story house?". The strength of the entire building depends on this, and if we take into account its considerable dimensions and weight, then it is necessary to approach the device of such a supporting base very responsibly, taking into account all the nuances. The table shows the recommended foundation depth for a brick two-story house on soils with different levels of groundwater.

Susceptibility of soil to heaving Depth of water occurrence Required deepening of the sole of the base Non-heaving Not regulated At least 0.5 m, regardless of the level of soil freezing Heaving Above the level of soil freezing Below the level of soil freezing Heaving At 0 ... 2 m below the freezing level At ½ the depth of soil freezing, but not less than 50 cm Heaving More than 2 m below the freezing level ¾ of the soil freezing depth, but not less than 70 cm

Foundation types

After familiarizing yourself with the main criteria for choosing load-bearing bases, you should consider in more detail technical features one or another foundation for a brick house. In this capacity, three types of bases are most often used:

To understand how to make the right foundation, you should familiarize yourself with the technological nuances of its construction.

Tape base

The strip foundation for a brick house is the most common type. Among the advantages of this option is its simplicity and the ability to withstand very heavy loads, which is especially important for massive buildings, for example, for a brick two-story house. Tape bases depending on design features are divided into two types:

Monolithic foundations are cast directly at the construction site from concrete mortar. Before starting concreting, a formwork is constructed and a reinforcing frame is assembled in it. Prefabricated belt structures are assembled from blocks using lifting equipment. Structurally, the foundation tape is a concrete strip running under all the supporting walls of the building, both external and internal.

The width of the strip foundation can vary from 30 to 60 cm: it is this size of monolithic foundation slabs that is regulated by building GOSTs. If the width of the strip foundation for relatively small and light brick buildings can be 300 mm, then the thickness of the foundation for a two-story house should be at least 400 mm.

In addition, the strip foundation of a two-story brick house must be deepened by at least 50 - 70 cm, provided that it is built on strong, non-porous soils. Shallow variants of the bases in this case are absolutely unacceptable, as they have insufficient strength.

Pile foundations

A similar version of the foundation is usually used when building a building on weak, swampy or heaving soils. A feature of construction on such soils is the need for a solid foundation, which can ensure the stability of the building. For these purposes, the sole of the foundation must be deepened down to strong rocks, excluding the shrinkage of the building. Or the bottom of the base should be below the freezing level of the soil in the cold season. This will prevent it from being squeezed out of the ground by the forces of frost heaving.

Pile foundation for a brick house

In this case, the most optimal technology is the method of driving or twisting piles into the ground. This allows you to save a lot of effort, time and money that would be needed to carry out earthmoving and pouring a monolithic tape of the same depth. There are three technologies for the construction of a pile foundation:

The driving method consists in deepening the pile into the ground with the help of a special copra hammer. It can be mechanical, suspended on a crane or excavator. In private construction, a manual pile driver, driven by the muscular strength of people, can also be used. The bored technology provides for drilling a well of the required depth in the ground, after which it is reinforced and poured with monolithic concrete.

When pouring piles on your own, construction technology should be strictly observed - use concrete of high grades (from M-400) and vibrate the poured solution. If these rules are not followed, the supporting piles may turn out to be too weak, having air cavities and shells inside them.

With the screw method, special piles are used for the construction of the supporting base, having a spiral tip. They are deepened by mechanical or manual pile twisters, and the whole process resembles the twisting of a self-tapping screw or a corkscrew.

slab foundation

Relatively rarely used technology in residential construction. The classic slab foundation is a reinforced monolithic slab, poured on a sand and gravel cushion. The low prevalence of this option is associated with a number of operational disadvantages. Firstly, the base-slab excludes the construction of a basement, basement or underground under the house. Secondly, such a foundation is used only in the construction of buildings that are small in weight and size.

The slab foundation of a two-story brick house can be too expensive for the developer due to the large volume of concrete pouring.

Therefore, the base-slab in brick private construction is used only in case of emergency. For example, if construction is carried out on fragile soils. In this case, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe base plate will prevent subsidence of the building, reducing its specific pressure on the ground.

Slab technology can also be used on dense soils, when it is necessary to combine the foundation and subfloors to optimize performance. Such a need may arise during the construction of baths, garages or warehouses.

Getting to know the features various designs foundations and the criteria for their selection, a private developer can independently mount a high-quality foundation for his brick house.

Calculation of the depth of the strip foundation for a two-story house

The foundation is the basis of any structure, so it is extremely important to prevent even the slightest mistakes when arranging. A well-made foundation will not only strengthen the structure, but also extend its life. The construction of a two-story house also begins with the development of the foundation, but first you need to examine the soil for its condition and the height of the ground aquifers. Such geodetic studies are required in order to calculate what depth and height are needed for the foundation of the future home.

Depth determination for a two-story house

To determine the depth of the foundation, not only the type of soil and the height of the aquifers are calculated, but also the freezing point of the soil. In particular, several types of soil are divided:

Fluffy - These are fine sandstone, loam and other light compositions.
Non-fluffy are semi-rocky and rocky rocks.
Weakly fluffy are considered heavier. This includes gravelly (large and medium-sized), as well as coarse-grained soils.

Important! A strip foundation for a two-story house on slightly heaving soils will take not only strength, but also finances. Therefore, it is better to choose any other type of foundation.

The height of the approach of ground aquifers also affects the dimensions of the foundation for a two-story house. In the case of a close location of the exit point in the presence of heaving soil, the depth should be as shallow as possible. And this combination threatens with high costs and the choice of non-standard solutions. However, the strip foundation is good because it can be deepened by 0.7 meters and at the same time be sure of the strength of the foundation. Additional work will be required not the most difficult - waterproofing the supporting structure.

Advice! Semi-rocky and rocky soils do not depend on the approach of aquifers and the freezing point. Therefore, geodetic surveys are not required here, and the depth of laying the bearing foundation can be standard.

The freezing point of the soil is the last criterion in choosing the depth of the bearing base for a two-story house. But there is a secret here: in the case of non-heaving soil on the site, the freezing point great influence does not render.

Calculation of the depth and width of the foundation for a two-story house

After determining the main factors, the main parameters of the supporting base are calculated: depth, width, height of the strip foundation.

Advice! In the case of the construction of a frame two-story house, the calculation of the depth of the trench is carried out according to the standard parameters of the frame with a height of 70 cm.

As a rule, the width of the base of the house is determined as the estimated thickness of the external walls plus 15 cm. But such calculations are very approximate, in order to determine more accurate parameters, the following data must be taken into account:

The area of the sole of the pit, to determine the dimensions of which it is necessary to know the mass of the structure and the bearing capacity;
The thickness of the main walls of the building;
Looseness of the soil;
Freezing point.

Advice! The depth of the supporting base also depends on the materials for building the house, climatic conditions and the construction site. A two-story house is considered a low-rise type of building, so material such as brick, cinder block is quite suitable. The strip foundation for such houses can be of a shallow type.

Formula for calculation: 0.8 m multiplied by the number of floors of the future house. It turns out the figure 1.6 - it is this depth that is considered standard for a two-story house.

Features of the strip foundation

The strip foundation is of a monolithic type and is ideal for sandy, clayey soils. It is also used on soils with differences of 20-50 cm. The difference of this type of bearing base is in the location along the entire perimeter of the building, including load-bearing walls.

The width of the base must exceed the thickness of the walls, taking into account the maximum load on the soil for the existing type of soil. The thickness depends on the material of construction. For example, if using concrete, the width of the base is taken as standard - 25 cm, reinforced concrete - width 10 cm, a natural stone– width 50 cm.

In matters of determining what exactly the height of the foundation should be, it is worth paying attention to the type of structure. In particular, for wooden buildings, the depth of penetration is not more than 15-20 cm below the freezing point of the soil, but for a heavier two-story brick house, the depth of penetration is required from 30-40 cm below the freezing level.

Advice! After the depth of the bearing base is determined, the height is calculated. Dimensions vary at the request of the customer, however, the standards offer their own parameters: for houses made of brick or aerated concrete, the height is from 20 cm, for wood from 35-40 cm. Builders recommend taking the following parameters: plus 10 cm to the height of the snow cover characteristic of the area

Options for building foundations for a brick house

Based on experience in construction, the strip foundation for the construction of a brick house - best option. On one condition that a one-story building is being erected and a suitable type of soil is present. The laying of a two-story building requires a more careful approach and miscalculations of the entire supporting structure.

You always want to finish the cottage with the most modern materials which do not weigh much. For example, a polymer tile weighs 17-28 kg each. Plus, its supporting structure has sufficient weight. Therefore, the margin of safety should be sufficient (15-20%).

The technological process of building a foundation requires careful study and implementation of all advanced technologies. Let's try to sort out on the shelves not only the tape version of the foundation, under the brick house, but also the combined method. How to strengthen the foundation for a two-story version. What is the main thing for a fortress? Technology, materials, or correctly performed calculations and strict adherence to the project during construction.

Construction and site selection

In general, you can build anywhere, but not everywhere there is suitable soil.

Visually, you can determine with a probability of 90%, only the presence of groundwater, briefly examining the vegetation.

There should be no sow thistle, reeds, large thickets of shrubs.

When choosing a site for laying a house, invite a specialist to carry out work on geodetic surveys, thereby solving more than one issue.

Determine the type of soil, its density, the presence of groundwater.

Which type of foundation to choose

A strip foundation of normal depth is the standard. The main load-bearing structure rests on the topsoil. On dense soil, when the earth moves, the strip foundation of a standard, up to 1400 mm, deepening, works fine. Just like any other type.

From this series, shallowly buried bases are made of concrete and reinforcement, and the supporting frame simply lies on the ground, the laying depth is up to 600 mm. And the main weight loads are transferred to the ground by the weight of the building, pressure. This is a floating type of foundation. It is better to choose it for the construction of a one-story, not heavy building on slightly heaving soil. The excellent choice for country or country construction.

Pile-tape version of the construction of the foundation, laid according to the construction technology TISE (Technology Custom Construction Ecological) when moving on heaving soils, they are used more often. In order not to tear off the tape from the piles, a stabilizing pillow is made under it. This combined use provides advantages where the depth of compact soil is below the level of 2.0-2.5 meters.

This type is suitable for building a two-story brick house, but only with a light finish inside.

It is necessary to build in a swampy area adhering to certain standards, and the use of a foundation that stands on screw piles will perfectly protect the building from all kinds of distortions and shrinkage. You can also use screwing piles, they are driven to the required depth into the soil itself, trying to get below the groundwater level, which gives undeniable advantages in stability.

Such a foundation is suitable for the construction of a two-story house on stable soils. The base on screw piles almost does not react to the change of seasons, the building will last a long time.

Preparing and arranging a crushed stone pillow

Having solved the issue of the number of storeys, and choosing the type of strip foundation, it's time to develop the soil and install a pillow under the strip foundation for your brick house.

The width of the ditch must correspond to the loads for a one-story building, but not less than 500 mm wide. The depth of occurrence when building a brick house is 1-1.2 meters.

When taking into account the depth, they dig 1300 mm, of which 100 mm will be used to fill the pillow with rubble. The compaction of the bottom of the ditch is done manually or with the help of vibrating plates with a mass of at least 120 kg. Enough 8-10 passes with such a plate along the bottom of the trench.

For a brick two-story house, the strip foundation is poured deeper, the excavation is carried out to a depth of 2 or more meters, to dense layers of the earth. With the combined method, piles are buried directly in the ditch to a depth of 5 meters. Installation of piles should be carried out strictly in a vertical position, and their diameter during laying should not be less than 1800-200 mm.

Tip: To reduce the pressure on the walls of the foundation, you can use damping backfills, sand, crushed stone, or a mixture of them. They are arranged around the entire base, with a layer thickness of 200-400 mm, to the depth of the entire foundation.

How to reinforce a strip foundation

Technology is advancing in construction as well. Reinforcement that does not rust, made of basalt fiber on a composite floor, has recently appeared on the material market. Its fibers are strong enough to create load-bearing structures even for a two-story house.

In lowlands and damp places, it is better to give preference to her. Having laid for fidelity a rod with a diameter of not 12 mm, but 14. Under normal conditions, a standard frame made of rebars Class A-3, made of metal, is used to reinforce the concrete structure.

In the case of reinforcing a mine field for a pile-strip version of the foundation, a rod diameter of 10-12 mm is used for the installation of vertical frames. Grasping them with rings of thin reinforcement 6-8 mm in diameter. Rings are mounted in increments of 30-40 cm, along the length of the rods. Issues are also important, for dressing with a tape frame it is easier to cut off unnecessary ones before pouring than to tie pieces inside the spatial frame itself.

Important: For the installation of strip foundations for a two-story house, reinforcement is best carried out in accordance with the norms 7.3.5 of SNiP 52-01-2003, “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures”. And the protective layer of concrete, from the edge of the finished reinforcement frame, must be at least 35 mm.

When laying a two-story house, the foundation should not have four longitudinal rods in the concrete section, but at least 6. 14-18 mm thick, with a foundation section of 1200 * 600 mm. To keep the cover within a given range, you can use plastic products: distance.

Under a brick house, reinforcement is simply necessary. This is not a lightweight construction of profiles and profiled sheet. Where can I make a finely recessed version of the base.

Formwork selection

The speed of the pouring work as a whole depends on the formwork device. It is economical to choose a non-removable option. But for 2 floors, the best option would be a block formwork made of metal or a modular version of plastic.

The design of such equipment allows you to work without problems in the pit, and you can assemble it in just a few days.

Many developers are in a hurry to dismantle the formwork, this should not be done. Break off the edges of uncured concrete. You can speed up the process by adding an additive or plasticizer to the concrete, and in winter it will have to be done this way.

For small volumes of concreting up to 20 cubic meters, it is better to make the formwork yourself from boards and timber, and in another case it is cost-effective to rent it.

Do not forget to lay the film between the wooden formwork and the frame. If you have chosen a metal formwork, lubricate it with used oil, any will do.

Foundation tape pouring

You can pour the tape manually using a concrete mixer, arranging several auxiliary gutters made of galvanized steel around the perimeter. If its depth is not more than 600 mm., And the volume is 5-9 cubic meters.

Important: A pile strip foundation for a brick house is built in 2 main stages, filling the shafts or screwing in the piles and pouring the carrier tape with concrete. If the piles are made of concrete, then they can be loaded no earlier than after 30 days.

In another case, concrete must be ordered in advance, while calculating the exact volume. Deep vibrators for compacting the mass itself are also useful here, the denser the rammer, the better the concrete.

The production of concrete pouring of load-bearing structures requires experience and knowledge. By agreeing with the experts, you will perfectly solve the problem of assembling all structures, as well as solve the issue of concreting.

Foundation for a two-story brick house

For any structure, a strong support is necessary; this element can serve as the foundation for a two-story house.

When laying this design, it is important to avoid flaws and mistakes in order to extend the operational life.

To do this, it is necessary to qualitatively examine the soil in order to select the most suitable type of foundation laying.

The main indicators of the soil

To determine the depth of the foundation for a two-story brick house, you must have the following data:

type of soil;
soil freezing depth;
depth of groundwater.

Before laying the foundation, determine the type of soil

The level of soil water is at a great distance from the level of freezing (more than 2 meters). For this reason, the construction of the foundation will not be expensive.

The type of soil is one of the important factors affecting the depth and choice of material to fill the foundation. From influence weather conditions the soil changes its volume, therefore, by determining its properties, it is possible to determine the classification of the type of soil. They are divided into:

rocky ones are reliable, strong enough;
coarse-grained - a combination of sand and various solid particles, the base is reliable;
sandy - contain sand of different densities, perfectly pass water, are not subject to heaving, but shrink under load;
clayey - the main percentage consists of clay, they retain water, can shrink or erode, undergo frost heaving;
loamy - this is a soil containing from 10 to 30% loam with sand, retain moisture, which contributes to strong freezing and an increase in volume;
peat - a mixture of clay, sand and other organic impurities, compacted unevenly under load.

Ground water level

The groundwater level is an indicator that helps to establish the depth of the foundation, which is necessary specifically for this species buildings. If the level indicators are high, then this site is better not to be used for construction.

After all, this can lead to high costs, and wrong decisions during the design. In addition, additional waterproofing should be carried out subsequently.

All necessary information should be determined before construction begins. This can be done without special surveying: ask neighbors, visit real estate agencies, or use the help of a company that conducted tests in the area.

Soils that are not greatly affected by the level of freezing and the rise of water are rocks.

The amount of soil freezing

Many construction companies use a simplified version of determining the depth of laying the foundation, since they consider the winter freezing of the soil to be the main criterion on which it depends.

To some extent, this is the right decision, but on the other hand, this method can increase the cost of work several times.

If the soil is not a failure, then the amount of frost will not have much effect on the foundation, no matter how deep it is laid. But be that as it may, this factor must be taken into account.

Foundation parameters

For the construction of a brick house, the optimal depth and width of the base are important points. The basic principle to be followed correct location foundation. It should be lower than the freezing limit in the soil.

This applies mainly to clay and loamy soils, since they tend to raise the foundation when they increase in volume. It also leads to the appearance of cracks, and subsequently contributes to the destruction of the structure.

Sandy soil is not subject to swelling, so there is no need to lay the foundation below the freezing mark. In this case, the depth of the foundation will depend on the bearing capacity of the soil and the structural load.

The depth is calculated using a special formula that takes into account the critical temperature index, the length of time with this temperature during the month, and the type of soil.

To determine what soil freezing depth is present, you can refer to a table that indicates data by region.

Other important points

It is also necessary to pay attention to the presence of a drainage system, in particular, when it is planned to build a house next to a reservoir, where there is a high level of soil water.

Also, this fact should be taken into account if the house is planned to be built with a basement.

In order for a brick house built on several floors to have the right foundation, you should study all the conditions that may affect further operation:

compare the load on the base with the standards;
the height, width and thickness of the planned building are necessary to calculate the bearing capacity of the entire system;
minimum width of the sole of the support system;
number of floors.

To determine what depth is needed, the following formula should be followed: 0.8 m times the planned number of floors. For a house with two floors, the value will be 1.6 m. For more information on drainage work on the site, see this video:

For long-term operation, it is necessary to properly perform the work on the construction and arrangement, which will keep the house without distortions, various cracks and other damage.

Features when determining the size of the base

The width and height of the foundation in the calculation require the identification of certain characteristics. To build a brick house with several floors, you need to lay the tape to the freezing line. But for greater strength, it is better to make the depth of the pit more by 30 cm, so that the height of the strip base above the zero point is appropriate.

What will be the width of the base depends on what dimensions the house will have. Important role in determining this indicator play the following parameters:

sole area;
dimensions of the wall thickness of the structure;
the weight of the reinforced tape carcass, as well as the width and the correct spacing between the reinforcement.

What should be the strip foundation? Durable, so that after completion of work, taking into account all the total loads, the structure does not go into the ground. After all, the structure can not only push the structure during frosts, but also under the influence heavy weight push into the soil.

The correct consideration of all parameters in the calculations of the strip foundation is the key to a long and reliable functioning of the structure.

Strip foundation

Considering many years of practice, it is not practical to use a pile foundation for a two-story brick house. After all, for this you need to rent special equipment. Large investments are needed to transport piles and arrange monolithic grillages. The most common for brick buildings are strip foundations. In most cases, prefabricated or monolithic structures are used.

The prefabricated base, as a rule, includes concrete blocks and reinforced concrete slabs, the thickness of which is about 50 cm. For how to make a strip foundation with your own hands, see this useful video:

In order to avoid expulsion of the structure by the ground, an expansion is performed at the sole of the base. For small elements, this process is done using metal rods. When erecting a building at the junction of the tape base and walls, it is necessary to install a PVC film and perform insulation.

What is the standard for the foundation when building a two-story house? These are flood structures that are made of concrete with the addition of crushed stone or gravel. The prepared solution must be poured into a pre-made formwork and compacted.

Foundation depth for a two-story house

The foundation is the foundation of any structure. Therefore, it is very important to avoid mistakes when laying it. A well-made foundation will strengthen the structure and significantly extend its life. Let's say you want to build a two-story house. Where should you start? Start with geodetic surveys to find out the type of soil and the height of the groundwater rise. This must be done in order to correctly calculate the depth of the bookmark and determine the type of foundation that is most suitable for the area. The depth of the foundation for a two-story house is one of main characteristics that need to be determined. Let's dwell on this in more detail.

Dependence on soil type

So, we learned that how deep any foundation needs to be laid is influenced by three main factors:

soil type,
groundwater level,
Depth of soil freezing.

To find out how deep to dig a foundation, you first need to determine the type of soil in your chosen area. The type of soil is one of the fundamental factors that affect both the material of construction and the depth of laying and the type of foundation that is best used in given conditions.

The fact is that the soil can change its volume, depending on weather conditions. Based on this property, there is a classification of soil types. They are divided into three types:

Heaving soils. These include fine sandy soil, loam and others.
Non-rocky soils. These include semi-rocky and rocky rocks.
Weak soils. These include coarse and medium gravelly sands and coarse-grained soils.

Dependence on the level of groundwater

Another factor, the definition of which will help determine what depth of foundation is needed specifically for your structure, is the level of groundwater. If the site you have chosen for construction is too high, and the soil is heaving, then this is not the best option for construction. This combination promises increased spending and non-standard solutions when designing a building. Most likely, additional waterproofing for the supporting structure will be needed. Therefore, it is best not to stop your choice in such areas. Be sure to find out this information before starting the construction of the building. This can be done without any geodetic surveys. Interview the owners of sites in the neighborhood, pay a visit to real estate agencies, or contact firms that study and test the soil in the area.

There are also a number of soil types that are not significantly affected by winter soil freezing or groundwater rise. Such types of soil are, for example, semi-rocky and rocky rocks.

Dependence on the depth of soil freezing

Almost all construction companies use a lightweight method for determining the optimal depth of laying the foundation. They believe that the main criterion on which the depth of the foundation for a house depends is the depth of soil freezing in winter. On the one hand, this is absolutely correct, but on the other hand, this approach sometimes increases the cost. construction works in many times. Why is this happening? The fact is that such developers do not take into account the type of soil. If the soil, for example, is not heaving, then the force of frost heaving will not have any effect on the foundation, no matter how deep it is laid.

However, this factor should be taken into account. It depends on the climate of the area in which the house is being built. For example, the depth of soil freezing in Moscow is 140 cm, and in Novosibirsk - 220 cm.

Calculation of the depth and width of the foundation for a 2-storey house

Any work on building a house begins with digging a trench. Since the planned building has only two floors, the load on its base will be relatively small. Therefore, the width of the trench can be no more than half a meter. As for the depth of the trench, it must be done as much as possible. This will only increase the bearing capacity of the structure.

If you plan to build frame house, then when calculating the depth of the trench, it is necessary to take into account the dimensions of the frame for a two-story building, the height of which is 70 cm. When the trench is ready, you can proceed with the installation of the formwork. And then you need to make a frame of reinforcement, welded or wire.

The depth and width of the foundation depend on many parameters. Some builders define the width of the base of the house as the estimated thickness of the walls to add 15 cm. But these are very approximate calculations. To calculate the width more accurately, you need to take into account data such as:

The area of the sole of the pit, for the calculation of which it is necessary to know the weight of the entire structure, its bearing capacity.
The thickness of the main walls of the building.
Looseness of the soil.
The depth to which the ground freezes in winter.

The depth of the foundation is determined on the basis of information about the material used to build the house, the characteristics of this type of soil and the climatic conditions in the area where the building was erected.

A two-story building is considered low-rise, so a brick or cinder block may well serve as a material for it. As for the type of foundation that is suitable for low-rise buildings, it can be shallow.

The calculation of the depth of the foundation is made according to following formula: 0.8 m times the number of floors in the future house. Thus, for a two-story building, this value will be equal to 1.6 m.

Foundation types

Used in construction Various types foundation, the choice of which depends on many factors.

Tape

The belt type is monolithic and is suitable for use on clayey, very sandy soils. It can only be used if there are differences in ground height from 20 cm to 50 cm on the plot of land. The main difference between the strip foundation and other types is that it is placed under the entire area of the house, including load-bearing walls.

The width of this type of foundation must exceed the thickness of the walls of the building. In addition, when determining it, the maximum load on the soil for a given type of soil is taken into account. Its thickness depends on the material used. For example, if concrete is used, then the thickness will be 25 cm, reinforced concrete - 10 cm, natural stone - 50 cm, etc.

To find out what depth of the strip foundation will be optimal, you need to pay attention to the type of structure. For example, for wooden structures, a shallow strip foundation is most often used, and for heavier concrete structures, it is better to use a deep one. It should be located 20-30 cm below the freezing of the soil in your chosen area.

The material for the strip foundation is traditionally rubble stone or brick.

pile

Pile foundation is the most popular type in construction. Its main advantages are strength and lack of deformation. The piles of which it consists are usually made of heavy concrete and reinforcement with an anti-corrosion coating. Piles are made in such a way that they can withstand the load during their installation, they are driven into the soil. Before releasing products for sale, they are carefully checked and tested.

Piles are the strongest material used to build a house today. They are suitable for the construction of buildings even on terrain with weak soil. For each type of soil, a different type of piles is used.

The depth of the pile foundation should be from four meters for a one-story building and up to eight meters for two-story buildings and buildings with more than two floors.

Columnar

This type of foundation, and especially its subspecies - support-columnar, is most suitable for small buildings. It is one of the cheapest and least labor-intensive used in construction today. It can be laid even in winter, but at a temperature not lower than 10 ° C.

The depth of the column foundation can change if parameters such as:

The depth of soil freezing in a given area. Column Foundation always lay below this depth.
Soil type and composition. It is better if it is sandy soil.
The level of groundwater rise. If the level is too high, additional soil drainage and waterproofing must be done.
The weight of the building itself and the load that it gives to the supporting part.

Concrete pillars are dug in around the entire perimeter of the base and at the locations of the load-bearing floor beams. The distance between them should be about 2 m. From above they are covered with roofing material, which provides reliable waterproofing.

Thus, we see that the depth of the foundation for a two-story house can be different, and depends on many extraneous factors.

Based on experience in construction, a strip foundation for building a brick house is the best option. On one condition that a one-story building is being erected and a suitable type of soil is present. The laying of a two-story building requires a more careful approach and miscalculations of the entire supporting structure.

You always want to finish the cottage with the most modern materials that weigh a lot. For example, a polymer tile weighs 17-28 kg each. Plus, its supporting structure has sufficient weight. Therefore, the margin of safety should be sufficient (15-20%).

Construction and site selection

In general, you can build anywhere, but not everywhere there is suitable soil.

Visually, you can determine with a probability of 90%, only the presence of groundwater, briefly examining the vegetation.

There should be no sow thistle, reeds, large thickets of shrubs.

When choosing a site for laying a house, invite a specialist to carry out work on geodetic surveys, thereby solving more than one issue.

Determine the type of soil, its density, the presence of groundwater.

Which type of foundation to choose

The pile-tape version of the construction of the foundation, laid according to the construction technology TISE (Technology of Individual Construction Ecological) is used more often when moving on heaving soils. In order not to tear off the tape from the piles, a stabilizing pillow is made under it. This combined use provides advantages where the depth of compact soil is below the level of 2.0-2.5 meters.

This type is suitable for building a two-story brick house, but only with a light finish inside.

Such a foundation is suitable for the construction of a two-story house on stable soils. The base on screw piles almost does not react to the change of seasons, the building will last a long time.

Preparing and arranging a crushed stone pillow

Digging a trench for a foundation without a basement at a low GWL - groundwater level

Having solved the issue of the number of storeys, and choosing the type of strip foundation, it's time to develop the soil and install a pillow under the strip foundation for your brick house.

The width of the ditch must correspond to the loads for a one-story building, but not less than 500 mm wide. The depth of occurrence when building a brick house is 1-1.2 meters.

Tip: To reduce the pressure on the walls of the foundation, you can use damping backfills, sand, crushed stone, or a mixture of them. They are arranged around the entire base, with a layer thickness of 200-400 mm, to the depth of the entire foundation.

How to reinforce a strip foundation

Important: For the installation of strip foundations for a two-story house, reinforcement is best carried out in accordance with the norms 7.3.5 of SNiP 52-01-2003, “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures”. And the protective layer of concrete, from the edge of the finished reinforcement frame, must be at least 35 mm.

When laying a two-story house, the foundation should not have four longitudinal rods in the concrete section, but at least 6. 14-18 mm thick, with a foundation section of 1200 * 600 mm. To keep the protective layer within a given range, you can use plastic products: distances.

Under a brick house, reinforcement is simply necessary. This is not a lightweight construction of profiles and profiled sheet. Where can I make a finely recessed version of the base.

Formwork selection

Do-it-yourself strip foundation formwork device without monolithic concrete preparation

The design of such equipment allows you to work without problems in the pit, and you can assemble it in just a few days.

For small volumes of concreting up to 20 cubic meters, it is better to make the formwork yourself from boards and timber, and in another case it is cost-effective to rent it.

Do not forget to lay the film between the wooden formwork and the frame. If you have chosen a metal formwork, lubricate it with used oil, any will do.

Foundation tape pouring

Important: A pile strip foundation for a brick house is built in 2 main stages, filling the shafts or screwing in the piles and pouring the carrier tape with concrete. If the piles are made of concrete, then they can be loaded no earlier than after 30 days.