In 1803-1806. Ivan Kruzenshtern And Yuri Lisyansky (Ukrainian by origin) on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" committed first in history Russian Empire trip around the world. They had to find the shortest route for trade between the Russian ports on the Baltic Sea and Alaska, which was then called Russian America.

Navigation began in 1803 from the port of Kronstadt, which is located on the Baltic Sea. In the Atlantic Ocean, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, the expedition crossed the equator line. During a long stop to repair the ship "Neva" on the coast of Brazil, the sailors saw that they were trading in slaves brought from Africa. Over time, the expedition headed south and through South America entered the Pacific Ocean. The ships visited the islands Easter, Marquesas, Hawaiian, Sahashna, along the peninsula Kamchatka. Researchers have collected a lot of material about the nature of the islands Pacific Ocean and their population, marked on the map numerous geographical features. In the equatorial part of the Pacific Ocean, sailors noticed a strong sea current that turned the waters in a new direction.

The crew of the Neva spent more than a year in Russian possessions in North America, helping the colonists prevent Indian raids. Having loaded the holds with furs, the ship sailed to the shores of China. One day the ship ran aground near the Hawaiian Islands.

Here, the researchers found and mapped a small island, which received the name of Lisyansky, and a reef, later named after Kruzenshtern. Having reached China, the Russians profitably sold furs and bought local goods. In addition, they collected valuable information about this country. material from the site

During the expedition, the travelers not only made geographical discoveries, but also removed non-existent objects from the map, determined the water temperature, its transparency and color, observed the tides in some areas of the World Ocean.

The first round-the-world trip in the Russian Empire was led by Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky at the beginning of the 19th century. The last of them was from Ukraine.

On this page, material on the topics:

  • Post on the history of the world tour

  • Brief report on the first Russian round-the-world expedition

  • Kruzenshtern Lisyansky in geography

  • Report on Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky

  • Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky 1803-1806

Questions about this item:

The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of Tolstoy the American (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and Krusenstern's conflicts with N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between countries and was officially approved as the head of the expedition.

Having hardly avoided trouble here, on May 20, Kruzenshtern passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Haramukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the Peter and Paul port. On June 23 he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores; July 3 arrived at Cape Patience. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he went around the northern tip of the island, went down between it and the coast of the mainland to a latitude of 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 he found fresh water, according to which he concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was not far, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth, go decided not to move forward.

The next day he anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, he went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and replenishment of supplies delayed him until September 23. When leaving the Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, weathered several storms, and on November 15 came to Macau. On November 21, when the Nadezhda was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship Neva arrived with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Whampoa, where the ship Nadezhda also moved. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its trading business, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese shores.

2006 marked the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to republish the descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, "Atlas South Sea"Kruzenshtern, for the first time to publish in translation into Russian the work of Grigory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, an unpublished diary - Lieutenant Yermolai Levenshtern, unpublished or forgotten diaries and letters of Nikolai Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants in the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.

Several fiction and non-fiction books are devoted to the voyages of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. In particular, Nikolai Chukovsky speaks in detail about the expedition in the third part of the popular book about the great navigators Frigate Drivers (1941). The novel by V. P. Krapivin "Islands and Captains" (1984-87) is also dedicated to the first Russian circumnavigation of the world.

Based on the novel by E. Fedorovsky "The Fresh Wind of the Ocean", the feature film "The Wanderer" was shot, one of storylines which is the expedition.

Notes

Sources

  • I. F. Krusenstern. "Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva"
  • Yu. F. Lisyansky. "Journey around the world on the ship "Neva" in 1803-1806"

Literature

  • Lupach. V. S., I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky, State publishing house of geographical literature, Moscow, 1953, 46 p.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what the "First Russian circumnavigation of the world" is in other dictionaries:

    Russian map Peace of 1707. Antarctica is missing completely, Canada for the most part. A round-the-world trip ("circumnavigation") is a journey whose route crosses all meridians (less often all parallels) and at the same time passes through some two ... Wikipedia

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes; sent in 1793 as volunteers to England to serve in the English fleet, fought the French off the coast North America. Both had experience sailing in tropical waters; on English ships for several years they went to the Antilles and India, and Kruzenshtern reached South China.

Returning to Russia, I. Kruzenshtern in 1799 and 1802. presented projects for circumnavigation as the most profitable direct trade link between the Russian ports of the Baltic Sea and Russian America. Under Paul I, the project did not pass, under young Alexandra I accepted it with the support of the Russian-American Company, which took on half the costs. In early August 1802, I. Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Y. Lisyansky in 1800 returned from India through England to his homeland. In 1802, after being appointed to a round-the-world expedition, he traveled to England to buy two sloops: the tsarist officials believed that Russian ships would not survive a round-the-world voyage. With great difficulty, Kruzenshtern ensured that the crew on both ships was staffed exclusively by domestic sailors: Russian noble Anglo-lovers argued that "the enterprise would by no means succeed with Russian sailors." The sloop "Nadezhda" (430 tons) was commanded by I. Kruzenshtern himself, the ship "Neva" (370 tons) - Y. Lisyansky. On board the Nadezhda was Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, son-in-law of G. I. Shelikhov, one of the founding directors of the Russian-American Company. He was on his way to Japan with his entourage as a messenger for the conclusion trade agreement. At the end of July 1803, the ships left Kronstadt, and three months later, south of the Cape Zeleny Islands (near 14 ° N), I. Kruzenshtern established that both sloops were being carried to the east by a strong current - this was how the Intertrade countercurrent was discovered Atlantic Ocean. In mid-November, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, ships crossed the equator, and on February 19, 1804, rounded Cape Horn. In the Pacific they parted ways. Y. Lisyansky, by agreement, went to Fr. Easter, completed an inventory of the coast and got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants. At Nukuhiva (one of the Marquesas Islands), he caught up with the Nadezhda, and together they moved to the Hawaiian Islands, and then the ships followed different routes: I. Kruzenshtern - to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky; Yu. Lisyansky - to Russian America, to Fr. Kodiak.

Having received a letter from A. A. Baranov testifying to his difficult situation, Y. Lisyansky arrived at the Alexander archipelago and rendered military aid A. Baranov against the Tlingit Indians: these "koloshi" (as the Russians called them), instigated by disguised agents of an American pirate, destroyed Russian fortification on about. Sitka (Fr. Baranova). In 1802, Baranov built a new fortress there - Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), where he soon transferred the center of Russian America. At the end of 1804 and in the spring of 1805, Yu. Lisyansky, together with the navigator of the Neva, Daniil Vasilievich Kalinin, described about. Kodiak, as well as part of the Alexander archipelago. At the same time, west of Sitki D. Kalinin discovered about. Kruzov, which was previously considered a peninsula. Large island north of Y. Lisyansky named Sitka after V.N. Chichagov. In the autumn of 1805, the Neva, with a load of furs, moved from Sitka to Macau (South China), where it joined the Nadezhda. On the way, uninhabited about. Lisyansky and the Neva reef, classified as part of the Hawaiian archipelago, and to the south-west of them - the Kruzenshtern reef. From Canton, where he managed to profitably sell furs, Y. Lisyansky made an unprecedented non-stop passage around the Cape of Good Hope to Portsmouth (England) in 140 days, but at the same time parted from Nadezhda in foggy weather off the southeast coast of Africa. On August 5, 1806, he arrived in Kronstadt, having completed a round-the-world voyage, the first in the annals of the Russian fleet.

The St. Petersburg authorities reacted coldly to Y. Lisyansky. He was given the next rank (filled with the 2nd rank), but that was the end of his naval career. Description of his voyage "Journey around the world in 1803-1806. on the ship "Neva" (St. Petersburg, 1812) he published at his own expense.

"Hope" anchored at Petropavlovsk in mid-July 1804. Then I. Kruzenshtern brought N. Rezanov to Nagasaki, and after negotiations that ended in complete failure, in the spring of 1805, he returned with the envoy to Petropavlovsk, where he parted ways with him. On the way to Kamchatka, I. Kruzenshtern followed the Eastern Passage to the Sea of ​​Japan and photographed the western coast of about. Hokkaido. Then he passed through the La Perouse Strait to Aniva Bay and made a number of determinations of the geographical position of noticeable points there. Intending to map the still poorly studied eastern coast of Sakhalin, on May 16 he rounded Cape Aniva, moving north along the coast with the survey. I. Kruzenshtern discovered a small bay of Mordvinov, described the rocky eastern and northern low-lying shores of the Gulf of Patience.

Strong ice floes prevented us from reaching Cape Patience and continuing shooting to the north (end of May). Then I. Kruzenshtern decided to put aside the descriptive work and go to Kamchatka. He headed east to the Kuril ridge and the strait, now bearing his name, went out into the Pacific Ocean. Unexpectedly, four islets (Lovushki Islands) opened up in the west. The approach of a storm forced the Nadezhda to return to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. When the storm subsided, the ship proceeded through the Severgin Strait to the Pacific Ocean and on June 5 arrived in the Peter and Paul Harbor.

To continue research east coast Sakhalin I. Kruzenshtern in July passed through the Strait of Hope into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Sakhalin Cape Patience. After weathering the storm, on 19 July he began filming north. The coast to 51 ° 30 "N did not have large bends - only minor recesses (mouths of small rivers); in the depths of the island, several rows of low mountains (the southern end of the Eastern Range) were visible, stretching parallel to the coast and rising noticeably to the north. After a four-day storm, accompanied by dense fog (end of July), "Nadezhda" was again able to approach the coast, which became low and sandy. At 52 ° N. latitude, the sailors saw a small bay (they missed the other two, located to the south, they missed). The low-lying coast continued and further north, until on August 8, at 54 ° N. I. Kruzenshtern discovered a high coast with a large cape named after Lieutenant Yermolai Levenshtern. The next day, in cloudy and foggy weather, the Nadezhda rounded the northern end of Sakhalin and entered a small bay (Northern), its input and output capes received the names of Elizabeth and Mary.

After a short stay, during which a meeting with the Gilyaks took place, I. Kruzenshtern explored the eastern shore of the Sakhalin Bay: he wanted to check whether Sakhaltn was an island, as it appeared on Russian maps of the 18th century, or a peninsula, as J. F. La Perouse claimed. At the northern entrance to the Amur Estuary, the depths turned out to be insignificant, and I. Kruzenshtern, having come to the “conclusion that leaves no doubt” that Sakhalin is a peninsula, returned to Petropavlovsk. As a result of the voyage, he first mapped and described more than 900 km of the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin.

In the autumn of 1805, Nadezhda visited Macau and Canton. In 1806, without stopping, she moved to Fr. Helena, where the Neva waited in vain, then circled Great Britain from the north and on August 19, 1806 returned to Kronstadt, without losing a single sailor from illness. This expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science, erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the geographical position of many points. Participants of the first round-the-world voyage carried out various oceanological observations: they discovered the trade wind countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; measured the water temperature at depths up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the cause of the glow of the sea; collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, tides and tides in a number of areas of the World Ocean.

Swimming of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - the beginning new era in the history of Russian navigation.

In 1809-1812. I. Kruzenshtern published three volumes of his "Journey around the world in 1803-1806. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". This work, translated in many European countries immediately won general recognition. In 1813, the "Atlas for a trip around the world by Captain Kruzenshtern" was published; most of the maps (including the general one) were compiled by Lieutenant Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen. In the 20s. Kruzenshtern published the "Atlas of the South Sea" with an extensive text, which is now a valuable literary source for historians of the discovery of Oceania and is widely used by Soviet and foreign specialists.

Many readers of the magazine are asked to tell about the origins of Russian round-the-world travel. This request is supplemented by other letters from our readers who would like to see an essay on the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the pages of the magazine.

History of long-distance voyages

In the summer of 1803, two Russian ships set sail under the command of naval officers, captain-lieutenants of the fleet Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Their route amazed the imagination it was laid, as it was customary to say at that time, "around the world." But, talking about this voyage, one cannot fail to notice that the traditions of "distant voyages" date back to times much older than early XIX century.

In December 1723, the carts of Admiral Daniel Wilster arrived at Rogverik, which lay not far from Reval. Here the admiral was met by members of the expedition. In the bay, tightened thin ice, there were two ships. The secret decree of Peter the Great was read in the cabin of flag-captain Danila Myasny. Captain Lieutenant Ivan Koshelev, "Russian under the Swede" advisor to the expedition, was also present. “You will go from St. Petersburg to Rogverik,” the decree said, “and there you will board the frigate Amsterdam Galei and take the Dekrondelivde with you, and with the help of God, embark on a voyage to the East Indies, namely to Bengal". They were to be the first to cross the "line" (equator). Alas, the plan to “do business” with the “great mogul” failed.

The ships set out on December 21, but due to a leak formed in a storm, they returned to Revel. And in February of the following year, Peter I canceled the voyage until "another favorable time."

Peter also had a dream to send ships to the West Indies. That is why he decided to establish trade relations with the mistress of the "Gishpan lands" in America. In 1725 1726 the first commercial voyages to Cadiz Spanish port near Gibraltar took place. The ships prepared for the voyage "to Bengal", to which the "Devonshire" was added, also came in handy. A detachment of three ships with goods in May 1725 was led by Ivan Rodionovich Koshelev. After returning to his homeland, the former adviser was promoted to captain of the 1st rank, “before he was in Spain with Russian ships was the first." So the tradition of ocean voyages of Russian ships was laid.

But when did the idea of ​​circumnavigating the world emerge in Russian minds?

250 years ago, a well-thought-out plan for a round-the-world trip was drawn up for the first time: the minutes of the Senate meeting of September 12, 1732 are known. The senators puzzled over how to send Bering's expedition to the East, by sea or by land. “For advice, members of the Admiralty Board were called to the Senate, who suggested that ships could be sent to Kamchatka from St. Petersburg ...” The authors of the project are Admiral N.F. Golovin, President of the Admiralty Boards and Admiral T.P. Sanders. Golovin himself wanted to lead the voyage. He considered such a voyage best school, for "... in one such way those officers and sailors can learn more than at the local sea in ten years." But the senators chose a dry path and did not heed the advice of eminent admirals. Why is not known. Apparently there were good reasons. They doomed Vitus Bering to incredible hardships with the transportation of thousands of pounds of equipment to Okhotsk, where the construction of ships was planned. Therefore, the epic of the Second Kamchatka stretched out for a good ten years. But it could have been different...

And yet remember it was the first round-the-world trip project.

In the annals of long-distance voyages, 1763 is distinguished by two remarkable events. The first took place in St. Petersburg. Mikhailo Lomonosov proposed to the government a project for an Arctic expedition from Novaya Zemlya to the Bering Strait through North Pole. IN next year three ships under the command of captain 1st rank Vasily Chichagov made the first attempt to penetrate the polar basin north of Svalbard. The transpolar transition failed. The meeting scheduled in the Bering Strait between Chichagov and the leader of the Aleutian expedition, Krenitsyn, did not take place. After the departure of both expeditions, it was planned to send two ships around the world from Kronstadt with a call to Kamchatka. But the preparation for the approach was delayed, and which began soon Russian-Turkish war forced to completely cancel access to the sea.

In the same 1763, in London, Ambassador A. R. Vorontsov received from the board of the East India Company permission to send two Russian officers on the ship Spikey. So in April 1763 midshipman N. Poluboyarinov and non-commissioned lieutenant T. Kozlyaninov went to Brazil. They were destined to become the first Russians to cross the equator. Midshipman Nikifor Poluboyarinov kept a journal, which conveyed to the descendants the impressions of this one and a half year voyage to the shores of Brazil and India ...

The far voyage of the Russians from Kamchatka around Asia and Africa took place in 17711773. Colonel of the Commonwealth Confederation Moritz Beniowski, exiled to Bolsheretsk for speaking out against the authorities, revolted. Together with his accomplices, the exiles, he captured a small ship, the galliot “St. Peter, who was wintering at the mouth of the river. About 90 Russians, among whom, in addition to the exiles, were free industrialists and several women, went into the unknown - some voluntarily, some under threat of reprisals, and some simply out of ignorance. The ship of the fugitives was led by sailors Maxim Churin and Dmitry Bocharov.

In the Portuguese colony of Macau, Beniovsky sold a Russian ship and chartered two French ones. In July 1772, the fugitives arrived at a French port in southern Brittany. From here

16 people who wished to return to Russia set out on foot for 600 miles to Paris. In the capital, through the ambassador and famous writer Fonvizin received permission. Among the returning sailors was a navigator's student, the commander of the Okhotsk ship "St. Ekaterina" Dmitry Bocharov. Later, in 1788, he became famous in a wonderful voyage to the coast of Alaska on the galliot "Three Hierarchs", completed on the instructions of the "Columbus of Russia" Shelikhov, together with Gerasim Izmailov. No less interesting is the fact that women participate in this voyage. One of them, Lyubov Savvishna Ryumina, is probably the first Russian woman to visit the southern hemisphere of the Earth. By the way, the husband of the brave traveler most reliably told about the adventures of the fugitives in the “Notes of the clerk Ryumin ...”, printed half a century later.

The next attempt to pass "near the world" was the closest to being realized. But this was again interrupted by the war. And so it was. In 1786, the personal secretary of Catherine II, P. P. Soymonov, submitted to the Commerce Collegium a “Note on trading and animal trades on the Eastern Ocean”. It expressed fears for the fate of Russian possessions in America and proposed measures to protect them. Only armed ships could hold back the expansion of the British. The idea was not new either for the maritime or for the trade department and their leaders. By decree of the Empress of December 22, 1786, the Admiralty was instructed to "immediately send from the Baltic Sea two ships armed, following the example of those consumed by the English captain Cook and other sailors for such discoveries ...". The 29-year-old experienced sailor Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky was appointed to lead the expedition. The most capable ships for discoveries were hastily prepared: Kholmogor, Solovki, Sokol, Turukhtan. The route of the expedition was laid "meeting the sun": from the Baltic Sea to the southern tip of Africa, then to the shores of New Holland (Australia) and to Russian lands in the Old and New Worlds. At the Olonets plant, they even cast iron coats of arms and medals for installation on a new open lands, but the war with Turkey began again. A decree followed: "... we order the expedition to be canceled due to the present circumstances." Then Mulovskiy's squadron was planned to be sent on a campaign to the Mediterranean Sea to fight the Turkish fleet, but ... a war broke out with Sweden. Having suddenly attacked Russian positions and ships, the Swedish king Gustav III intended to return all pre-Petrine possessions, destroy St. Petersburg and put his autograph on the recently opened monument to Peter I. So in the summer of 1788, Mulovsky was appointed commander of the Mstislav. The 17-year-old midshipman Ivan Kruzenshtern, released ahead of schedule (on the occasion of the war), arrived on the same ship. When the 36-gun Mstislav forced the surrender of the 74-gun Sophia-Magdalena, Mulovsky instructed the young officer to take the flags of the ship and the Swedish Admiral Lilienfild. Mulovsky's dreams of an ocean campaign sunk into the heart of Kruzenshtern. After the death of Mulovsky in battle on July 15, 1789, a series of failures ends and the story of the first Russian journey "around the whole world" begins.

Three years in three oceans

The draft of the first round-the-world was signed by Kruzenshtern "on January 1, 1802." The conditions for the implementation of the project were favorable. Naval Minister Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov (by the way, included by the Decembrists in the future "revolutionary government") and Minister of Commerce Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (founder of the famous Rumyantsev Museum, whose book collections served as the basis for the creation State Library USSR named after V. I. Lenin) supported the project and highly appreciated the progressive undertaking of the 32-year-old lieutenant commander. On August 7, 1802, Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the expedition.

It is known that most of the funds for the equipment of the expedition were allocated by the board of the Russian-American Company. The haste in collecting and the generosity of the company were the reason that the ships decided not to build, but to purchase abroad. To this end, Kruzenshtern sent lieutenant commander Lisyansky to England. For 17 thousand pounds sterling, rather old, but with a strong hull, two three-masted sloops "Leander" and "Thames" were bought, which received the new names "Nadezhda" and "Neva".

The peculiarity of the campaign was that the ships carried naval flags and at the same time served as merchant ships. On the Nadezhda, a diplomatic mission headed by one of the company's directors, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, was heading to Japan ...

The historic day came on August 7, 1803. Driven by a light fair wind, Nadezhda and Neva left the Great Kronstadt roadstead. Having visited Copenhagen and the English port of Falmouth and survived the first severe storm, the ships made their last "European" stop in Tenerife in the Canary Islands.

On November 26, 1803, the guns of Nadezhda and Neva saluted the Russian flag for the first time in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. A holiday was arranged on the ships, which became traditional. The role of the "sea lord" Neptune was played by the sailor Pavel Kurganov, who "welcomed the Russians on their first arrival in the southern Neptune regions with sufficient decency." After stopping in Brazil and replacing part of the rigging, on March 3, 1804, the ships rounded Cape Horn and began sailing in the Pacific Ocean. After a separate voyage, the ships met at the Marquesas Islands. In an order for sailors, Kruzenshtern wrote: "I am sure that we will leave the shore of this quiet people, without leaving a bad name behind us." A humane attitude towards the "wild" - a tradition laid down by our sailors, was strictly observed by all subsequent Russian expeditions ...

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky have already done a lot for science: for the first time, hydrological observations were made, as well as magnetic and meteorological ones. In the area of ​​Cape Horn, the current velocity was measured. During the stay of the Neva at Easter Island, Lisyansky clarified the coordinates of the island and compiled a map. A collection of weapons and household items was collected in the Marquesas Islands. In early June 1804, the sailors reached the Hawaiian Islands. Here the ships parted for almost a year and a half. The meeting was scheduled for November 1805 near the Chinese port of Canton.

On the way to Petropavlovsk, according to the instructions, the Nadezhda passed the ocean area southeast of Japan and dispelled the myth about the lands supposedly existing here. From Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern took a ship to Japan to deliver Rezanov's envoy there. A fierce typhoon caught sailors off the eastern coast of Japan. “One must have the gift of a poet to vividly describe his fury,” Kruzenshtern wrote in his diary and lovingly noted the courage and fearlessness of the sailors. The Hope was in the Japanese port of Nagasaki for more than six months, until mid-April 1805. Rezanov's mission was not accepted by the authorities, who adhered to an archaic law in force since 1638 that prohibited foreigners from visiting the country "as long as the sun illuminates the world." On the contrary, on the day of departure of the Nadezhda, ordinary Japanese, showing sympathy for the Russians, saw the ship off in hundreds of boats.

Returning to Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern took the ship on courses completely unknown to Europeans, along the western shores of the Land of the Rising Sun. For the first time, a scientific description of Tsushima Island and the strait separating it from Japan was made. Now this part of the Korea Strait is called the Krusenstern Passage. Further, the sailors made an inventory of the southern part of Sakhalin. Crossing the ridge of the Kuril Islands by the strait, now bearing the name of Kruzenshtern, the Nadezhda almost perished on the rocks. They entered the Avacha Bay in early June, when floating ice was visible everywhere and solid shores were white.

Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov left the ship in Petropavlovsk. On one of the company's ships, he went to Russian America. We must pay tribute to this active person, who did a lot for the development of fisheries in the waters of Russian possessions. Rezanov was also involved in the selection of the site for the southernmost Russian settlement in America, Fort Ross. The story of Rezanov's engagement to the daughter of the Spanish governor José Argüello, Conchita, is also romantic. At the beginning of 1807, he left for Russia to apply for permission to marry a Catholic. But in March 1807, Nikolai Petrovich died suddenly in Krasnoyarsk on his way to St. Petersburg. He was 43 years old. His betrothed in the New World a year later received news of the death of the groom and, fulfilling her vow of fidelity, went to the monastery.

The time remaining before the meeting with the Neva, Kruzenshtern again devoted to the survey of Sakhalin. It just so happened that Sakhalin, discovered back in the 17th century, was considered an island, and no one seemed to doubt it. But the French navigator La Perouse, exploring the Tatar Strait from the south on an expedition in 17851788, mistakenly considered Sakhalin a peninsula. Later, the mistake was repeated by the Englishman Broughton. Krusenstern decided to penetrate the strait from the north. But, having sent Lieutenant Fedor Romberg on the boat, Kruzenshtern ordered the boat to return to the ship ahead of time with a cannon signal. Of course, fearing for the fate of sailors in uncharted places, the head of the expedition hurried. Romberg simply did not have time to go far enough to the south to find the strait. The decreasing depths seemed to confirm the conclusions of previous expeditions. This delayed the discovery of the mouth of the Amur and the restoration of the truth for some time ... Having completed over one and a half thousand miles of route survey with many astronomical definitions, the Nadezhda anchored in Petropavlovsk. From here, the ship, after loading the furs for sale, headed for the meeting point with the Neva.

No less difficult and interesting was the voyage of the Neva. The silhouette of the "Nadezhda" melted away over the horizon, and the crew of the "Neva" continued to explore the nature of the Hawaiian Islands. Everywhere local residents warmly welcomed kind and considerate messengers. northern country. Sailors visited the village of Tavaroa. Nothing reminded of the tragedy 25 years ago, when Captain Cook was killed here. The hospitality of the islanders and their unfailing help made it possible to replenish the ethnographic collections with samples of local utensils and clothing...

After 23 days, Lisyansky brought the ship to the village of Pavlovsky on Kodiak Island. The Russian inhabitants of Alaska solemnly greeted the first ship that had made such a difficult and long way. In August, the sailors of the Neva, at the request of the chief ruler of the Russian-American company Baranov, participated in the liberation of the inhabitants of the fort Arkhangelskoye on the island of Sitka, captured by the Tlingit, led by American sailors.

More than a year "Neva" was off the coast of Alaska. Lisyansky, together with navigator Danila Kalinin and navigator Fedul Maltsev, compiled maps of numerous islands, made astronomical and meteorological observations. In addition, Lisyansky, studying languages local residents, made up " Concise Dictionary languages ​​of the northwestern part of America with Russian translation. In September 1805, having loaded furs from Russian crafts, the ship headed for the shores of southern China. On the way, the Neva ran into a sandbank near an island hitherto unknown to sailors. In stormy conditions, the sailors fought selflessly to save the ship and won. On October 17, a group of sailors spent the whole day on the shore. In the very middle of the island, the discoverers placed a pole, and under it they buried a bottle with a letter containing all the information about the discovery. At the insistence of the team, this piece of land was named after Lisyansky. “This island, except for obvious and inevitable death, promises nothing to the enterprising traveler,” wrote the commander of the Neva.

Three months took the passage from Alaska to the port of Macau. Severe storms, fogs and treacherous shoals required caution. On December 4, 1805, the sailors of the Neva happily looked at the familiar silhouette of the Nadezhda, congratulating them with flag signals on their safe return.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

After selling furs in Canton and accepting a cargo of Chinese goods, the ships weighed anchor. Through the South China Sea and the Sunda Strait, travelers entered the Indian Ocean. On April 15, 1806, they crossed the meridian of the Russian capital and thus completed the bypass of the globe.

Here it must be remembered that the round-the-world route for Kruzenshtern personally closed back in Macau in November 1805, and for Lisyansky on the meridian of Ceylon a little later. (Both commanders, being on voyages abroad on English ships, visited the West Indies, the USA, India, China and other countries in the period 17931799.)

However, the concept of round-the-world travel has changed over time. More recently, to circumnavigate the world meant to close the circle of the route. But in connection with the development of the polar regions, a round-the-world trip according to such criteria has lost its original meaning. Now a more rigorous formulation is in use: the traveler must not only close the circle of the route, but also pass near the antipode points lying at opposite ends of the earth's diameter.

At the Cape of Good Hope, in thick fog, the ships parted. Now, until the very return to Kronstadt, the navigation of the ships took place separately. Kruzenshtern, upon arriving on the island of St. Helena, learned about the war between Russia and France and, fearing a meeting with enemy ships, proceeded to his homeland around the British Isles with a stop at Copenhagen. Three years and twelve days later, on August 19, 1806, the Nadezhda arrived in Kronstadt, where the Neva had been waiting for her for two weeks.

Lisyansky, after parting in the fog with the flagship, having carefully checked the supplies of water and food, decided on a non-stop passage to England. He was sure that “... a brave enterprise will bring us great honor; for no navigator like us has ventured so far a journey without going somewhere for rest. The Neva traveled from Canton to Portsmouth in 140 days, covering 13,923 miles. The Portsmouth public enthusiastically greeted the crew of Lisyansky and, in his person, the first Russian sailors around the world.

The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky was recognized as a geographical and scientific feat. In his honor, a medal was knocked out with the inscription: "For a journey around the world 18031806." The results of the expedition were summarized in the extensive geographical works of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, as well as natural scientists G.I. Langsdorf, I.K. Horner, V.G. Tilesius and other participants.

The first voyage of the Russians went beyond the "distant voyage". It brought glory to the Russian fleet.

The personalities of ship commanders deserve special attention. There is no doubt that they were progressive people for their time, ardent patriots, tirelessly caring for the fate of the "servants" - sailors, thanks to whose courage and diligence the voyage went extremely well. Relations between Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky friendly and trusting contributed decisively to the success of the case. A popularizer of domestic navigation, a prominent scientist Vasily Mikhailovich Pasetsky, cites a letter from his friend Lisyansky in his biographical sketch about Kruzenshtern during the preparation of the expedition. “After dinner, Nikolai Semenovich (Admiral Mordvinov) asked if I knew you, to which I told him that you were a good friend of mine. He was glad of this, spoke about the dignity of your pamphlet (that was the name of Kruzenshtern's project for his free-thinking! V. G.), praised your knowledge and intelligence, and then ended up saying that he would consider it a happiness to be acquainted with you. For my part, in front of the entire assembly, I did not hesitate to say that I envy your talents and intelligence.

However, in the literature about the first voyages, at one time, the role of Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky was unfairly belittled. Analyzing the "Journal of the ship" Neva ", the researchers of the Naval Academy made interesting conclusions. It was found that out of 1095 days of historical navigation, only 375 days the ships sailed together, the remaining 720 Neva sailed alone. The distance traveled by Lisyansky's ship is also impressive - 45,083 miles, of which 25,801 miles - independently. This analysis was published in 1949 in Proceedings of the Naval Academy. Of course, the voyages of the Nadezhda and the Neva are, in essence, two round-the-world voyages, and Yu. F. Lisyansky is equally involved in the great feat in the field of Russian maritime glory, like I. F. Kruzenshtern.

IN finest hour they were equal...

Vasily Galenko, long-distance navigator

Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became friends within the walls of the Naval Cadet Corps, which was at that time in Kronstadt. Ivan came from a Russified German noble family, a descendant of the German diplomat Philip Krusenstern. He was born in 1770 in the family of a judge, spent his youth in Estonia. Yuri was three years younger than his friend. He came to study in Kronstadt from Little Russia - he was the son of the archpriest of the Church of John the Theologian in the city of Nizhyn. Young people easily found a common language and together dreamed of distant wanderings.

“The first Russian round-the-world expedition led by Grigory Mulovsky was to take place as early as 1788. But the war with Sweden prevented it from starting, ”said RT professor at St. Petersburg State University, doctor historical sciences Kirill Nazarenko.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky dreamed of participating in a journey led by Mulovsky, but fate decreed otherwise. Because of the war, young people were released ahead of schedule from the Naval Corps and sent to the active fleet. 17-year-old midshipman Kruzenshtern nevertheless fell under the command of Mulovsky, but not on an expedition, but on the ship Mstislav, which participated in the war with the Swedes. Ivan distinguished himself in battles and was marked by the commander. However, Mulovsky died in the battle near the island of Eland, and the first round-the-world trip of Russian sailors was postponed indefinitely.

  • Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky
  • Wikimedia

After participating in the battles of 1790, Kruzenshtern was promoted to lieutenant. In 1793 he was sent to study in the Royal Navy of Great Britain. Ivan took part in the fighting against French ships off the coast of North America, and then through South Africa reached India and China. The British did not want to take foreigners on ships going to Asia, and Krusenstern had to go to India on a frigate that barely floated on the water, which English sailors were afraid to hire.

Kruzenshtern returned to Russia only in 1799, having a reputation as a real sea ​​dog. At home, he began to promote the idea of ​​organizing a Russian round-the-world expedition. Paul I was not interested in his plan, but Alexander I, who ascended the throne instead of him, at the suggestion of the leadership of the Russian-American company, which was looking for alternative routes to Alaska, approved Krusenstern's plans. It was decided to equip the expedition on two sloops - "Nadezhda" and "Neva". Kruzenshtern decided to lead the "Hope" himself, and offered command of the second sloop to his childhood friend Lisyansky. He immediately agreed.

Let's hit the road!

“In the second half of the 18th century, round-the-world expeditions became a sign of the viability and maturity of maritime powers. England and France were especially active in this sense. In 1803, it was Russia's turn too," said Kirill Nazarenko.

In addition to the purely geographical, several more missions were assigned to the expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky: the sailors had to study the issue of profitability of sea transportation of goods from the European part of Russia to Alaska, try to establish economic ties between Russian America and China and deliver envoy Nikolai Rezanov to Japan.

“From the standpoint of the 21st century, of course, we see the geographical mission as the main one, but in those days everything was not so simple. It is impossible to say with certainty what was more important then - putting Russian names on a map or organizing trade in seal skins with China, ”the expert emphasized.

Before the start of the voyage, Alexander I personally inspected the ships and was pleased with them. The content of one of them was taken over by the imperial treasury, and the other by the Russian-American Company. Both sloops officially sailed under the war flag.

Experts emphasize that the identity of the expedition leader was the result of a balanced decision by the Russian authorities. “Despite Krusenstern's initial initiative, St. Petersburg hypothetically had hundreds of other candidates. The head of the expedition had to be at the same time a good naval officer, and an excellent organizer, and a business executive, and a diplomat. In the end, we decided that after all, it was Kruzenshtern who had the optimal balance of all these qualities, ”Konstantin Strelbitsky, chairman of the Moscow Fleet History Club, told RT.

  • Sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva"
  • Wikimedia

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky selected officers for their teams for themselves. Among them were the future discoverer of Antarctica Thaddeus Bellingshausen and the explorer of the Pacific Ocean Otto Kotzebue. Sailors were recruited exclusively from among volunteers, offering them a very significant salary for those times - 120 rubles a year. Kruzenshtern was offered to involve British sailors in the team, but he rejected this idea.

Candidates of some of the expedition members were "lowered from above" - we are talking, in particular, about the envoy Rezanov with his retinue, several scientists and "well-bred" young people from among the representatives of the St. Petersburg secular society. And if Kruzenshtern easily found a common language with scientists, then serious problems arose with the rest.

Firstly, among the representatives of the "secular society" was an adventurer and duelist of the guard, Lieutenant Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who decided to hide from Russia for a while in order to avoid punishment for another misconduct. On the ship, Tolstoy behaved defiantly. Once he showed his hand monkey how to smear paper with ink, and launched it into the cabin to Kruzenshtern, as a result of which part of the records of the expedition leader was completely lost. On another occasion he got the ship's priest drunk and glued his beard to the deck. In a close team, such behavior was fraught with big problems, so in Kamchatka, Krusenstern put Tolstoy ashore.

  • Nikolay Rezanov
  • Wikimedia

Secondly, already during the voyage from secret instructions it turned out that the envoy Rezanov, who embarrassed the sailors with his large retinue, was also endowed with extremely wide powers. As a result, Kruzenshtern and Rezanov constantly quarreled and eventually stopped talking, exchanging notes instead.

The team supported their boss. Rezanov was furious with the obstinacy of the military and promised to judge the crew, and personally execute Kruzenshtern. The head of the expedition reacted to this in cold blood and declared that he would go on trial right in Kamchatka, even before leaving for Japan, which would automatically disrupt the mission of the envoy. The ruler of the Kamchatka region, Pavel Koshelev, reconciled them with great difficulty. At the same time, Rezanov wrote in his memoirs that the whole crew apologized to him, but all the other eyewitnesses claimed that it was Rezanov who had to apologize to Krusenstern.

Closed Japan

The expedition left Kronstadt on August 7, 1803. The ships entered a number of European ports and the island of Tenerife, and on November 26 they crossed the equator. The Russian flag was raised for the first time in history in the Southern Hemisphere. On December 18, the ships approached the shores of South America and made a stop in Brazil. When they again headed south, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky agreed that if bad weather separated the ships in the Cape Horn area, they would meet either at Easter Island or at Nukagiva Island. And so it happened. Having lost each other in the fog, "Nadezhda" and "Neva" again united into one group only off the coast of Nukagiva, where the Russian sailors were kindly greeted by the Polynesians. After Nukagiva, the expedition reached the Hawaiian Islands and split up: Kruzenshtern moved to Kamchatka, and Lisyansky to Alaska.

In Petropavlovsk, the head of the expedition, having solved the problem with Tolstoy, sorted out relations with Rezanov and replenished food supplies, headed for Japan. There they were not warmly welcomed. The state adhered to a tough isolationist policy and from Europeans - with a number of reservations - maintained trade relations only with the Dutch.

  • The first Russian circumnavigation, off the coast of Japan
  • Wikimedia

On September 26, 1804, the Hope arrived in Nagasaki. Russian sailors were not allowed to enter the city, providing only a fenced area on the shore for recreation. Rezanov was given a comfortable house, but was not allowed to leave it. After a long wait, an imperial official arrived at the Russian envoy. Rezanov was forced to comply with the rather humiliating requirements of Japanese etiquette - he spoke with the representative of the emperor standing up and without shoes.

However, all these unpleasant procedures did not lead to any results. The Japanese emperor returned the gifts of the Russian tsar and refused to establish economic relations. Toward the end of the negotiations, Rezanov could only take his soul away by being rude to Japanese officials. And Kruzenshtern was glad that he had the opportunity to explore the western shores of the Japanese islands, which were forbidden to approach. He was no longer afraid of spoiling non-existent diplomatic relations.

Rezanov, after a failed mission, left as an inspector for Alaska, where he acquired the Yunona and Avos ships and went to California to resolve issues of supplying Russian America with provisions. There, the 42-year-old diplomat met the 15-year-old daughter of the local Spanish governor, Concepción Argüello, and offered her a hand and a heart. The girl agreed, the engagement took place. Rezanov immediately went to Russia in order to obtain permission from the Pope to marry a Catholic through the emperor, but in Siberia he caught a cold, fell off his horse in a state of fever and broke his head. He died in Krasnoyarsk. Having learned about the fate of the groom, the beautiful Spaniard remained faithful to him and ended her days in the monastery.

While Krusenstern visited Kamchatka and Japan, Lisyansky arrived in Alaska. At that time, a war, provoked, according to one version, by American merchants, between the Russian-American Company and its allies on the one hand and the union of the Tlingit Indian tribes on the other began there. "Neva" in this situation turned out to be a very formidable military force and contributed to the victory of the Russians, which led to a truce. Having loaded furs in Alaska, Lisyansky headed for China. There, Kruzenshtern was already waiting for him, having managed to visit Hokkaido and Sakhalin.

Friends managed to sell furs quite profitably and load the holds of ships with Chinese goods. After that, "Nadezhda" and "Neva" went home. In the Indian Ocean, the ships lost each other again and returned to Kronstadt with a difference of several days in August 1806.

Another quality level of the Russian fleet

During the expedition, the coasts of Japan, Sakhalin and Alaska were explored, the island named after Lisyansky as part of the Hawaiian archipelago and named after Kruzenshtern a reef south of Midway Atoll was discovered. Besides, Russian sailors refuted the myths about the existence of several islands in the North Pacific Ocean, invented by European sailors. All officers - members of the expedition received regular ranks, orders and large cash prizes. The lower ranks are medals, the right to retire and pension.

  • ppt4web.ru

Kruzenshtern was engaged in science and served in the Naval cadet corps, who eventually took over in 1827. In addition, he was part of governing councils a number of government agencies and was an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Lisyansky retired in 1809 and took up literary activity.

According to Konstantin Strelbitsky, the moment for sending the first round-the-world expedition was chosen very well. “Just at that time, the fleet did not take part in active hostilities and was in allied or neutral relations with most of the main fleets of the world. The participants of the expedition coped well with the task of developing new sea routes. The Russian fleet switched to another quality level. It became clear that Russian sailors are able to withstand many years of navigation and successfully operate as part of a group,” he said.

Kirill Nazarenko also considers the expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky an important milestone in the history of the Russian fleet. “Circumnavigation in itself has become an important marker of a change in the qualitative state and maturity of the Russian fleet. But it also marked the beginning of a new era. Russian discoveries. Prior to this, our research was connected with the North, Siberia, Alaska, and in 1803 the Russian geographical science entered the oceans," the expert emphasized.

According to him, the choice of Kruzenshtern as the leader of the expedition was successful. “His name stands today on a par with such outstanding navigators as Cook and La Perouse. Moreover, it should be emphasized that Kruzenshtern was much more educated than the same Cook, ”said Nazarenko.

According to Konstantin Strelbitsky, the first round-the-world expedition brought invaluable experience to the Russian fleet, which had to be passed on to new generations of sailors. “Therefore, the name of Kruzenshtern has become a real brand for the Marine Corps,” Strelbitsky summed up.