Temple architectural structures Ancient Japan can be divided into two main types - Shinto and Buddhist. Chinese traditions of architecture had a very strong influence on the design features of buildings for religious purposes. However, at all times the Japanese adapted the buildings to their own culture as much as possible. The living quarters were distinguished by a sufficient simplicity of forms and the internal ratio of rooms.

The main features of ancient Japanese architecture

. Almost all buildings, both temple and secular, were made of wood. Japan is still very rich in forests. In the past, there were even more. Log houses made it possible to maintain the optimum temperature in the rather hot climate of this country. In addition, wooden buildings were better able to withstand earthquakes, which are not uncommon here. A chopped house is also quite easy to disassemble and assemble in a new place.
Large roofs, usually gable. Japan is a country where people often go heavy rains. Therefore, the roofs had to be as reliable as possible. The influence of Chinese culture is manifested in this constructive element in the curved large cornices. However, Japanese roofs are somewhat more elegant. The corners are not bent too much - the roofs are almost flat.
All buildings fit harmoniously into the surrounding landscape. It is not for nothing that in this country a mountain or a forest is often called a temple, even if there is no building there. Religious buildings are usually located in the depths of the park or stand on stilts on the water.
Most architectural monuments are not separate buildings, but entire complexes consisting of several buildings that form a single park ensemble.

A Japanese ancient Shinto shrine usually consists of a main gate, a library, a main shrine, a treasury, a pagoda (multi-tiered) and a preaching shrine. Gates (torii) are a real visiting card of this country. They're in without fail present in every religious building. In some temples, you can see entire colonnades from the gates. They can be made of any materials - iron, bronze, granite. However, most often in this case, a tree is used. Their height can also be different. The secular and religious architecture of Japan reached its full flowering in the VIII-XII centuries. in the so-called Heian period (after the then new capital of Heian, today - Kyoto). It was during this period that such monuments as the Kiyomizu Temples, the Silver and Golden Pavilions, Nijo Castle, Yasaka Heian, the Ryoanji Rock Garden and many others were built.

Kinkakuji - Golden Pavilion

One of the most remarkable architectural monuments of Japan can be considered Kinkakuji - an ensemble located in the city of Kyoto, on the territory of the Rokuonji Monastery. It was built in the XIV century. and is a three-tier temple-palace. On the ground floor there is a reception area surrounded by a veranda. The second once housed a hall of music and poetry. All rooms located here are richly decorated with paintings. Basic distinctive feature the third floor are huge arched window openings. Once religious ceremonies were held here. The roof of the building is decorated with the mythical bird Phoenix. Distinctive features of the temple include slotted walls, patterned lattice-cornices, light columns and original window shapes. All this makes the building unusually harmonious. The supports of the temples are absolutely straight and unadorned, in harmony with the trunks of the surrounding trees. The shape of the roof follows the curves of the fir branches. Thus, the building is unusually harmoniously blends into the surrounding landscape.

Izumo Shrine and Ise Shrine

These two buildings can be considered perhaps the most ancient monuments of Japanese architecture. The majestic Izumo Shrine was built in honor of the god Okuninus and was rebuilt great amount times until 1744. However, it is believed that the main sanctuary of the temple has completely preserved the plan of ancient Japanese residential architecture. It is a building with an entrance through the pediment. Ise Shrine consists of two complexes. One of them plays a strictly religious role. The second is exactly the same as the first. The movement of the deity occurs from one temple to another every 20 years. The main distinguishing features of this complex are simple pillars dug into the ground and thatched roofs.

Ryoanji rock garden

Ryoanji Temple is another of the remarkable monuments of ancient Japanese architecture, located in the northwestern part of Kyoto. It is located in close proximity to the Golden Pavilion. Once upon a time, this building belonged to the Fujiwara family. The last owner, Hosokawa Hatsumoto, wanted it to be converted into a Zen temple after his death. The main attraction of this complex is the rock garden. Very interesting is the fact that from any point in the garden, only 14 stones open up to the visitor's gaze. The fifteenth can only be seen through initiation. For what and who arranged this ensemble is completely unknown. So, the main distinguishing feature of Japanese temple architecture is the harmonious combination of all the elements of the ensemble with the surrounding landscape, as well as the use of natural materials - in particular, wood.

The architecture of Japan, like many things in this country, is made up of monuments of ancient times and masterpieces of modern craftsmanship. All the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world (from the end of the 6th century) are located in Japan. But there are enough ultra-modern buildings and architectural complexes here.

The most powerful impetus to the development of architecture, as well as the entire culture of Japan, was given by the adoption of Buddhism. The main landmark in architecture until the XIX century. there was China, but Japanese architects always turned overseas designs into truly Japanese works.

The look of pre-Buddhist architecture in Japan can be judged from the Shinto shrines of Ise and Izumo. The current buildings are not ancient, but they reproduce expressive ancient forms: log cabins stand on piles, have high gable roofs with a large canopy and crosswise protruding beams. They were guided by the restoration of most Shinto shrines in Japan in the 19th century. Characteristic Shinto shrines - the tori gate, marking the boundaries of the sacred territory; one of the symbols of the country is the tori of Itsukushima shrine standing in the water (west of Hiroshima).

The oldest Buddhist monasteries in Japan are located in the city of Nara and its environs. These are vast, well-planned complexes. In the center of a rectangular courtyard, there is usually a condo building, rectangular in plan (“golden hall”, where revered statues are worshiped) and a pagoda - a multi-tiered reliquary tower. Treasuries, bell towers and other additional buildings are located along the perimeter; the monumental main gate (nandaimon) located from the south is highlighted. The oldest monastery in Japan is Horyuji near Nara, which has preserved dozens of ancient buildings (many of the 6th-8th centuries), unique frescoes, and an invaluable collection of sculptures. Nara's most revered monastery is Todaiji; its main temple, Daibutsuden (“Hall of the Great Buddha”, last rebuilt in the early 18th century) is the largest wooden structure in the world (57 x 50 m, height 48 m).

In the XIII century. develops new type monastery - a school of Zen, in which all buildings are built along the north-south axis, opening up to the pilgrim in turn. As a rule, Zen monasteries were built on wooded mountain slopes and fit perfectly into nature; landscape gardens and the so-called "rock gardens" are arranged in them. The most famous are the Five Great Zen Temples at Kamakura near Tokyo; Dating back to the 13th century, but retaining mostly late, relatively small buildings, these monasteries perfectly preserved the prayerful atmosphere imbued with close contact with nature.

The secular architecture of Japan has come down to us in rather late samples. Among them are impressive feudal castles, built mainly in the era of internecine wars in the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. These are picturesque multi-tiered wooden structures on powerful stone foundations, surrounded by low walls and bastions, as well as moats. The largest of them is Himeji near Kobe (1601-1609), which is a complex of more than 80 buildings.

After appeasement, which marked the advent of the Edo period (1603-1868), the construction of palaces was widely developed in Japan. Unlike castles, these were, as a rule, one-story structures, consisting of asymmetrically grouped buildings. The former were still included in the fortification system: for example, the vast Ninomaru Palace in Nijo Castle (1601-1626) in the center of Kyoto. Others were built as centers of garden and park ensembles, estates; of these, the most famous palace of the imperial villa Katsura (1610s, 1650s) near Kyoto, one of the most perfect creations of Japanese architecture. Like other traditional buildings, the palaces were frame buildings, the walls did not have a constructive function and therefore were often replaced by open openings or removable partitions decorated with paintings, which largely blurred the line between the interior and nature. The feeling of naturalness, correlation with nature is enhanced by unvarnished wooden supports and plank floors, tatami mats in living rooms, and paper partitions.


Japan is developing at an incredible pace, and its architecture, which is based on the mysterious philosophy of the East, is attracting more and more attention of thousands of tourists from all over the world. Our review presents 25 stunning, incredible, mind-blowing masterpieces of modern architecture in the land of the rising sun that everyone should see.




Very unusual house Cellbrick is made up of many steel modules. They are located in a checkerboard pattern, which gives the walls of the building an original look. Inside the house, these modules serve as shelves on which small items can be placed.

2. Curtain House in Tokyo


Curtain House in Tokyo



The interior of the unique "Curtain House"

The Curtain House was designed by legendary Japanese architect Shigeru Ban and built in 1995 in Tokyo. The first thing that catches your eye when you see such an unusual building is a huge curtain 7 meters high, stretching along the perimeter of the main facade. It serves as a barrier to the penetration of sunlight and gives the building an oriental charm.






Hansha Reflection is a two-story residential building with its own courtyard and rooftop deck, located next to the scenic sequoia park in Nagoya. The incredible shape of the building is, according to the authors of the project, "a reflection of the environment, lifestyle and philosophy of the Japanese."






Japanese architect Su Fujimoto designed House Na, a multi-level house in the likeness of tree branches. To get to the highest platform, guests will have to overcome an intricate system of open spaces. The main materials are steel and glass.






The Glass School, a branch of the Kanagawa Institute of Technology, was designed by Japanese designer Junya Ishigami. According to her, "the main idea in the development of the school was to create an environment in which everyone will feel the freedom of the educational process, and where there will be no rules"

6. Keyhole house in Kyoto


"Keyhole House



"Keyhole House" at dusk



Interior of the "Keyhole House"

main feature an unusual residential building in Kyoto - a glazed L-shaped niche that surrounds the entrance to the building around the perimeter. Interestingly, there are no windows on the main facade, which does not prevent residents and their guests from feeling comfortable within the walls of the Keyhole.






The author of the unique building of the commercial center Mikimoto House is the Japanese Toyo Ito. The 24-story complex was built in 2005 in Tokyo's Jinza economic district. With his creation, the author showed the whole world how something unique and memorable can be created from steel and reinforced concrete.






The construction of a skyscraper in the shape of a giant cocoon was completed in 2006. The 204-meter skyscraper is the main branch famous school Fashion Gakuen University. The tower also houses numerous restaurants, cafes and boutiques. Mode Gakuen Cocoon is considered the 19th tallest building in Japan and ranks second after the Moscow State University in the list of the highest educational institutions peace.




Intersecting rows of round holes in the walls of the MON Factory residential building create the effect of moving light in the interior. This at first glance, not the brightest building has become one of the symbols of modern Kyoto.

10. Nakagin capsule house in Tokyo






Built in 1972, the Nakagin complex by architect Kise Kurokawa resembles a huge mountain of washing machines, which did not prevent the building from becoming a universally recognized masterpiece of post-war metabolism architecture. Small capsule apartments are designed for businessmen and entrepreneurs immersed in their own business - they have a shower, toilet, bed, TV and telephone. The author of the project planned that the capsules would be changed every 25 years, but before today their replacement was never made, which led the amazing complex to an emergency state.

11. Entertainment complex "Oasis 21" in Nagoya


Entertainment complex "Oasis 21"





Opened in 2002, the modern entertainment complex Oasis 21 contains many restaurants, shops and a bus terminal. The main part of the complex is underground. The main feature of "Oasis 21" is its huge oval roof, which literally soars above the ground. It is filled with water, which creates an interesting visual effect and lowers the temperature in the mall itself.

12. Residential building "Reflection of the crystal" in Tokyo


Residential building "Crystal Reflection" in Tokyo



"Crystal Reflection" at dusk



Crystal Reflection Residential Building is located in a densely populated area of ​​Tokyo. The author of the project was Yasuhiro Yamashita. The architect managed to solve several problems at once - he managed to find a place for compact parking and create the most open and bright space with stunning views from the windows.




The business center of Tokyo consists of 6 modern skyscrapers. Within their walls are shopping centers, hotels, entertainment complexes and a museum. The main boulevard runs between the buildings, sometimes covered with a glass atrium and decorated with a wide variety of flora.






Perhaps the main symbol of Nagoya is the Science Museum located in the city center. It consists of 3 buildings dedicated to modern technology, natural science and biology, and the largest planetarium in the world, which is a huge sphere with a diameter of 35 m.

15. Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Nagoya






Another branch of the Mode Gakuen Fashion Institute, the Spiral Tower was built in 2008 in Nagoya. The 170-meter graceful building amazes passers-by with its beauty and sets new standards for modern education.

16. Branches of Sugamo Shinkin Bank in Tokyo








French artist, designer and architect Emanuel Moreau lives in his own vibrant world and tries to reflect it in his work. In her view, "the bank building should not be gray and boring", but on the contrary, "visitors of such an important institution should feel a favorable and kind atmosphere."






Built in the forests of Karuizawa, Shell House is an example of true harmony between architecture and nature. Tubular rooms literally flow into environment open up to her as much as possible. This place is in great demand both among connoisseurs of architecture in the style of Frank Lloyd Wright, and among local residents renting the premises of the villa for the weekend.

18. Church "Temple of Light" in Osaka


Church "Temple of Light" in Osaka



Unusual interior of the church "Temple of Light"

The entire church "Temple of Light" is made of ordinary reinforced concrete. The author of the project, the world-famous Japanese Tadao Ando, ​​was able to achieve an incredible lighting effect with the help of niches and holes, and even the cross behind the altar forms light. This church has become a real flagship of Japanese architecture, and Ando has been awarded all sorts of awards.




The 12-meter building of the shopping and entertainment complex in Tokyo includes a variety of boutiques and restaurants. What distinguishes Urbanprem from most other buildings is its heavily curved façade, which makes it almost impossible to determine the actual height of the complex.






The construction of the unique museum ensemble located on the territory of the fruit park was completed in 1997. The author of the project, Itsuko Hasegawa, put a hidden meaning into his work - three buildings covered with a glass shell symbolize the "fruits" (or fruits) of spirituality, intelligence and lust.



Japan is located east of China and Korea, it is located on countless small and four large islands. There is a legend that the chain of islands appeared thanks to the drops that fell into the ocean from the spear of the god. The first inhabitants of the islands were immigrants from Asia. They were able to survive in adverse conditions due to their ability to raise cattle and grow rice. They had to repel the attacks of local tribes, but over time they settled all the large islands in the archipelago. From ancient times, China and Korea have had a significant influence on the way of life of the Japanese, culture and history. Interesting features medieval japan will be discussed further.

Historical information

As the history of medieval Japan tells, the very first mention of the rulers of the country dates back to the 7th century BC. e. Although scientists claim that the first state arose here only in the III-IV century on the territory of the Yamato tribe. The leaders of the Yamato over the next three centuries were able to conquer the tribes living on the islands of Honshu and Kushu, their attacks on the lands of Korea are also known.

Local residents are still confident in the divine origin imperial dynasty. According to legend, the goddess of the sun presented the signs of power to the first emperor. Although the ruler enjoys unlimited respect, he almost never had real power.

As history tells, medieval Japan has always been ruled by representatives of several of the richest and most respected families, passing power from generation to generation. Since 645, the supporters of the emperor staged a coup, as a result of which the Soga clan was removed from the government. Such a step should be to strengthen state power so that all residents obey the same laws, and local authorities unconditionally carry out the orders of the emperor.

Country in the Middle Ages

The country has always developed in isolation, because it was located on the periphery of the rest of the world. Scientists believe that the formation of Japan separately from the Chinese civilization began around 100-400 years, so the culture of medieval Japan can be attributed to the island form of China's culture. The Japanese adopted a lot from Chinese civilization - religion, writing, Buddhism, rituals, art, ceremonies. A little later, Japanese civilization began to differ. She was so organically able to combine the traditions of China with her acquisitions that she becomes a separate original culture.

Rulers of medieval Japan

In the 8th century, representatives of the Fujiwara clan became real rulers, who turned the imperial families into hostages in their own palaces. Until the end of the 12th century, the former power of the monarchs is on the wane. An alternative samurai government appears - the shogunate in Kamakura. In 1221, the palace aristocracy was completely defeated in the anti-Shogun uprising, and the emperor turned exclusively into the manager of ceremonies and rituals. In order to maintain a magnificent royal court, honorary positions are being sold to all samurai who wish.

After the fall of the shogunate, Emperor Go-Daigo carried out the restoration of Kenmu in order to return the state model of the 9th century, but it caused a socio-political crisis. The imperial house broke up into two dynasties: Northern and Southern. Only 30 years later, the unity of the house was restored through the efforts of the samurai shogunate Muromachi, but the monarchs lost power over the country. Tragic events led to the decline of the imperial house. For several centuries, the ceremony of the Imperial harvest was not held and no heir was appointed - great son emperor. It was not until the Tokugawa shogunate came to power in the 18th century that imperial rituals and ceremonies were restored.

Religious preferences

In medieval Japan, there is a mixture of several religious movements. Shintoism or "the way of the gods" is most pronounced. The majority of the population sacredly believed in myths, therefore, divine origins were attributed to everything. The spirits of the sky were considered the ancestors of the monarchs, and the common people were descended from spirits of a lower origin. In Shinto, they worship the spirits of their ancestors, and after death they prepare to turn into spirits themselves. Incorporeal entities are omnipresent, they invisibly change the course of life, are able to influence ongoing events. Thanks to Shintoism, another distinctive feature of the Japanese is manifested - love for the harmony of nature.

Buddhism came from China to Japan. The court nobility was the first to decide to join this newfangled doctrine. Philosophical teaching was supposed to unite the country and support the authority of the central government. Religion in medieval Japan was included in the code of honor of the samurai: discipline, composure, detachment and self-control. Buddhist monasteries began to appear, preparing real impassive warriors. With Buddhism, the Japanese borrowed hieroglyphic writing, which is needed when rewriting sacred Buddhist instructions.

Two religions coexisted peacefully in the country, in some cases they were intertwined. The population could simultaneously follow the principles of the prescriptions of Shintoism and Buddhism, which did not go into dissonance with each other. Buddhism was considered the state religion in medieval Japan, but as national religion at the same time, Shinto is also manifested. A separate branch, Confucianism, separated from Buddhism in the 12th century. According to the new ideology, children should not only obey the decision of their parents, but also unconditionally love them.

Law concept

The very first constitution of Shotoku-taishi is known, referring to early era Taika 604. The concept of law at that time was poorly outlined; one can only say about the norms of punishment, indicated by the concepts of punishment or God's wrath. It was necessary to follow certain norms of behavior, called weights. There were several giri in the country: father and son, older and younger brothers, husband and wife. Weights not related to family relationships, that is, between merchants and buyers, master and subordinate, and the like. They were followed as unwritten laws, taking into account condemnation in case of a bad or incorrect attitude towards close people or subordinates.

Own customary law (buke-ho) was designated in the military caste (buke or samurai). Within the military community, there was a code of rules based on the exclusive loyalty of a subordinate to his overlord. If the latter showed excessive cruelty, then the vassal had no rights to protection, he was entirely dependent on the will of his master. A little later, against the arbitrariness of the overlords, they compiled a special Collection of customs of the military caste, which indicated the norms of criminal law and the code of honor for the military.

In medieval Japan, the law prescribed only one thing - the subordination of the lower strata of the population to the masters higher in the hierarchy. In the state, there were clearly defined functions for each social group, the clarification of duties was described in ritsu-ryo collections. The term "ritsu" indicated repressive norms, and the term "ryo" indicated administrative-applicable ones.

Economy

In the 17th century, the warlord Tokugawa Ieyasu managed to form a dynasty of shoguns. Although the emperor was considered the head of the country, the shogun dynasty controlled all areas of Japan's activities. There was a need to create monetary unit. The economy of medieval Japan depended only on rice. The standard unit of measurement was the amount of rice that a person needs to eat for one year. Taxes were also paid in rice. From the middle of the 16th century, the Portuguese often began to come to the country, preferring to pay with gold coins instead of rice. Local feudal lords also felt the benefits of precious metals. Tokugawa continued the work of his predecessor Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who took over most of the country's gold and silver. This is how the oban gold coin appeared, but it was not used to pay for transactions, but was given or rewarded.

The Japanese nobility sought to tie the peasants to the land allotment. Large landowners tried to solve the problem of how to pacify the uprising of the peasants or return the runaway subordinates back. Appear special units trained warriors who, over time, formed their own closed community of samurai. The code of honor of warriors, or bushido, which was based on the idea of ​​loyalty to the master, began to be observed. The warrior was obliged to protect his master at the cost of his life, and in case of dishonor to commit ritual suicide, or hara-kiri.

Political order

From the 12th century, the feudal hierarchy was strengthened. Due to feudal fragmentation, the country is in a state of constant internecine strife. Even after the establishment of the supreme power of the shoguns, skirmishes between petty feudal lords do not stop. Among such conditions, the worldview of a samurai is created, ready to sacrifice himself to his overlord. Samurai becomes an example of courage, honor and loyalty.

After the appearance of large feudal farms, the formation and growth of cities began. Near the castle of the ruler, a city began to be built, where the commercial and artisan population predominated. Private landholdings are being replaced by large latifundia.

Culture of Medieval Japan

In the mature Middle Ages, new cities begin to be built, ties with China are strengthened, crafts develop and trade expands. Completely different aesthetic preferences appear, based on folk motifs. Japan is gradually acquiring original features, moving to a different level of development. IN artistic culture In medieval Japan, the emphasis is on the human perception of the world, the dramatic background of the actions taken. began to appear dramatic works for theater performances. In painting and sculpture landscape and portrait stand out as an independent genre. The fine arts of medieval Japan are influenced by the harsh everyday life of an era filled with conflicts. Art is permeated with a touch of Buddhism, the Zen sect flourishes especially. Previously it was necessary to carry out incomprehensible complex religious rites, but the Zen sect translated service into a simpler and more understandable form. Any Buddhist literature and multiple rites are denied, in the place of which comes only the desire to know one's spiritual essence. Everyone could take the path of truth through contemplation and deepening into oneself.

Chanting of the Samurai

At that time, the samurai were not yet striving for the luxury and effeminacy of palaces. They often had to fight in civil strife, repulse the attacks of foreign tribes, so the main thing for them was military prowess, courage and honor. The warrior class liked the concepts of Zen Buddhism, because paradise can be achieved with discipline and one simple prayer. Gunk tales are written about warriors, conveying a sense of anxiety, but devoid of the splendor of interiors and pomposity. The exploits of the samurai are described in scrolls, the cult of the sword and armor appears, Buddha statues are erected, executed with all severity. They wrote poems about how samurai go hunting, shoot and practice horseback riding. In particular honor is the Nar art, expressed in the construction of the Kamakura Buddha statue. In medieval Japan, Nar temples destroyed during the war or those that are in a dilapidated state are being restored.

architectural preferences

What is special about the architecture of medieval Japan? In the 12th century, Buddhist temples began to be erected in the midst of picturesque nature. Nature was considered a deity, so architectural structures had to harmoniously fit into the surrounding landscape. Estates and palaces were built in the form of a rectangle, facing the south side of the square, framed on both sides by galleries with outbuildings. From the southern part of the building, they always tried to equip a landscape garden, consisting of lakes, rocks, bridges and islands. Gardens should evoke thoughts of solitude, tune in to silence and a calm mood. Instead of a turbulent flow of a waterfall, they preferred to build ponds with stagnant water, and delicate lotus flowers should sway on the surface. The charm of a secluded garden was created in Heian parks, when a change of scenery awaited at each turn of the path. Instead of air bridges, smooth stones appeared that created mosaic pictures. Gardens, decorative all four seasons, are popular with the nobility.

Palaces, castles and houses for tea ceremonies become the most favorite at that time. There is a desire for simple architectural lines. Wooden structures were not always covered with paint. Knots on the surface of the wood were played up as decorative elements. The buildings were erected in the form of a rectangular pavilion surrounded by a gallery, and the roof should have a curved shape. Many-tiered pagodas are being built, although small in size. If the building is painted, then no more than one or two colors are used. In Japan, the very first sacred temples were considered pantries where stocks of rice were stored. The pantries were raised on high pillars so that moisture would not spoil the rice. The first temples were built like storerooms for grain. The climate in Japan is quite humid, but wooden temples have survived to this day. They owe this longevity to the custom of the Japanese every 20 years to dismantle sacred temples, and in that place to build new ones from a different material.

Secular building

From the 16th century, feudal castles were built, capable of holding back the attacks of enemy armies behind their reliable walls. These multi-tiered structures were built of wood, and stone foundations were laid at the base. Bastions and low walls were additionally built around, and moats surrounded the castle around the perimeter. The most impressive castle of that time is Himeji near Kobe, consisting of 80 different types of buildings.

The Edo period brought a lull after the devastating internecine wars. Instead of castles, the construction of palaces is unfolding. They are one-story buildings, although the very first ones still have a system of fortifications, but then they are already building like a garden and park ensemble. By tradition, the palace walls do not have constructive functions, therefore they are replaced by openings or removable partitions. The builders tried to achieve maximum naturalness and unity with nature.

Painting

Since the 7th century, the painting of medieval Japan has remained very simple. The level of craftsmanship can be judged from the mural decorating the Tamamushi Ark from Horyuji Temple. The author painted the ark with yellow, red and green paint on a black base. As Buddhism spread, more places of worship appeared, so there was a demand for highly qualified artists. Now the masters collectively worked on one drawing according to their specialization. One artist only made a sketch, the second was engaged in coloring, and the third traced the outline of the finished picture. On emakimono panels in the 8th century, the drawings are symbolic, there is no dynamics here. Begins to develop landscape and genre painting. A vivid example is the painted screen “Woman with Bird Feathers”, where the lines are already becoming smoother and lighter, an expressive image is created. Since the 9th century, Buddhist painting has been developing, which is characterized by depicting a mandala. To draw a mandala, more expensive materials were used, such as silver and gold.

At the end of the 16th century, a number of painting schools appeared: Tosa, Soga, Kano, Kaiho, Unkoku. During this period, many unique paintings were created, belonging not only to famous masters, but also to unknown artists.