The inconsistent definition often causes punctuation difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that it is not always easy to distinguish it from the agreed one, which will be separated by a comma. hard to find good text, in which there are no these members of the sentence, because their use enriches speech. However, agreed and inconsistent definitions, examples of which are presented below, are an attribute only of written speech.

Secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones, but can also refer to the same minor ones. If they complement the grammatical basis, they will be called secondary members of the subject or predicate group.

For example:

high, clear sky completely occupied the horizon.

The subject is the sky. Its group: the definitions are high, cloudless. The predicate - occupied. His group: addition horizon, circumstance completely.

Definition, addition, circumstance - these are the three minor members of the sentence. To determine which of them is used in a sentence, you need to ask a question and determine the part of speech. So, additions are most often nouns or pronouns in indirect cases. Definitions - adjectives and parts of speech close to them (pronouns, participles, ordinal numbers, also nouns). Circumstances are adverbs or participles, as well as nouns.

Sometimes there is a polysemy of the secondary term: it answers two questions at the same time. As an example, consider the sentence:

The train to Omsk left without delay.

The secondary member to Omsk can act as a circumstance (train (where?) to Omsk) or as a definition (train (what?) to Omsk).

Another example:

Snow lies on spruce paws.

The secondary member on the paws is both a circumstance (lies (where?) on the paws) and an addition (lies (on what?) on the paws).

What is definition

Definition - such a secondary member of the sentence, to which you can ask questions: “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “What?”, “Whose?”

Distinguish agreed and inconsistent definitions. Gradation depends on how this member of the sentence is expressed.

A definition can be an adjective, a noun, a numeral, a pronoun, a participle, and even an infinitive. They extend the subject, object, and circumstance.

For example:

The last leaves hung from the frozen branches.

The definition of the latter refers to the subject leaflets; the definition of frozen refers to the addition-circumstance on the branches.

Sometimes these minor members of the sentence can carry the main semantic load of the subject and be included in its composition.

For example:

A villager does not like to get out into a stuffy city.

Here the role of the definition village is very interesting, without which the subject inhabitant would not make sense. That is why it will be part of the main member of the proposal. Thus, in this example subject - village dweller.

Semantic functions of definitions

Both agreed and non-agreed definitions can express the following meanings:

  1. The quality of the item (beautiful dress, interesting book).
  2. Quality of action (opened door, thinking student).
  3. Place (forest fire - fire in the forest).
  4. Time (December holidays - holidays in December).
  5. Attitude to another object (clay vase - clay vase).
  6. Belonging (mother's heart - mother's heart).

Agreed Definition

Definitions agreed can act as the following parts of speech:

  • Adjective name (children's toy, deep lake).
  • Pronoun (your car, a certain amount).
  • Communion (meowing kitten, waving flag).
  • Numerals (eighteenth fighter, first student).

Between this definition and the word to which it refers, there is an agreement in gender, number and case.

Our majestic history spans twenty centuries.

Here are the following agreed definitions:

History (whose?) Ours - pronoun;

History (what?) majestic - adjective;

Centuries (how many?) Twenty - numeral.

As a rule, the agreed definition in the sentence is before the word to which it refers.

Definition inconsistent

Another, more expressive kind is the inconsistent definition. They can be the following parts of speech:

1. Nouns with or without a preposition.

2. Adjectives in the comparative degree.

3. Verb-infinitive.

Let's analyze a sentence with an inconsistent definition:

The meeting with classmates will take place on Friday.

Meeting (what?) With classmates. An inconsistent definition with classmates is expressed by a noun with a preposition.

Next example:

I have never met a friendlier person than you.

The inconsistent definition is expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: a person (which one?) Is more friendly.

Let's analyze the sentence, where the definition is expressed by the infinitive:

I had a great opportunity to come to the seashore every morning.

There was an opportunity (what?) to come - this is an inconsistent definition.

The examples of sentences discussed above allow us to conclude that this type of definition is most often found after the word to which it refers.

How to distinguish an agreed definition from a non-agreed one

In order not to get confused about which definition is in the sentence, you can follow the algorithm:

  1. Find out what part of speech the definition is.
  2. Look at the type of connection between the definition and the word to which it refers (agreement - an agreed definition, control and adjacency - an inconsistent definition). Examples: meowing kitten - connection agreement, definition meowing - agreed; a box made of wood - communication control, the definition of wood is inconsistent.
  3. Pay attention to where the definition is in relation to the main word. Most often, the main word is preceded by an agreed definition, and after it, an inconsistent definition. Examples: a meeting (what?) with investors - the definition is inconsistent, it is after the main word; deep ravine - the definition is agreed, it stands after the main word.
  4. If the definition is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological phrase, it will certainly be inconsistent: it was (what?) Neither fish nor meat. Phraseologism neither fish nor meat acts as an inconsistent definition.

A table will help distinguish between agreed and inconsistent definitions.

Parameter

Agreed

inconsistent

What is expressed

1. Adjective.

2. Pronoun.

3. Communion.

4. Numerals.

1. Noun with or without a preposition.

2. Infinitive.

3. Adverb.

4. Comparative adjective.

5. Pronoun.

6. Indivisible combination, phraseological unit.

Communication type

Agreement in gender, number and case

1. Management.

2. Connection.

Position

Before main word

After the main word

The concept of isolation

Situations often arise when in a sentence there are separate agreed and inconsistent definitions that require separation by appropriate punctuation marks (commas or dashes). Separation always implies two identical punctuation marks, it should not be confused, for example, with commas with homogeneous members, where single commas are used. In addition, the use of two different characters in isolation is a gross mistake, which indicates a misunderstanding of this linguistic phenomenon.

Separating agreed definitions with commas is a more frequent phenomenon than separating inconsistent ones. To determine whether a comma is necessary, you need to pay attention to two aspects:

  • The position of a separate definition in relation to the word being defined.
  • How are the members of the sentence participating in the isolation expressed (the definition itself and the word being defined): history (what?) majestic - adjective; centuries (how many?) twenty - numeral.

Separation of agreed definitions

If the agreed definition is after the word being defined, it must be separated by commas if:

  1. It is a participle. For example: A basket of mushrooms, collected the day before, stood in the cellar. Here, the isolated definition collected the day before is a participle turnover, which is located after the word basket being defined.
  2. It is an adjective with dependent words. For example: Through the glass, crystal clear, you could see everything that was happening in the yard. Here, the definition of crystal clear is an adjective (pure) and its dependent word (crystal). It is required to put commas, because this revolution is located after the word glass, which is being defined.
  3. Definitions are necessarily separated if there is another definition before the word being defined. For example: Autumn days, bright and sunny, soon faded away. The definition of autumn is in front of the defined word days, respectively, the definition of bright and sunny must be separated by commas.
  4. Definitions are not common, they are in the sentence after the word being defined. Eg: South night, black and warm, was full of mysterious sounds. The definition black and warm are two uncommon adjectives connected by the union and. There may be such an option: the southern night, black, warm, was full of mysterious sounds. In this example, the union is absent, but the definition is still isolated.

In the latter case, you need to be more careful, because there are situations when the definition is closely related in meaning to the word to which it refers, so it is not required to separate it with commas. For example:

In a country far from home, loneliness is somehow felt in a special way.

The definition far from home should not be separated by commas, because without it the meaning of the sentence is not clear.

Separation of the agreed definition, which is before the word being defined, is necessary if it has the meaning of cause or concession. For example:

Exhausted by the difficult transition, the tourists were glad to set up camp.

In this case, the definition exhausted by a long transition is isolated, because it is used in the sense of a reason: since the tourists were exhausted by a difficult transition, they were glad to set up camp. Another example:

Not yet greened, the trees are elegant and festive.

Here the definition has a concession that has not yet been planted with greenery: despite the fact that the trees have not yet been planted with greenery, they are elegant and festive.

Separation of inconsistent definitions

Separate inconsistent definitions are a rather rare phenomenon. Usually they are paired with matched ones. Thus, isolated inconsistent definitions are usually used after the word being defined and are associated with the agreed connection by agreement.

For example:

This coat, new, ribbed, suited Natasha very well.

In this example, the inconsistent ribbed definition is related to the agreed new definition, so it needs to be isolated.

Here is another sentence with a separate, inconsistent definition:

Quite by accident we met Andrey, in the dust, tired.

In this case, the inconsistent definition in the dust is related to the consistent definition of tired, so commas are required.

It is not necessary to separate with commas the cases when there are isolated inconsistent definitions before the agreed one. Examples:

From a distance we saw sailors in pressed uniforms, happy and contented.

In this case, it is possible not to isolate the inconsistent definition in a smoothed form, because after it there are agreed: happy, satisfied.

IN classical literature one can meet both non-isolated and isolated inconsistent definitions. Examples:

Two stearin candles, in travel silver chandeliers, burned in front of him. (Turgenev I.S.) and Three soldiers in overcoats, with guns on their shoulders, walked in step to replace the company box (Tolstoy L.N.).

In a sentence from Turgenev's work, the inconsistent definition in travel silver chandeliers is isolated, but Tolstoy's sentence of the same construction is not. In the latter there are no punctuation marks in the definitions in overcoats, with guns.

As a rule, inconsistent definitions related to the predicate group are not isolated. Let's look at the last example: they walked (how? in what?) with guns, in overcoats.

Application as a special kind of definition

A special kind of definition is an application. It is always expressed by a noun. Applications and inconsistent definitions should be distinguished. The latter are associated with the word being defined by means of control, while between the application and the main word there is an agreement.

For example, let's compare two sentences:

1. You, as the chief engineer, must oversee this project.

2. This woman in a white coat made the guys grumble.

In the first case, we have an application engineer. Let us prove this by declining the main and the definition of the word. You are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer - you are an engineer, etc. The connection between the words is clearly visible agreement, respectively, we have an application. Let's try to do the same with the definition from the second sentence. A woman in a white coat - a woman in a white coat - a woman in a white coat. Communication is control, so here we observe an inconsistent definition.

In addition, the application simply names the subject differently, while the inconsistent definition is some kind of its sign.

Application isolation

A single application, as a rule, is written with a hyphen: hostess sister, lord commander. In certain cases, the application will stand apart. Let's sort them out.

The application that refers to the personal pronoun is separated. Examples:

1. Does she, an excellent student, take care of the control.

Here the application of an excellent student refers to the pronoun to her.

2. Here it is, the reason.

We isolate the application reason, because it refers to the pronoun she.

A common application is isolated if it is located after the word being defined. Examples:

1. A brave captain, a thunderstorm of the seas, easily passed any reefs.

The thunderstorm application is a common one (thunderstorm (what?) of the seas), so you need to separate it with commas.

2. The girl, everyone's favorite, received the best gift.

The application universal favorite is used after the word girl being defined.

Applications are separated with the meaning of reason, concession, clarification (with it there is a union like). Example:

You, as an investor, can control the work of employees. - You can control the work of subordinates because you are an investor (reason value).

Here you need to be careful, because the application with the union as in the meaning of "as" is not isolated. For example:

How school discipline mathematics develops well logical thinking. - As a school discipline, mathematics develops logical thinking well. Separation is not needed.

If a separate application is at the end of a sentence, it can be distinguished with a dash. For example:

The rest of the sisters are similar to each other - Elizabeth and Sophia.

The application Elizabeth and Sophia is at the end of the sentence, so a dash is separated.

Isolation(comma-separated) agreed-upon definitions depend on several factors:

a) from the part of speech of the defined (main) word;
b) from the position of the definition in relation to the defined (main) word - before the main word, after the main word;
c) from the presence of additional shades of meaning in the definition (circumstantial, explanatory);
d) on the degree of distribution and the way of expressing the definition.

Conditions for separating agreed definitions

A) The word being defined is a pronoun

1. Definitions that refer to personal pronouns ( I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they) are isolated. The degree of distribution of the definition, the way it is expressed (participle, adjective), position in relation to the main word usually do not play a role:

I , learned by experience I will be more attentive to her. Tired, she shut up, looked around. AND, tired of your happiness, He fell asleep immediately.

2. Definitions that refer to negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing), indefinite pronouns ( someone, something, somebody, something), are usually not isolated, since they form a single whole with pronouns:

Can't compare to this novel. nothing previously written by the author. Flashed across his face something like a smile.

Notes.

1) With a less close connection, if there is a pause after an indefinite pronoun, the attributive turnover is isolated. For example: AND somebody , sweaty and out of breath running from store to store(Panova).

2) Adjectives or participles with or without dependent words associated with the definitive pronoun all are not isolated if the adjective or participle acts as the main word, and the pronoun all - as a dependent definition. For example: All those late to class standing in the hallway. (cf.: Late to lecture standing in the hallway). If the main word is the pronoun all, and the attributive phrase explains or clarifies it, then such a phrase is isolated. For example: All , railroad related, still fanned for me by the poetry of travel(cf.: All still fanned for me by the poetry of travel).

B) The word being defined is a noun

1. A common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions stand apart if they come after the noun being defined. Such definitions are usually not isolated if they come before the noun they define.

Wed: glades, strewn with leaves were full of sunshine. - Leaf-strewn meadows were full of sunshine; I especially liked eyes big and sad. - I especially liked big and sad eyes.

Notes.

1) Common and homogeneous single definitions after the noun are not isolated if the noun needs a definition, if without this definition the statement does not have a complete meaning. IN oral speech it is on these definitions that the logical stress falls, and there is no pause between the word being defined and the definition. For example: Instead of a fun Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in the side deaf and distant (Pushkin). Somewhere in this world there is life pure, graceful, poetic (Chekhov).

2) A single definition, standing after a noun, is usually not isolated. For example: To a young man the old man's worries are incomprehensible. A single definition can be isolated only if it has an additional adverbial value (it can be replaced by a subordinate clause with conjunctions if, when, because, though and etc.). In oral speech, isolated single definitions are necessarily pronounced with pauses. For example: young man in love, it's impossible not to talk(Turgenev). - To a young man if he's in love, it's impossible not to spill the beans; The people, amazed, steel like stones(M. Gorky). - People became like stones because they were amazed. However, such a selection is always copyrighted (!).

2. Before the noun being defined, a common definition (participle or adjective with dependent words), homogeneous single definitions are isolated only if they have an additional adverbial meaning (you can ask questions to them Why? contrary to what? and etc.; they can be replaced by circumstantial subordinate clauses with unions because although and etc.). In oral speech, such definitions are necessarily distinguished by pauses.

Wed: Always cheerful, lively, nurses now they were moving silently and concentratedly around Tanya (Kazakov). - Although the nurses were always cheerful and lively, now they were moving silently and concentratedly around Tanya.

However, such separation is usually optional, not mandatory. And depending on the intonation (the presence of pauses or their absence), the same definition in the position before the main word - the noun will be isolated or non-isolated.

Wed: Wounded in the head, scout couldn't crawl (Since the scout was wounded in the head he couldn't crawl- pause after noun to the head). - Scout wounded in the head couldn't crawl(pause after noun) scout).

3. Common and single definitions are isolated if they are torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether they are before or after the main word).

For example:

1. angry, sullen walked around the room(Chekhov). Homogeneous single definitions angry, sullen refer to the noun Kashtanka and separated from it by predicates stretched, yawned.

2. towards me, pure and clear,, the sounds of the bell came(Turgenev). Definitions pure and clear, as if washed by the morning chill stand before the noun sounds, but separated from it by other members of the sentence - predicate brought.

Note!

1) If a separate definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides.

glades, strewn with leaves were full of sunshine.

2) Determinative turnover after coordinating union (and, or, but etc.), but not associated with it, is separated by a comma from the union according to the general rule.

Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, sullen walked across the room.

The union connects homogeneous predicates and has nothing to do with separate definitions. Definitions can be removed, but the union can be kept: Kashtanka stretched, yawned, and walked up and down the room.. Therefore, a comma is placed after the union and.

But between the union (usually it is the union a) and the definitive turnover, a comma is not placed if the omission of the turnover requires a restructuring of the sentence.

The ball rests on the surface of the pool, A immersed in water, pops up quickly.

In this case, it is impossible to remove the attributive turnover without the union a.

The ball stays on the surface of the pool, but quickly floats up.

3) The adjective and participle associated with the verb - predicate are not definitions, but the nominal part of the predicate. Such adjectives, participles do not obey the above rules.

Wed: To the hut we ran wet; She came running from the club excited and joyful.

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, object or circumstance, determines the sign of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

Definition can refer to words different parts speech: a noun and words formed from adjectives or participles by transition to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and inconsistent definition

An agreed definition is a definition for which the type syntactic connection between the main and dependent words - agreement. For example:

A disgruntled girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the outdoor terrace.

(girl (what?) dissatisfied, ice cream (what?) chocolate, on the terrace (what?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: a laughing boy, a bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition may be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connection:

management

adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the bedside table.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book

(mother's book is an agreed definition, connection type: agreement, and mother's book is inconsistent, connection type is control)

Inconsistent adjacency-based definition:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift is an expensive gift

(a more expensive gift is an inconsistent definition, the type of connection is adjacency, and an expensive gift is an agreed definition, the type of connection is agreement)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

Opposite lined up shopping mall five floors.

Compare: a center with five floors - a five-story center

(five-story center - inconsistent definition, communication type - management, and five-story center - agreed definition, communication type - agreement)

A girl entered the room blue hair.

(girl with blue hair - inconsistent definition, type of connection - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus - noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French - adverb)

3) a verb in an indefinite form:

She had the ability to listen.

(listen - verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of the adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she chooses the harder tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her is a possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

Application is a special kind of definition. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case.

Applications denote various features of an object that are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived with me in the hotel.

A variation of the application are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, press organs, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony is an agreed application, the words of the river and Sukhony are in the same case.)

The son read the fairy tale "Cinderella".

(“Cinderella” is an inconsistent application, the words fairy tale and “Cinderella” are in different cases

The attachment of definitions to words of subjective meaning (primarily nouns) forms their main function - naming the attribute of an object. By virtue of the same attachment, definitions (if they do not lose their defining function) cannot occupy the positions of determining members in the sentence, i.e.

They always duplicate the dependent component of the phrase, but often with more specific semantics, cf.: Children entered the first grade; The ninth this year became the first class in academic performance.

According to the nature of the syntactic connection of the definition with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions are expressed by those parts of speech that, referring to the word being defined, can be likened to it in number and case, and in the singular - in gender. They can be expressed by adjectives: The door to the damp porch dissolved again (A.K.T.); communion: My steps resounded dully in the freezing air (T.); pronominal adjective: Our fortress stood on a high place (L.); ordinal number: The second boy, Pavlusha, had tousled hair (T.); A carriage was waiting outside the third gate (Nab.); quantitative numeral one: I knew only one thought power, one, but a fiery passion (L.).

The specific meanings of agreed definitions are very diverse and depend on the lexical meaning of the word by which they are expressed. Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives denote the quality, color of an object: She was tormented by a thirst for glory, and the terrible power of self-sacrifice, and insane courage, and a feeling of childish mischievous, piercing happiness (Fad.); It was a clean, blue lake, with an unusual expression of water (Nab.). Definitions, expressed by relative adjectives, indicate the attribute of an object at its location and time: Yesterday we spent in the forest on our long-range batteries (Inb.); The village library was near the school; a sign of an object by material: Through a frequent net of rain one could see a hut with a plank roof and two pipes (T.); affiliation: The dead man did not let the regimental banner out of his hands. Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives, as well as possessive pronouns, indicate belonging: His grandfather's face bent over his face (M. G.); Farewell, sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty and for a long, long time I will hear your rumble in the evening hours (P.). Definitions expressed by indefinite pronouns indicate the uncertainty of the subject in relation to quality, property, belonging, etc.: Occasionally, as if from someone's touch, I raised my head (Past.); Tell me some news (L.). Definitions, expressed by negative and attributive pronouns, denote excretory-amplifying features: He knew every person, every family, every alley of this large working outskirts (Kat.); For a long time I did not find any game (T.). Definitions expressed by ordinal numbers indicate the order of the subject when counting: Sukhoedov (Pan.) was on duty in the ninth carriage. Definitions expressed by participles can indicate a sign that is the result of some action: The fallen trees lay flat, without any relief, and those that remained standing, also flat, with a lateral shadow along the trunk for the illusion of being round, barely holding on to the torn nets of the sky with their branches ( Embankment).

Note. If a relative adjective or ordinal number is used in a figurative sense, the definition denotes a quality: In the golden, in the bright south, I still see you in the distance (Tyutch.); You are the first person in production.

Inconsistent definitions, in contrast to agreed ones, are associated with the word being defined by the method of control (poet's poems, a boat with sails) or adjoining (riding at a pace, desire to learn). They can be expressed by nouns without prepositions (in the genitive and instrumental cases) and with prepositions (in all oblique cases): A light gust of wind woke me up (T.); A wet, woolly-gray sky rubs against the window leaf (Past.); He wore overalls, changed his mustache with a ring to a mustache with a brush (Fed.); The matter of the inheritance is holding me back for a long time (A.N.T.); He was wearing a colorful cotton shirt with a yellow border (T.); And what did he see, the dead Falcon, in this desert without bottom and edge? (M. G.); Next to him walked Fedyushka in his father's cap (Ch.); personal pronoun in the genitive case (in the possessive meaning): There was so much longing in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world with it (M. G.); comparative degree of the adjective: There were no bigger and more important events in the history of mankind (A.N.T.); adverb: There are, however, incredible cases when stearin candles and soft-boiled boots are obtained (G. Usp.); indefinite form of the verb: He went with a step to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with an order to attack the French (L.T.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition can indicate belonging: Kutuzov's face, standing at the door of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments (L.T.); attitude to the team, institution, etc.: Blacksmith Putilov factory Ivan Gora was cleaning a rifle (A.N.T.); producer of action: Less and less often, quieter and more distantly, one hears the creak of wheels, then a gentle Little Russian song, then the sonorous neighing of horses, then fuss and the last chirping of sleeping birds (Kupr.); a sign according to its bearer: A horse and a rider dived from a dilapidated barrack into the darkness of the forest (N. Ostr.); the relation of the whole to the part, which is indicated by the word being defined: You are a little cold, you cover your face with an overcoat collar (T.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in instrumental without a preposition, they denote a sign established by comparison with an object named with a defining word: Moses is already walking in a bowler hat (Ch.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in oblique cases with prepositions can denote various features.

Sign by material: On an immaculately clean table, black marble writing instruments were arranged with deathly accuracy, folders made of shiny cardboard lay (A.N.T.); a sign of the presence of an object of any external feature, details: ... A minute later, a young man in a military overcoat and a white cap entered the caretaker (P.); I went up to a stranger in a fur coat and saw him (Cupr.); People with whiskers stood at the gunwale and smoked pipes (Paust.); a sign of belonging in the broad sense of the word: Huge boilers from military ships were buried under snowdrifts (A.N.T.); a sign that characterizes an object in a spatial sense: A girl was standing by the jamb in the kitchen (M. G.); Chelkash crossed the road and sat down on the bedside table opposite the doors of the tavern (M. G.); a sign indicating the contents of the object: From sleep, sits in an ice bath (P.); a sign that limits the object in any respect: Before dawn in a dark cave, the famous golden eagle hunter Khali tells me about eagles (Prishv.); a sign indicating the purpose of the object: Everything froze on the benches for the public (M. G.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, denote a qualitative feature of an object that is inherent in it to a greater or lesser extent than other objects: It is unlikely that you had a stronger and more beautiful guy to see (N.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed in an adverb can indicate a sign in relation to quality, direction, time, mode of action: Between the windows stood a hussar with a ruddy face and bulging eyes (T.); They knew both lope with a lance, and cutting right and left with a saber (A.N.T.); Together with tea, they served us cutlets, soft-boiled eggs, butter, honey (T.).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject, denoted by an often abstract noun: Thanks to the ability to quickly grasp and remember what he heard, he passed the exams (S.-Shch.); I could not stand it and ran out of the bushes onto the path, obeying a fiery desire to throw myself on my father's neck (Kor.).

Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by phraseological combinations, as well as syntactically inseparable phrases. In the sentence Here, right, you will read the oaths in love until coffin board(P.) the definition is expressed by a phraseological combination to the grave.

In the role of a definition expressed by a syntactically inseparable phrase, combinations of a noun in the genitive case with a quantitative numeral agreed with it most often act: A boy of about fifteen, curly and red-cheeked, sat as a coachman and with difficulty kept a well-fed piebald stallion (T.); combinations of a noun with an adjective in the instrumental case: He [Chelkash] immediately liked this healthy, good-natured guy with childish bright eyes (M. G.), “Here it is, then, as it happens,” said the old Nikolaev soldier with a spongy nose (Paust. ). Phrases consisting of adjectives and nouns in the genitive case are syntactically inseparable, in which it is impossible to separate the adjective, since it is in it that the designation of the delimiting feature is contained. In sentences, a man of medium height (L.) came out of the boat; He was wearing a short coat of bronze color and a black cap (T.); He fastened the bekeshi hooks, pulled a soldier's artificial astrakhan hat over his eyebrows (A.N.T.); For three days in a row, this stocky figure and face of an oriental type (M. G.) attracted my attention; They were a husband, wife, their boy of about seven extraordinary beauty(Fed.); Boys close to my age were thirteen years old (Past.) The phrases of medium height, bronze color, artificial astrakhan fur, oriental type, extraordinary beauty, close age are syntactically inseparable.

Less common are definitions expressed by syntactically inseparable phrases of other types. For example: A few minutes later we were at the fire in a circle of four shepherds dressed in sheepskins with wool up (M. G.); The upper heated water lies in a layer ten to twelve meters thick on a deep cold water and does not mix with it at all (Paust.).

Inconsistent definitions quite often have a definitive meaning with shades of other meanings. Functional complication is especially typical for definitions expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations and adverbs, which, of course, is associated with their lexical and morphological nature.

The contradiction revealed here between the specific meaning of the dependent word form (spatial, temporal) and its relation to the word form of objective meaning (attributive) is resolved in the functional combination of two members in one. So, prepositional-nominal combinations in the attributive function can be complicated by adverbial meanings - spatial: I rented a room with a window on the Kremlin (Past.); temporary: This is my habit since childhood (T.); object meaning: At the battery heights, people with spyglasses were slightly distinguishable (Past.).

Definitions expressed by adverbs can also be functionally complicated. For example, a definitive-spatial meaning: Agents were preparing a massacre in Petrograd - an explosion from the inside (A.N.T.); definitive-temporal meaning: The successful fishing of beluga in winter enriched the fishermen even more (Kupr.).

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, object or circumstance, determines the sign of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

The definition can refer to words of different parts of speech: a noun and words formed from adjectives or participles by transition to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and inconsistent definition

An agreed definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic relationship between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A disgruntled girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the outdoor terrace.

(girl (what?) dissatisfied, ice cream (what?) chocolate, on the terrace (what?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: a laughing boy, a bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition may be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connection:

management

adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the bedside table.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book

(mother's book is an agreed definition, connection type: agreement, and mother's book is inconsistent, connection type is control)

Inconsistent adjacency-based definition:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift is an expensive gift

(a more expensive gift is an inconsistent definition, the type of connection is adjacency, and an expensive gift is an agreed definition, the type of connection is agreement)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Compare: a center with five floors - a five-story center

(five-story center - inconsistent definition, communication type - management, and five-story center - agreed definition, communication type - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair - inconsistent definition, type of connection - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus - noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French - adverb)

3) a verb in an indefinite form:

She had the ability to listen.

(listen - verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of the adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she chooses the harder tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her is a possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

Application is a special kind of definition. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case.

Applications denote various features of an object that are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived with me in the hotel.

Application types are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony is an agreed application, the words of the river and Sukhony are in the same case.)

The son read the fairy tale "Cinderella".

(“Cinderella” is an inconsistent application, the words fairy tale and “Cinderella” are in different cases

definition agreement is:

agreement of definitions A definition is agreed, expressed by that part of speech, the forms of which are able to agree with the word being defined in case and number, and in the singular also in gender. These include adjectives, pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers, participles. Cold morning, our class, second page, plucked flowers. Adjectives and ordinal numbers included in compound names and stable combinations are not distinguished as a separate member (definition). Leningrad region, Railway, red currant, question mark, second signal system. The question of the syntactic function of cardinal numbers when combined with nouns in the form of indirect cases (except for the accusative) is solved in different ways: three pages are missing, suggest three students to study with three lagging behind. Some researchers consider such quantitative-nominal combinations to be free, highlighting agreed definitions in them that answer the question how much? According to another point of view (more legitimate), such combinations form a grammatical unity, since in many cases they are semantically indivisible, which is due to the inability to omit the numeral: two meters of fabric are missing, add to three liters of water, limit yourself to ten rubles, twenty steps from the station, about five months, a room for three people, living two floors above, an apartment of four rooms, a hand with six fingers, etc. If the agreed definition refers to a noun depending on the numbers two, three, four, and is between the components of the quantitative-nominal combination, then the following constructions are usually observed: three large houses, three large windows, three large rooms, i.e. with masculine and neuter nouns, the definition is put in the form of the genitive case plural, and with nouns female- in the shape of nominative case plural. At that moment, three or four heavy shells exploded behind the dugout at once.(Simonov). The two outermost windows on the first floor are closed from the inside with newspaper sheets.(A. N. Tolstoy). Two large columns of Germans (Bubennov) are moving along these roads. However, if the nominative plural of feminine nouns differs in stress from the genitive-case singular, then the definition is often put in the form of the genitive plural: two high mountains, three younger sisters, four sheer cliffs. Two strong male hands picked her up (Koptyaeva). If the definition precedes the quantitative-nominal combination, then it is put in the form of the nominative plural, regardless of the grammatical gender of the noun being defined. For the first three years, she only came in fits and starts to Zabolotye (Saltykovo in-Shchedrin). The last two words were written in a large, sweeping, resolute hand (Turgenev). The remaining three horses, saddled, walked behind (S o l o h o v). However, adjectives are whole, full, kind, superfluous and some. others are used with masculine and neuter nouns in the genitive case: three whole months, two full buckets, a good four hours, an extra three kilometers. In combination with half- (in compound noun) and one and a half (one and a half) both forms of coordination are possible: for half a year - for half a year, for a whole week and a half - for a whole week and a half. Separate definitions, standing after the word being defined, are usually put in the form of the nominative case. To the right of the door were two windows hung with handkerchiefs.(L. Tolstoy). The last two letters written in pencil scared me(Chekhov). If the agreed definition refers to two or more nouns acting as homogeneous members and having the singular form, then it can stand both in the singular and in the plural, the singular form is common in cases where it is clear from the meaning of the statement that the definition explains not only the nearest noun, but also all subsequent ones. From a distance Vladimir heard an unusual noise and(Pushkin). Wild goose and the duck flew first(Turgenev). cf. also: Soviet science and art, school performance and discipline, the ebb and flow of the sea, every plant and factory, etc. The plural form of the definition emphasizes that it refers not only to the nearest noun, but also to other homogeneous members. There was a smell of the field, young rye and wheat were green (Chekhov). cf. See also: stone house and garage, older brother and sister, underachieving student and student, talented singer and singer, etc.

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A. 1976.

What are agreed definitions?

Valentina Popova

Agreed definitions expressed by participles and adjectives are isolated in the following cases:
I. The agreed definition is separated, which stands after the word being defined and is expressed by participle with dependent words (participial phrase) or adjective with dependent words (adjective phrase):
1) Anfisa wore twenty-five large diamonds belonging to Anna Frantsevna (M. Bulgakov) in a suede bag. 2) -The sun poured into the room through a light grate reaching to the very floor (M. Bulgakov). 3) On the empty platform, long stripes of rainwater shone thinly, blue from the sky (I. Bunin).

Natalie

Such definitions, which are consistent with the nouns they define in gender, number, case, are usually expressed by adjectives (HARD day), participles (jumping boy), pronouns that change like adjectives (your diary, some kind of beast, some difficulties), ordinal numbers (fifth grade). When the noun changes, these definitions also change, that is, they AGREE with the nouns, which is why they are called so, in contrast to inconsistent definitions. Wed : big house, big house, big house- large - agreed definition. What house? around the corner. home around the corner, to the house around the corner. Around the corner - an inconsistent definition, when the noun changes, these words do not agree, the definition of "around the corner" does not change.

What is a detached inconsistent definition?

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by oblique cases of nouns (often with a preposition), stand apart if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and boulevard. Inconsistent definitions can also stand before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a dandy overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Such inconsistent definitions are usually isolated:
if they belong to own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on the sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual;
if referring to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black net on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous terms with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a peasant, wet, in tatters, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, and so on, because due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old Kartuz without a visor, squints, smiles at something.
The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating this turnover from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject: Baba, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, is not isolated: But at another time there was no person more active than him.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with a dash, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, before which one can put the words without loss of meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for himself, for his loved ones. But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter

Lika asakova

Isolation is the selection in writing by punctuation marks, and in oral speech by intonation.
Inconsistent definitions are a minor member of the proposal, which answers the question: Which one? Whose? , underlined in a sentence with a wavy line. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word by the method of control or adjacency. For example: stairs (what?) to the attic. To the attic is an inconsistent definition.
Naval pasta is also an inconsistent definition. Naval borscht is an agreed definition (it is in the same gender, number and case as the main word). Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases. for example: Our sportsmen-players high class. High class players - an inconsistent definition.
For your information, the participial turn of speech is an agreed definition.