Great physicists and their discoveries. Abstract: “Russian physicists are Nobel Prize winners

Physics is one of the most important sciences studied by man. Its presence is noticeable in all spheres of life, sometimes discoveries even change the course of history. That is why great physicists are so interesting and significant for people: their work is relevant even after many centuries after their death. Which scientists should be known first of all?

André-Marie Ampère

The French physicist was born into the family of a businessman from Lyon. The parents' library was full of the works of leading scientists, writers and philosophers. Since childhood, Andre was fond of reading, which helped him gain in-depth knowledge. By the age of twelve, the boy had already learned the basics of higher mathematics, and the following year he submitted his work to the Lyon Academy. Soon he began to give private lessons, and from 1802 he worked as a teacher of physics and chemistry, first in Lyon, and then in Polytechnic School Paris. Ten years later he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. The names of great physicists are often associated with the concepts they have devoted their lives to studying, and Ampère is no exception. He dealt with the problems of electrodynamics. Unit of force electric current measured in amperes. In addition, it was the scientist who introduced many of the terms used today. For example, these are the definitions of "galvanometer", "voltage", "electric current" and many others.

Robert Boyle

Many great physicists conducted their work at a time when technology and science were practically in their infancy, and, despite this, they succeeded. For example, a native of Ireland. He was engaged in various physical and chemical experiments, developing the atomistic theory. In 1660, he managed to discover the law of change in the volume of gases depending on pressure. Many of the greats of his time had no idea of atoms, and Boyle was not only convinced of their existence, but also formed several concepts related to them, such as "elements" or "primary corpuscles." In 1663, he managed to invent litmus, and in 1680 he was the first to propose a method for obtaining phosphorus from bones. Boyle was a member of the Royal Society of London and left behind many scientific works.

Niels Bohr

Not infrequently, great physicists turned out to be significant scientists in other fields as well. For example, Niels Bohr was also a chemist. A member of the Royal Danish Society of Sciences and a leading scientist of the twentieth century, Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, where he received higher education. For some time he collaborated with the English physicists Thomson and Rutherford. Bohr's scientific work became the basis for the creation quantum theory. Many great physicists subsequently worked in the directions originally created by Niels, for example, in some areas of theoretical physics and chemistry. Few people know, but he was also the first scientist who laid the foundations of the periodic system of elements. In the 1930s made many important discoveries in atomic theory. For his achievements he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Max Born

Many great physicists came from Germany. For example, Max Born was born in Breslau, the son of a professor and a pianist. From childhood he was fond of physics and mathematics and entered the University of Göttingen to study them. In 1907, Max Born defended his dissertation on the stability of elastic bodies. Like other great physicists of the time, such as Niels Bohr, Max collaborated with Cambridge specialists, namely with Thomson. Born was also inspired by Einstein's ideas. Max was engaged in the study of crystals and developed several analytical theories. In addition, Born created the mathematical basis of quantum theory. Like other physicists, the anti-militarist Born categorically did not want the Great Patriotic War, and during the years of battles he had to emigrate. Subsequently, he will denounce the developments nuclear weapons. For all his achievements, Max Born received the Nobel Prize, and was also accepted into many scientific academies.

Galileo Galilei

Some great physicists and their discoveries are connected with the field of astronomy and natural science. For example, Galileo, an Italian scientist. While studying medicine at the University of Pisa, he became familiar with the physics of Aristotle and began to read the ancient mathematicians. Fascinated by these sciences, he dropped out and began composing "Little Scales" - a work that helped determine the mass of metal alloys and described the centers of gravity of the figures. Galileo became famous among Italian mathematicians and received a chair in Pisa. After some time, he became the court philosopher of the Duke of Medici. In his works, he studied the principles of balance, dynamics, falling and motion of bodies, as well as the strength of materials. In 1609 he built the first telescope, giving a threefold magnification, and then - with a thirty-twofold one. His observations provided information about the surface of the Moon and the sizes of the stars. Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter. His discoveries made a splash in the scientific field. The great physicist Galileo was not too approved by the church, and this determined the attitude towards him in society. However, he continued to work, which was the reason for the denunciation of the Inquisition. He had to give up his teachings. But nevertheless, a few years later, treatises on the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, created on the basis of the ideas of Copernicus, were published: with the explanation that this is only a hypothesis. Thus, the most important contribution of the scientist was preserved for society.

Isaac Newton

The inventions and sayings of great physicists often become a kind of metaphor, but the legend of the apple and the law of gravity is the most famous. Everyone knows the hero of this story, according to which he discovered the law of gravity. In addition, the scientist developed integral and differential calculus, became the inventor of the mirror telescope and wrote many fundamental works on optics. Modern physicists consider him the creator of classical science. Newton was born into a poor family, studied at a simple school, and then at Cambridge, while working as a servant in parallel to pay for his studies. Already in the early years, he came up with ideas that in the future will become the basis for the invention of systems of calculus and the discovery of the law of gravity. In 1669 he became a lecturer in the department, and in 1672 a member of the Royal Society of London. In 1687, the most important work entitled "Beginnings" was published. For invaluable achievements in 1705, Newton was granted the nobility.

Christian Huygens

Like many other great people, physicists were often talented in various fields. For example, Christian Huygens, a native of The Hague. His father was a diplomat, scientist and writer, his son received an excellent education in the legal field, but became interested in mathematics. In addition, Christian spoke excellent Latin, knew how to dance and ride a horse, played music on the lute and harpsichord. As a child, he managed to independently build himself and worked on it. During his university years, Huygens corresponded with the Parisian mathematician Mersenne, which greatly influenced the young man. Already in 1651 he published a work on the quadrature of the circle, ellipse and hyperbola. His work allowed him to gain a reputation as an excellent mathematician. Then he became interested in physics, wrote several works on colliding bodies, which seriously influenced the ideas of his contemporaries. In addition, he made contributions to optics, designed a telescope, and even wrote a paper on gambling calculations related to probability theory. All this makes him an outstanding figure in the history of science.

James Maxwell

Great physicists and their discoveries deserve every interest. Thus, James-Clerk Maxwell achieved impressive results, which everyone should familiarize themselves with. He became the founder of the theories of electrodynamics. The scientist was born into a noble family and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge. For his achievements he was admitted to the Royal Society of London. Maxwell opened the Cavendish Laboratory, which was equipped with last word techniques for conducting physical experiments. In the course of his work, Maxwell studied electromagnetism, the kinetic theory of gases, issues of color vision and optics. He also showed himself as an astronomer: it was he who established that they are stable and consist of unrelated particles. He also studied dynamics and electricity, having a serious influence on Faraday. Comprehensive treatises on many physical phenomena are still considered relevant and in demand in the scientific community, making Maxwell one of the greatest specialists in this field.

Albert Einstein

The future scientist was born in Germany. Since childhood, Einstein loved mathematics, philosophy, was fond of reading popular science books. For education, Albert went to the Institute of Technology, where he studied his favorite science. In 1902 he became an employee of the patent office. During the years of work there, he will publish several successful scientific papers. His first works are connected with thermodynamics and the interaction between molecules. In 1905, one of the papers was accepted as a dissertation, and Einstein became a doctor of science. Albert owned many revolutionary ideas about the energy of electrons, the nature of light and the photoelectric effect. The most important was the theory of relativity. Einstein's conclusions have transformed mankind's ideas about time and space. Absolutely deservedly, he was awarded the Nobel Prize and recognized in everything scientific world.

Hello guys. I am glad to welcome you at the conference dedicated to the biography and contribution of famous physicists to the development of science and theory in Russia.

Physics (from other Greek φύσις "nature") is a field of natural science, a science that studies the most general and fundamental patterns that determine the structure and evolution of the material world. The laws of physics underlie all natural science.

The term "physics" first appeared in the writings of one of the greatest thinkers of antiquity - Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BC. Initially, the terms "physics" and "philosophy" were synonymous, since both disciplines try to explain the laws of the universe. However, as a result of the scientific revolution of the 16th century, physics emerged as a separate scientific direction.

The word "physics" was introduced into the Russian language by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov when he published the first physics textbook in Russia translated from German. The first domestic textbook called "Brief outline of physics" was written by the first Russian academician Strakhov.

In the modern world, the importance of physics is extremely high. All that is different modern society from the society of past centuries, appeared as a result of the practical application of physical discoveries. So, research in the field of electromagnetism led to the appearance of telephones, discoveries in thermodynamics made it possible to create a car, the development of electronics led to the appearance of computers.

The physical understanding of the processes occurring in nature is constantly evolving. Most of the new discoveries soon find application in technology and industry. However, new research is constantly raising new mysteries and discovering phenomena that require new physical theories to explain. Despite the huge amount of accumulated knowledge, modern physics is still very far from being able to explain all natural phenomena.

Message - Russian theoretical physicist.

Graduated

, , , and quantum electronics, theories of nuclear reactors,,

He was awarded four Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the nominal Gold Medal of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, the Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree. Laureate, first degree and the State Prize of the USSR. Member of a number of academies of sciences and scientific societies. 1966-1969 - President International Union pure and applied physics.

Message

Message - Soviet and . . Thrice.

Postgraduate

One of the founders of the atomic and V .

And explosion, , , , .

Message

Message 5 Orlov Alexander Yakovlevich

Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov

Engaged in theoretical And , European part, And

AND .

Message

dedicated to research V

Message

Alexander Stoletov was born in 1839 in Vladimir in the family of a poor merchant. He graduated from Moscow University and was left to prepare for a professorship. In 1862 Stoletov was sent to Germany, worked and studied in Heidelberg.

And appreciated his delay.

Message was born in 1869 in the Ryazan province in the city of Ranenburg.

Russian scientist, one of the founders of aerodynamics, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor. Works on theoretical mechanics, hydro-, aero- and gas dynamics. Together with the scientist he participated in the organization of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute.

And in Sergei Chaplygindied in Novosibirsk

Message

Message 12

Message 13 Frank Ilya Mikhailovich

Message 14:

Message 15: Nikolai Basov

Message: 16 Alexander Prokhorov

Message

I would like to end our conference with a quatrain - a wish, in the words of Igor Severyanin:

We live as if in a dream unsolved,

On one of the convenient planets...

There's a lot here that we don't need at all

And what we want is not...

Always think a little more than you can accomplish; jump a little higher than you can jump; strive forward! Dare, create, be successful!

Thank you. Goodbye.

APPLICATION Message 1 Dmitry Ivanovich Blokhintsev (1908–1979) - Russian theoretical physicist.

Born December 29, 1907 in Moscow. As a child, being carried away by aircraft and rocket science, he independently mastered the basics of differential and integral calculus.

Graduated . He was the founder of the Department of Nuclear Physics at the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University.

Blokhintsev made a significant contribution to the development of a number of branches of physics. His works are devoted to the theory of solids, physics, , , and quantum electronics, theories of nuclear reactors,, , philosophical and methodological issues of physics.

He explained, on the basis of quantum theory, the phosphorescence of solids and the effect of rectifying an electric current at the boundary of two semiconductors. In the theory of solids, he developed the quantum theory of phosphorescence in solids; in semiconductor physics, he investigated and explained the effect of electric current rectification at the interface between two semiconductors; in optics he developed the theory of the Stark effect for the case of a strong alternating field.

He was awarded four Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the nominal Gold Medal of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, the Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree. Laureate, first degree and the State Prize of the USSR. Member of a number of academies of sciences and scientific societies. In 1966-1969 - President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.

Message 2 Vavilov Sergei Ivanovich (1891-1951) was born on March 12, 1891 in Moscow, in the family of a wealthy shoe manufacturer, a member of the Moscow City Duma, Ivan Ilyich Vavilov

He studied at the commercial school on Ostozhenka, then, from 1909, at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1914. During World War I, S. I. Vavilov served in various engineering units. In 1914, he entered the 25th engineer battalion of the Moscow military district as a volunteer. At the front, Sergei Vavilov completed an experimental-theoretical work called "Frequencies of Oscillations of a Loaded Antenna."

In 1914 he graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. A particularly large contribution by S.I. Vavilov contributed to the study of luminescence - the long-term glow of some substances, previously illuminated by light

From 1918 to 1932 he taught physics at the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU, associate professor, professor), at the Moscow Higher Zootechnical Institute (MVZI, professor) and at Moscow State University (MSU). At the same time, at the same time, he headed the department of physical optics at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR. In 1929 he became a professor.

Russian physicist, statesman and public figure, one of the founders of the Russian scientific school of physical optics and the founder of luminescence and nonlinear optics research in the USSR was born in Moscow.

The Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation was discovered in 1934 by Vavilov's graduate student, P. A. Cherenkov, while performing experiments to study the luminescence of luminescent solutions under the action of radium gamma rays.

Message 3 Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich - Soviet and . . Thrice.
Born in the family of lawyer Boris Naumovich Zeldovich and Anna Petrovna Kiveliovich.

Studied as an external student at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematicsand Faculty of Physics and Mechanics, in graduate school Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad (1934), candidate of physical and mathematical sciences (1936), doctor of physical and mathematical sciences (1939).

From February 1948 to October 1965 he was engaged in defense topics, working on the creation of an atomic and hydrogen bomb, in connection with which he was awarded the Lenin Prize and three times - the title of Hero of Socialist Labor of the USSR.

One of the founders of the atomic and V .

The most famous works of Yakov Borisovich in physics and explosion, , , , .

Zel'dovich made a major contribution to the development of the theory of combustion. Almost all of his works in this area have become classics: the theory of ignition by a heated surface; theory of thermal propagation of laminar flame in gases; theory of flame propagation limits; theory of combustion of condensed substances, etc.

Zel'dovich proposed a model for the propagation of a flatwaves in the gas: the front of the shock wave adiabatically compresses the gas to a temperature at which chemical reactions combustion, supporting, in turn, the steady propagation of the shock wave.

Awarded with a gold medal. IV Kurchatov for predicting the properties of ultracold neutrons and their discovery and research (1977).

He has been involved in theoretical astrophysics and cosmology since the early 1960s. Developed the theory of the structure of supermassive stars and the theory of compact star systems; He studied in detail the properties of black holes and the processes occurring in their vicinity.

Message 4 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa was born 1894, in Kronstadt. His father, Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, was a military engineer and builder of the forts of the Kronstadt fortress. Mother, Olga Ieronimovna - philologist, specialist in children's literature and folklore.

After graduating from the gymnasium in Kronstadt, he entered the faculty of electrical engineers of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1918.

Petr Leonidovich Kapitsa made a significant contribution to the development of the physics of magnetic phenomena, the physics and technology of low temperatures, the quantum physics of a condensed state, electronics, and plasma physics. In 1922, he first placed a cloud chamber in a strong magnetic field and observed the curvature of the trajectories of alpha particles ((a-particle is the nucleus of a helium atom containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons). This work preceded Kapitsa's extensive cycle of research on methods for creating superstrong magnetic fields and studies of the behavior of metals in them. In these works, a pulsed method for creating a magnetic field by closing a powerful alternator was first developed and a number of fundamental results in the field of metal physics were obtained. The fields obtained by Kapitsa were record-breaking in magnitude and duration for decades.

The need for research in the physics of metals in low temperatures led P. Kapitsa to create new methods for obtaining low temperatures.

In 1938, Kapitsa improved a small turbine that liquefied air very efficiently. K. called the new phenomenon he discovered superfluidity.

The pinnacle of his creativity in this area was the creation in 1934 of an unusually productive installation for the liquefaction of helium, which boils or liquefies at a temperature of about 4.3K. He designed installations for the liquefaction of other gases.

Kapitsa was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 "for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics."

Message 5 Orlov Alexander Yakovlevich

Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov Born March 23, 1880 in Smolensk in the family of a clergyman.

In 1894-1898 he studied at the Voronezh classical gymnasium. In 1898-1902 - at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. In 1901 and 1906-1907 he worked at the Pulkovo Observatory.

Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov was the most authoritative specialist in the field of studying fluctuations in latitude and the movement of the Earth's poles, one of the founders of geodynamics, a science that studies the Earth as a complex physical system under the influence of external forces.

Engaged in theoretical And . Developed new gravimetric methods, created gravimetric maps, European part, And and connected them into a single network. He was engaged in studies of the annual and free movement of the instantaneous axis of rotation of the Earth, received the most accurate data on the movement of the Earth's poles. Studied influencesea level, wind speed and direction.

Actively engaged in organizational and scientific activities, did a lot for the development of astronomy in Ukraine, was the main initiator of the creation And .

Alexander Yakovlevich Orlov died and was buried in Kyiv

Message 6 Rozhdestvensky Dmitry Sergeevich

Dmitry Sergeevich Rozhdestvensky was born on March 26, 1876 in St. Petersburg in the family of a school history teacher.

The first works of D. S. Rozhdestvensky, relating to 1909-1920 dedicated to research V . Rozhdestvensky played a leading role in organizing research into optical glass and establishing it. industrial production first in pre-revolutionary Russia, and then in the USSR. The creation in 1918 and management of the State Optical Institute (GOI), a scientific institution of a new type, combining fundamental research and applied development in one team, became for many years the main business of the life of D. S. Rozhdestvensky. A man of amazing modesty, he never singled out his merits and, on the contrary, in every possible way emphasized the successes of his colleagues and students.

In 1919 he organized a physical department. Discovered one of the characteristics of atoms.

Developed and improved the theory of the microscope, pointed to important role interference.

To perpetuate the memory of D. S. Rozhdestvensky, every year, starting from 1947, readings of his name are held at the State Optical Institute. A bust-monument was erected in the lobby of the main building in 1976, and a memorial plaque was installed on the building of the institute where he lived and worked. On August 25, 1969, the Council of Ministers of the USSR established the D. S. Rozhdestvensky Prize for work in the field of optics. In honor of D. S. Rozhdestvensky, a.

Message 7 Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov

Alexander Stoletov was born1839, in Vladimir in the family of a poor merchant. He graduated from Moscow University and was left to prepare for a professorship. In 1862 Stoletov was sent to Germany, worked and studied in Heidelberg.

Since 1866, A.G. Stoletov was a teacher at Moscow University, and then a professor.

In 1888, Stoletov created a laboratory at Moscow University. Invented photometry.

All of Stoletov's works, both strictly scientific and literary, are distinguished by a remarkable elegance of thought and execution. He worked in the field of electromagnetism, optics, molecular physics, and philosophy. Alexander Stoletov was the first to show that with an increase in the magnetizing field, the magnetic susceptibility of iron first increases, and then, after reaching a maximum, decreases

Stoletov's main studies are devoted to the problems of electricity and magnetism.

He discovered the first law of the photoelectric effect,

pointed out the possibility of using the photoelectric effect for photometry, invented the photocell,

discovered the dependence of the photocurrent on the frequency of the incident light, the phenomenon of fatigue of the photocathode during prolonged irradiation. Created the firstbased on the external photoelectric effect. Considered inertiaand appreciated its delay.

Author of a number of philosophical and historical-scientific works. Active member of the Society of Natural Science Lovers and popularizer of scientific knowledge. A list of works by A. G. Stoletov is given in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. Stoletov is a teacher of many Russian physicists.

Message 9 Chaplygin Sergey Alekseevich was born 1869 in the Ryazan province in the city of Ranenburg.

After graduating from the gymnasium with a gold medal in 1886, Sergei Chaplygin entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University. He studies diligently, does not miss a single lecture, although he still has to give private lessons to earn his living. He sends most of the money to his mother in Voronezh.

Russian scientist, one of the founders of aerodynamics, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor. Works on theoretical mechanics, hydro-, aero- and gas dynamics. Together with scientistsparticipated in the organization of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute.

In 1890 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University and, at the suggestion of Zhukovsky, was left there to prepare for a professorship. Chaplygin wrote a university course in analytical mechanics "System Mechanics" and an abbreviated "Teaching Course in Mechanics" for technical colleges and natural faculties of universities.

The first works of Chaplygin, created under the influence of Zhukovsky, belong to the field of hydromechanics. In the work "On some cases of motion of a rigid body in a liquid" and in master's thesis"On some cases of motion of a rigid body in a liquid" he gave a geometric interpretation of the laws of motion of solid bodies in a liquid.

At the end of the Moscow University doctoral dissertation "On gas jets", which was given a method for studying jet gas flows at any subsonic speeds for aviation.

In 1933 Sergei Chaplygin was awarded the Order, and in In 1941 he was awarded the high title of Hero of Socialist Labor.Sergei Chaplygindied in Novosibirsk1942, not having lived to see the Victory, in which he firmly believed and for which he worked selflessly. The last words he wrote were: "While there is still strength, we must fight ... we must work."

Message 10 Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born 1857 in the village of Izhevsk, Ryazan province, in the family of a forester.

At the age of nine, Kostya Tsiolkovsky fell ill with scarlet fever and became deaf after complications. He was particularly attracted to mathematics, physics and space. At the age of 16, Tsiolkovsky went to Moscow, where he studied chemistry, mathematics, astronomy and mechanics for three years. A special hearing aid helped to communicate with the outside world.

In 1892, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was transferred as a teacher to Kaluga. There he also did not forget about science, about astronautics and aeronautics. In Kaluga, Tsiolkovsky built a special tunnel that would make it possible to measure various aerodynamic parameters of aircraft.

The main works of Tsiolkovsky after 1884 were associated with four major problems: the scientific substantiation of an all-metal balloon (airship), a streamlined airplane, an air cushion train, and a rocket for interplanetary travel.

In 1903, he published a work in St. Petersburg, in which the principle of jet propulsion was taken as the basis for the creation of interplanetary ships, and proved that the only aircraft that can penetrate beyond the earth's atmosphere is a rocket. Tsiolkovsky systematically studied the theory of the movement of rocket vehicles and proposed a number of schemes for long-range rockets and rockets for interplanetary travel. After 1917, Tsiolkovsky worked hard and fruitfully on the creation of a theory of the flight of jet aircraft, invented his own gas turbine engine scheme; in 1927 he published the theory and scheme of the hovercraft.

The first printed work on airships was "Metal Controlled Balloon", which provided a scientific and technical justification for the design of an airship with a metal shell.

Message 11 Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov

Russian physicist Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov was born in Novaya Chigla near Voronezh. His parents Alexei and Maria Cherenkov were peasants. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Voronezh University in 1928, he worked as a teacher for two years. In 1930 he became a graduate student at the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad and received his Ph.D. in 1935. P.N. Lebedev in Moscow, where he worked in the future.

In 1932, under the leadership of Academician S.I. Vavilov Cherenkov began to investigate the light that arises when solutions absorb high-energy radiation, such as radiation from radioactive substances. He succeeded in showing that in almost all cases the light was due to known causes, such as fluorescence.

The Cherenkov radiation cone is similar to a wave that occurs when a boat moves at a speed exceeding the speed of wave propagation in water. It is also analogous to the shock wave that occurs when an aircraft crosses the sound barrier.

For this work, Cherenkov received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1940. Together with Vavilov, Tamm, and Frank, he received the Stalin (later renamed the State) Prize of the USSR in 1946.

In 1958, together with Tamm and Frank, Cherenkov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect." Manne Sigban of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted in his speech that “the discovery of the phenomenon now known as the Cherenkov effect is interesting example how a relatively simple physical observation, if done right, can lead to important discoveries and pave the way for further research.”

Cherenkov was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1964 and an Academician in 1970. He was a laureate of the State Prize of the USSR three times, had two Orders of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor and other state awards.

Message 12 The theory of electron radiation by Igor Tamm

The study of biographical data and scientific activity Igor Tamm, allows us to judge him as an outstanding scientist of the 20th century. July 8, 2014 marked the 119th anniversary of the birth of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, winner of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Tamm's works are devoted to classical electrodynamics, quantum theory, solid state physics, optics, nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, and problems of thermonuclear fusion.
The future great physicist was born in 1895 in Vladivostok. Surprisingly, in his youth, Igor Tamm was much more interested in politics than science. As a high school student, he literally raved about the revolution, hated tsarism and considered himself a convinced Marxist. Even in Scotland, at the University of Edinburgh, where his parents sent him worrying about the future fate of his son, young Tamm continued to study the works of Karl Marx and participate in political rallies.

In 1937, Igor Evgenievich, together with Frank, developed the theory of the radiation of an electron moving in a medium at a speed exceeding the phase velocity of light in this medium - the theory of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect - for which, almost a decade later, he was awarded the Lenin Prize (1946), and more than two - Nobel Prize (1958). Simultaneously with Tamm, I.M. Frank and P.A. Cherenkov, and this was the first time that Soviet physicists became Nobel laureates. True, it should be noted that Igor Evgenievich himself believed that he received the award not for his best work. He even wanted to give the award to the state, but he was told that this was not necessary.
In subsequent years, Igor Evgenievich continued to study the problem of the interaction of relativistic particles, striving to construct a theory of elementary particles, including the elementary length. Academician Tamm created a brilliant school of theoretical physicists.

Message 13 Frank Ilya Mikhailovich

Frank Ilya Mikhailovich is a Russian scientist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics. Ilya Mikhailovich Frank was born in St. Petersburg. He was the youngest son of Mikhail Ludwigovich Frank, professor of mathematics, and Elizaveta Mikhailovna Frank. (Gratsianova), a physicist by profession. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in physics, where his teacher was S.I. Vavilov, later president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, under whose leadership Frank conducted experiments on luminescence and its decay in solution. At the Leningrad State Optical Institute, Frank studied photochemical reactions by optical means in the laboratory of A.V. Terenina. Here, his research attracted attention by the elegance of the methodology, originality and comprehensive analysis of experimental data. In 1935, on the basis of this work, he defended his dissertation and received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.
In addition to optics, among others scientific interests Frank, especially during the Second World War, can be called nuclear physics. In the mid 40s. he performed theoretical and experimental work on the propagation and increase in the number of neutrons in uranium-graphite systems and thus contributed to the creation of the atomic bomb. He also considered experimentally the production of neutrons in the interactions of light atomic nuclei, as well as in the interactions between high-speed neutrons and various nuclei.
In 1946, Frank organized the laboratory of the atomic nucleus at the Institute. Lebedev and became its leader. Since 1940, a professor at Moscow State University, Frank from 1946 to 1956 headed the laboratory of radioactive radiation at the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at the Moscow State University. university.
A year later, under the direction of Frank, a neutron physics laboratory was established at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Here, in 1960, a pulsed fast neutron reactor was launched for spectroscopic neutron studies.

In 1977 a new and more powerful pulsed reactor went into operation.
Colleagues believed that Frank possessed the depth and clarity of thinking, the ability to reveal the essence of the matter by the most elementary methods, as well as a special intuition regarding the most difficult questions of experiment and theory.

His science articles highly valued for their clarity and logical clarity.

Message 14: Lev Landau - creator of the theory of helium superfluidity

Lev Davidovich Landau was born in the family of David and Lyubov Landau in Baku. His father was a well-known petroleum engineer who worked in the local oil fields, and his mother was a doctor. She was engaged in physiological research.

Although Landau studied at high school and brilliantly graduated from it when he was thirteen years old, his parents considered that he was too young for a higher educational institution, and sent him for a year to the Baku Economic College.

In 1922, Landau entered Baku University, where he studied physics and chemistry; two years later he transferred to the physics department of Leningrad University. By the time he was 19, Landau had published four scientific papers. One of them was the first to use the density matrix, a now widely used mathematical expression for describing quantum energy states. After graduating from the university in 1927, Landau entered the graduate school of the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, where he worked on the magnetic theory of the electron and quantum electrodynamics.

From 1929 to 1931 Landau was on a scientific mission in Germany, Switzerland, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.

In 1931, Landau returned to Leningrad, but soon moved to Kharkov, which was then the capital of Ukraine. There, Landau becomes the head of the theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology. In 1934, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR awarded him the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences without defending a dissertation, and the following year he received the title of professor. Landau made a great contribution to quantum theory and to studies of the nature and interaction of elementary particles.

The unusually wide range of his research, covering almost all areas of theoretical physics, attracted many highly gifted students and young scientists to Kharkov, including Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz, who became not only Landau's closest collaborator, but also his personal friend.

In 1937, Landau, at the invitation of Pyotr Kapitsa, headed the Department of Theoretical Physics at the newly created Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow. When Landau moved from Kharkov to Moscow, Kapitsa's experiments with liquid helium were in full swing.

The scientist explained the superfluidity of helium using a fundamentally new mathematical apparatus. While other researchers applied quantum mechanics to the behavior of individual atoms, he treated the quantum states of a volume of liquid in much the same way as if it were a solid. Landau put forward a hypothesis about the existence of two components of motion, or excitation: phonons, which describe the relatively normal rectilinear propagation of sound waves at low values of momentum and energy, and rotons, which describe rotational motion, i.e. more complex manifestation of excitations at higher values of momentum and energy. The observed phenomena are due to the contributions of phonons and rotons and their interaction.

In addition to the Nobel and Lenin Prizes, Landau was awarded three State Prizes of the USSR. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Message 15: Nikolai Basov- Inventor of the optical quantum generator

Russian physicist Nikolai Gennadievich Basov was born in the village of Usman, near Voronezh, in the family of Gennady Fedorovich Basov and Zinaida Andreevna Molchanova. His father, a professor at the Voronezh Forestry Institute, specialized in the impact of forest plantations on groundwater and surface drainage. After graduating from school in 1941, the young Basov went to serve in Soviet Army. In 1950 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

At the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, Basov and Prokhorov proposed the construction of a molecular generator based on inverse population, the idea of which they, however, did not publish until October 1954. The following year, Basov and Prokhorov published a note on the "three-level method." According to this scheme, if the atoms are transferred from the ground state to the highest of the three energy levels, there will be more molecules in the intermediate level than in the lower one, and induced radiation can be obtained with a frequency corresponding to the difference between the two lower energy levels. "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle", Basov shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Prokhorov and Townes. Two Soviet physicists had already received the Lenin Prize for their work in 1959.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Basov received the title twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1969, 1982), was awarded the gold medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1975). He was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1962), a full member (1966) and a member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1967). He is a member of many other academies of sciences, including the academies of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and France; he is also a member of the Leopoldina German Academy of Natural Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering and the American Optical Society. Basov is Vice-Chairman of the Executive Council of the World Federation of Scientists and President of the All-Union Society "Knowledge". He is a member of the Soviet Committee for the Protection of Peace and the World Peace Council, as well as the editor-in-chief of the popular science magazines "Nature" and "Quantum". He was elected to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, was a member of its Presidium in 1982.

Message: 16 Alexander Prokhorov

The historiographic approach to the study of the life and work of the famous physicist allowed us to obtain the following information.

Russian physicist Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov was born in Atherton, where his family moved in 1911 after the escape of Prokhorov's parents from Siberian exile.

Prokhorov and Basov proposed a method for using stimulated radiation. If the excited molecules are separated from the molecules in the ground state, which can be done using an inhomogeneous electric or magnetic field, then it is possible to create a substance whose molecules are at the upper energy level. Radiation incident on this substance with a frequency (photon energy) equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground levels would cause the emission of induced radiation with the same frequency, i.e. would lead to an increase. By withdrawing part of the energy to excite new molecules, it would be possible to turn the amplifier into a molecular generator capable of generating radiation in a self-sustaining regime.

Prokhorov and Basov reported the possibility of creating such a molecular generator at the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, but their first publication was in October 1954. In 1955 they proposed a new "three-level method" for creating a maser. In this method, atoms (or molecules) are "pumped" to the highest of three energy levels by absorbing radiation with an energy corresponding to the difference between the highest and lowest levels. Most of the atoms quickly "fall" on the intermediate energy level, which is densely populated. The maser emits radiation at a frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the intermediate and lower levels.

Since the mid 50s. Prokhorov is concentrating his efforts on the development of masers and lasers and on the search for crystals with suitable spectral and relaxation properties. His detailed studies of ruby, one of the best crystals for lasers, led to the widespread use of ruby resonators for microwave and optical wavelengths. To overcome some of the difficulties that have arisen in connection with the creation of molecular generators operating in the submillimeter range, P. offers a new open resonator, consisting of two mirrors. This type of resonator proved to be particularly effective in the creation of lasers in the 1960s.

The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 was divided: one half was awarded to Prokhorov and Basov, the other to Townes "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"

Message 17 Kurchatov Igor Vasilievich

Igor Vasilyevich was born in the Urals, in the city of Sim, in the family of a land surveyor. Soon his family moved to Simferopol. The family was poor. Therefore, while studying at the Simferopol gymnasium, Igor graduated from an evening trade school, received a specialty as a locksmith and worked at a small mechanical plant Thyssen.

In September 1920, I. V. Kurchatov entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at the Taurida University. By the summer of 1923, despite hunger and need, he great success graduated from university.

After he enters the Polytechnic Institute in Petrograd.

Since 1925, I. V. Kurchatov began to work at the Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad under the guidance of Academician A. F. Ioffe. Since 1930, head of the Physics Department of the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology.

Kurchatov began his scientific activity with the study of the properties of dielectrics and with a recently discovered physical phenomenon - ferroelectricity.

August 1941 Kurchatov arrives in Sevastopol and organizes the degaussing of ships Black Sea Fleet. Under his leadership, the first cyclotron in Moscow, the world's first thermonuclear bomb, was built; the world's first industrial nuclear power plant, the world's first nuclear reactor for submarines; nuclear icebreaker"Lenin", the largest installation for research on the implementation of controlled thermonuclear reactions

Kurchatov was awarded the Big Gold Medal. M. V. Lomonosov, Gold Medal. L. Euler Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Holder of the "Diploma of Honorary Citizen of the Soviet Union"

Man has been studying the laws of nature for thousands of years. The lack of necessary instruments, times of religious dictatorship, difficult access to education for people without a significant fortune - all this could not stop the progress of scientific thought. Famous physicists from around the world were able to learn how to transmit information over long distances, receive electricity and much, much more. What are the most significant names in history? Let's list some of the most prominent specialists.

Albert Einstein

The future scientist was born in March 1879 in Ulm, Germany. Albert's ancestors lived in Swabia for several hundred years, and he himself until the very last days kept the memory of their heritage - he spoke with a slight South German accent. He was educated at a folk school, and then at a gymnasium, where from the very beginning he preferred natural science and the exact sciences. By the age of 16, he had mastered everything that was necessary for admission to the university, but he failed the language exam. Nevertheless, he soon became a student at the Polytechnic University in Zurich.

His teachers were famous physicists and mathematicians of that time, for example, Hermann Minkowski, who in the future would come up with an excellent formula for expressing the theory of relativity. Einstein spent most of his time in the laboratory or reading the works of Maxwell, Kirchhoff, and other leading experts in the field. After studying, Albert was a teacher for some time, and then became a technical expert at the patent office, during the years of work in which he published many of his famous works, which glorified him throughout the world. He changed people's ideas about space, made a formula that turns mass into a form of energy, and deeply studied molecular physics. His success was soon awarded the Nobel Prize, and the scientist himself moved to the United States, where he worked until the end of his days.

Nikola Tesla

This inventor from Austria-Hungary is perhaps the most famous physicist in the world.

His eccentric nature and revolutionary discoveries made him famous and inspired several writers and directors to use his image in their work. He was born in July 1856 and early years, like many other famous physicists, began to show his penchant for the exact sciences. Over the years of his work, he discovered the phenomenon of alternating current, fluorescent light and the transmission of energy without wires, developed remote control and a method of treatment with current, created an electric clock, a solar engine and many other unique devices, for which he received more than three hundred patents. In addition, it is believed that the famous physicists Popov and Marconi invented the radio, but Tesla was the first. The modern electric power industry is completely based on his personal achievements and discoveries. One of the most striking experiments of Nikola was the transmission of current for fifty kilometers. He managed to light two hundred electric light bulbs without any wires, building a huge tower from which lightning flew out, and thunder was heard throughout the area. Spectacular and risky venture became his By the way, this experience is often demonstrated in films.

Isaac Newton

Many famous physicists have made significant contributions, but Newton was something of a pioneer.

Its laws are the basis of many contemporary ideas, and at the time of their discovery it was a truly revolutionary achievement. The famous Englishman was born in 1643. Since childhood, he was interested in physics, and over the years he also wrote works on mathematics, astronomy, and optics. He was the first to formulate the elementary laws of nature, which greatly influenced the works of his contemporaries. Not surprisingly, he was admitted to the Royal Society of London, and for some time was its president.

Lev Landau

Like many other well-known physicists, Landau most clearly showed himself in the theoretical field. The legendary Soviet scientist was born in January 1908, in the family of an engineer and a doctor. He studied brilliantly at school and entered the Baku university, where he studied physics and chemistry. By the age of nineteen he had already published four scientific papers. A brilliant career was devoted to the study of quantum states and density matrices, as well as electrodynamics. Landau's achievements were awarded the Nobel Prize, in addition, the Soviet scientist received several titles of the Hero of Socialist Labor, was an honorary member of the Royal Society of London and several foreign Academies of Sciences. Collaborated with Heisenberg, Pauli and Bohr. The latter influenced Landau especially strongly - his ideas manifested themselves in theories about the magnetic properties of free electrons.

James Maxwell

When compiling a list that would include the most famous physicists in the world, one cannot fail to mention this Clerk Maxwell was a British scientist who developed classical electrodynamics. He was born in June 1831, and by 1860 he had become a member of the Royal Society of London. Maxwell created the country's first physical laboratory with professional equipment. There he studied electromagnetism, the kinetic theory of gases, optics, elasticity and other topics. He was one of the first to create a device for the quantitative measurement of colors, later called the Maxwell disk.

In his theories, he summarized all known facts electrodynamics and introduced the concept of displacement current, which generates a magnetic field. Maxwell expressed all laws in four equations. Their analysis allows us to visually demonstrate patterns that were previously unknown.

Igor Kurchatov

A well-known nuclear physicist from the USSR also deserves a mention. Igor Kurchatov grew up in the Crimea, where he graduated from high school and university. In 1924 he began the department of physics at the Polytechnic Institute of Azerbaijan, and a year later he was hired in Leningrad. For the successful study of dielectrics, he was awarded a doctorate.

Under his leadership, already in 1939, the cyclotron was put into operation. conducted work on nuclear reactions and headed the Soviet nuclear project. Under his leadership, the first nuclear power plant was opened. Kurchatov created the first Soviet nuclear and thermonuclear bomb. He received several state awards and medals for his achievements.

They changed our world and significantly influenced the lives of many generations.

Great physicists and their discoveries

(1856-1943) - an inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering of Serbian origin. Nicola is called the father of modern electricity. He made many discoveries and inventions, receiving more than 300 patents for his creations in all countries where he worked. Nikola Tesla was not only a theoretical physicist, but also a brilliant engineer who created and tested his inventions.
Tesla discovered alternating current, wireless transmission of energy, electricity, his work led to the discovery of X-rays, created a machine that caused vibrations of the earth's surface. Nikola predicted the advent of the era of robots capable of doing any job.

(1643-1727) - one of the fathers of classical physics. He substantiated the movement of the planets of the solar system around the sun, as well as the onset of ebbs and flows. Newton created the foundation for modern physical optics. The top of his work is the well-known law of universal gravitation.

John Dalton- English physical chemist. He discovered the law of uniform expansion of gases when heated, the law of multiple ratios, the phenomenon of polymers (for example, ethylene and butylene). Creator of the atomic theory of the structure of matter.

Michael Faraday(1791 - 1867) - English physicist and chemist, founder of the theory of the electromagnetic field. I've done so much in my life scientific discoveries that a dozen scientists would be enough to immortalize their name.

(1867 - 1934) - physicist and chemist of Polish origin. Together with her husband, she discovered the elements radium and polonium. Worked on radioactivity.

Robert Boyle(1627 - 1691) - English physicist, chemist and theologian. Together with R. Townley, he established the dependence of the volume of the same mass of air on pressure at a constant temperature (Boyle-Mariotte law).

Ernest Rutherford- English physicist, unraveled the nature of induced radioactivity, discovered the emanation of thorium, radioactive decay and its law. Rutherford is often rightly called one of the titans of physics of the twentieth century.

- German physicist, creator of the general theory of relativity. He suggested that all bodies do not attract each other, as it was believed since the time of Newton, but bend the surrounding space and time. Einstein wrote over 350 papers in physics. He is the creator of the special (1905) and general theory of relativity (1916), the principle of equivalence of mass and energy (1905). Developed a set scientific theories: quantum photoelectric effect and quantum heat capacity. Together with Planck, he developed the foundations of quantum theory, representing the basis of modern physics.

Alexander Stoletov- Russian physicist, found that the magnitude of the saturation photocurrent is proportional to luminous flux falling on the cathode. He came close to establishing the laws of electric discharges in gases.

(1858-1947) - German physicist, creator of quantum theory, which made a real revolution in physics. classical physics in contrast to modern physics, now means "physics before Planck."

Paul Dirac- English physicist, discovered the statistical distribution of energy in a system of electrons. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school No. 2 p. Energetik"

Novoorsky district Orenburg region

Essay on physics on the topic:

“Russian physicists are laureates

Ryzhkova Arina,

Fomchenko Sergey

Head: Ph.D., teacher of physics

Dolgova Valentina Mikhailovna

Address: 462803 Orenburg region, Novoorsky district,

Energetik village, Tsentralnaya st., 79/2, apt. 22

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………3

1. The Nobel Prize as the highest honor for scientists ………………………………………..4

2. P. A. Cherenkov, I. E. Tamm and I. M. Frank - the first physicists of our country - laureates

Nobel Prize …………………………………………………………………………..…5

2.1. “Cherenkov effect”, Cherenkov phenomenon………………………………………….….….5

2.2. The theory of electron radiation by Igor Tamm…………………………………….…….6

2.2. Frank Ilya Mikhailovich ………………………………………………………….….….7

3. Lev Landau - the creator of the theory of helium superfluidity …………………………………...8

4. Inventors of the optical quantum generator ……………………………………….….9

4.1. Nikolay Basov…………………………………………………………………………..9

4.2. Alexander Prokhorov………………………………………………………………………9

5. Pyotr Kapitsa as one of the greatest experimental physicists ………………..…10

6. Development of information and communication technologies. Zhores Alferov ………..…11

7. Contribution of Abrikosov and Ginzburg to the theory of superconductors ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7.1. Alexey Abrikosov ………………………………..……………………………….…12

7.2. Vitaly Ginzburg ……………………………………………………………………….13

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………....15

List of literature used ………………………………………………………….15

Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………….16

Introduction

Relevance.

The development of the science of physics is accompanied by constant changes: the discovery of new phenomena, the establishment of laws, the improvement of research methods, the emergence of new theories. Unfortunately, historical information about the discovery of laws, the introduction of new concepts, is often beyond the scope of the textbook and the educational process.

The authors of the abstract and the supervisor are unanimous in their opinion that the implementation of the principle of historicism in teaching physics inherently implies the inclusion in the educational process, in the content of the studied material, of information from the history of development (birth, formation, current state and development prospects) of science.

Under the principle of historicism in teaching physics, we understand the historical and methodological approach, which is determined by the focus of training on the formation of methodological knowledge about the process of cognition, the education of students in humanistic thinking, patriotism, and the development of cognitive interest in the subject.

The use of information from the history of physics in the lessons is of interest. An appeal to the history of science shows how difficult and long the path of a scientist to the truth, which today is formulated in the form of a short equation or law. Among the information students need, first of all, are the biographies of great scientists and the history of significant scientific discoveries.

In this regard, our abstract examines the contribution to the development of physics of the great Soviet and Russian scientists who were awarded world recognition and a great award - the Nobel Prize.

Thus, the relevance of our topic is due to:

the role played by the principle of historicism in educational cognition;

the need to develop cognitive interest in the subject through communication historical information;

· the importance of studying the achievements of outstanding Russian physicists for the formation of patriotism, a sense of pride in the younger generation.

It should be noted that there are 19 Russian Nobel Prize winners. These are the physicists A. Abrikosov, Zh. ; Russian writers I. Bunin, B. Pasternak, A. Solzhenitsyn, M. Sholokhov; M. Gorbachev (award for peace), Russian physiologists I. Mechnikov and I. Pavlov; chemist N. Semenov.

The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to the famous German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen for the discovery of the rays that now bear his name.

The purpose of the abstract is to systematize materials on the contribution of Russian (Soviet) physicists - Nobel Prize winners to the development of science.

Tasks:

1. To study the history of the emergence of a prestigious international award - the Nobel Prize.

2. Conduct a historiographic analysis of the life and work of Russian physicists awarded the Nobel Prize.

3. Continue developing the skills to systematize and generalize knowledge based on the material of the history of physics.

4. Develop a series of speeches on the topic "Physicists - Nobel Prize winners."

1. Nobel Prize as the highest honor for scientists

After analyzing a number of works (2, 11, 17, 18), we found that Alfred Nobel left his mark on history not only by being the founder of a prestigious international award, but also by being a scientist-inventor. He died on December 10, 1896. In his famous will, written in Paris on November 27, 1895, he formulated:

“All my remaining realizable state is distributed as follows. The entire capital is to be deposited by my executors in safe custody under surety and must form a fund; its purpose is the annual awarding of monetary prizes to those persons who, during the previous year, have managed to bring the greatest benefit to mankind. What has been said regarding the nomination provides that the prize fund shall be divided into five equal parts, awarded as follows: one part to the person who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the second part to the person who achieves the most important improvement or discovery in the field of chemistry; the third part - to the person who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth part - to the person who in the field of literature will create an outstanding work of an idealistic orientation; and, finally, the fifth part - to the person who will make the greatest contribution to strengthening the commonwealth of nations, to eliminating or reducing the tension of confrontation between the armed forces, as well as to organizing or facilitating the holding of congresses of peace forces.

Prizes in physics and chemistry are to be awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; awards in the field of physiology and medicine should be awarded by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; literature awards are given by the (Swedish) Academy in Stockholm; finally, the peace prize is awarded by a committee of five members chosen by the Norwegian Storting (parliament). This is my will, and the awarding of awards should not be linked to the laureate's affiliation to one or another nation, just as the amount of remuneration should not be determined by belonging to one or another citizenship ”(2).

From the section "Nobel Prize Winners" of the encyclopedia (8) we received information that the status of the Nobel Foundation and the special rules governing the activities of the institutions that award the prizes were promulgated at a meeting of the Royal Council on June 29, 1900. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded on December 10 1901 Current Special Rules for the Nobel Peace Prize Awarding Organization, i.e. for the Norwegian Nobel Committee, dated April 10, 1905.

In 1968, the Swedish Bank, on the occasion of its 300th anniversary, proposed a prize in the field of economics. After some hesitation, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences assumed the role of awarding institution in this field, in accordance with the same principles and rules that apply to the original Nobel Prizes. The said prize, which was established in memory of Alfred Nobel, is awarded on December 10, following the presentation of other Nobel laureates. Officially referred to as the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, it was first awarded in 1969.

These days, the Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the highest distinction for human intelligence. In addition, this prize can be attributed to the few awards known not only to every scientist, but also to a large part of non-specialists.

The prestige of the Nobel Prize depends on the effectiveness of the mechanism used for the selection procedure for the winner in each direction. This mechanism was established from the very beginning, when it was considered expedient to collect documented proposals from qualified experts from different countries, thus once again emphasizing the international nature of the award.

The awards ceremony is as follows. The Nobel Foundation invites laureates and their families to Stockholm and Oslo on 10 December. In Stockholm, the honor ceremony takes place in the Concert Hall in the presence of about 1200 people. Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology and Medicine, Literature and Economics are presented by the King of Sweden after a summary of the laureate's achievements by representatives of the awarding assemblies. The celebration ends with a banquet organized by the Nobel Foundation in the hall of the City Hall.

In Oslo, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony is held at the university, in the assembly hall, in the presence of the King of Norway and members royal family. The laureate receives the award from the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. In accordance with the rules of the award ceremony in Stockholm and Oslo, the laureates present their Nobel lectures to the audience, which are then published in a special edition of the Nobel Laureates.

Nobel Prizes are unique awards and are especially prestigious.

When writing this essay, we asked ourselves why these awards attract much more attention than any other awards of the XX-XXI centuries.

The answer was found in scientific articles (8, 17). One reason may be the fact that they were introduced in a timely manner and that they marked some fundamental historical changes in society. Alfred Nobel was a true internationalist, and from the very beginning of the awards named after him, the international nature of the awards made a special impression. Strict rules for the selection of laureates, which have been applied since the inception of the awards, have also played a role in recognizing the importance of the awards in question. As soon as the election of the current year's laureates ends in December, preparations begin for the election of the next year's laureates. Such a year-round activity, in which so many intellectuals from all over the world participate, orients scientists, writers and public figures to work for the development of society, which precedes the awarding of prizes for "contribution to human progress."

2. P. A. Cherenkov, I. E. Tamm and I. M. Frank - the first physicists of our country - Nobel Prize winners.

2.1. "Cherenkov effect", Cherenkov phenomenon.

Abstracting sources (1, 8, 9, 19) allowed us to get acquainted with the biography of an outstanding scientist.

In 1958, together with Tamm and Frank, Cherenkov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect." Manne Sigban of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted in his speech that "the discovery of the phenomenon now known as the Cherenkov effect is an interesting example of how a relatively simple physical observation, if done right, can lead to important discoveries and pave the way for further research." .

2.2. The theory of electron radiation by Igor Tamm

The study of biographical data and scientific activities of Igor Tamm (1,8,9,10, 17,18) allows us to judge him as an outstanding scientist of the 20th century.

July 8, 2008 marks the 113th anniversary of the birth of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, the 1958 Nobel Prize winner in physics.
Tamm's works are devoted to classical electrodynamics, quantum theory, solid state physics, optics, nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, and problems of thermonuclear fusion.
The future great physicist was born in 1895 in Vladivostok. Surprisingly, in his youth, Igor Tamm was much more interested in politics than science. As a high school student, he literally raved about the revolution, hated tsarism and considered himself a convinced Marxist. Even in Scotland, at the University of Edinburgh, where his parents sent him worrying about the future fate of his son, young Tamm continued to study the works of Karl Marx and participate in political rallies.
From 1924 to 1941, Tamm worked at Moscow University (since 1930 - professor, head of the department of theoretical physics); in 1934, Tamm became the head of the theoretical department of the Physics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now this department bears his name); in 1945 he organized the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, where for a number of years he was the head of the department.

During this period of his scientific activity, Tamm created a complete quantum theory of light scattering in crystals (1930), for which he carried out quantization of not only light, but also elastic waves in a solid, introducing the concept of phonons - sound quanta; together with S.P. Shubin laid the foundations of the quantum mechanical theory of the photoelectric effect in metals (1931); gave a consistent derivation of the Klein-Nishina formula for the scattering of light by an electron (1930); using quantum mechanics, he showed the possibility of the existence of special states of electrons on the surface of a crystal (Tamm levels) (1932); built together with D.D. Ivanenko one of the first field theories of nuclear forces (1934), in which the possibility of transferring interactions by particles of finite mass was shown for the first time; together with L.I. Mandelstam gave a more general interpretation of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation in terms of "energy-time" (1934).

It includes such outstanding physicists as V.L. Ginzburg, M.A. Markov, E.L. Feinberg, L.V. Keldysh, D.A. Kirzhnits and others.

2.3. Frank Ilya Mikhailovich

Summarizing the information about the remarkable scientist I. Frank (1, 8, 17, 20), we learned the following:

Frank Ilya Mikhailovich (October 23, 1908 - June 22, 1990) - Russian scientist, Nobel Prize in Physics (1958), together with Pavel Cherenkov and Igor Tamm.
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank was born in St. Petersburg. He was the youngest son of Mikhail Ludwigovich Frank, professor of mathematics, and Elizaveta Mikhailovna Frank. (Gratsianova), a physicist by profession. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in physics, where his teacher was S.I. Vavilov, later president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, under whose leadership Frank conducted experiments on luminescence and its decay in solution. At the Leningrad State Optical Institute, Frank studied photochemical reactions by optical means in the laboratory of A.V. Terenina. Here, his research attracted attention by the elegance of the methodology, originality and comprehensive analysis of experimental data. In 1935, on the basis of this work, he defended his dissertation and received the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.
At the invitation of Vavilov in 1934, Frank entered the Physical Institute. P.N. Lebedev Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Moscow, where he has worked since then. Together with his colleague L.V. Groshev Frank made a thorough comparison of theory and experimental data concerning the recently discovered phenomenon, which consisted in the appearance of an electron-positron pair when krypton is exposed to gamma radiation. In 1936-1937. Frank and Igor Tamm were able to calculate the properties of an electron moving uniformly in some medium at a speed exceeding the speed of light in this medium (something like a boat that moves through the water faster than the waves it creates). They found that in this case, energy is radiated, and the propagation angle of the resulting wave is simply expressed in terms of the speed of the electron and the speed of light in the given medium and in vacuum. One of the first triumphs of Frank and Tamm's theory was the explanation of the polarization of Cherenkov radiation, which, in contrast to the case of luminescence, was parallel to the incident radiation, not perpendicular to it. The theory seemed so successful that Frank, Tamm, and Cherenkov experimentally verified some of its predictions, such as the presence of some energy threshold for incident gamma radiation, the dependence of this threshold on the refractive index of the medium, and the shape of the resulting radiation (a hollow cone with an axis along the direction of the incident radiation ). All these predictions were confirmed.

Three living members of this group (Vavilov died in 1951) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958 "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect." In his Nobel Lecture, Frank pointed out that the Cherenkov effect "has numerous applications in high-energy particle physics." “The connection between this phenomenon and other problems has also become clear,” he added, “such as the connection with plasma physics, astrophysics, the problem of generating radio waves and the problem of particle acceleration.”
In addition to optics, among other scientific interests of Frank, especially during the Second World War, one can name nuclear physics. In the mid 40s. he performed theoretical and experimental work on the propagation and increase in the number of neutrons in uranium-graphite systems and thus contributed to the creation of the atomic bomb. He also considered experimentally the production of neutrons in the interactions of light atomic nuclei, as well as in the interactions between high-speed neutrons and various nuclei.
In 1946, Frank organized the laboratory of the atomic nucleus at the Institute. Lebedev and became its leader. Since 1940, a professor at Moscow State University, Frank from 1946 to 1956 headed the laboratory of radioactive radiation at the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at the Moscow State University. university.
A year later, under the direction of Frank, a neutron physics laboratory was established at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. Here, in 1960, a pulsed fast neutron reactor was launched for spectroscopic neutron studies.

His scientific papers are highly valued for their clarity and logical clarity.

3. Lev Landau - the creator of the theory of helium superfluidity

We received information about the brilliant scientist from Internet sources and scientific and biographical directories (5,14, 17, 18), which indicate that the Soviet physicist Lev Davidovich Landau was born in the family of David and Lyubov Landau in Baku. His father was a well-known petroleum engineer who worked in the local oil fields, and his mother was a doctor. She was engaged in physiological research.

Although Landau attended high school and graduated brilliantly when he was thirteen, his parents considered that he was too young for a higher educational institution and sent him to the Baku Economic College for a year.

From 1929 to 1931 Landau was on a scientific mission in Germany, Switzerland, England, the Netherlands and Denmark.

In addition to the Nobel and Lenin Prizes, Landau was awarded three State Prizes of the USSR. He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. In 1946 he was elected to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The academies of sciences of Denmark, the Netherlands and the USA, the American Academy of Sciences and Arts have elected its members. French Physical Society, Physical Society of London and Royal Society of London.

4. Inventors of the optical quantum generator

4.1. Nikolai Basov

We have revealed (3, 9, 14) that the Russian physicist Nikolai Gennadievich Basov was born in the village (now the city) of Usman, near Voronezh, in the family of Gennady Fedorovich Basov and Zinaida Andreevna Molchanova. His father, a professor at the Voronezh Forestry Institute, specialized in the impact of forest plantations on groundwater and surface drainage. After graduating from school in 1941, the young Basov went to serve in the Soviet Army. In 1950 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

4.2. Alexander Prokhorov

The historiographic approach to the study of the life and work of the famous physicist (1,8,14, 18) allowed us to obtain the following information.

Russian physicist Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov, the son of Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (nee Mikhailova) Prokhorova, was born in Atherton (Australia), where his family moved in 1911 after the escape of Prokhorov's parents from Siberian exile.

Prokhorov and Basov reported the possibility of creating such a molecular generator at the All-Union Conference on Radio Spectroscopy in May 1952, but their first publication was in October 1954. In 1955 they proposed a new "three-level method" for creating a maser. In this method, atoms (or molecules) are "pumped" to the highest of three energy levels by absorbing radiation with an energy corresponding to the difference between the highest and lowest levels. Most of the atoms quickly "fall" to an intermediate energy level, which turns out to be densely populated. The maser emits radiation at a frequency corresponding to the energy difference between the intermediate and lower levels.

The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 was divided: one half was awarded to Prokhorov and Basov, the other half to Townes "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle" (1). In 1960, Prokhorov was elected a corresponding member, in 1966, a full member, and in 1970, a member of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1969 he was appointed editor-in-chief of the Bolshoi Soviet Encyclopedia. Prokhorov Honorary Professor of the Universities of Delhi (1967) and Bucharest (1971). The Soviet government awarded him the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1969).

5. Pyotr Kapitsa as one of the greatest experimental physicists

Great interest in abstracting articles (4, 9, 14, 17) aroused in us the life path and scientific research the great Russian physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa.

He was born in Kronstadt, a naval fortress located on an island in the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg, where his father Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, lieutenant general of the engineering corps, served. Mother Kapitsa Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa (Stebnitskaya) was a famous teacher and collector of folklore. After graduating from the gymnasium in Kronstadt, Kapitsa entered the faculty of electrical engineers at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated in 1918. For the next three years, he taught at the same institute. Under the leadership of A.F. Ioffe, who was the first in Russia to start research in the field of atomic physics, Kapitsa, together with his classmate Nikolai Semenov, developed a method for measuring the magnetic moment of an atom in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, which was improved in 1921 by Otto Stern.

At Cambridge, Kapitsa's scientific authority grew rapidly. He successfully moved up the steps of the academic hierarchy. In 1923, Kapitsa became a doctor of science and received the prestigious James Clerk Maxwell scholarship. In 1924 he was appointed Associate Director of the Cavendish Laboratory for Magnetic Research, and in 1925 became a Fellow of Trinity College. In 1928, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR awarded Kapitz the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and in 1929 elected him its corresponding member. The following year, Kapitsa became a research professor at the Royal Society of London. At the insistence of Rutherford, the Royal Society is building a new laboratory especially for Kapitz. It was named the Mond Laboratory in honor of the German-born chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond, whose funds, bequeathed to the Royal Society of London, were built. The opening of the laboratory took place in 1934. Kapitsa became its first director, but he was destined to work there for only one year.

In 1935, Kapitsa was offered to become director of the newly created Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, but before giving his consent, Kapitsa refused the proposed post for almost a year. Rutherford, resigned to the loss of his outstanding collaborator, allowed the Soviet authorities to buy Mond's laboratory equipment and send it by sea to the USSR. Negotiations, transportation of equipment and its installation at the Institute of Physical Problems took several years.

Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 "for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics." He shared his award with Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson. Introducing the laureates, Lamek Hulten of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences remarked: "Kapitza stands before us as one of the greatest experimenters of our time, an undeniable pioneer, leader and master in his field."

Kapitsa was awarded many awards and honorary titles both at home and in many countries of the world. He was an honorary doctor of eleven universities on four continents, was a member of many scientific societies, the academy of the United States of America, the Soviet Union and most European countries, was the owner of numerous awards and prizes for his scientific and political activity, including seven Orders of Lenin.

Development of information and communication technologies. Zhores Alferov

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in Belarus, in Vitebsk, on March 15, 1930. On the advice of a school teacher, Alferov entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute at the Faculty of Electronic Engineering.

In 1953 he graduated from the institute and, as one of the best students, was hired by the Physico-Technical Institute in the laboratory of V.M. Tuchkevich. Alferov has been working at this institute to this day, since 1987 as a director.

The authors of the abstract summarized these data using Internet publications about the outstanding modern physics (11, 12, 17).
In the first half of the 1950s, Tuchkevich's laboratory began to develop domestic semiconductor devices based on germanium single crystals. Alferov participated in the creation of the first transistors and power germanium thyristors in the USSR, and in 1959 he defended his Ph.D. thesis on the study of germanium and silicon power rectifiers. In those years, the idea of using not homo-, but hetero-junctions in semiconductors was first put forward to create more efficient devices. However, many considered work on heterojunction structures to be futile, since by that time the creation of a transition close to ideal and the selection of heteropairs seemed an unsolvable task. However, based on the so-called epitaxial methods, which make it possible to vary the parameters of a semiconductor, Alferov managed to select a pair - GaAs and GaAlAs - and create effective heterostructures. He still likes to joke about this topic, saying that “it’s normal when it’s hetero, not homo. Hetero is the normal way of development of nature.

Beginning in 1968, the LPTI competed with the American firms Bell Telephone, IBM, and RCA to be the first to develop an industrial technology for creating semiconductors based on heterostructures. Domestic scientists managed to get ahead of competitors literally for a month; The first cw heterojunction laser was also created in Russia, in Alferov's laboratory. The same laboratory is rightfully proud of the development and creation solar panels, successfully applied in 1986 on the Mir space station: the batteries worked for the entire period of operation until 2001 without a noticeable decrease in power.

The technology for designing semiconductor systems has reached such a level that it has become possible to set almost any parameters for a crystal: in particular, if the band gaps are arranged in a certain way, then conduction electrons in semiconductors can only move in one plane - the so-called "quantum plane" will be obtained. If the band gaps are arranged differently, then the conduction electrons will be able to move in only one direction - this is the “quantum wire”; it is possible to completely block the possibility of moving free electrons - you get a "quantum dot". It is the production and study of the properties of low-dimensional nanostructures - quantum wires and quantum dots - that Alferov is currently engaged in.

According to the well-known “Phystech” tradition, Alferov has been combining scientific research with teaching for many years. Since 1973, he has been the head of the basic department of optoelectronics at the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute (now the St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University), since 1988 he has been the dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of the St. Petersburg State Technical University.

Alferov's scientific authority is extremely high. In 1972 he was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1979 - its full member, in 1990 - vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences and President of the St. Petersburg Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Alferov is an honorary doctor of many universities and an honorary member of many academies. He was awarded the Ballantyne Gold Medal (1971) of the Franklin Institute (USA), the Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society (1972), the H. Welker Medal (1987), the A.P. Karpinsky Prize and the A.F. Ioffe Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the National the non-governmental Demidov Prize of the Russian Federation (1999), the Kyoto Prize for advanced achievements in the field of electronics (2001).

In 2000, Alferov received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for achievements in electronics" together with the Americans J. Kilby and G. Kroemer. Kroemer, like Alferov, received an award for the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components (Alferov and Kroemer received half of the cash prize), and Kilby for the development of the ideology and technology for creating microchips (the second half).

7. Contribution of Abrikosov and Ginzburg to the theory of superconductors

7.1. Alexey Abrikosov

Many articles written about Russian and American physicists give us an idea of the extraordinary talent and great achievements of A. Abrikosov as a scientist (6, 15, 16).

A. A. Abrikosov was born on June 25, 1928 in Moscow. After graduating from school in 1943, he began to study energy engineering, but in 1945 he switched to studying physics. In 1975, Abrikosov became an honorary doctor at the University of Lausanne.

In 1991, he accepted an invitation from the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois and moved to the USA. In 1999, he takes American citizenship. Abrikosov is a member of various famous institutions, for example. US National Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Science and American Academy of Sciences and Arts.

In addition to scientific activities, he also taught. First at Moscow State University - until 1969. From 1970 to 1972 at Gorky University and from 1976 to 1991 he headed the Department of Theoretical Physics at the Physicotechnical Institute in Moscow. In the USA he taught at the University of Illinois (Chicago) and at the University of Utah. In England he taught at Lorborough University.

Abrikosov, together with Zavaritsky, an experimental physicist from the Institute of Physical Problems, discovered a new class of superconductors, superconductors of the second type, while testing the Ginzburg-Landau theory. This new type superconductors, unlike superconductors of the first type, retains its properties even in the presence of a strong magnetic field (up to 25 T). Abrikosov was able to explain such properties, developing the reasoning of his colleague Vitaly Ginzburg, by the formation of a regular lattice of magnetic lines that are surrounded by ring currents. Such a structure is called the Abrikosov vortex lattice.

Abrikosov also dealt with the problem of the transition of hydrogen to a metallic phase inside hydrogen planets, high-energy quantum electrodynamics, superconductivity in high-frequency fields and in the presence of magnetic inclusions (at the same time, he discovered the possibility of superconductivity without a cutoff band) and was able to explain the Knight shift at low temperatures by taking into account spin- orbital interaction. Other works were devoted to the theory of non-superfluid ³He and matter at high pressures, semimetals and metal-insulator transitions, the Kondo effect at low temperatures (he predicted the Abrikosov-Sul resonance), and the construction of semiconductors without a stopband. Other studies have concerned one-dimensional or quasi-one-dimensional conductors and spin glasses.

In the Argon National Laboratory, he was able to explain most of the properties of cuprate-based high-temperature superconductors and established in 1998 a new effect (the effect of linear quantum magnetic resistance), which was first measured back in 1928 by Kapitza, but was never considered as an independent effect.

In 2003, he, together with Ginzburg and Leggett, received the Nobel Prize in Physics for "fundamental work on the theory of superconductors and superfluids."

Abrikosov received a lot of awards: Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (today the Academy of Sciences of Russia) since 1964, Lenin Prize in 1966, Honorary Doctor of the University of Lausanne (1975), USSR State Prize (1972), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( today of the Academy of Sciences of Russia) since 1987, Landau Prize (1989), John Bardeen Prize (1991), foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts (1991), member of the US Academy of Sciences (2000), foreign member of the Royal Society of Science (2001 ), Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003

7.2. Vitaly Ginzburg

Based on the data obtained from the analyzed sources (1, 7, 13, 15, 17), we have formed an idea of the outstanding contribution of V. Ginzburg to the development of physics.

V.L. Ginzburg, the only child in the family, was born on October 4, 1916 in Moscow and was. His father was an engineer and his mother a doctor. In 1931, after finishing seven classes, V.L. Ginzburg entered the X-ray diffraction laboratory of one of the universities as a laboratory assistant, and in 1933 he unsuccessfully passed exams for the Physics Department of Moscow State University. Enrolling in extramural Faculty of Physics, a year later he switched to the 2nd course of the full-time department.

In 1938 V.L. Ginzburg graduated with honors from the Department of Optics of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, which was then headed by our outstanding scientist Academician G.S. Landsberg. After graduating from the University, Vitaly Lazarevich was left in graduate school. He considered himself not a very strong mathematician and at first did not intend to study theoretical physics. Even before graduating from Moscow State University, he was given an experimental task - to study the spectrum of "channel rays". The work was carried out by him under the guidance of S.M. Levy. In the autumn of 1938, Vitaly Lazarevich turned to the head of the Department of Theoretical Physics, the future academician and Nobel Prize winner Igor Evgenievich Tamm, with a proposal for a possible explanation of the supposed angular dependence of the radiation of canal rays. And although this idea turned out to be wrong, it was then that his close cooperation and friendship with I.E. began. Tamm, who played a huge role in the life of Vitaly Lazarevich. The first three articles by Vitaly Lazarevich on theoretical physics, published in 1939, formed the basis of his Ph.D. thesis, which he defended in May 1940 at Moscow State University. In September 1940 V.L. Ginzburg was enrolled in doctoral studies at the theoretical department of FIAN, founded by I.E. Tamm in 1934. From that time on, the whole life of the future Nobel Prize winner passed within the walls of FIAN. In July 1941, a month after the start of the war, Vitaly Lazarevich and his family were evacuated from FIAN to Kazan. There, in May 1942, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the theory of particles with higher spins. At the end of 1943, returning to Moscow, Ginzburg became I.E. Tamm's deputy in the theoretical department. He remained in this position for the next 17 years.

In 1943, he became interested in the study of the nature of superconductivity, discovered by the Dutch physicist and chemist Kamerling-Ohness in 1911 and which had no explanation at that time. The most famous of the large number of works in this area was written by V.L. Ginzburg in 1950, together with Academician and also future Nobel laureate Lev Davydovich Landau, undoubtedly our most outstanding physicist. It was published in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JETF).

On the breadth of the astrophysical horizons of V.L. Ginzburg can be judged by the titles of his reports at these seminars. Here are some of the topics:

· September 15, 1966 "Results of the conference on radio astronomy and the structure of the galaxy" (Holland) in collaboration with S.B. Pikelner;

V.L. Ginzburg has published over 400 scientific papers and a dozen books and monographs. He was elected a member of 9 foreign academies, including: the Royal Society of London (1987), the American National Academy (1981), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1971). He has been awarded several medals from international scientific societies.

V.L. Ginzburg is not only a recognized authority in the scientific world, which was confirmed by the decision of the Nobel Committee, but also a public figure who devotes a lot of time and energy to the fight against bureaucracy of all stripes and manifestations of anti-scientific tendencies.

Conclusion

In our time, knowledge of the basics of physics is necessary for everyone in order to have a correct understanding of the world around us - from the properties of elementary particles to the evolution of the Universe. For those who have decided to connect their future profession with physics, the study of this science will help to take the first steps towards mastering the profession. We can learn how even seemingly abstract physical research gave birth to new areas of technology, gave impetus to the development of industry and led to what is commonly called scientific and technological revolution. The successes of nuclear physics, solid state theory, electrodynamics, statistical physics, and quantum mechanics determined the appearance of technology at the end of the 20th century, such areas as laser technology, nuclear power engineering, and electronics. Is it possible to imagine in our time any field of science and technology without electronic computers? Many of us will have a chance to work in one of these areas after graduation, and no matter what we become - skilled workers, laboratory assistants, technicians, engineers, doctors, astronauts, biologists, archaeologists - knowledge of physics will help us better master our profession.

Physical phenomena are studied in two ways: theoretically and experimentally. In the first case (theoretical physics), new relationships are derived using the mathematical apparatus and based on previously known laws of physics. Here the main tools are paper and pencil. In the second case (experimental physics), new connections between phenomena are obtained with the help of physical measurements. Here, the instruments are much more diverse - numerous measuring devices, accelerators, bubble chambers, etc.

In order to learn new areas of physics, in order to understand the essence of modern discoveries, it is necessary to assimilate well-established truths.

List of sources used

1. Avramenko I.M. Russians - Nobel Prize Winners: A Biographical Guide

(1901-2001) .- M .: Publishing House "Legal Center" Press ", 2003.-140s.

2. Alfred Nobel. (http://www.laureat.ru / fizika. htm) .

3. Basov Nikolai Gennadievich. Nobel Prize Winner, Twice Hero

socialist labor. ( http://www.n-t.ru /n l/ fz/ basov. hhm).

4. Great physicists. Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. ( http://www.alhimik.ru/great/kapitsa.html).

5. Kwon Z. The Nobel Prize as a Mirror modern physics. (http://www.psb.sbras.ru).

6. Kemarskaya And "Thirteen plus ... Alexey Abrikosov." (http://www.tvkultura.ru).

7. Komberg B.V., Kurt V.G. Academician Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg - Nobel laureate in

Physics 2003 // ZiV.- 2004.- No. 2.- P.4-7.

8. Nobel Prize winners: Encyclopedia: Per. from English - M .: Progress, 1992.

9. Lukyanov N.A. Nobels of Russia. - M .: Publishing House “Earth and Man. XXI century”, 2006.- 232p.

10. Myagkova I.N. Igor Evgenievich Tamm, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958.
(http://www.nature.phys.web.ru).

11. The Nobel Prize is the most famous and most prestigious scientific award(http://e-area.narod.ru ) .

12. Nobel Prize for Russian physicist (http://www.nature.web.ru)

13. The Russian "convinced atheist" received the Nobel Prize in Physics.

(http://rc.nsu.ru/text/methodics/ginzburg3.html).

14. Panchenko N.I. Scholar's portfolio. (http://festival.1sentember.ru).

15. Russian physicists received the Nobel Prize. (http://sibnovosti.ru).

16. Scientists from the USA, Russia and Great Britain were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

( http:// www. russian. nature. people. com. cn).

17. Finkelstein A.M., Nozdrachev A.D., Polyakov E.L., Zelenin K.N. Nobel Prizes for

physics 1901 - 2004. - M .: Publishing house "Humanistika", 2005.- 568 p.

18. Khramov Yu.A. Physics. Biographical reference book.- M.: Nauka, 1983.- 400 p.

19. Cherenkova E.P. Beam of light in the realm of particles. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of P.A. Cherenkov.

(http://www.vivovoco.rsl.ru).

20. Russian physicists: Frank Ilya Mikhailovich. (http://www.rustrana.ru).

Application

Nobel Prize Winners in Physics

1901 Roentgen W.K. (Germany). Discovery of “x”-rays ( x-rays).

1902 Zeeman P., Lorenz H. A. (Netherlands). Investigation of the splitting of spectral emission lines of atoms when a radiation source is placed in a magnetic field.

1903 Becquerel A. A. (France). Discovery of natural radioactivity.

1903 Curie P., Sklodowska-Curie M. (France). Investigation of the phenomenon of radioactivity discovered by A. A. Becquerel.

1904 Strett J. W. (Great Britain). The discovery of argon.

1905 Lenard F. E. A. (Germany). Study of cathode rays.

1906 Thomson J. J. (Great Britain). Study of the electrical conductivity of gases.

1907 Michelson A. A. (USA). Creation of high-precision optical devices; spectroscopic and metrological studies.

1908 G. Lipman (France). Discovery of color photography.

1909 Brown C. F. (Germany), Marconi G. (Italy). Works in the field of wireless telegraph.

1910 Waals (van der Waals) J. D. (Netherlands). Studies of the equation of state of gases and liquids.

1911 Win W. (Germany). Discoveries in the field of thermal radiation.

1912 N. G. Dalen (Sweden). Invention of a device for automatic ignition and extinguishing of beacons and luminous buoys.

1913 Kamerling-Onnes H. (Netherlands). Study of the properties of matter at low temperatures and the production of liquid helium.

1914 Laue M. von (Germany). Discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystals.

1915 W. G. Bragg, W. L. Bragg (Great Britain). Study of the structure of crystals using x-rays.

1916 Not awarded.

1917 Barkla Ch. (Great Britain). Discovery of the characteristic x-ray radiation elements.

1918 Plank M. K. (Germany). Merits in the field of development of physics and the discovery of discreteness of radiation energy (quantum of action).

1919 Stark J. (Germany). Discovery of the Doppler effect in canal beams and splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.

1920 Guillaume (Guillaume) C. E. (Switzerland). Creation of iron-nickel alloys for metrological purposes.

1921 Einstein A. (Germany). Contribution to theoretical physics, in particular the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.

1922 Bor N. H. D. (Denmark). Merits in the field of studying the structure of the atom and the radiation emitted by it.

1923 R. E. Milliken (USA). Works on the determination of the elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect.

1924 Sigban K. M. (Sweden). Contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy.

1925 Hertz G., Frank J. (Germany). Discovery of the laws of the collision of an electron with an atom.

1926 J. B. Perrin (France). Works on the discrete nature of matter, in particular for the discovery of sedimentary equilibrium.

1927 Wilson C. T. R. (Great Britain). Method of visual observation of the trajectories of electrically charged particles using vapor condensation.

1927 Compton A. H. (USA). Discovery of changing the wavelength of X-rays, scattering by free electrons (Compton effect).

1928 O. W. Richardson (Great Britain). Investigation of thermionic emission (dependence of emission current on temperature - Richardson's formula).

1929 Broglie L. de (France). Discovery of the wave nature of the electron.

1930 Raman C. V. (India). Works on light scattering and discovery of Raman scattering of light (Raman effect).

1931 Not awarded.

1932 Heisenberg W. K. (Germany). Participation in the creation of quantum mechanics and its application to the prediction of two states of the hydrogen molecule (ortho- and parahydrogen).

1933 Dirac P. A. M. (Great Britain), Schrödinger E. (Austria). The discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory, that is, the creation of the equations of quantum mechanics.

1934 Not awarded.

1935 Chadwick J. (Great Britain). Discovery of the neutron.

1936 Anderson K. D. (USA). Discovery of the positron in cosmic rays.

1936 Hess W. F. (Austria). Discovery of cosmic rays.

1937 Davisson K.J. (USA), Thomson J.P. (Great Britain). Experimental discovery of electron diffraction in crystals.

1938 Fermi E. (Italy). Evidence for the existence of new radioactive elements produced by irradiation with neutrons, and the related discovery of nuclear reactions caused by slow neutrons.

1939 Lawrence E. O. (USA). Invention and creation of the cyclotron.

1940-42 Not awarded.

1943 O. Stern (USA). Contribution to the development of the molecular beam method and the discovery and measurement of the magnetic moment of the proton.

1944 Rabi I.A. (USA). Resonance method for measuring the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei

1945 Pauli W. (Switzerland). Discovery of the prohibition principle (Pauli principle).

1946 Bridgeman P. W. (USA). Discoveries in the field of high pressure physics.

1947 Appleton E. W. (Great Britain). Study of the physics of the upper atmosphere, the discovery of a layer of the atmosphere that reflects radio waves (the Appleton layer).

1948 Blackett P. M. S. (Great Britain). Improvement of the cloud chamber method and the discoveries made in connection with this in the field of nuclear physics and cosmic ray physics.

1949 Yukawa H. (Japan). Prediction of the existence of mesons based on theoretical work on nuclear forces.

1950 Powell S. F. (Great Britain). Development of a photographic method for studying nuclear processes and the discovery of mesons based on this method.

1951 J. D. Cockcroft, E. T. S. Walton (Great Britain). Investigations of the transformations of atomic nuclei with the help of artificially dispersed particles.

1952 Bloch F., Purcell E. M. (USA). Development of new methods for accurate measurement of the magnetic moments of atomic nuclei and related discoveries.

1953 Zernike F. (Netherlands). Creation of the phase-contrast method, invention of the phase-contrast microscope.

1954 Born M. (Germany). Fundamental research in quantum mechanics, statistical interpretation of the wave function.

1954 Bothe W. (Germany). Development of a method for registering coincidences (the act of emitting a radiation quantum and an electron during X-ray quantum scattering on hydrogen).

1955 Kush P. (USA). Accurate determination of the magnetic moment of an electron.

1955 W. Y. Lamb (USA). Discovery in the field of fine structure of hydrogen spectra.

1956 J. Bardeen, W. Brattain, W. B. Shockley (USA). Investigation of semiconductors and discovery of the transistor effect.

1957 Li (Li Zongdao), Yang (Yang Zhenning) (USA). Investigation of conservation laws (discovery of parity nonconservation in weak interactions), which led to important discoveries in elementary particle physics.

1958 Tamm I. E., Frank I. M., Cherenkov P. A. (USSR). Discovery and creation of the theory of the Cherenkov effect.

1959 Segre E., Chamberlain O. (USA). Discovery of the antiproton.

1960 Glazer D. A. (USA). Invention of the bubble chamber.

1961 Messbauer R. L. (Germany). Research and discovery of resonant absorption of gamma radiation in solids (Mössbauer effect).

1961 R. Hofstadter (USA). Investigations of electron scattering on atomic nuclei and related discoveries in the field of nucleon structure.

1962 L. D. Landau (USSR). The theory of condensed matter (especially liquid helium).

1963 Y. P. Wigner (USA). Contribution to the theory of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles.

1963 Geppert-Mayer M. (USA), Jensen J. H. D. (Germany). Discovery of the shell structure of the atomic nucleus.

1964 Basov N. G., Prokhorov A. M. (USSR), Towns C. H. (USA). Works in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the principle of a maser-laser.

1965 Tomonaga S. (Japan), Feynman R. F., Schwinger J. (USA). Fundamental works on the creation of quantum electrodynamics (with important consequences for elementary particle physics).

1966 Kastler A. (France). Creation optical methods study of Hertzian resonances in atoms.

1967 Bethe H. A. (USA). Contribution to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially for discoveries concerning the energy sources of stars.

1968 Alvarez L. W. (USA). Contributions to particle physics, including the discovery of many resonances using a hydrogen bubble chamber.

1969 Gell-Man M. (USA). Discoveries related to the classification of elementary particles and their interactions (quark hypothesis).

1970 Alven H. (Sweden). Fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydrodynamics and its applications in various fields of physics.

1970 Neel L. E. F. (France). Fundamental works and discoveries in the field of antiferromagnetism and their application in solid state physics.

1971 Gabor D. (Great Britain). Invention (1947-48) and development of holography.

1972 J. Bardeen, L. Cooper, J. R. Schrieffer (USA). Creation of the microscopic (quantum) theory of superconductivity.

1973 Giever A. (USA), Josephson B. (UK), Esaki L. (USA). Research and application of the tunnel effect in semiconductors and superconductors.

1974 Ryle M., Hewish E. (Great Britain). Pioneering work in radio astrophysics (in particular, aperture synthesis).

1975 Bor O., Mottelson B. (Denmark), Rainwater J. (USA). Development of the so-called generalized model of the atomic nucleus.

1976 Richter B., Ting S. (USA). Contribution to the discovery of a new type of heavy elementary particle (gipsy particle).

1977 Anderson F., Van Vleck J. H. (USA), Mott N. (Great Britain). Fundamental research in the field of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.

1978 Wilson R. V., Penzias A. A. (USA). Discovery of microwave background radiation.

1978 Kapitsa P. L. (USSR). Fundamental discoveries in the field of low temperature physics.

1979 Weinberg (Weinberg) S., Glashow S. (USA), Salam A. (Pakistan). Contribution to the theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions between elementary particles (the so-called electroweak interaction).

1980 Cronin J.W, Fitch W.L. (USA). Discovery of violation of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons.

1981 Blombergen N., Shavlov A. L. (USA). Development of laser spectroscopy.

1982 Wilson K. (USA). Development of the theory of critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions.

1983 Fowler W. A., Chandrasekhar S. (USA). Works in the field of structure and evolution of stars.

1984 Mer (Van der Meer) S. (Netherlands), Rubbia K. (Italy). Contribution to research in the field of high energy physics and to the theory of elementary particles [discovery of intermediate vector bosons (W, Z0)].

1985 Klitzing K. (Germany). Discovery of the "quantum Hall effect".

1986 G. Binnig (Germany), G. Rohrer (Switzerland), E. Ruska (Germany). Creation of a scanning tunneling microscope.

1987 Bednorz J. G. (Germany), Müller K. A. (Switzerland). Discovery of new (high-temperature) superconducting materials.

1988 Lederman L. M., Steinberger J., Schwartz M. (USA). Proof of the existence of two types of neutrinos.

1989 Demelt H. J. (USA), Paul W. (Germany). Development of the method of confining a single ion in a trap and high-resolution precision spectroscopy.

1990 Kendall G. (USA), Taylor R. (Canada), Friedman J. (USA). Fundamental research important for the development of the quark model.

1991 De Gennes P.J. (France). Advances in the description of molecular ordering in complex condensed systems, especially in liquid crystals and polymers.

1992 Charpak J. (France). Contribution to the development of elementary particle detectors.

1993 Taylor J. (Jr.), Hulse R. (USA). For the discovery of binary pulsars.

1994 Brockhouse B. (Canada), Shull K. (USA). Technology for the study of materials by bombardment with neutron beams.

1995 Pearl M., Raines F. (USA). For experimental contributions to elementary particle physics.

1996 Lee D., Osheroff D., Richardson R. (USA). For the discovery of the superfluidity of the helium isotope.

1997 Chu S., Phillips W. (USA), Cohen-Tanuji K. (France). For the development of methods for cooling and capturing atoms using laser radiation.

1998 Robert B. Lauglin, Horst L. Stomer, Daniel S. Tsui.

1999 Gerardas Hoovt, Martinas J.G. Veltman.

2000 Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kromer, Jack Kilby.

2001 Eric A. Komell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman.

2002 Raymond Davies I., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giassoni.

2003 Alexey Abrikosov (USA), Vitaly Ginzburg (Russia), Anthony Leggett (Great Britain). The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for important contributions to the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity.

2004 David I. Gross, H. David Politser, Frank Vilsek.

2005 Roy I. Glauber, John L. Hull, Theodore W. Hunch.

2006 John S. Mather, Georg F. Smoot.

2007 Albert Firth, Peter Grunberg.