Will not grow to him folk trail,
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria.


My ashes will survive and decay will run away -

At least one piit will live.

The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Rus',
10 And every language that is in it will call me,

Tunguz, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.



That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,

Praise and slander were accepted indifferently,
20 And don't argue with a fool.

SS 1959-1962 (1959):

I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,
The folk trail will not grow to it,
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria.

No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the cherished lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will run away -
And I will be glorious as long as in the sublunar world
At least one piit will live.

The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Rus',
10 And every language that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.

And for a long time I will be kind to the people,
That I aroused good feelings with lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom
And he called for mercy on the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Not afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
20 And don't argue with a fool.

Variants and discrepancies

"I AM A MONUMENT TO MYSELF, AN IMPROVEMENT"

(p. 424)

Rumors about me [will spread] throughout all of Great Rus'
And every language that exists in it will call me -
And [the grandson of the Slavs], and Fin and now the floorwild
[Tunguz] [Kyrgyz] and Kalmyk -

And for a long time I will be kind to the people
What new sounds for songs I found
That in the wake of Radishchev I glorified freedom
[And aboutillumination>]

O Muse, your call, be obedient
Not afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown
Crowds of praise and [abuse] accepted indifferently
And don't argue with the fool


B. Variants of a white autograph.

(LB 84, fol. 57v.)



3 Started: ABOUT <н>

5 No, I will not die - the soul is in an immortal lyre

6 It will outlive me and decay will run away -

9 Rumors will spread about me throughout the great Rus'

12 Tunguz and the Kalmyk son of the steppes.

14-16 What new sounds for songs I found
That after Radishchev I glorified freedom
And mercy sang

14 That I awakened good feelings in songs

17 To your calling, O muse, be obedient

18 Do not be afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown;

19 Praise and slander were accepted indifferently

Under text: 1836

Aug.<уста> 21
Kam.<енный>acute<ов>

Notes

Dated August 21, 1836. It was not published during Pushkin's lifetime. First published in 1841 by Zhukovsky in a posthumous edition of Pushkin's works, vol. IX. pp. 121-122, censored: 4 Napoleonic pillar; 13 And for a long time I will be kind to those people; 15 That by the charm of living poetry I was useful.

The restored original text was published by Bartenev in the note "On Pushkin's poem "Monument"" - "Russian Archive" 1881, book. I, No. 1, p. 235, with facsimile. The original versions were published by M. L. Hoffman in the article "Pushkin's posthumous poems" - "Pushkin and his contemporaries", no. XXXIII-XXXV, 1922, pp. 411-412 and D. P. Yakubovich in the article “Draft autograph of the last three stanzas of the Monument” - “Pushkin. Vremnik of the Pushkin Commission, vol. 3, 1937, pp. 4-5. (preliminary partial publication - in "Literary Leningrad" dated November 11, 1936 No. 52/197) See publication in

1. great poet A.S. Pushkin passed different stages attitudes towards GOD, which are clearly reflected in his work.

In the early poems of the poet there is youthful nihilism, freethinking, and even blasphemy, which was in line with the enthusiasm of the entire high society for Voltairianism and Freemasonry.

But over time, the views of the poet have changed dramatically.
That A.S. Pushkin took faith at the end of his life very seriously, many of his sayings and poems say. His prayers in the verses “Our Father” and “The Hermit Fathers and Immaculate Wives” are permeated with bright faith and reverent attitude towards the CREATOR.

“... Father of people, Heavenly Father!
Yes, your eternal name
Hallowed by our hearts;
Yes kingdom come Your,
May your will be with us
As in heaven, so on earth ... "

2. Everyone knows the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ...”, but what do the words of the poet mean:

"No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the cherished lyre
My ashes will survive and corruption will flee"?

It would seem that it is said that the soul - in the lyre, in poetry will be eternal and imperishable. But the world itself is not eternal and corruptible, and the time will come when "prophecy will cease, and tongues will be silent, and knowledge will be abolished" (Cor.13.8). So, it has a different meaning. What is it?

A. S. Pushkin knew the Bible well, and in the Bible, playing the lyre-harp means thanksgiving and prayers to GOD. It is in GOD that the soul “will survive my dust and flee corruption,” that is, it will be incorruptible and eternal.

The soul was originally born from the breath of GOD, it is pure and beautiful, and therefore, during life with GOD's help, you need to protect it in every possible way from sin and evil, external and internal, keep it clean and strengthen it in Holiness, always being with GOD.

When the soul appears before the CREATOR, no one will ask who it belonged to - a poet, a scavenger or a scientist. The quality of the soul, which means that its posthumous fate does not depend on the profession, education, or talent, but only on the degree of its Holiness and closeness to GOD. It is in HIM that the soul, having entered Eternity, will “survive the dust and flee the corruption.”

“By the command of God, O muse, be obedient…”

In the final lines of the verse, A.S. Pushkin clearly and definitely says to whom the muse of poetry, and, therefore, the poet himself should be obedient - to the Will of GOD!

The poet's talent is GOD's gift. And woe to the one who uses it to desecrate the CREATOR, but blessed is the one who hears and fulfills HIS Will, and glorifies HIM with his creativity!

Dying, A.S. Pushkin was not thinking about poetry. Saying goodbye to everyone, he strictly forbade revenge on the murderer and his accomplices. After that, he told his relatives that he wanted to die a Christian, and asked the priest to commune him with the Holy Mysteries of Christ.

The soul of the poet was preparing to appear before the ALL!

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"And a Kalmyk friend of the steppes"

Every nation is unique. A. S. Pushkin tried to explain this by the influence of climate, the form of government, faith, which gives "each people a special physiognomy, which is more or less reflected in the mirror of poetry." “There is a way of thinking and feeling, there is a darkness of customs, beliefs and habits that belong exclusively to some people,” he wrote in the article “On Nationality in Literature”.

In Pushkin's works there are names of many peoples, both well-known and little-known; some of these peoples appear under the names that are still preserved, and others under the old ones that existed in former times. And above all, these are the names of the peoples, captured in his far-sighted "Monument":

The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Rus',

And every language that is in it will call me,

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild

Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.

The choice by the poet of the names of the peoples given in the "Monument" is not accidental, as happens with other poets for rhyme, but is deeply thought out. In the four names of peoples, in essence, the entire vast territory of Russia is covered. "Proud grandson of the Slavs" represents Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians; Finn - a representative of the peoples living in the vast territory of the north of the country; Tungus - the peoples of Siberia and Kalmyks - the south and southeast, the Mongol-Turkic peoples. True, while working on this poem, the poet did not immediately identify the four indicated peoples. As the draft shows, only two names appearing in all versions of the poem were indisputable for him - these are “Russian” and “Finn”. "Tungus" and "Kalmyk", included in the initial version, were then replaced and such options were outlined: "and a Finn, a Georgian, a Kirghiz", and "a Finn, a Georgian and now a wild Circassian". Apparently, the poet settled on the names of the most representative peoples, more precisely, on the names of the peoples who inhabited the vast territory of the country - from the shores of the Baltic to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk, from the Arctic Ocean to the Caspian Sea. This only emphasizes the awareness of A. S. Pushkin in matters of ethnology, his knowledge of history different peoples, and he knew the history of the Kalmyks well from the manuscript of N. Ya. Bichurin, about which he wrote in the notes to the “History of Pugachev”: “With gratitude, we place what he reported (Bichurin. - L. T.) an excerpt from his still unpublished book on the Kalmyks. At the same time, Pushkin, according to the researcher A. I. Surzhok, “adheres to his own, completely independent concept about the tragic departure of the Kalmyks from Russia” 1: “worn out of patience, they decided to leave Russia…” due to harassment. She went to her original homeland, to Dzungaria, only a part of the Kalmyks. Having lost many fellow tribesmen on the way, they reached Dzungaria. “But the frontier chain of Chinese guards menacingly blocked their entrance to their former fatherland, and the Kalmyks could only penetrate into it with the loss of their independence” (notes to Pugachev’s History).

There is no need to talk much about the “proud grandson of the Slavs”: the poet devoted many lines to him in his works.

A. S. Pushkin was proud of his people, the Russian man, primarily the peasant, who formed the basis of the Russian people. “Look at the Russian peasant,” he wrote, “is there even a shadow of slavish humiliation in his steps and speech? There is nothing to say about his courage and intelligence. His receptivity is known. Agility and dexterity are amazing. The traveler travels from region to region in Russia, not knowing a single word of Russian, and everywhere he is understood, his requirements are fulfilled, and conditions are concluded with him. You will never meet in our people what the French call un badaud; you will never notice in him either rude surprise or ignorant contempt for someone else ”(“ Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg ”).

Finn A. S. Pushkin has a clearly collective name, that is, it refers not only to the Finns proper (Suomi, as they call themselves), who make up the main population of Finland, but also to their relatives Karelians, Estonians and other peoples of the Finnish language group. Earlier, in pre-revolutionary times, they were also called Chukhons (Finnish population surrounded by St. Petersburg):

Your chukhonochka, she-she,

Byron's Greek women are dearer,

And your Zoil is a straight Chukhonets.

"To Baratynsky"

In our country, the peoples of the Finnish group (Karels, Estonians, Maris, Mordvins, Udmurts, Komi) make up more than 4 million people, and the area of ​​the republics formed by these peoples is 1375 thousand square meters. kilometers, that is, over 1/4 of the European territory of the USSR.

Tungus , or, as they are now called by the self-name of the people, the Evenki, although they represent a small people (only 28 thousand people), forming autonomous region in the composition of Kraia since ancient times, the Evenki are evidenced, in particular, by numerous Evenk geographical names, first of all, the series major rivers- Yenisei, Lena, Yana, which are based on the Evenki word ene, meaning " big river". The Evenk is indeed a representative of the peoples of all Siberia, and has long been no longer a “wild” representative of it, but no less enlightened than other peoples.

But in the pre-revolutionary past, the Evenks, like many other small peoples, did not have their own written language and were, one might say frankly, completely illiterate, led a nomadic lifestyle, conical plagues in the camps served as their dwellings.

WITH Kalmyks the poet communicated directly, was a guest of the Kalmyk family in a steppe wagon, tasted the national dish, however, he, who was accustomed to Russian cuisine, did not like it. Here is how A. S. Pushkin describes his visit to a Kalmyk family on his way to the Caucasus in 1829: “The other day I visited a Kalmyk tent (a checkered wattle fence covered with white felt). The whole family was going to have breakfast; the cauldron was boiled in the middle, and the smoke came out through a hole made in the top of the wagon. A young Kalmyk girl, very good-looking, was sewing, smoking tobacco. I sat down next to her. "What is your name?" "***" - "How old are you?" - "Ten and eight." - "What are you sewing?" - Porta. - "To whom?" - "Myself". She handed me her pipe and began to have breakfast. Tea was brewed in a cauldron with mutton fat and salt. She offered me her ladle. I did not want to refuse and took a sip, trying not to take a breath ... I asked for something to eat it. They gave me a piece of dried mare; I was glad for that too. Kalmyk coquetry frightened me; I quickly got out of the wagon and drove from the steppe Circe ”(“ Journey to Arzrum ”).

Judging by the draft entry, the end of this visit to the Kalmyk wagon looked somewhat different. According to the original version of the entry, the poet swallowed the piece of dried mare with great pleasure. “After this feat, I thought I was entitled to some reward. But my proud beauty hit me on the head with a Musiki instrument similar to our balalaika. Here is a message for her that will probably never reach her…”


"And a Kalmyk friend of the steppes"


Farewell, dear Kalmyk!

Just a little, to spite my ploys,

me a laudable habit

Not carried away among the steppes

Following your wagon.

Your eyes are, of course, narrow

And the nose is flat, and the forehead is wide,

You don't babble in French

You do not squeeze your legs with silk,

In English before the samovar

Do not crumble bread with a pattern.

You don't appreciate Shakespeare a little,

Don't fall into a dream

When there is no thought in the head,

You don’t gallop in the assembly ...

What needs? - Exactly half an hour,

While the horses were harnessed to me,

My mind and heart occupied

Your gaze and wild beauty.

Friends! not everything is the same:

Forget yourself with an idle soul

In a brilliant hall, in a fashionable box,

Or in a nomadic kibitka?

It is interesting to note that A. Blok “started” from this poem, creating a portrait of an Egyptian woman: “All the features of an Egyptian woman are far from any kind of “canon” of beauty. The forehead seems to be too large, it was not for nothing that she covered it with her hair. There is something Mongolian in the oval of the cheeks, almost what made Pushkin "forget himself with a passionate dream" in a "nomadic wagon" and dreamily cross out the manuscripts of poems with profiles.

A nomadic people in the past, the Kalmyks are now forming their own autonomous republic as part of Russian Federation, within which lives 4/5 of more than 170 thousand of them in the country. Now the Kalmyks, who have reached the same heights in education as other peoples of our multinational country, are not alien to all the achievements of human culture. In the capital of the republic, Elista, a monument was erected to A. S. Pushkin, the great internationalist poet, whose poems every Kalmyk turns to.

Many peoples appear in his works.

The poet dedicated a whole poem gypsies , which "… noisy crowd roam around Bessarabia. He spent two weeks in a gypsy camp.

“Living in Bessarabia,” writes V. A. Manuilov, “Pushkin studied gypsy language, got acquainted with gypsy songs, wrote down old Moldavian legends and songs ... "Black Shawl" - an artistic reworking of a Moldavian song ... "3 .

The unusual fate of the gypsies prompted A. S. Pushkin to give notes to the poem, in which he writes: “For a long time in Europe they did not know the origin of the gypsies; considered them to come from Egypt - until now in some lands and call them Egyptians. English travelers finally resolved all perplexities - it is proved that the gypsies belong to an outcast caste of Indians called bet. Language and what can be called their faith - even facial features and way of life - are true evidence of this. Their attachment to the wild freedom secured by poverty has everywhere tired of the measures taken by the government to transform the idle life of these vagabonds - they roam in Russia, as in England; men are engaged in crafts necessary for the first needs, trade in horses, drive bears, deceive and steal, women hunt divination, singing and dancing.

In Moldova, the gypsies make up the majority of the population ... "

The last statement of the poet, who did not have statistical data, is incorrect (gypsies did not make up the majority of the population of Moldova). It is no coincidence that he made an addition to his note about Bessarabia: “Bessarabia, known from the deepest antiquity, should be especially interesting for us.

She is sung by Derzhavin

And full of Russian glory.

But until now this area is known to us from the erroneous descriptions of two or three travelers.

As of 1833, Bessarabia had a population of 465,000 people 6 . Over the next half century, it increased to 1.6 million people, of which in 1889 about half were Moldovans and 18.8 thousand were gypsies.

Currently, in Moldova, out of 4 million people, Moldovans make up about 2/3 of its population, and there are a little more than ten thousand people, and they are in eighth place among other nationalities of this multinational republic (after Moldovans, Ukrainians, Russians, Gagauzes). , Bulgarians, Jews, Belarusians). Only 1/20 of all Roma in the USSR live in Moldova (according to the 1979 census, there were 209,000 of them in the country).

And here is the apt remark of the poet about the numerous old Chisinau bazaar:

The money-loving Jew crowds among the crowd,

Under the cloak, a Cossack, the ruler of the Caucasus,

A talkative Greek and a silent Turk,

And an important Persian, and a cunning Armenian.

"Squeezing among the crowd..."

The peoples of the Caucasus are not bypassed by the attention of the poet. Having visited Georgia, he spoke about Georgians : “Georgians are a warlike people. They have proven their courage under our banners. Their mental capacity expect more education. They are generally cheerful and sociable” (“Journey to Arzrum”). In four concise phrases, a capacious description of the people with its potentialities is given, which were fully revealed only a century later - in Soviet times.

Passing through the land of ancient Armenia, A. S. Pushkin stopped for the night with people completely unfamiliar to him, who received him very kindly, to which he draws his attention: “The rain poured down on me. Finally, a young man came out of a nearby house Armenian and, after talking with my Turk, he called me to his place, speaking in fairly pure Russian. He led me up a narrow staircase to the second quarter of his house. In the room, furnished with low sofas and shabby carpets, sat an old woman, his mother. She came up to me and kissed my hand. Her son told her to build a fire and cook dinner for me. I undressed and sat down in front of the fire... Soon the old woman cooked me mutton with onions, which seemed to me the height of culinary art. We all went to bed in the same room; I lay down against the fading fireplace and fell asleep ... ". This is a small ethnographic sketch showing the life ordinary people Armenia.

Being in the Baltic states, the hero of the work unfinished by the poet (“In 179* I was returning ...”) notes: “From a distance a sad song of a young Estonians ».

Of course, A. S. Pushkin was familiar with Boldino neighbors - Mordovians , as well as our other neighbors - Chuvash And cheremis (now Mari). In the "History of Pugachev" he writes: "Mordovians, Chuvashs, Cheremis ceased to obey the Russian authorities." In Pugachev's army there were "... up to ten thousand Kalmyks, Bashkirs, yasak Tatars ...". The above was about kyrgyz-kaisakah (Kazakhs).

More than two dozen names of the peoples of our country are found in the works of the poet.

Mentioned in the works of A. S. Pushkin and different peoples foreign countries: Arvanites, Bosniaks, Dalmatians, Vlachs, Ottomans, Adekhi, Saracens (Sarachins) and others, which indicates the wide geographical knowledge of the poet.

Arvanites - the Turkish name of the Albanians, under which they appear in the story "Kirdzhali": "... Arnauts in their tattered and picturesque outfit, slender Moldavian women with black-faced guys in their arms surrounded the karutsa" (karutsa - a wicker cart).

Bosniaks (Bosniaks) - residents of Bosnia, in the past a Turkish province, and now a republic within Yugoslavia: “Beglerbey with his Bosniaks came against us ...” (“The Battle of Zenica the Great” - from “Songs of the Western Slavs”).

Dalmatia - residents of Dalmatia, in the past an Austrian province near the Adriatic Sea, and now a region in Yugoslavia: “And the Dalmatians, seeing our army, their long mustache twirled, put on their hats on one side and said: “Take us with you: We want to fight the Busurmans” ”(“ The Battle of Zenitsa Velikaya ”- from“ Songs of the Western Slavs ”).

Wallachians - residents of the principality of Wallachia, which was under Turkish rule; then, after liberation, they became part of the Romanian nation, and Wallachia became part of Romania. The hero of the story "Kirdzhali", after whom it is named, says: "For the Turks, for the Moldavians, for the Vlachs, of course, I am a robber, but for the Russians I am a guest." And the origin of Kirdzhali "was the Bulgars."

Ottomans - the old name of the Turks (by name Turkish Sultan XVI century Osman I - the founder of the Ottoman Empire).

I was among the Dons,

I also drove a gang of Ottomans;

In memory of battle and tents

I brought a whip home -

this is how the poet recalls his participation in the battle near Arzrum, which he is silent about in Journey to Arzrum, placing only a drawing on which he depicted himself on a horse with a pike. This is the testimony of an eyewitness N. A. Ushakov: “The shootout on June 14, 1829 is remarkable because our glorious poet A. S. Pushkin participated in it ... Grabbing the pike of one of the killed Cossacks, he rushed against the enemy riders. One can believe that our Don people were extremely astonished when they saw in front of them an unfamiliar hero in a round hat and cloak. It was the first and last debut of the favorite of the muses in the Caucasus” 7 . By the way, having received from the author a book in which this episode is described, A. S. Pushkin answered him in June 1836: “I saw with amazement that you gave me immortality - with one line of your pen.”

This episode inspired Pushkin's poem "Delibash". Here is its beginning:

Skirmish behind the hills;

Looks at their camp and ours;

On the hill before the Cossacks

A red delibash winds.

Adehi - from the self-name "Adyge" of three kindred peoples - Kabardians, Circassians, Adyghes, who were also called Circassians earlier.

Not for conversations and jubilations,

Not for bloody meetings

Not for robbery fun

So early adekhi gathered

To the yard of Gasub the old man.

"Tazit"

Sarachins (for the poet in the form of a magpie), or Saracens, originally (for ancient historians) the name of the nomadic tribes of Arabia, and then in general of all Arabs, and sometimes Muslims. The Sarachins proper are western Cumans.

Brothers in a friendly crowd

Going out for a walk

Shoot gray ducks

Amuse the right hand

Sorochina hurry in the field ...

"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs"

Noteworthy is the explanation of A. S. Pushkin about the “Arabs” and “Araps” in a letter to P. A. Vyazemsky (second half of 1835-1836): “Arab ( female does not have) a resident or native of Arabia, an Arabian. The caravan was plundered by the steppe Arabs.

arap, female arapki, so commonly called Negroes and mulattoes. Palace araps, Negroes serving in the palace. He leaves with three smart blacks».

The names of different peoples in A. S. Pushkin are organically woven into the fabric of works, in which apt characteristics and definitions are given, in one or two words creating their visible images: “Moldovan in a mustache and a ram's hat”.

A. S. Pushkin was an ardent champion of the equality of peoples, their friendship, and, naturally, did not consider it shameful for a person to belong to one or another people, if only he was decent.

It's not that you're a Pole:

Kosciuszko Lyakh, Mitskevich Lyakh!

Perhaps, be yourself a Tatar, -

And here I see no shame;

Be a Jew - and it does not matter;

"That's not the problem..."

The poet was proud of his ancestor (on the maternal side) - Hannibal, a native of Africa, the "Arap" of Peter the Great:

Decided Figlyarin, sitting at home,

That black grandfather is my Hannibal

Was bought for a bottle of rum

And fell into the hands of the skipper.

This skipper was that glorious skipper,

By whom our earth moved,

Who gave a mighty sovereign run

Rudder of the native ship.

This skipper was available to my grandfather.

And similarly bought arap

Has grown zealous, incorruptible,

The king is a confidante, not a slave.

And he was the father of Hannibal,

Before whom among the depths of Chesme

The mass of ships flared up

And Navarin fell for the first time...

"My Pedigree"

A. S. Pushkin, as a thinker, thought about the fate of not only the peoples of his country, but also the world. And this immense breadth of interests, the depth of penetration of his genius into all aspects of the life of the contemporary world was appreciated by the great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz: “... Nobody can replace Pushkin. Only once is it given to a country to reproduce a person who, in such high degree combines such different and, apparently, mutually exclusive qualities. Pushkin, whose poetic talent surprised readers, captivated, amazed listeners with his liveliness, subtlety and clarity of mind, was gifted with an extraordinary memory, a correct judgment, refined and excellent taste. When he spoke about foreign and domestic policy, one could think that you were listening to a man who had become seasoned in state affairs and was saturated with daily reading of parliamentary debates. He made many enemies for himself with epigrams and biting ridicule. They took revenge on him with slander. I knew the Russian poet quite closely and for quite a long time; I found in him a character too impressionable, and sometimes frivolous, but always sincere, noble and capable of cordial outpourings. His errors seemed to be the fruit of the circumstances in which he lived; everything that was good in him flowed from the heart.

And the poet's heart beat restlessly in anxieties for the fate of large and small nations, for the future of mankind.

The friendship of free peoples is peace on Earth, which A. S. Pushkin passionately desired, foreseeing it in the future. In a note on the "Project of Perpetual Peace" by Abbé Saint-Pierre, referring to the time of his stay in Chisinau, he wrote:

"1. It is impossible that in time the ridiculous cruelty of war would not become clear to people, just as slavery, royalty, etc. became clear to them ... They will be convinced that our destiny is to eat, drink and be free.

2. Since constitutions - which are a great step forward of human thought, a step that will not be the only one - necessarily tend to reduce the number of troops, since the principle of armed force is directly opposed to every constitutional idea, it is possible that in less than 100 years not there will be a standing army.

3. As for the great passions and great military talents, the guillotine will remain for this, because society is not at all inclined to admire the great plans of the victorious general: people have enough other concerns, and only for this they put themselves under the protection of the laws "(" On Eternal Peace " ).

The development of the poet's freedom-loving views on the issue of "eternal peace" can be assumed to have been influenced by our countryman A. D. Ulybyshev. Academician M.P. Alekseev writes about this: “Back in St. Petersburg, among the members of the Green Lamp, at the end of 1819, he could hear the reading of a short work by his friend A.D. Ulybyshev called “Dream”, this early Decembrist “utopia ", wherein in question O future Russia liberated after the revolutionary upheaval from the oppression of the feudal-absolute regime” 9 . It was a leading document political thought in Russia.

A. S. Pushkin, together with the great Polish poet A. Mickiewicz, was convinced that the time would come

When peoples, forgetting strife,

Join a great family.

"He lived between us..."

“Let's hope that Pushkin was right this time too,” MP Alekseev concludes his study “Pushkin and the Problem of Eternal Peace.”

Monument to A.S. Pushkin in Tsarskoye Selo (photo by the author of the article, 2011)

The poem "I erected a monument to myself not made by hands" was written in 1836, six months before Pushkin's death. Not the most better times experienced then the poet. Critics did not favor him, the king was banned from the press best work, gossip spread about his person in secular society, in family life everything was far from rosy. The poet was embarrassed cash. Yes, and friends, even the closest ones, treated all his hardships with coolness.

It is in such a difficult environment that Pushkin writes a poetic work, which eventually becomes historical.

The poet, as it were, sums up his work, sincerely and frankly shares his thoughts with the reader, evaluating his contribution to Russian and world literature. A true assessment of his merits, an understanding of the future glory, recognition and love of descendants - all this contributed to helping the poet calmly treat slander, insults, “not demand a crown from them”, to be above this. Alexander Sergeevich speaks about this in the last stanza of the work. Perhaps it was the painful thoughts about the misunderstanding and underestimation of his contemporaries that inspired the poet to write this important poem.

“I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is to some extent an imitation of the famous poem “Monument” (which, in turn, is based on Horace’s verse). Pushkin follows Derzhavin's text, but puts a completely different meaning into his lines. Alexander Sergeevich tells us about his “disobedience”, that his “monument” is higher than the monument to Alexander I, the “Pillar of Alexandria” (the opinions of literary researchers about which monument are in question differ). And that people will constantly come to his monument, and the road to it will not be overgrown. And as long as poetry exists in the world, “as long as at least one piit is alive in the sublunary world,” the glory of the poet will not fade.

Pushkin knows for sure that all the numerous peoples that make up "Great Rus'" will treat him as their own poet. Pushkin deserved the love of the people and eternal recognition by the fact that his poetry awakens “good feelings” in people. And also by the fact that he "glorified freedom", fought as best he could, creating his important works. And he never stopped believing in the best, and for the "fallen" he asked for "mercy."

Analyzing the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”, we understand that this work is a philosophical reflection on life and work, it is an expression of its poetic purpose.

According to the genre, the poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is an ode. It is based on the main Pushkin principles: love of freedom, humanity.

The size of the poem is iambic six-foot. He perfectly conveys the decisiveness and clarity of the poet's thoughts.

In the work, not only phraseological combinations, but also a single word, entails a whole range of associations and images, closely related to the stylistic tradition that was familiar to lyceum poets.

The number of stanzas in the poem is five. The last stanza is sustained in a solemnly calm tone.

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild

The function of polysyndeton is “to encourage the reader to generalize, to perceive a number of details as an integral image. The specific is formed upon perception into the generic, namely, “the peoples of the Russian Empire”.

The idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe poem “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands” is most likely inspired by Pushkin's memoirs. It was he, the closest and devoted friend of Alexander Sergeevich, who was the first to understand the greatness of Pushkin and predicted his immortal glory. During his lifetime, Delvig helped the poet in many ways, was a comforter, protector, and in some ways even a teacher of Pushkin. Anticipating an imminent death and saying goodbye to creative activity, Pushkin, as it were, agreed with Delvig's words, argued that his prophecies would come true, despite the narrow-minded fools who ruin the poet in the same way that they killed his brother "by muse and fate", Delvig himself, five years before.

I erected a monument to myself not made by hands ... (A.S. Pushkin)

(full text of the poem)
Exegi monumentum*.

I erected a monument to myself not made by hands,
The folk trail will not grow to it,
He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious
Pillar of Alexandria.

No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the cherished lyre
My ashes will survive and decay will run away -
And I will be glorious as long as in the sublunar world
At least one piit will live.

The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Rus',
And every language that is in it will call me,
And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild
Tunguz, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.

And for a long time I will be kind to the people,
That I aroused good feelings with lyre,
That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom
And he called for mercy on the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,
Not afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently,
And don't argue with the fool.

*) I erected a monument .. (beginning of Horace's poem)

I erected a monument to myself not made by hands, The folk path will not overgrow to it, He ascended higher as the head of the recalcitrant pillar of Alexandria.

No, all of me will not die - the soul in the cherished lyre will survive my ashes and run away from decay - And I will be glorious, as long as at least one piit is alive in the sublunar world.

The rumor about me will spread throughout the whole of Great Rus', And every language that exists in it will call me, And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now the wild Tungus, and the Kalmyk friend of the steppes.

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people, That I aroused good feelings with my lyre, That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom And called mercy to the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient, Do not be afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown, Accept praise and slander with indifference And do not dispute the fool.

Teacher: Magomedkadieva Zubaydat Ramazanovna



  • Lyceum (1811 - 1817)
  • Southern exile (1820 - 1824)
  • Mikhailovskoye (1824 - 1826)
  • After exile (1826 - 1830)
  • Boldin Autumn (1830)
  • Petersburg (1831- 1833)
  • worldwide fame


Father: Sergey Lvovich Pushkin; Mother: Nadezhda Osipovna

Nanny: Arina Rodionovna


Lyceum (1811 - 1817)

My friends, our union is beautiful!

He, like a soul, is inseparable and eternal -

Unshakable, free and carefree,

He grew together under the shadow of friendly muses ...


  • Ivan Pushchin - a fair, brave, calmly cheerful young man.
  • Wilhelm Küchelbecker - enthusiastic, ridiculous and touching.
  • Anton Delvig - good-natured, slow, dreamer.


Farewell, free element! IN last time in front of me You roll blue waves And shine with proud beauty.

"To the Sea" (1824)



Mikhailovskoye (1824 - 1826)

Like a corpse in the desert I lay, And God's voice called out to me: "Arise, prophet, and see, and listen, Fulfill my will And, bypassing the seas and lands, Burn the hearts of the people with the verb."

"Prophet", 1825

« I feel that my spiritual powers have reached their full development,

I can create."

Pushkin A.S. friend Raevsky,

summer, 1825


Brought - and weakened and lay down Under the arch of the hut on the basts, And the poor slave died at the feet Invincible lord.

And the king fed that poison Your obedient arrows And with them death sent To neighbors in alien confines.

"Anchar", 1828

In the hope of glory and good

I look ahead without fear...

Stanzas, 1826

Both the feeder and the swimmer died! - Only me, the mysterious singer, Shot ashore by a storm, I sing old hymns And my wet robe Drying in the sun under a rock.

"Arion", 1827


Boldin Autumn (1830)

And poetry awakens in me:

The soul is embarrassed by lyrical excitement,

Trembles and sounds and seeks, as in a dream

To pour out, finally, free manifestation.

And then an invisible swarm of guests comes to me,

Old acquaintances, fruits of my dreams.

And the thoughts in my head are worried in courage,

And light rhymes run towards them,

And fingers ask for a pen, pen for paper.

A minute - and the verses will flow freely.

A.S. Pushkin. "Autumn"


The forced stay in Boldin was marked by an unprecedented creative upsurge.

He longs for family happiness, simple human joys, personal independence and at the same time languishes with gloomy forebodings.



Petersburg (1831 - 1833)

IN simple corner mine, in the midst of slow labors, One picture I wanted to be forever a spectator, One: so that on me from the canvas, as from the clouds, Pure and our divine savior - … … …

My wishes have been fulfilled. Creator

He sent you down to me, you, my Madonna,

The purest beauty, the purest example.

"Madonna", 1830


Last years life (1834 - 1837)

I hear the buzz of slander all around me:

Decisions of stupidity crafty,

And a whisper of envy, and light fuss

The injection is cheerful and bloody.



I erected a monument to myself not made by hands

The folk trail will not grow to it,

He ascended higher as the head of the rebellious

Pillar of Alexandria.

No, all of me will not die - the soul is in the cherished lyre

My ashes will survive and decay will run away -

And I will be glorious as long as in the sublunar world

At least one piit will live.

The rumor about me will spread throughout the great Rus',

And every language that is in it will call me,

And the proud grandson of the Slavs, and the Finn, and now wild

Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.

And for a long time I will be kind to the people,

That I aroused good feelings with lyre,

That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom

And he called for mercy on the fallen.

By the command of God, O muse, be obedient,

Not afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown,

Praise and slander were accepted indifferently,

And don't argue with the fool.

  • : Write an essay “My Pushkin” Or maybe someone has their own topic, also, of course, about Pushkin. But it is so interesting that “fingers ask for a pen, a pen for paper, a minute - and (if not poetry, then lines of a prose work) “flow freely”. Why not poetry?