It has long been no secret that there was no “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, and no Tatars and Mongols conquered Rus'. But who falsified history and why? What was hidden behind the Tatar-Mongol yoke? Bloody Christianization of Rus'...

Exists a large number of facts that not only clearly refute the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also indicate that history was distorted deliberately, and that this was done for a very specific purpose... But who and why deliberately distorted history? Which real events did they want to hide and why?

If we analyze historical facts, it becomes obvious that " Tatar-Mongol yoke"was invented in order to hide the consequences of "baptism" Kievan Rus. After all, this religion was imposed in a far from peaceful way... In the process of “baptism”, most of the population of the Kyiv principality was destroyed! It definitely becomes clear that those forces that were behind the imposition of this religion subsequently fabricated history, juggling historical facts to suit themselves and their goals...

These facts are known to historians and are not secret, they are publicly available, and anyone can easily find them on the Internet. Lowering scientific research and the justifications, which have already been described quite widely, let us summarize the main facts that refute the big lie about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.”

French engraving by Pierre Duflos (1742-1816)

1. Genghis Khan

Previously, in Rus', 2 people were responsible for governing the state: the Prince and the Khan. The prince was responsible for governing the state in Peaceful time. The khan or “war prince” took the reins of control during war; in peacetime, the responsibility for forming a horde (army) and maintaining it in combat readiness rested on his shoulders.

Genghis Khan is not a name, but a title of a “military prince”, who, in modern world, close to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Army. And there were several people who bore such a title. The most outstanding of them was Timur, it is he who is usually discussed when they talk about Genghis Khan.

In surviving historical documents, this man is described as a tall warrior with blue eyes, very white skin, powerful reddish hair and a thick beard. Which clearly does not correspond to the signs of a representative of the Mongoloid race, but completely fits the description of Slavic appearance (L.N. Gumilyov - “ Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe.").

In modern “Mongolia” there is not a single folk epic that would say that this country once in ancient times conquered almost all of Eurasia, just as there is nothing about the great conqueror Genghis Khan... (N.V. Levashov “Visible and invisible genocide").

Reconstruction of the throne of Genghis Khan with the ancestral tamga with a swastika

2. Mongolia

The state of Mongolia appeared only in the 1930s, when the Bolsheviks came to the nomads living in the Gobi Desert and told them that they were the descendants of the great Mongols, and their “compatriot” had created Great Empire, which they were very surprised and happy about. The word "Mughal" is of Greek origin and means "Great". The Greeks called our ancestors the Slavs with this word. It has nothing to do with the name of any people (N.V. Levashov “Visible and Invisible Genocide”).

3. Composition of the “Tatar-Mongol” army

70-80% of the army of the “Tatar-Mongols” were Russians, the remaining 20-30% were made up of other small peoples of Rus', in fact, the same as now. This fact is clearly confirmed by a fragment of the icon of Sergius of Radonezh “Battle of Kulikovo”. It clearly shows that the same warriors are fighting on both sides. And this battle is more like a civil war than a war with a foreign conqueror.

The museum description of the icon reads: “...In the 1680s. an allotment with a picturesque legend about the “Mamaev’s Massacre” was added. The left side of the composition depicts cities and villages that sent their soldiers to help Dmitry Donskoy - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Rostov, Novgorod, Ryazan, the village of Kurba near Yaroslavl and others. On the right is the Mamaia camp. In the center of the composition is the scene of the Battle of Kulikovo with the duel between Peresvet and Chelubey. On the lower field - a meeting of the victorious Russian troops, burial fallen heroes and the death of Mamai."

All these pictures, taken from both Russian and European sources, depict battles between Russians and Mongol-Tatars, but nowhere is it possible to determine who is Russian and who is Tatar. Moreover, in the latter case, both Russians and “Mongol-Tatars” are dressed in almost the same gilded armor and helmets, and fight under the same banners with the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands. Another thing is that “Spas” has two warring parties, most likely, was different.

4. What did the “Tatar-Mongols” look like?

Pay attention to the drawing of the tomb of Henry II the Pious, who was killed on the Legnica field.

The inscription is as follows: “The figure of a Tatar under the feet of Henry II, Duke of Silesia, Cracow and Poland, placed on the grave in Breslau of this prince, killed in the battle with the Tatars at Liegnitz on April 9, 1241.” As we see, this “Tatar” has a completely Russian appearance, clothes and weapons.

The next image shows “the Khan’s palace in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Khanbalyk” (it is believed that Khanbalyk is supposedly Beijing).

What is “Mongolian” and what is “Chinese” here? Once again, as in the case of the tomb of Henry II, before us are people of a clearly Slavic appearance. Russian caftans, Streltsy caps, the same thick beards, the same characteristic blades of sabers called “Yelman”. Roof on the left - almost exact copy roofs of old Russian towers...(A. Bushkov, “Russia that never existed”).


5. Genetic examination

According to the latest data obtained as a result genetic research, it turned out that Tatars and Russians have very close genetics. While the differences between the genetics of Russians and Tatars from the genetics of the Mongols are colossal: “The differences between the Russian gene pool (almost entirely European) and the Mongolian (almost entirely Central Asian) are really great - it’s like two different worlds…»

6. Documents during the period of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

During the period of existence of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, not a single document in the Tatar or Mongolian language has been preserved. But there are many documents from this time in Russian.


7. Lack of objective evidence confirming the hypothesis of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

On this moment there are no originals of any historical documents that would objectively prove that there was a Tatar-Mongol yoke. But there are many fakes designed to convince us of the existence of a fiction called the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.” Here is one of these fakes. This text is called “The Word about the Destruction of the Russian Land” and in each publication it is declared “an excerpt from a poetic work that has not reached us intact... Tatar-Mongol invasion»:

“Oh, bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are famous for many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, marvelous animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, monastery gardens, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and many nobles. You are filled with everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!..”

There is not even a hint of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” in this text. But this “ancient” document contains the following line: “You are filled with everything, Russian land, O Orthodox Christian faith!”

Before church reform Nikon, which was held in the mid-17th century, Christianity in Rus' was called “orthodox.” It began to be called Orthodox only after this reform... Therefore, this document could have been written no earlier than the mid-17th century and has nothing to do with the era of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”...

On all maps that were published before 1772 and were not subsequently corrected, you can see the following picture.

The western part of Rus' is called Muscovy, or Moscow Tartary... This small part of Rus' was ruled by the Romanov dynasty. Until the end of the 18th century, the Moscow Tsar was called the ruler of Moscow Tartaria or the Duke (Prince) of Moscow. The rest of Rus', which occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia in the east and south of Muscovy at that time, is called Tartaria or the Russian Empire (see map).

In the 1st edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771 the following is written about this part of Rus':

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartary. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, those living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China..."

Where did the name Tartaria come from?

Our ancestors knew the laws of nature and the real structure of the world, life, and man. But, as now, the level of development of each person was not the same in those days. People who went much further in their development than others, and who could control space and matter (control the weather, heal diseases, see the future, etc.) were called Magi. Those Magi who knew how to control space at the planetary level and above were called Gods.

That is, the meaning of the word God among our ancestors was completely different from what it is now. The gods were people who went much further in their development than the vast majority of people. For ordinary person their abilities seemed incredible, however, the gods were also people, and the capabilities of each god had their own limits.

Our ancestors had patrons - God Tarkh, he was also called Dazhdbog (the giving God) and his sister - Goddess Tara. These Gods helped people solve problems that our ancestors could not solve on their own. So, the gods Tarkh and Tara taught our ancestors how to build houses, cultivate the land, write and much more, which was necessary in order to survive after the disaster and eventually restore civilization.

Therefore, quite recently our ancestors told strangers “We are the children of Tarkh and Tara...”. They said this because in their development, they really were children in relation to Tarkh and Tara, who had significantly advanced in development. And residents of other countries called our ancestors “Tarkhtars”, and later, due to the difficulty of pronunciation, “Tartars”. This is where the name of the country came from - Tartary...

Baptism of Rus'

What does the baptism of Rus' have to do with it? - some may ask. As it turned out, it had a lot to do with it. After all, baptism did not take place in a peaceful way... Before baptism, people in Rus' were educated, almost everyone knew how to read, write, and count (see the article “Russian culture is older than European”).

Let's remember from school curriculum in history, at least, the same “Birch bark letters” - letters that peasants wrote to each other on birch bark from one village to another.

Our ancestors had a Vedic worldview, as described above, it was not a religion. Since the essence of any religion comes down to the blind acceptance of any dogmas and rules, without a deep understanding of why it is necessary to do it this way and not otherwise. The Vedic worldview gave people precisely the understanding real laws nature, understanding how the world works, what is good and what is bad.

People saw what happened after the “baptism” in neighboring countries, when, under the influence of religion, a successful, highly developed country with an educated population, in a matter of years plunged into ignorance and chaos, where only representatives of the aristocracy could read and write, and not all of them...

Everyone understood perfectly well what the “Greek Religion” carried, into which Prince Vladimir the Bloody and those who stood behind him were going to baptize Kievan Rus. Therefore, none of the residents of the then Principality of Kyiv (a province that broke away from Great Tartary) accepted this religion. But Vladimir had great forces behind him, and they were not going to retreat.

In the process of “baptism” over 12 years of forced Christianization, almost everything was destroyed, with rare exceptions. adult population Kievan Rus. Because such a “teaching” could be imposed only on unreasonable children who, due to their youth, could not yet understand that such a religion turned them into slaves in both the physical and spiritual sense of the word. Everyone who refused to accept the new “faith” was killed. This is confirmed by the facts that have reached us. If before the “baptism” there were 300 cities and 12 million inhabitants on the territory of Kievan Rus, then after the “baptism” only 30 cities and 3 million people remained! 270 cities were destroyed! 9 million people were killed! (Diy Vladimir, “Orthodox Rus' before the adoption of Christianity and after”).

But despite the fact that almost the entire adult population of Kievan Rus was destroyed by the “holy” baptists, the Vedic tradition did not disappear. On the lands of Kievan Rus, the so-called dual faith was established. Most of the population formally recognized the imposed religion of the slaves, and they themselves continued to live according to the Vedic tradition, although without flaunting it. And this phenomenon was observed not only among the masses, but also among part of the ruling elite. And this state of affairs continued until the reform of Patriarch Nikon, who figured out how to deceive everyone.

But the Vedic Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartaria) could not calmly look at the machinations of its enemies, who destroyed three quarters of the population of the Principality of Kyiv. Only its response could not be instantaneous, due to the fact that the army of Great Tartaria was busy with conflicts on its Far Eastern borders. But these retaliatory actions of the Vedic empire were carried out and entered into modern history in a distorted form, under the name of the Mongol-Tatar invasion of the hordes of Batu Khan on Kievan Rus.

Only by the summer of 1223 did the troops of the Vedic Empire appear on the Kalka River. And the united army of the Polovtsians and Russian princes was completely defeated. This is what they taught us in history lessons, and no one could really explain why the Russian princes fought the “enemies” so sluggishly, and many of them even went over to the side of the “Mongols”?

The reason for such absurdity was that the Russian princes, who accepted an alien religion, knew perfectly well who came and why...

So, there was no Mongol-Tatar invasion and yoke, but there was a return of the rebellious provinces under the wing of the metropolis, the restoration of the integrity of the state. Khan Batu had the task of returning the Western European province-states under the wing of the Vedic empire and stopping the invasion of Christians into Rus'. But the strong resistance of some princes, who felt the taste of the still limited, but very large power of the principalities of Kievan Rus, and new unrest on the Far Eastern border did not allow these plans to be brought to completion (N.V. Levashov “Russia in Crooked Mirrors”, Volume 2.).


conclusions

In fact, after baptism in the Principality of Kiev, only children and a very small part of the adult population remained alive, which accepted the Greek religion - 3 million people out of a population of 12 million before baptism. The principality was completely devastated, most of the cities, towns and villages were plundered and burned. But the authors of the version about the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” paint exactly the same picture for us, the only difference is that these same cruel actions were allegedly carried out there by “Tatar-Mongols”!

As always, the winner writes history. And it becomes obvious that in order to hide all the cruelty with which the Principality of Kiev was baptized, and in order to suppress all possible questions, the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” was subsequently invented. The children were raised in the traditions of the Greek religion (the cult of Dionysius, and later Christianity) and history was rewritten, where all the cruelty was blamed on the “wild nomads”...

In the section: News from Korenovsk

July 28, 2015 marks the 1000th anniversary of the memory of Grand Duke Vladimir the Red Sun. On this day in Korenovsk they held holiday events on this occasion. Read on for more details...

Nikolai Troitsky, political commentator for RIA Novosti.

Was there Alexander Nevsky?

The discussion participants from Ukraine set the tone. Historian and writer Vladimir Belinsky said: “Back in the Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia it was recorded that the entire territory of the Golden Horde was divided into uluses between Batu's brothers. It included the Rostov-Suzdal, Ryazan, and Kyiv lands. They were first conquered, and then simply became part of the Batu state with its capital in Sarai. This is not a yoke, since there cannot be a yoke of a sovereign over his subjects.”

Then the Ukrainian historian put forward another interesting thesis: “There were no Rurikovichs and Slavic princes like Alexander Nevsky or Dmitry Donskoy. Tatar governors sat everywhere, and they ruled the territories of the former Slavic principalities.”
An expert at the Gardarika strategic consulting corporation, political scientist Konstantin Matvienko, did not entirely agree with this. He believes that Alexander Nevsky still existed, but “he fought with the Swedes on the side of the Golden Horde. The prince could not leave enemies behind.”

Matvienko continued his thought: “Already in 1261, the appointment of Bishop Mitrofan of Sarai took place. The Russian Orthodox Church was fully integrated into the statehood of the Golden Horde. This doesn’t look like an occupation at all.” “And such a people as the Mongol-Tatars or Tatar-Mongols have never existed,” added Matvienko. “This fictitious term was invented in the Russian Empire in the 18th century,” Belinsky agreed with his colleague.

It all started in Kyiv

Then experts from Tatarstan entered the conversation. Senior researcher at the National Center for Archaeological Research at the Institute of History named after Shigabutdin Mardzhani of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Candidate of Historical Sciences Iskander Izmailov somewhat adjusted the positions of his Ukrainian colleagues: “The yoke, of course, existed, but not in the form as it is presented in textbooks left over from the Soviet times."

“We owe the very term “yoke” to Ukrainian historiography, oddly enough,” Izmailov continued. - This is exactly how the Latin term jugum was translated in the Kiev synopsis, a kind of history textbook for parish schools of the 17th century, which was first used by the Polish historian Jan Dlugosz in relation to the system of rule of the Horde khans over Russia. With him light hand the events of 1480 - standing on the Ugra River - were talked about as “liberation” from the rule of the Horde. Among other things, in this way they tried to indirectly justify the conquest of the Kazan Khanate by Ivan the Terrible. And the great historian Nikolai Karamzin took this word from the Synopsis.”

Heiress of Genghis Khan

The plenipotentiary representative of Tatarstan in Moscow (1999 - 2010), doctor political sciences Nazif Mirikhanov: “The term “yoke” appeared only in the 18th century,” he is sure. “Before that, the Slavs did not even suspect that they were living under oppression, under the yoke of certain conquerors.”

"In fact, Russian empire, and then Soviet Union, and now Russian Federation“These are the heirs of the Golden Horde, that is, the Turkic empire created by Genghis Khan, whom we need to rehabilitate, as they have already done in China,” Mirikhanov continued. And he concluded his reasoning with the following thesis: “The Tatars at one time frightened Europe so much that the rulers of Rus', who chose the European path of development, in every possible way dissociated themselves from their Horde predecessors. Today it is time to restore historical justice.”

The result was summed up by Izmailov: “The historical period, which is usually called the time of the Mongol- Tatar yoke, was not a period of terror, ruin and slavery. Yes, the Russian princes paid tribute to the rulers from Sarai and received labels for reign from them, but this is ordinary feudal rent. At the same time, the Church flourished in those centuries, and beautiful white stone churches were built everywhere. What was quite natural: scattered principalities could not afford such construction, but only a de facto confederation united under the rule of the Khan of the Golden Horde or Ulus Jochi, as it would be more correct to call our common state with the Tatars.”

While the foreign tradition of studying the history of the Golden Horde dates back to the middle of the 19th century. and grows in an ascending line over time, in Russian historiography the Golden Horde theme, if not forbidden, was clearly undesirable. This feature is explained by the fact that in the Russian historical science For a long time, the prevailing approach was that the Mongol and then the Horde campaigns were a purely destructive, destructive phenomenon that not only delayed universal historical progress, but also “overturned” the civilized world, turning the historical forward motion back.

Interactions of the Golden Horde with the Russian principalities

The beginning of the closest Horde-Russian relations in science is usually associated with the one mentioned in Laurentian Chronicle the arrival in 1243 of Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to the headquarters of Khan Batu, where he received the label to reign. Batu, thus, put himself in an equal position with the Mongol khans of Karakorum, although only almost a quarter of a century later under Khan Mengu-Timur it became independent. Following Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the Batu labels were received by princes Vladimir Konstantinovich, Boris Vasilyevich, Vasily Vsevolodovich and the Armenian prince Sumbat.

Before the construction of his own capital, Batu had his headquarters in the “Bulgarian lands, in the city of Bryagov” (Great Bulgar), as the “Kazan Chronicler” calls it. , including the Kyiv land. A year later, all Russian princes received khan's labels for reign. Thus began the process of consolidating Russian lands and overcoming feudal-territorial fragmentation. L.N. Gumilyov saw in these processes a continuation of the tradition of subordination of power among the Russian princes.

In the process of long-term interaction between the Golden Horde and the Russian principalities, a certain system of relations was established between them. Russian imperial church-noble historiography, which created the concept of the (“Tatar yoke”), unilaterally interpreted these relations exclusively from a negative point of view, assessing the Horde factor as the root cause of historical backwardness and all the problems of the subsequent development of Russia.

Soviet historiography (especially the Stalin period) not only did not revise the myth of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, but also aggravated its vices with class and political arguments. Only in recent decades has there been a change in approaches to assessing the place and role of the Golden Horde both in the global and national stories peoples

Yes, Horde-Russian (Turkic-Slavic) relations have never been unambiguous. Nowadays there is more and more reason to assert that they were built on the basis of a well-thought-out “center-provinces” scheme and responded to the imperatives of a specific historical time. Therefore, the Golden Horde entered world history as an example of a breakthrough in this direction of historical progress. The Golden Horde was never a colonialist, and “Rus' entered into its composition voluntarily by force, and was not conquered, as was trumpeted at all crossroads. This empire needed Rus' not as a colony, but as an allied power.”

So, the special nature of the Golden Horde’s relations with Rus' is undeniable. In many ways, they are characterized by the formal nature of vassalage, the establishment of a policy of religious tolerance and protection of the privileges of the Russian Church, the preservation of the army and the right to conduct foreign affairs by the Russian principalities, including the right to declare war and make peace. The allied nature of Horde-Russian relations was also dictated by considerations of a geopolitical nature. It is no coincidence that Batu’s army numbered almost 600,000 people, of whom 75% were Christians. It was precisely this kind of power that held back Western Europe from the desire to carry out a crusade against the Tatars and “Catholicize” Rus'.

An unbiased analysis of the relationship between the Horde and Rus' shows that the Golden Horde managed to create a system of governance in which the traditional power of Russian princes over their subjects even strengthened, relying on military power Horde "Khan-King". The “Horde factor” moderated the ambition of the appanage princes, who were pushing the Russian lands towards bloody and ruinous strife. At the same time, the tolerant nature of the Golden Horde made it possible to strengthen the influence of the church on the development of centripetal processes in Rus'.

The role of the Golden Horde in the transformation of the Russian church system

The Orthodox Church in the Middle Ages was one of the state-forming principles. Its capabilities increased as it received within the Golden Horde what it could not receive from its spiritual foremother - the Byzantine Church. We are talking about a shortage (lack) of living space, which delayed the process of transformation of the basis of Russian spiritual culture - the church and its transformation from a local-regional system of values ​​into a universalist one.

It is known that one of the factors in the death of Byzantium was the internal contradiction between the universalist intention of Christianity and the growing localism of a shrinking space, ultimately reduced to a singular point - Constantinople. "Itself geographical position Constantinople-Istanbul seems to have been specially designed to demonstrate Byzantine uniqueness - and therefore doom: Christian universalism, which does not have an adequate form for itself and therefore finds itself in a local shell, is essentially reduced to the localism of Asian civilizations.”

It’s paradoxical, note Yu. Pivovarov and A. Fursov, but it’s a fact: it was the Mongol-Horde who provided the Russian church with living space and created the conditions for its transformation. They were not just ordinary steppe conquerors, another release of “social radiation” from the nomadic zone. The gigantic scale and global scope of the Mongol-Horde conquests (the Mongol Empire and the Golden Horde were the first truly world empires that united the then Eurasian Universe) were also due to the fact that the conquests were based on all the main Asian settled societies, on their military, social and organizational and cultural achievements. In this sense, if the Great Mongol Empire, having become the Great Steppe summing up the results of the Asian civilized world of the Coastal Belt, which it had achieved by the 12th century, created the possibility of transforming the Russian church system, then the Golden Horde “did for Orthodox Church the work that the latter was not able to do on her own.” She broke “for her and for her the original factual localism, gave her a universalist intention.”

Horde-Russian relationships and mutual influences

When assessing the nature and consequences of Horde-Russian relations, it is important to emphasize that over the centuries of cohabitation and mutual assimilation, especially in the elite strata of society, there was an interpenetration of some very significant mental traits. Interesting are the thoughts of one of the pillars of the concept of Eurasianism, Prince N.S. Trubetskoy, who argued that the “huge Russian power” arose “largely thanks to the grafting of Turkic traits.” As a result of being under the rule of the Tatar khans, a “wrongly tailored” but “strongly sewn” was created. Yuri Pivovarov and Andrei Fursov are right when they claim that “Rus borrowed the technology of power, fiscal forms, and centralized structures from the Horde.” But the technology of power, the centralized government of the country, the tolerant nature of the Horde civilization also influenced the choice of direction for the development of Russian statehood, the Russian language, and the national mentality. “The Horde fracture of Russian history,” they wrote, “is one of the richest, if not the richest in terms of abundance of rocks.”

The nature of the Golden Horde favorably distinguished it from the colonialist policies of Rus''s Western European neighbors, from the aggressive German and Swedish feudal lords who sought crusade to the East - to the Orthodox Russian lands of Pskov, Novgorod and other adjacent Russian principalities. In the 13th century Rus' faced a choice: who to rely on in the struggle to preserve national identity - on Catholic Europe in the fight against the Golden Horde or on the Golden Horde in opposition to the crusade from Europe. Europe saw the conversion of Rus' to Catholicism or at least recognition of the supremacy of the Pope, that is, the union of Orthodoxy and Catholicism under its rule, as a condition for the union. The example of Western Russian lands showed that such a union could be followed by foreign feudal-religious interference in secular and spiritual life: land colonization, conversion of the population to Catholicism, construction of castles and churches, i.e. strengthening of European cultural and civilizational pressure. An alliance with the Horde seemed less of a danger to Russian princes and church hierarchs.

It is also important to note that the Horde-Russian model of interaction ensured not only intrastate autonomy and independence from outside world. The Golden Horde influence was broad and multifaceted. It “settled” in deep niches historical memory of the Russian people, preserved in their cultural traditions, folklore, and literature. It is also imprinted in modern Russian, where a fifth or sixth of its vocabulary is of Turkic origin.

The list of elements that make up the Horde heritage in quantities significant for the formation and development of Russian statehood, culture and civilization is wide and voluminous. It can hardly be limited to noble families of Tatar origin (500 such Russian surnames); coats of arms of the Russian Empire (where three crowns symbolize, and); linguistic and cultural borrowings; the experience of creating a complex centralized state in ethno-confessional, economic, cultural and civilizational terms and the formation of a new ethnic group.

Avoiding the temptation to enter into the discussion field of the problem of Horde-Russian mutual influence, we will try to formulate a generalized opinion. If the Russian factor contributed to the flourishing of the Golden Horde and the duration of its influence on the course of world development, then the Golden Horde, in turn, was a factor in the “gathering” of Russian lands and the creation of a centralized Russian state. At the same time, it should be noted that the path to the unification of Russian lands began with Moscow - the region where the closest fruitful bilateral (Horde-Russian) ties developed and where the course of history predetermined the minimum level of xenophobia among the Russian principalities - hostility to foreign things, including first of all to the Horde beginning. The cultural layer of Horde tolerance was most concentrated, settled and strengthened at the Moscow “point” of Russian civilizational growth.

Controversy continues over how the Mongols ruled Russia. Some believe that the Horde tortured the Russian land, destroying its population and depleting its resources. Others believe that the Mongols were not as tyrannical as they are described, but on the contrary, they very soon moved away and delegated all powers to the Russian princes. Our experts argued about who the Mongol-Tatars were, how they ruled Russia and influenced the formation of statehood in the country.

Questions:

Who were the Mongol-Tatars?

Konstantin Kuksin

Mongol-Tatars are a collective name for the nomads who came to Rus' in the 13th century. The few Mongols (800,000 people) were the dominant people in the horde, which included many other tribes. The Mongols called all Turkic-speaking tribes “Tatars,” since the Turkic languages ​​were similar to the language of the Tatars, longtime opponents and blood enemies of the Mongols, conquered by Genghis Khan. After the formation of the state in 1206, the Mongols began their campaigns of conquest. Almost all of these campaigns were either preventive strikes (China) or revenge for killed ambassadors (Khorezm, Rus'). The fact that a handful of Mongols managed to conquer a fifth of the planet’s inhabited landmass and hold these territories for many years speaks not only of the weakness of all the conquered countries, but also of the brilliant organizational abilities of the Mongols.

Alexander Golubev

The core of Genghis Khan's army was the Mongols. This is a collection of nomadic tribes, similar in language, culture, and way of life, who roamed the steppes north of China. Another thing is that while this army was moving across Southern Siberia, along the southern Russian steppes, along North Caucasus and so on, it absorbed, of course, local nomads. So a conglomerate had already reached Rus', in which the command staff and the most combat-ready units were then still Mongolian. Besides them there were Cumans, Bulgars, and many other nomadic tribes. As for the Tatars, there is a very, very interesting historical anecdote. Tatars were one of the Mongol tribes that lived on the very border with China. And since the Chinese mainly communicated with them, they called all the Mongols Tatars. When Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes, he physically destroyed the Tatar tribe. He cut it out because they once poisoned his father. But by such irony, the name of the destroyed tribe was assigned to all Mongols. Why did it take root in Rus'? Because it was associated with tartarus - with hell. That is, people from hell came.

Was there an occupation of Rus'?

Konstantin Kuksin

Occupation of Rus' (unlike China, Central Asia and other territories) were not. There was a raid by Batu Khan (Batu), after which the Russian principalities became part of the Great Mongol Ulus as vassals. Subsequently, even the Russian princes themselves were entrusted with collecting tribute; the Mongols practically did not appear in Rus'.

Alexander Golubev

There was no occupation in the modern sense. In fact, the Horde regime was changing. In the first years it was one thing, then he gradually became less and less rigid. At first, tax collectors - Baskaks, and tax farmers - Besermens - acted in Rus'. They were supported and protected small squads. But gradually it was possible to ensure that the collection of tribute - and this was almost the main form of dependence - passed into the hands of the Russian princes. In addition, the Tatars, as you know, issued labels for reigning, that is, each prince had to receive confirmation of his throne. At first, they paid the tax in blood - that is, just like from other territories, the Tatars demanded that the Russians participate in their further campaigns. But gradually the princes managed to buy their way out of it. Archaeologists have calculated that out of 75 Russian cities known at that time, the Tatars burned 45, and 25 of them were never restored. If this is not physical capture, then I don’t know what is. And there was one more nuance - you see, although the Tatars were not present on Russian territory, at the first opportunity they sent a punitive army. Let's say, over the last quarter of the 13th century there were 15 major punitive campaigns against North-Eastern Rus', which were accompanied by the burning of cities, and massacres, thefts into slavery, and so on. That is, Rus' was completely defenseless.

Was there oppression from the Horde?

Konstantin Kuksin

Of course. The first years after Batu's raid: Baskaks (tax collectors), conscription(for the Horde), deprivation of the princes of real power (the label for reign was issued by the khan).

Alexander Golubev

The word oppression is not a scientific term, but an emotional one. What do you mean by this? Firstly, the Horde output, that is, tribute, that is, they pumped out quite a large part of the surplus product that was produced in Rus'. Blood tax - but it was for several decades, then it stopped. They constantly interfered in princely strife. It’s one thing when two princes fight with each other - this, of course, is not good, but this is on a small scale. And when each of these princes or one of them leads the Tatar army behind him, then this petty princely strife turns into a disaster.

How did the population of Rus' relate to the Horde?

Konstantin Kuksin

Twofold. On the one hand, the Horde saw the Tsar in the Khan, as before in the Byzantine Emperor. The Khan was the last, highest authority where one could complain even about one’s own prince. On the other hand, the Horde was perceived as an additional burden, since the burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of ordinary people.

Alexander Golubev

If you read the chronicles specifically from the time of the Horde, it is striking that it was perceived as something incredible. Something monstrous. Raids by nomads were commonplace, but Rus' had never experienced such a defeat. And there was no explanation for this, other than that it was God’s punishment. Of course, over several centuries people somehow gradually got used to it. It was an established order in which some died, others were born and lived their lives. It was something familiar, despite all the disadvantages and suffering.

How did the Horde influence the development of Rus', did it leave any imprint?

Konstantin Kuksin

The entry of Russian principalities into the most developed state of the 13th century certainly influenced the development of Russian statehood. After the collapse of the Horde, the Russian tsars became “gatherers of lands”, which had previously led to the Horde. Modern Russia- the heiress not of the fragmented Russian principalities, but of the Great Mongolian ulus. A clear vertical of power, a huge apparatus of officials, total control over the population - this is the legacy of the Horde. When the Mongolian system of government was superimposed on Orthodox culture, where the ruler is deified as “God’s anointed,” the largest state on the planet emerged. "The sixth part of the Earth with the name Brief Rus'»

Alexander Golubev

It is known that the Horde were the first to use the population census. The Yamskaya service is considered the legacy of the Horde. Perhaps that's all. But they greatly influenced the development of Rus'. Firstly, in my opinion, this is the only explanation for the lag of Rus' from Europe, which became apparent already by the 15th century. Before the Horde yoke there was no such gap. And secondly, the need to somehow protect itself from the Horde and from other neighbors who took advantage of the opportunity led to the state turning into a huge military machine that begins to live according to the laws of war. This is the specificity of the Russian state, it was preserved in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Russian Empire was also primarily a military state. This tradition was consolidated precisely as a result of the Horde invasion.

“Europe has always been as ungrateful to the Russian people as it was ignorant” - A.S. Pushkin.

Based on the objectives of my work, I will not raise detailed historical descriptions and prerequisites that caused Rus' to fall under the Yoke.

From an official point of view, Russia’s main merit of this period lies precisely in the fact that it took the brunt of the blow. It blocked Europe, which undoubtedly would not have been able to withstand the threat. In return, we, or rather the princes, together with the clergy who divided the lands, lost, according to historians’ estimates, about 300 years of normal development, leaving them to Europe.

Here's another point of view. At the next historical forum, many members of the editorial board are personally acquainted with the inhabitants of Mongolia, who were surprised to learn about their supposed 300-year rule over Russia. Of course, this news filled the Mongols with a sense of national pride, but at the same time they asked: “Who is Genghis Khan?” from the magazine "Vedic Culture No. 2"

Let's turn to the Old Slovenian language. Having adapted runic images to modern perception, we get: thief - enemy, robber; mogul - powerful; yoke - order. It turns out that the “Tati of the Aryans” (from the point of view of the Christian flock), with the light hand of the chroniclers, were called “Tatars”1, (There is another meaning: “Tata” is the father. Tatar - Tata Aria, i.e. The powerful Fathers (Ancestors or older) of the Aryans - the Mongols, and the yoke - the 300-year-old order in the State, which stopped the bloody civil war that broke out on the basis of the forced baptism of Rus' - “martyrdom”. Horde is a derivative of the word Order, where “Or” is strength, and day is the daylight hours or simply “light.” Accordingly, the “Order” is the Power of Light, and the “Horde” is the Light Forces. So these Light Forces of the Slavs and Aryans, led by our Gods and Ancestors: Rod, Svarog, Sventovit, Perun, stopped the civil war in Russia on the basis of forced Christianization and maintained order in the State for 300 years. Were there dark-haired, stocky, dark-skinned, hook-nosed, narrow-eyed, bow-legged and very angry warriors in the Horde? Were. Detachments of mercenaries of different nationalities, who, as in any other army, were driven in the front ranks, preserving the main Slavic-Aryan Troops from losses on the front line.

Hard to believe? Take a look at the "Map of Russia 1594" in Gerhard Mercator's Atlas of the Country. All the countries of Scandinavia and Denmark were part of Russia, which extended only to the mountains, and the Principality of Muscovy is shown as an independent state not part of Rus'. In the east, beyond the Urals, the principalities of Obdora, Siberia, Yugoria, Grustina, Lukomorye, and Belovodye are depicted.

Published article from S.M.I. “There was no Tatar-Mongol invasion” is a striking example of the above. Commentary on it from a member of our editorial board, Gladilin E.A. will help you dot the i's.

The main source by which we can judge the history of Ancient Rus' is considered to be the Radzivilov manuscript: “The Tale of Bygone Years.” The story about the calling of the Varangians to rule in Rus' is taken from it. But can she be trusted? A copy of it was brought to early XVIII century by Peter 1 from Konigsberg, then its original ended up in Russia. It has now been proven that this manuscript is forged. Thus, it is not known for certain what happened in Rus' before the beginning of the 17th century, that is, before the accession to the throne of the Romanov dynasty. But why did the House of Romanovs need to rewrite our history? Is it not to prove to the Russians that they have been subordinate to the Horde for a long time and are not capable of independence, that their destiny is drunkenness and obedience? When studying the chronicles of the Horde times, scientists had many questions. Why did dozens of chronicles disappear without a trace during the reign of the Romanov dynasty? For example, “The Tale of the Destruction of the Russian Land,” according to historians, resembles a document from which everything that would indicate the yoke was carefully removed. They left only fragments telling about a certain “trouble” that befell Rus'. But there is not a word about the “invasion of the Mongols.” Another paradox: why suddenly the Russian princes in the Battle of Kalka surrender “on parole” to a representative of foreigners named Ploskinia, and he... kisses the pectoral cross?! This means that Ploskinya was one of his own, Orthodox and Russian, and, moreover, of a noble family!

Not to mention the fact that the number of “war horses”, and therefore the warriors of the Horde army, was initially, with the light hand of historians of the House of Romanov, estimated at three hundred to four hundred thousand. Such a number of horses could neither hide in the copses nor feed themselves in the conditions of a long winter! Over the last century, historians have continually reduced the number of the Mongol army and reached thirty thousand. But such an army could not keep all the peoples from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean! But it could easily perform the functions of collecting taxes and establishing order, that is, serving as something like a police force.

A number of scientists, including academician Anatoly Fomenko, made a sensational conclusion based on a mathematical analysis of the manuscripts: there was no invasion from the territory of modern Mongolia! A there was a civil war in Rus', the princes fought with each other. There were no traces of any representatives of the Mongoloid race who came to Rus'. Yes, there were individual Tatars in the army, but not aliens, but residents of the Volga region, who lived in the neighborhood of the Russians long before the notorious “invasion.”

What is commonly called the “Tatar-Mongol invasion” was in fact a struggle between the descendants of Prince Vsevolod the “Big Nest” and their rivals for sole power over Russia. The fact of war between princes is generally recognized; unfortunately, Rus' did not unite immediately, and quite strong rulers fought among themselves.

But who did Dmitry Donskoy fight with? In other words, who is Mamai?

Which Rus' did the Horde go to?

The records do say; "The Horde went to Rus'." But in the 12th-13th centuries, Russia was the name given to a relatively small territory around Kyiv, Chernigov, Kursk, the area near the Ros River, and Seversk land. But Muscovites or, say, Novgorodians were already northern inhabitants who, according to the same ancient chronicles, often “traveled to Rus'” from Novgorod or Vladimir! That is, for example, to Kyiv.

Therefore, when the Moscow prince was about to go on a campaign against his southern neighbor, this could be called an “invasion of Rus'” by his “horde” (troops). It is not for nothing that on Western European maps for a very long time Russian lands were divided into “Muscovy” (north) and “Russia” (south).

Grand falsification 7 .

At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter 1 founded the Russian Academy of Sciences. Over the 120 years of its existence, there have been 33 academic historians in the historical department of the Academy of Sciences. Of these, only three are Russians, including M.V. Lomonosov, the rest are Germans. The history of Ancient Rus' until the beginning of the 17th century was written by the Germans, and some of them even didn't know Russian! This fact is well known to professional historians, but they are prevented from making any effort to carefully review what kind of history the Germans wrote.

It is known that M.V. Lomonosov wrote the history of Rus' and that he had constant disputes with German academics. After Lomonosov's death, his archives disappeared without a trace. However, his works on the history of Rus' were published, but under the editorship of Miller. Meanwhile, it was Miller who persecuted M.V. Lomonosov during his lifetime! The works of Lomonosov on the history of Rus' published by Miller are falsifications, this was shown by computer analysis. There is little left of Lomonosov in them.

As a result, we do not know our history. The Germans of the House of Romanov hammered into our heads that the Russian peasant was good for nothing. That “he doesn’t know how to work, that he is a drunkard and an eternal slave, for the sake of the Russian Orthodox Church that still exalts them. By the way, the term Orthodoxy began to be used with the “light” hand of Patriarch Nikon in 1653, before that there really was no Orthodox There was no Christianity, but there was a European orthodox and orthodox religious and political structure. This step of substituting concepts was made once again to falsify the cultural truth of Rus'.

In July-August 1240, the Pskov and Novgorod lands were attacked by the crusaders. The “Mongol-Tatars” of Russian “historians” (supposedly the nominal owners of the Russian land) are silent. On September 5, the siege began, and on December 6, Batu’s troops captured Kyiv. Alexander Yaroslavich successfully repels the attacks of the crusaders. Batu advances into Catholic Hungary and Poland. It looks like there's a lot of action going on. allied forces different fronts.