What is the best camera? Amateur entry-level cameras. Camera characteristics that can be ignored
DIGITAL CAMERAS
Explanatory note
Content1 Introduction ......................................................................... ... ..3
2 Analysis and market prospects ....................................................4
2.1 General characteristics of the photo equipment. .............................. ... 4
2.2 Description of popular models ....................................... ... 7
3 Features of a specific model ...............................................13
3.1 Description of the model ......................................................... .. ... 13
3.1.1 Appointment ............................................................... 13
3.1.2 Creating an image ................................................ 13
3.1.3 Image processing ...............................................13
3.1.4 Excellent results in all conditions ........................ ..14
3.1.5 Compactness ......................................................... ... 14
3.1.6 Videomot ............................................................................. 14
3.1.7 Photo printing ............................................................ ... 15
3.1.8 Simplicity of viewing .................................................... 15
3.1.9 Software ...........................................15
3.2 Specifications…………………………………….…..16
4 Features of operation ................................................. ... ..21
4.1 Shot of a digital camera ........................................... ...... ..21
4.1.1 Light .......................................................... ..21
4.1.2 Balance white color……………………………………….……22
4.1.3 Manual adjustment of the diaphragm and excerpt .................. ... ... 22
4.2 Printout of digital pictures ....................................... ... ... 23
4.2.1 Difference of digital photographs ..................................23
4.2.2 Characteristics of printing systems ......................... ... .... 23
5 Conclusion ................................................................... ...... .25
References ........................................................................... ... .26
1. Introduction The operation of the digital and film chambers is built on different principles. The main parts of the film cameras are lens, aperture and shutter. The lens is designed to focus the image, the diaphragm adjusts the amount of light passing through the lens, and determines the depth of field, and the shutter provides necessary time Exposure. When the shutter is designed, light through the lens and the diaphragm falls on the photosensitive layer of the film, and as a result, an image is transferred to it.
Like a film camera, the digital camera has a lens and aperture, but the image recording in it happens otherwise. At the place of the film in the digital chamber there is a charging device - a CCD matrix (SSD, CHARGE Coupled Device) is a semiconductor device consisting of a plurality of miniature photo sensors. The light, falling on these sensors, charges them, and the charge value depends on the brightness of the light. The electrical charges are then converted into digital values \u200b\u200busing an analog-to-digital converter.
Since permission and other capabilities of the CCD are limited, special software reconstructs information about the image, calculating the missing data. Then the image is sent to the storage device and is stored in it. The CCD combination, software and memory replaces the film in the digital chamber.
2 Market Analysis and Prospects
2.1 General characteristics of camera
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Digital cameras today produce many companies specializing in the production of photographic and consumer electronics. On the market, this and case appear new brands and models, a variety of design and specifications. Cameras with digital image recording are very quickly improved and progressed, becoming increasingly compact, economical and affordable. You can be sure that in the near future for many families, the digital camera will become the necessary household subject, naturally complementing the home computer.
A wide range of digital cameras allows consumers to purchase goods to taste and material position. However, each model of the digital camera has its own individual features and characteristics, which makes it difficult to make the right choice. Now there are a lot of different literature and promotional products that advises to acquire one or another brand, but the competent person in this area will choose a camera, focusing on certain characteristics that must be mandatory for a good camera, namely:
1 The permission of the CCD matrix is \u200b\u200bdetermined by multiplying the number of photosensitive sensors located on its vertical and horizontal axes. For example, if it is known that the camera provides a resolution of 1600x1200 pixels, this means that the CCD matrix is \u200b\u200bequipped with 1.92 million photosensitive sensors. Each sensor can digit one of the three main colors. That is, in order to collect all the color information for one pixel, data from three sensors are needed. In order for the picture not 640 thousand pixels (1.92 / 3), and all 1.92 million, the built-in software calculates the missing color data.
Despite the fact that the approach "more pixels \u003d above resolution \u003d better picture"In general, several more factors are significantly affected by the image quality. One of them is the quality of the CCD. If we consider that millions of sensitive diodes are collected on a small area of \u200b\u200bthe matrix, then there is a possibility that some of them are defective. Unfortunately, determine It is immediately impossible, so the only way to choose a quality product is a comparison
snapshots made by various cameras. Special attention Here you need to turn to the clarity of the image contours. You should also check the camera operation in various illumination conditions and, if possible, print pictures. Along with the resolution and quality of the CCD matrix, the optical system of the camera has a huge effect on the quality of the pictures. The digital chamber is often described as a digital device with optical components, while in fact it is an optical device with digital components. It follows from this that a good lens, an efficient flash system and manual setting options play important role When choosing a camera.
It should also take into account the features of the digital camera storage. Because this requires a sufficiently large amount of memory (despite the image compression system), you should make sure that the camera kit includes interchangeable flash memory cards. Preferences need to be given to products that use small, lightweight in circulation, affordable and sufficiently capacious flash cards;
2 Photo sensors of the CCD matrix are photosensitive diode sensors located in the same way as pixels are located on the computer monitor screen. The 2.5 megapixel matrix, for example, contains 1700x1300 sensors. If all the sensors responded to the world equally, the digital camera could only fix black and white images. In order for the snapshot to be colored, each sensor is supplied with color filters. They can be red, green and blue (RGB - Red, Greed, Blue) or Blue, Purple and Yellow (CMY - Cyan, Magenta and Yellow) with an additional green filter for making a naturalness. Each sensor data allows you to select one of 256 charge levels, so each color has 256 intensity levels (brightness), which allows to reproduce 16.7 million shades (256x256x256). The data on brightness recorded by each of the sensors digitized and stored in the camera's memory.
In digital cameras, two types can be used - interlaced matrices and sequential-line scanning matrices. The first were designed for television and video equipment, and then optimized for digital cameras. The reading of the brightness data in them occurs in two stages: the data are first scanned by the sensors of even rows, and then are odd. In order for the reading process to be not interrupted, the light into the chamber after the picture is not served, which is achieved through the use of the mechanical shutter. The sensors of interlaced matrices have increased light sensitivity and can have both RGB and CMY filters.
The CCD matrix of sequential-line scanning was designed specifically for digital cameras. They allow you to record multiple images for a second, and since fixing and reading data occur almost simultaneously, the need for a mechanical gate disappears, and this allows you to set very short excerpts. The sensor matrices of sequential-line scanning are equipped with RGB filters. The color of each pixel of the CCD matrix is \u200b\u200bdetermined by one of three colors. The levels of brightness of other colors are calculated by special software. Since the green part of the spectrum is significantly more affected by the brightness perception, then to improve the quality of the image in the CCD matrix, the number of sensors with a green filter is twice as large than with red and blue;
3 camera lens. Often, when choosing a camera, buyers do not attach special importance to lenses, which is big mistake. The lens depends on how clear the image focuses on the CCD matrix. It should be noted that its area is substantially less than the frame of the film frame (1/3-inch CCD matrix, for example, has a diagonal size of only 0.55 cm, while for one frame 35-millimeter film it is 4 , 3 cm). Therefore, the digital camera lens should provide a much higher resolution than the lens of a conventional camera. If the linear resolution in the latter is an average of 30-60 lines per millimeter, then the optical system of a digital camera should be at the level of 150 lines per millimeter. In addition, the lens has a significant impact on the color reproduction and the ability of the chamber to perform high-quality images under low light conditions.
What to buy a camera? What to choose a camera? Professional or amateur?
The difference as pictures of the professional cameras and amateur is huge.
To understand this phenomenon, you need to deal with terms. So: professional camera This is any camera that holds a professional in his hands, amateur camera This is any camera that holds an amateur in his hands.
Basic rules to help choose a camera
Parameters for which you can choose the camera include specific (1) features of the technical specifications of the device, (2) the main appointment of the camera (which, where when and where will be removed), (3) the degree of knowledge of photography techniques, (4) the number of money available (price of carcass and park leist), (5) the presence of previously purchased lenses and accessories of photographic equipment , (6) Personal aesthetic preferences.
The main technical characteristics of the camera taken into account when purchasing it
Bayonet.
The type of fastening of a replaceable lens that can be used with this model of the camera.
On the camera with a replaceable lens, you can install only those lenses that are specifically designed for this model. This is due to different types of bayonet, as well as with different electronic "stuffing" of lenses. As a rule, each major camera manufacturer develops its standard for replaceable lenses, which is not compatible with the standards of other manufacturers.
If you already have a set of lenses for the camera, then when you select a new model, you can find exactly the one that will be compatible with them.
Type of matrix
The type of photosensitive matrix installed in the digital chamber.
The camera matrix is \u200b\u200ban array of photosensitive elements (pixels). Using a lens on the matrix, an image of a removable object is created. During the exposure (photographing), each pixel accumulates an electric charge proportional to the number of light on it. After shooting from each photocell, the signal is read, translated into the digit and processed by the processor.
In the following types of matrix, CCD, CMOS, X-TRANS CMOS, BSI CMOS, EXR CMOS and Live MOS are commonly used in cameras. In CCD (CHARGE-COUPED DEVICE, or CCD - a charging device) when reading the signal, the accumulated charge shifts from one matrix element to another, forming a finished string of an image or a whole frame at the output.
CMOS (Compledenary-Symmetry / Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), or a CMOS matrix (CMOS - complementary metal oxide semiconductor) consists of separate photocells and control transistors manufactured by CMOS technology. Transistors control the work of the photo sensor and provide the signal reading.
X-TRANS CMOS - Development of Fujifilm in conjunction with Adobe Systems Incorporated. Processing photos in RAW format from cameras equipped with a matrix of this type, according to Adobe, it allows you to more effectively deal with Molar and adjust colors in the photos.
X-TRANS CMOS II - a new version of the matrix from Fujifilm. Thanks to the technologies used in creating this type of matrices, the rate of phase focus is increased, and the Moir effect is also reduced.
BSI CMOS matrices (back side illuminated CMOS - backlight sensor) differ from conventional CMOS increased light sensitivity, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of visual noise when shooting in poor lighting conditions. This is achieved due to the fact that the reverse side of the matrix passes more light, so the sensor is set up upwards.
ExR CMOS - Development of Fujifilm. In matrices of this type of pixels are located in different types of sequence matrices. Due to this, the EXR CMOS matrix can switch the modes of operation depending on the conditions and requirements of the shooting. There are three main modes. HD (High Resolution) - All matrix pixels are used, maximum resolution and clarity is achieved. DR (wide dynamic range) - part of the pixels takes a snapshot with one exposure, part - on the other, thanks to which the effect of HDR is achieved with only one image (usually two-three) is required, but the resolution is reduced. SN (High Sensitivity) - Pixels are combined into pairs, thanks to which the work of the matrix is \u200b\u200bimproved with insufficient lighting, but permission is also reduced.
Live Mos Matrix - a photosensitive matrix, made on the basis of MOS technology. Live MOS contains a smaller number of connections for each element and feeds on less voltage. Due to this and simplified transmission of control signals, it is possible to obtain a "live" image in the absence of a traditional operation of overheating and increasing the level of noise.
LBCAST (Lateral Buried Charge Accumulator and Sensing Transistor Array) also uses photosensitive semiconductor elements, like the CMOS matrix, but since the structure of the LBCAST scheme is more simple, you can achieve miniaturization of the matrix and improve the quality of its operation. Due to this, it is possible to increase the speed of shooting. In addition, an enlarged surface area of \u200b\u200bphotosensitive elements allows you to improve the color depth and contrast of the image.
However, despite all the advantages, the distribution of the LBCast matrix did not receive.
Format of the matrix
The physical size of the matrix has a direct connection with the format. Most of the medium price categories and above have a matrix of a specific format: 1, 4/3 (Four Thirds), APS-C, APS-H, Foveon, Full Frame (35mm) or medium format. If the matrix's thomat is not specified, then, as a rule, we are talking On the budget camera with a non-standard matrix size. Please note that the dimensions of one sensor format can change slightly from the manufacturer to the manufacturer.
1 "(Nikon CX) is relatively small according to the physical dimensions of the matrix (13.2 × 8.8 mm). Installed in Nikon, Sony and Samsung compact cameras. Crop-factor - 2.72.
APS-C is a very popular format of the matrix. Sensions of the sensor for all manufacturers (except Canon) - 23.6 × 15.6 mm. Canon uses smaller matrices - 22.3 × 14.9 mm.
APS-H - Format is used by Canon in some top mirror chambers and has dimensions of 27.9 × 18.6 mm.
4/3 (Four Thirds) - Popular Matrix Format for without mirror photographs Type Four Thirds and Micro Four Thirds (4/3, M4 / 3). Sensor dimensions - 17.3 × 13 mm, Crop Factor - 2.0.
FOVEON - Format is used only in SIGMA cameras. Sensor dimensions - 20.7 × 13.8 mm.
Full Frame (35mm) - full-frame sensor. It is often found in top mirror chambers, the sensor dimensions are approximately equal to 36 × 24mm.
Medium-standard - used in professional studio photographic.
Number of megapixels matrix
The resolution of the matrix performing the role of a photo film in digital chambers, i.e. The number of photosensitive elements located on it (pixels, pixels).
The greater the number of matrix pixels, the higher the quality of the obtained images.
The maximum size of the matrix depends on the maximum size with which the image without visible quality deterioration can be reproduced. For example, for outputting a 5 × 15 cm imprint to the printer, a 2x-3x megapixel matrix (2-3 million elements) is sufficient, a 3x-4x-megapixel matrix is \u200b\u200bneeded for the A4 format.
The resolution of modern chambers is significantly superior to the required minimum, and the number of megapixels of the photomatrix increases every year and reaches 15-20 today, and more. An increase in the resolution with a constant size of the matrix leads to a decrease in pixel size. This in turn increases the level of noise in the photo. So the race for megapixels does not always benefit quality.
Crop-factor
The value of the Crop Factor of the Digital Camera.
Crop Factor (Crop Factor) is defined as the ratio of diagonals of a 35mm film (24 × 36 mm) and a digital camera matrix.
If you compare two cameras - one with a full-frame sensor of 24 × 36 mm and the second - with a smaller sensor and a crop-factor, a large unit, then when using the same lenses in the second apparatus, the field of view will be less than that of the first. This is explained by a simple geometry. Since the angle of view is usually estimated by the focal length of the lens 35 mm of the camera, the concept of an "equivalent focal length" was introduced for digital chambers. It is equal to the product of the focal length of the lens on the crop factor. Equivalent focal length essentially determines the angle of view of the camera.
Knowing the value of the crop factor for digital cameras with a replaceable lens, you can easily determine which equivalent focal length (view angle) you will receive when installing a lens.
When choosing lenses, it is also worth paying attention to the Crop Factor. You can find special lenses for working with digital cameras that have a crop-factor more units. Such lenses are undesirable to use with 35 mm cameras.
For most digital mirror chambers, the crop factor lies within 1.3-2.0. Than less value The crop factor, the greater the size of the photomatrix (see "The physical size of the matrix") and the larger the area of \u200b\u200bone pixel (for a given resolution of the matrix), less noise levels.
Physical size matrix
The size of the photo sensitive matrix of the camera determines the size and area of \u200b\u200bthe smallest photosensitive element - pixel. The larger the area of \u200b\u200bthe matrix, the greater the pixel area (with the same resolution of the matrix, of course). With an increase in the pixel area, light sensitivity increases, and the dynamic range of the matrix, noise decreases. An increase in the size of the matrix, as a rule, leads to an increase in its value, so large matrices with a large diagonal are used only in professional techniques. The size of the matrices for inexpensive small chambers is usually indicated as the conditional diameter of the transmission tube, into which the matrix could fit and measured in inches. For large matrices, the size of two axes in millimeters is indicated.
ISO sensitivity, min
The minimum photosensitivity of the elements of the digital camera matrix is \u200b\u200bindicated in the Units of the ISO system.
Each photosensitive matrix has certain physical characteristics that determine its working range of sensitivity. In this range, the matrix transmits a picture with minimal distortion and a permissible level of noise. The wider this range (more maximum and less minimal sensitivity value), the greater the features for the plot shooting at the digital camera.
ISO sensitivity, max
The maximum photosensitivity of the elements of the digital camera matrix.
Light sensitivity is the magnitude of the light energy required to obtain an image. It is indicated in units of the ISO system and can take values \u200b\u200b100, 200, 400, 800, etc., by analogy with a film, at a certain interval. The higher the number of ISO, the higher the sensitivity. The photographer, depending on the shooting conditions, can set this or that value of sensitivity. The wider the sensitivity range of the photomathica, the more opportunities for shooting the camera.
Shooting in low light conditions, filming fast-lived objects (SPORT) require higher photosensitivity than the shooting of fixed objects during sunny weather. However, with an increase in the sensitivity of the matrix at the same time increases the noise of the image (i.e. appears a large number of Points in the image, the brightness or color of which differ significantly from the averaged color of the object).
Maximum light sensitivity shows how sensitive photomatrix can be.
Color depth
The number of bits used to represent the color of each pixel image.
The color of each pixel is encoded by a certain number of bits (bit), that is, elementary information units. Depending on how much bits are allocated for the color of each pixel, it is possible to encode various numbers of colors. Thus, the depth of color allows you to determine which maximum amount Colors can be implemented in the image. For example, if the color depth is 24 bits / pixels, the potential image may contain up to 16.8 million different colors and shades. Obviously, the more colors are used to electronic representation of the image, the more accurate the information about the color of each of its points (i.e. its color rendering).
For modern digital cameras, color depth 24 bits / pixel is considered the norm. If academic accuracy is needed in color transmission, the color depth should be at least 30 bits / pixels.
Image stabilization (photography)
Type of image stabilizer used when photography.
Image stabilization allows you to compensate for hand shake when shooting and getting a clear unwashed snapshot. The effect of trembling becomes especially noticeable when photographing with a large increase (zoom) or with high shutter speed. Image stabilizers are optical and digital, and their combination is also possible (double stabilizer).
In the optical stabilizer of the image to compensate for the hand shake, the movement of one of the elements of the optical system of the camera or a photomatrix shift is used (see "Stabilizer System"). A special sensor determines the shift of the lens housing. After that, the change in the optical scheme or the matrix shift. This compensates for the camera's microscopulation, and the image projected onto the matrix remains fixed.
In digital stabilization mode, the camera automatics exposes the maximum permissible value of the sensitivity of the photomatrix (ISO) for specific shooting conditions. In this case, the excerpt value is automatically reduced. Small exposure time makes it possible to obtain unwashed images even with small oscillations of the camera during shooting.
It should be noted that the digital stabilizer can help far from all cases, so it is better to focus on the optical stabilization system better to obtain high-quality pictures.
A double image stabilizer is a combination of optical and digital stabilizers.
Image stabilization system
Construction of a mechanical image stabilizer in a digital camera.
Image stabilization allows you to compensate for hand shake when shooting and getting a clear unwashed image (see "Image Stabilizer (Photographing)").
Everything modern systems Mechanical stabilization can be divided into two types. In the first system, a movable element in the lens is used in the first system to compensate for the camera's shake, and in the second - the shift of the photosensitive matrix.
Stabilization with a shift of the matrix does not make additional distortions to the resulting image and does not affect the lens light. In mirror cameras with such a stabilization system, you can use any lenses.
An image stabilizer with an active element in the lens is considered to be more efficient due to higher speed.
The use of the stabilizer increases the power consumption of the camera and can prevent photography (when shooting with "wiring"). The stabilizer is not effective when shooting on large focal lengths and long exposures.
Maximum Flash Action Distance
The maximum distance that is capable of illuminating the built-in photo list to obtain a high-quality photo.
The maximum flash range is determined by the power of the flash emitter, therefore it is natural that for supercompact chambers, the maximum range of the built-in photo message will be less than that of more overall cameras.
Built-in flash
The presence of a built-in flash lamp in the chamber, which is turned on simultaneously with the opening of the shutter and lights the object at the time of shooting.
The flash allows you to take pictures in conditions of insufficient illumination, for example, in the evening, avoid displaying the shadow on the face, etc.
Most modern models Digital cameras are equipped with a built-in flash. The built-in flash may be absent from very compact or budget models, as well as in some high-end models, calculated exclusively to work with external lighting.
Synchrocontakt
The presence on the housing of the special connector (synchrocontact) to connect the external flash.
With this connector, you can connect a non-standard photo flash, which is incompatible with the hot shoe installed on the camera. Syncontakt is often used to connect when shooting in studio conditions.
Bracketing flashes
The presence of flash bracketing mode in the camera.
The flash bracketing is an automatic serial shooting mode, in which the flash power for each frame changes to a certain value up or down from the average value. The average value is determined by automation.
This shooting mode can be used in cases where it is difficult to determine the exact exposure, as well as to obtain special effects.
Shooting 3D
The presence of a system of two lenses (sometimes two pairs of lenses and matrices) allowing you to shoot a photo and video with the ability to view the footage in 3D format. 3D shooting can also be implemented at the program level, that is, with the help of a special algorithm that translates regular photos into a three-dimensional format.
To obtain a surround image, you must record two separate frames (stereo pars) with an angle for the left and right eye and show every frame for "your" eyes.
There are three most common techniques to demonstrate a surround image. The easiest and inexpensive in implementation is the color coding of images. To obtain an effect, it is necessary to use special anagly glasses, in which light filters are used instead of glass (as a rule for the left eye - red, and for the right blue). The stereo pager is encoded in one photo, in which the left eye is depicted in the Red Channel, and in blue for the right. When viewing, each eye sees the image of the color that corresponds to the color of its lens. The disadvantage of this method is incomplete color reproduction, as well as discomfort with long viewing of images or video.
The most common household fashion Production of high-quality surround image is the use of glasses with liquid crystal interrupters. You need to play a playback or display device, with 3D support. Images for the left and right eyes are alternately displayed on the screen, and synchronized glasses at the time of showing pictures for the left eye closed the right and vice versa.
Also, the high-quality effect can be achieved when using polarization points. In this case, the glasses for each eye use various polarizing light filters (with vertical and horizontal polarization or with left and right circular polarization). An image for each eye is displayed on a display device with an appropriate polarization.
Non-supeble shooting speed
Shot speed in serial shooting mode. For more information about this mode, see "Serial Shooting Mode".
The shooting speed is determined by the speed of the shutter and the digital image processing system. The higher this speed, the more photos of the events you are interested in will have time to do.
In compact digital cameras, the speed of fast shooting usually lies in the range of 1 - 3 frames per second. Professional and semi-professional digital mirror chambers are able to remove up to 10 frames per second, and more.
Please note that when quickly shooting, camera manufacturers use various image processing techniques. This means that the quality of such snapshots may differ from the quality with normal shooting.
Often, manufacturers make it possible to change the various parameters of fast shooting, which allows the user most accurately adjust the shooting for specific tasks.
Maximum series of pictures (RAW)
The maximum number of pictures that can be made by one series and save in RAW format.
Under the serial shooting it is understood as the camera's ability to make several frames in a row with a minimum interval (see "Serial Shot Mode"). The maximum number of pictures in the series is limited to the operation of the camera electronics.
Raw - image format that allows you to maintain raw data about photography without compression or with compression without loss. The maximum snapshot series while saving the image in JPEG format is usually much larger than the same indicator for RAW format. Therefore, if you need to get a long series, select Saving in JPEG format.
Maximum snapshot series (JPEG)
The maximum number of pictures that can be made by one series and save in JPEG format. The value corresponding to the maximum shooting speed is given (see "Quick Shooting Speed").
Under the serial shooting it is understood as the camera's ability to make several frames in a row with a minimum interval (see "Serial Shot Mode").
The maximum number of pictures in the series is limited to the operation of electronics of cameras.
The more frames in the same series can make a camera, the greater the possibility of the photographer to "catch" an interesting event.
Note that in some cameras, the user can choose fast shooting modes, choose the length of the series and shooting speed within the technical capabilities of the camera.
Time-Lapse mode
Time-Lapse - shooting mode at which frames are made through a considerable period of time (from a few seconds to tens of minutes). When playing with normal frame frequency, such a roller seems accelerated, covering a large period of time. The most typical plots for such a shooting mode: a blooming flower and dawn / sunset shown in a few seconds.
Time inclusion
Time lapse from the moment of clicking on the power button until the camera is fully ready for operation.
The inclusion time varies from a few seconds from the "slow" chambers up to a tenth of seconds from "fast" devices.
Number of viewfinder pixels
Permission of the electronic viewfinder of the camera.
The viewfinder is an optical device that allows you to see what will be shot by a camera.
The electronic viewfinder is a miniature LCD-screen with a lens (eyepiece) installed inside the chamber. It displays the future frame in such a way "sees" a photosensitive matrix through the camera lens.
The greater the resolution of the LCD matrix at the viewfinder (and more the number of pixels), the more detailed and the detailed image will see the photographer.
LCD size
The size of the liquid crystal display is diagonally. According to the current tradition, it is indicated in inches (1 inch \u003d 2.54 cm). Most chambers have an LCD screen with a size of 3 to 6 cm. The larger the size of the LCD display, the more convenient to view the photos taken and understand with the numerous photo appliances settings.
Number of LCD points
The number of LCD screen points. The case is higher than the more clearly and better the image is obtained and, accordingly, the more comfortable work with such a screen. For most digital cameras, the number of LCD points lies in the range from 120,000 to 921000.
It is worth considering that most of the manufacturers of digital cameras under the "number of screen points" have no number of pixels, but the number of subpixels. For the formation of one pixel, three subpixels of basic colors are usually used: red, green and blue. Therefore, to find out the real number of screen pixels, you need to divide the number of its points to three.
Rotary screen
The presence of a rotary screen from the camera. It can be rotated both separately the screen and the entire rear panel of the device. The screen can rotate around its axis 90 degrees or to open aside, like the camcorder.
Touch screen
The presence in the digital camera sensory (sensitive to pressing) of the liquid crystal screen.
In most devices, separate buttons are used to select various settings, located on the rear panel near the LCD screen. In the sensor models, these buttons are missing. Such a display allows you to switch around the camera menu by pressing certain sections of the screen itself. This makes it possible to increase the screen and take it almost the entire rear camera panel.
Using the touch screen makes intuitive control and navigation through the numerous menu of the camera.
Exposure, Min.
The minimum value of the shutter speed of the camera.
Exposure - the time during which the shutter of the camera remains open and passes the rays of light to the photosensitive matrix.
Along with the diaphragm, this parameter defines the amount of light on the matrix, and, accordingly, the correctness of the exposure. For well-lit objects and to shoot moving objects, shutter speed should be very small.
The smaller the minimum exposure value, the greater the possibilities for the plot shooting at the digital camera.
Exposure, Max
The maximum value of the shutter speed of the camera.
- This is the time during which the shutter of the camera remains open to receiving the frame.
Along with this parameter, determines the amount of light on the photosensitive surface (matrix), and, accordingly, the correctness of the exposure. For night shooting or with a large F-number (see "Diaphragm number (F), min", "Diaphragm number (F), Max") Exposure must be large.
The range of possible values \u200b\u200bfor the exposure of each camera is set in accordance with its technical solution. The greater the maximum excerpt value, the greater the features for the plot shooting from the digital camera.
Exposure for X-SYNC
The minimum excerpt value at which the camera's shutter fully opens the frame.
X-SYNC is a mode of operation with electronic flash drives, in which the signal to trigger the flash is supplied precisely at the time of the full opening of the shutter.
Mechanical shutter shutters work in such a way that on very short exposures the frame is not fully open, the shutter opens the light of the gap, which runs on the frame. Since the outbreak time is less than the time to which the shutter opens the frame, the short light pulse of the flash will only light the part of the frame, which at the time of the flash was triggered there was a shutter gap, that is, only part of the frame will be lit.
Thus, removing with a flash in X-SYNC mode at shutters, smaller excerpts for X-SYNC is not recommended. The smaller this value, the wider the range of excerpts to work with the outbreak and more opportunities at the photographer to implement their ideas.
Mechanical exposure measurement (Evaluative)
The operation of the camera's exposure measurement system is in general mode.
Exposure measurement is the calculation of the required amount of light to receive quality Snapshot. The measurement is made by the camera before each image, as a result of which the desired shutter speed and the diaphragm are calculated.
There are several modes for measuring exposure. Each of the modes is better suited for certain shooting conditions.
In general measurement mode, information from several sensors is used. When calculating the exposure, the obtained data is compared with the base of typical frame compositions. After that, the best exposure is selected for a specific type of frame.
Electronic rangefinder
The presence of an electronic rangefinder function.
This feature helps when using manual focus. The principle of operation is similar to road cameras, but specific implementation and functionality depends on the manufacturer of the device and the model.
Adjusting autofocus
Autofocus correction feature allows you to increase the focus accuracy by its fine tuning. In addition, for the most popular lenses in the memory of the camera can be pre-installed settings.
Type of autofocus
Camera autofocus type type.
During the existence of autofocus, several types of autofocus were invented. It all started with active autofocus using ultrasound waves, and then infrared. Today these methods are not used - they gave way to passive autofocus. He, in turn, can be contrasting, phase or hybrid.
Contrast autofocus is distributed among mmercharting chambers. The camera processor analyzes the current picture from the matrix and starts moving the lenses into one of the two possible sides. If after the shift of the lenses picture more contrast (clear), then the lenses movement continues before finding the desired focus. If the image has deteriorated, the lenses movement occurs in reverse side, Again, before reaching the desired focus. The strength of the contrast autofocus is accurate focusing in dark and low-seen scenes.
Phase autofocus is most often used in mirror cameras. For its work, special sensors are needed, which can be directly in the matrix of the camera or separately. Sensors get fragments light flux From different points of frame with mirrors. After that, the sensor considers how to move the lenses to get a clear image. When two light fluxes are from each other at a certain distance specified by the design of the sensor, the desired focus will be achieved. Phase autofocus boasts excellent focus speed.
Hybrid autofocus systems are rare. Such autofocus combines the positive aspects of both contrast and phase autofocus. The hybrid system is embedded both in mirror-free and mirror chambers. In the mirror chambers, it works in Live View mode.
Number of focus points
Modern chambers have a different number of linear points for which focus occurs when shooting. The focus module is responsible for the focus process. It focuses in those frame zones that fall into the field of view points. The number of such points in the camera affects the accuracy of calculating the desired focus object during shooting and convenience when setting the manual focus mode.
Linear points can be horizontal and vertical orientation. The effectiveness of their application depends largely from the photographed objects. Dots with horizontal orientation are well focused on objects with vertical lines. Points in vertical orientation, in turn, are better focused on objects with horizontal lines.
Microphone input
When shooting a video, one of the main criteria is the capture of high-quality sound. Forces built into the microphone chamber to achieve good sound on video will be quite problematic due to the presence of extraneous noise (wind, hum of audience). To solve this problem, manufacturers of cameras equip their models with a connector to connect an external microphone from which the sound is recorded.
Entry to headphones
This interface can be used sound monitoring through headphones during video recording. Usually, MINI Jack 3.5 mm is used as the connector.
To get high-quality sound when recording video, it is recommended to use an external microphone and other accessories.
The number of JPEG levels
The number of possible levels of image compression when they are saved in JPEG format. JPEG is the most common recording format, providing an image compression in order to save memory. However, the compactness of the images is achieved by loss of quality, since JPEG format with compression recognizes some data as unimportant and discarded them during compression. The higher the degree of image compression, the more photos can fit on the memory card, but the worse there will be their quality. In many cameras, the compression ratio, and, consequently, the quality of the images can be controlled. Variating compression levels, you can save either more photos, but lower quality, or fewer photos, but their quality will be higher.
Memory - Memory Stick
The ability to use in the camera interchangeable memory cards of the MEMORY STICK format.
Memory Stick - Flash memory card format, presented by Sony, which is used mainly in digital camera manufacturers. At the moment it is one of the most expensive existing carriers. In addition to the MEMORY STICK standard, there are other varieties: Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo.
MEMORY STICK dimensions are 50 × 21.5 × 2.8 mm.
Memory - Memory Stick Duo
The ability to use the Memory Stick Duo interchangeable memory cards in the camera.
This memory standard was developed and supported by Sony. The body of this card is quite compact enough durable. Memory Stick Duo was developed on the basis of a widespread standard Memory Stick from the same Sony, but incompatible with it connector and differs with small sizes (20x31x1.6 mm). In order to use the Memory Stick Duo map with a device that has a MEMORY STICK slot, you must use a special adapter.
Memory - XQD.
The ability to use in the camera replaceable XQD format cards.
The memory cards were announced in 2011, their main difference from other cards is a high data transfer rate (up to 125 MB / s).
Cards of this standard are 38.5 x 29.8 x 3.8 mm.
Maximum memory card
The maximum amount of memory card with which the camera can work.
The higher the value of this parameter, the larger the map you can use, therefore, you can write more pictures and videos on it. If you already have a suitable large capacity flash card, before buying a camera, make sure that the selected model supports the cards of this volume.
Interface - Video
Availability on a composite video interface camera.
The composite interface is designed to transmit the image to any video information display device.
Video output is used to view photos and videos through the TV or to record on the VCR.
To transfer a high resolution image to the HDTV device, it is recommended to use HD-output.
Interface - Bluetooth
The ability to connect a camera to a computer and other devices through the Bluetooth wireless interface.
Bluetooth technology uses low-range radio communication and allows you to install a high-speed wireless connection at a distance of up to 10 meters.
Using Bluetooth, you can transmit files from the camera to the computer, as well as directly print photos on a special printer equipped with a Bluetooth adapter.
NFC technology support.
NFC (NEAR Field Communication) is a wireless communication technology of a small radius of action. NFC allows two devices that are close to each other (at a distance of no more than 10 cm), exchange data.
Battery capacity
Capacity built-in battery camera.
A more capacious battery makes it possible to make more photographs without recharging.
Maximum video recording permission
Maximum allowing video recording in the camera with the ability to recording video.
The higher the resolution of the roller, the clearer and detailed video image can be obtained. The video recording function on the digital camera is not the main one, it is rather a pleasant addition to the main functions.
Electronic stabilization during video shooting
The presence of an electronic stabilization function during a video record.
When shooting video oscillations of the camera leads to a shake of a shot image. Since shooting in most cases occurs from the hands, you will have to face quite often with this problem.
The electronic stabilization function is implemented through digital image processing using the built-in processor. To form a frame, only part of the image from a photosensitive matrix is \u200b\u200bused - a video frame is cut out of the general image. When shaking, the image offset is tracked, and the video frame is moving up or down, respectively, within the entire field of the image from the photo matrix to compensate for this offset. As a result, the recorded image (video frame) for the viewer remains fixed.
The use of stabilization allows you to get rid of unpleasant effects far from all cases.
Frame number per second at 4k (3840 × 2160)
The maximum number of frames per second when shooting a video resolution of 3840x2160 pixels.
Frequencies 25 and 50 frames per second are standard in countries with PAL and SECAM television systems (Europe, Asia, Russia), while frequencies 30 and 60 frames per second are distributed in countries with NTSC broadcasting standard (USA, Canada, Mexico , Japan, Philippines and a number of South America).
Support for the camera of these frequency sets may depend on the country for which the camera is manufactured. Many cameras are universal: regardless of the region, there are simultaneous support for the frequencies of 25/30 (50/60) frames per second.
Video recording in MOV format
Ability to save a removed video in MOV format.
The format (or container) MOV was proposed by Apple. QuickTime program is usually used to view videos in this format.
Video recording in mp4 format
Ability to save a filtered video in AVI format.
When describing the standards for digital video, two concepts of -Videos and video container are usually used. The codec involve the method by which the video information is compressed, and under the container - the file extension. The type of container depends on which programs will be able to play this file, from the codec type - the degree of compression of information, image quality.
MP4 is a multimedia container format that can contain audio and video streams, as well as other information. To compress video phomation, the codecs from the MPEG-4 family are commonly used.
Using the MJPEG video codec
The ability to save a filtered video using MJPEG codec.
When describing the standards for digital video, two concepts are usually used - video codecs and video content. The codec involve the method by which the video information is compressed, and under the container - the file extension. The type of container depends on which programs will be able to play this file, from the codec type - the degree of compression of information, image quality.
When working the MJPEG codec (Motion JPEG), the processing of each frame occurs separately, and the video quality does not depend on the dynamic scene. But for it you have to pay a much larger video file.
The video created by MJPEG codec compared to MPEG4 (see "Using the MPEG4 video code") is much better suitable for later installation, as the frames do not depend on each other and insert (or cut) the video fragments can be from any frame.
HDR shooting
Shot of photographs with an HDR effect allows you to create high-quality photos in difficult lighting conditions, when there is both brightly lit areas and darkened objects. For the highest quality creation of this effect, the camera automatically makes 2-3 frames with different settings and glues them into one.
Orientation sensor
The presence in the digital camera of a special sensor, which determines the orientation of the camera (horizontal or vertical) during shooting.
Thanks to this sensor, it is possible to automatically flip photo images and videos taken in a vertical position when playing them on the TV screen or when transmitted to the computer. In the latter case, special software supplied with the camera will be required.
In addition, the information about the position of the chamber is used by automatics when determining the exposure and white balance.
Frost resistance
Availability of protection OT. low temperatures The camera has.
Some digital cameras are equipped with protection from exposure to low temperatures. Such models are suitable for work in bad weather.
Dustproof
The presence of protection against dust significantly affects the selection of the camera.
Some digital cameras are equipped with protection against dust effects. Such models are suitable for work in bad weather.
Moistureproof housing
The presence of a moisture-proof case at a digital camera.
The moisture-proof housing often have mirror chambers. Some models with a moistureproof case allow short-term immersion in water.
The weight of the camera and the lens is sometimes the leading factor when choosing a camera.
Digital camera is a fairly mobile device: it takes it with you on vacation, often wearing with you, so when choosing its dimensions and weight is not in the last place.
By the size of the camera, it is possible to divide into several categories:
- ultra-compact devices weighing up to 200, technical characteristics of such cameras are not the most impressive, but they are free to fit in female purse or in the breast pocket of the shirt;
- Compact cameras, the most common, their weight - up to 300 g. They have higher technical capabilities compared to super-compact devices and at the same time quite convenient for transportation;
- Advanced, or semi-professional, chambers weighing 400-600 g. Are equipped with high-sound optics, the ability to install an external flash, manual settings shooting modes;
- Professional mirror cameras, whose weight is from 600 g and above. Equipped with removable lenses, the chamber body is usually made of metal, possess the highest spectrum of technical specifications.
Advantages and disadvantages of mirror cameras. A description of their basic parameters and capabilities. Features of operation.
When choosing a new digital camera, it is worth thinking: mirror chambers are becoming cheaper over time, and not mirror chambers are more expensive, but at the same time are being improved at times and in many functions.
Mirror cameras, which were originally film, and after improved to a digital format, were considered the "blue" dream of each photographer. Part of lovers did not buy this species Cameras due to dimensions, difficulty management of functions and camera settings and high price.
But a few years later, the mirror chambers became more accessible and acceptable in price, on management was also improved and became easier, and the dimensions were many times less than the previous ones.
To date, the price of "whale" kits "Slirlok" for lovers, i.e. Kits entering the camera with a tripod lens ranges from $ 500.
The specified price is comparable to the price of inexpensive non-personal cameras designed for advanced users who are called Programmer. On them the price is 600-700 dollars.
But prices for mirror cameras still continue to fall. They decrease due to the fact that some companies have appeared on the sales market, which previously did not specialize in the "mirrors" and did not produce them from production, and due to this increased competition for products.
Another factor in the complexity of the choice of a mirror chamber is an increasingly greater improvement of the unreliable cameras, because Sometimes they get high-class optics.
Pluses "Sloglok"
One of the most important and indisputable arguments when purchasing a mirror camera is the largest physical size of the matrices. This characteristic of mirrored chambers has a strong effect on the quality of the obtained images.
The larger the matrix size of the camera, the smaller the noise level (image color interference), the dynamics range is most extended (the number of steps in the contrast difference capable of fixing the camera), the smallest depth of field. We will consistently talk about the basic characteristics of mirror chambers.
First we will talk about noise. The larger the matrix is \u200b\u200binstalled in the chamber and the less it works in the process of photo and video, the smaller the noisy photos obtained. Recommended when shooting with reduced illumination to use the optical stabilizer.
A large matrix has a wider dynamic range, it is its plus. This characteristic allows you to shoot contrast objects in excellent quality. As before, on the dynamic range, the advantage remains behind the "mirrors".
Options and advantages of optics
Replaceable optics - one of the main advantages of the mirror cameras. You can select different lenses. But for most fans of photography, there is a sufficiently non-surprise chamber and lens with a large zoom.
Although a large variety of zoom is somewhat and reduces the optical quality of the lens, but it cannot be said that the quality of photos suffers. With that 6-12-fold zoom lens "Programmer" compact, which can not boast a mirror with a set of optics.
If you analyze the "Figure" of the lens - "boke", then there are certainly no alternatives to the "mirror" here, but not every amateur photographer wants to carry kilograms of cameras. And the lenses of inexpensive "Slsklok" are usually equipped with a 3-fold zoom.
Mirror cameras differ in the minimum focal length. In the "film" equivalent it is equal to 28 mm, while in the non-election chambers 35-38 "equivalent millimeters". It provides a wider angle of shooting.
Mechanical drive zoom is another plus of mirror cameras that you want to draw your attention. This type of zoom is convenient and does not spend the energy of the batteries.
Compare the full-time optics of "Programmer" and "Slirlock" for the subject of maximum sharpness is not worth it, because This parameter at "Primpurok" is much better, and the optics of the "Slirlock" from a variety of producers is very different.
There are models of "Programmer" on which the optics of known manufacturers are installed and it is superior to many regular mirror lenses, such as sharpness, macros, tendency to form glare, chromatic aberrations, etc.
Ease of operation
Usually, mirror cameras with a standard lens are bought for a long time, thanks to the multifunction of the chambers. It should be noted that multifunctional and cheap, and expensive models and in this parameter they are practically no different. The main difference is in the convenience of use, in the strength of the case, etc. But the Cameras of the "Prostommersky" class in their capabilities are not inferior to "sills".
But, how many consumers, so many opinions .... Some like small-sized mirrored chambers, others - compact "Programmer". There are a lot of differences. In the "Mersers" (except for one model), the display is impossible to sight, but if you properly keep the camera when visiting, the trembling of the hands and the muscle tension decreases. They can not be removed video. "Mersers", unlike unreliable chambers with a swivel display, you can not remove, keeping them above your head.
Mirror cameras are superior to others (non-surprising cameras) high speed Focusing and high-quality manual configuration it, and the "Programmer" manual focusing is ineffective and rarely used.
We conducted a general comparison of mirror and non-surprised chambers. We think it will be enough for you to solve yourself, whether you need a mirror camera, or it will be enough "Programmer."
This article, our site continues a whole cycle of useful materials, the purpose of which will be the facilitation of the choice of any product from thousands of options offered in the market. Agree, the choice of a specific model of some gadget always takes a lot of time that can be spent with benefit. In today's material we will talk about choosing a suitable camera.
Choose a camera for different needs.
Cameras are bought by completely different people for completely different purposes. Some need a camera to capture romantic landscapes on vacation, others - for professional work, third - just for entertainment. In addition, the task of choosing a camera for purchase is perhaps the most difficult thing - much more difficult than the choice, say, microwave stoves. In this section, we will look at several options for which digital cameras are bought, and we will recommend different types of them.
For beginners and travelers - compact "soap"
So-called "Soapnya" are the most compact, easy-to-use and cheap (the last item is not required) cameras that can be found on sale. The beginners in the case of the photo do not need all the shooting control functions that have mirror chambers (in this case, they are usually removed directly to the housing, and not hidden in the touch menu). Such cameras are designed for those who simply want to direct the lens to the object of shooting and click on the descent, possibly setting some kind of mode (night, for shooting fast moving objects, etc.).
It is worth noting that in this case you should not pay attention to cheap cameras with a large number of megapixels - 12-megapixel Canon PowerShot N100 in poor illumination conditions will be removed much better than the camera of the same class with a 18 megapixel sensor. It is best to refer to the reviews of specific models. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the optical zoom and the focal length. One camera with a 5-fold zoom and 24-120 mm focal length will better remove wide-angle photos, and the camera with the same 5-fold zoom and a focal length of 35-175 mm will be better cope with the shooting of distant objects. The best option for those who do not want to mess with the settings will be soaps with a focal length of at least 24 mm, such as premium Sony Cyber-Shot DSC RX100 III.
Almost all similar cameras other than the cheapest now support the optical stabilization of the picture, have the LCD display and can shoot video in permission to at least 1280x720 pixels - they will rise most of the usual users.
For shooting distant objects - camera with super
Such chambers are both compact and ordinary sizes. With compact cases, in almost the same way as with the "soapboxes" described above. For example, Nikon Coolpix S9700 can be called an excellent camera with a 30-fold zoom. If you need something more long-range - you can pay attention to the Canon PowerShot SX60 HS with a 65-fold zoom.
What is interesting is to be one of the best cameras of this class, Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-RX10 is considered, which only has an 8.3-fold zoom, but it has a 1-inch sensor, which makes it possible to achieve a very high quality of the pictures. PANASONIC LUMIX DMC-FZ1000 has the same sensor, but its lens can bring 16 times the image.
When shooting very distant objects, the viewfinder plays an important role - it is very difficult to keep the camera smoothly and look through it to the object approached in tens of times. The practical rule in such cases states that at 1000 mm zoom need a shutter speed of 1/1000 seconds. Good optical stabilization in this case will strongly help. In addition, it is better to choose a super sound camera with a high Maximum ISO threshold (1600 or even 3200) - they do not miss a lot of light with a large approximation.
This is a great option for travel lovers who often have to shoot some objects, say, from the shores of the sea or from afar, because it is impossible to approach them or it is impossible to get to them without special equipment. In addition, we do not have to wear replacement lenses.
For high quality and with a compact case, but without zoom
These are cameras whose goal is to fit the opportunity to shoot the most the best photos Without approaching as less than a large case. As an example, Ricoh Gr C 28 mm lens and APS-C sensor can be brought. If 28 mm is too much, then you can pay attention to Fujifilm X100T with a hybrid viewfinder and 35 mm F / 1 lens. If money is not a pity, you can even look at the full-frame Sony Cyber-Shot DSC-RX1 with an excellent lens from Carl Zeiss.
Such cameras use a very narrow number of professionals. Usually, a suitable lens and a camera, which allows them to take advantage of the facilities that are not far.
For a photo of excellent quality for not too much money - mesmer-free chambers with interchangeable lenses
These cameras appeared on the market relatively recently - in 2008. As an example, you can cite the Samsung NX300 with the APS-C sensor of the same size as in the mirror chambers. Similar cameras are Samsung - for example, Samsung NX mini. An even more compact camera of this class is Pentax Q7. Sony also produces similar cameras, from cheap (Alpha A3000) to expensive (Alpha A7R).
When buying such cameras, you need to consider the number of lenses that are compatible with a specific model. For example, for the Nikon 1 and Pentax Q series to find suitable lenses are quite difficult, and Canon EOS M lenses almost disappeared from the stores. Often, the truth lenses with older mechanisms can be used with new cameras using adapters.
In many cases, the shooting with such cameras does not differ from the shooting using "soaps" - you just guide the lens to the shooting object and make sure that it does not disappear from the viewfinder (which can often be attached separately, for example, to Olympus Pen E- PL7). Zoom lenses, however, in most cases will have to configure themselves. The number of buttons and switches with the settings in the case of mirrorless chambers depends on their value.
For professionals requiring maximum quality - mirror chambers
This is definitely the best choice for those who want to get the maximum control over the entire shooting process, and manually achieve a better result in a particular situation. Such cameras are greater, harder and, most importantly, more expensive than others, but at the same time have the largest sensors, focus on the shooting object faster and maintain a large number of lenses (it is believed that the greatest choice Provide Canon and Nikon).
If you buy a mirror chamber cheaper $ 1800, then it is most likely equipped with an APS-C sensor that has a sensitive surface approximately as half frame 35 mm film. Full-frame chambers with sensors measuring about 36x24 mm are much more expensive. Both types have their own advantages: APS-C wins in price and can be used with more compact and light lens, and full-frame chambers Very good when shooting remote objects.
The choice of such a camera is so complicated that for this should be written separate item. If you are a professional, it is unlikely to need advice. It is best to try the camera yourself - for example, you may more like the configuration of the canon settings buttons, and not Nikon.
Also such cameras are characterized by type viewfinder types. Inexpensive models like Canon EOS Rebel SL1 use viewfinder with a pentatorical, which are not as good as viewfinder with pentaprismism, installed in cameras like Nikon D7100. By the way, an excellent inexpensive mirror chamber with such a viewfinder and full protection against any weather conditions You can call Pentax K-50.
Sony uses electronic viewfinder in all its mirror chambers - even in the top Alpha 77 II with APS-C sensor and Alpha 99 with a full-frame sensor. It all depends on the preferences of the photographer - someone is ready to use electronic viewfinder, someone cannot tolerate them.
Selection of lenses for mirror cameras - separate history. Perhaps we will write about them in some of the future articles.
The main characteristics of digital cameras
Type of matrix
There are two main types of photomatrices - CMOS (CMOS) and CCD (CCD). The latter are more photosensitive, but in last years Began to seriously give by the parameters of the CMOS matrices, which are now the most common. There are also bsi matrices that are much better coping with shooting in poor light conditions. They are more expensive and found in the chambers significantly less often CMOS.
Number of megapixels matrix
The number of matrix megapixels characterizes the total number of sensors on it and directly affects the maximum resolution digital photoswhich can be obtained with its help. But this number is not the main characteristic of a good chamber.
Physical size matrix
The larger the area of \u200b\u200bthe matrix, the less noise will appear in the photos that are obtained with its help. In addition, cameras with large matrices (greater than 1 inches) can take photos from a low depth of field (blur of background objects).
Focal length
The larger this number, the larger the shooting objects will be obtained in the photo, and the shooting angle will decrease. Professional lenses allow you to change the focal length, and the lenses in compact chambers are usually characterized by the EFR parameter (efficient focal length calculated for 35 mm film). If the EFR is less than 35 mm, then the lens is considered wide-angle, and if more than 100 - long-focus.
ISO, photosensitivity
Directly characterizes the ability of the matrix to register the colors of objects in poor lighting. The more the maximum ISO threshold, the better the pictures will be rapidly moving objects and objects in the dark.
Electronic image stabilization
Compensation of the effect of "trembling hands" with the help of special software, that is, the program method. Inferior in the quality of optical stabilization.
Characteristics of lens
All lenses, if they are removable, are attached to cameras with various types of fasteners, and usually each manufacturer uses several such species at once. Some are compatible with each other, others - no. When choosing a lens, you should consider its compatibility with your camera, and when choosing a camera - the choice of lenses that are compatible with it.
Advanced lenses allow manually to configure the focus, and one of their main parameters are light (F-number, the less which, the greater the light hits the matrix) and the minimum focus distance (determines the distance on which the approximate objects can be clearly removed).
Moreover, good lenses Measure the presence of optical image stabilization. Special design ensures optics in relation to the shooting object, and the result becomes clearer photos.
Work opportunities with video
Modern cameras should record video in the resolution of at least 1280x720 pixels (HD) and with a frequency of at least 30 frames per second. More advanced models can record video in permissions up to 4K (3840x2160 pixels) with a frequency up to 60 or even 120 frames per second, which allows you to get more creative freedom when installing and achieve a smoother moving picture.
Availability of built-in flash and its characteristics
The flash is needed to illuminate dark objects in the pictures, and often it is built into the chamber. The main characteristic is the leading number measured in meters. For example, a flash with a leading number of 11 m can sufficiently illuminate the object at a distance of 11 m when photographing with ISO \u003d 100 and the diaphragm \u003d 1. If there is no built-in flash from the camera, then you can connect external flashes to it. In addition, good flashes allow you to customize the lighting power.
Exposure and shutter
Good cameras allow the photographer to customize the number of diaphragms and exposures (low exposure is important for shooting fast moving objects, high - to shoot in the dark) manually or use the automatic values \u200b\u200bof one or both parameters. Also worth paying attention to the minimum and maximum exposure thresholds, which is used to obtain bright shots. All these parameters may vary depending on the modes preinstalined in the chamber.
In addition, the important characteristic of the camera is the presence of a white correction function (allows white objects in the frame to remain white despite the lighting).
Other features for shooting photos
Bust modes allow cameras to take photos of the series - for example, 5 full frames per second. It is also worth paying attention to the volume of the buffer of the chamber that affects the number of photos that it can make in a row. Some cameras can shoot in 3D mode, and many instead of the standard JPEG format allow you to use RAW format, which is much better to handle.
Screen size and its type
Most screens in modern chambers have a size of about 3 inches into a diagonal or higher and display 16 million colors. Also, they are often sensory, thanks to which manufacturers can get rid of the excess buttons on the device housing. Very important characteristic - a turning screen that will allow the photographer to shoot complex scenes a little easier.
Type and viewfinder
The optical viewfinder still remains for many in the only way to take photos, and the image enters it directly from the camera's optical system. Electronic viewfoots They are not considered as neat and executed as LCD screens. Sometimes the viewfinder can be connected to the camera separately.
Microphone
Microphones in digital cameras are usually impossible to be called advanced. Some models use stereomycrophones that allow you to record sound with its positioning in a 2D plane.
Corps material
In cheap models, plastic is used (sometimes reinforced with fiberglass or carbon fiber), in more expensive and exclusive - metal. Naturally, the last is much harder plastic, but more durable. Often all these materials are combined.
Protection against moisture and dust
The presence of such protection allows shooting in extreme conditions - for example, at a depth of 10 m under the surface of the water. About the classes of protection is better to read on Wikipedia.
Supported memory cards and wireless technology
Most cameras support SD, SDHC and SDXC standards memory cards, which are now the most productive, cheap and popular. Depending on their capacitance, the photographer can remove more material before mapping it to a PC or cloud.
If you want to easily and simply transfer photos from the camera to other devices, you need to pay attention to support for wireless technologies - Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (best standards 802.11n and 802.11ac). Some camera models even support 3G or 4G cellular communication. Also found NFC support for mating with third-party accessories.
These technologies also provide communication with external control panels. For the presence of the latter, also worth paying attention to.
Wired interfaces
In a good chamber there must be USB ports (better 3.0 version 3.0, at least 2.0), Firewire / IEEE 1394 / ILINK and HDMI (to view the video on external devices directly from the camera). A composite video output may also be present.
Battery Type and Capacity
Most often B. good camerasah applies their own batteries manufactured using Li-Ion technologies (lithium-ion) or Li-POL (lithium-polymeric). Naturally, the more their capacity, the longer it will work the camera and the more pictures will be able to do before discharge. Their advantage is quite fast charging.
In cheaper models, aa- or aaa batteries, manufactured using NiCD technologies (nickel-cadmium) or NIMH (nickel-metalgibrid), can be used. They are cheap and can be used in extremely low or high temperatures. It is worth noting that NIMH batteries are subject to a serious self-discharge.
Do not forget about additional accessories. Bag or at least a case for the camera is much more necessary than a smartphone case. Especially if you plan to travel a lot and take it with you. It is also worth the acquisition of a reliable tripod (if you want to simply shoot clear photos) and additional batteries (and possibly autonomous charger). By the way, about the latter: in the chambers are used or their lithium-ion batteries, or fingers that need to be charged by certain rules. What better for you is to solve only you yourself.
If you are not going to professionally engage in photography and make money on bread, then you most likely do not need an expensive mirror chamber. Truth.
Be sure to look for all possible information about the camera that you gathered to buy, online. Owners reviews, reviews of specific models, comparisons of photos and so on.
To edit snapshots with good cameras, you will need a skill to handle quite complicated and expensive for Photoshop Elements. There are, however, free options.
Consider the purchase option to a very CD card, if you are going for a long time not to discard the footage or cloud services.
Do not chase behind the number of megapixels - many other parameters are much more important, and the cheap 16-megapixel "soapbox" is straightened from an expensive 16-megapixel mirror chamber.
Conclusion
We hope that this article helped you understand the difficult task of choosing your future camera. Next week we will help you choose a washing machine!
Characteristics of digital cameras
Consider some of the main characteristics of digital cameras.
The matrix
The matrix - This is a lot of photosensitive elements - pixels. Each pixel of the matrix reacts to the light on it - produces an electrical signal that depends on the intensity of the incident light. Knowing only the intensities of light in pixels can be obtained black and white picture.
To get a color image, each pixel is covered with one of three filters: red, green or blue, in accordance with the RGB color scheme. In this scheme, all other colors are obtained by mixing the three main. That is, removing in the Raw format, we will get a file in which each pixel will be one of three colors. When shooting in JPEG and TIFF formats, the camera calculates the color in the specified pixel using the adjacent cells with it. The matrix has two important parameters that affect image quality.
Matrix resolution. Measured in megapixels. For example, if the matrix of the camera is 4 megapixel (MP), this means that the matrix consists of a 4-millions of pixels (cells). The more resolution, the more small parts can reflect the camera in the picture. However, it is not necessary to chase megapixels. For example, for printing photos of size 10x15 cm, 1 megapixel is quite enough. The optimal choice There will be a camera with 3-5 megapixels, it will be possible to print photos up to the A4 format (20x30cm).
The size of the matrix. In popular models of cameras used matrices with linear dimensions from 1 / 1.8 to 1/3.2 inches. In the first case, the matrix is \u200b\u200bgreater.
A large matrix gives the following advantages:
can register more light (can transmit more shades)
less "noise"
Thus, if you compare two matrices with dimensions 1 / 1.8 and 1/3.2 with the same number of pixels (for example, 4PP), the best will be the first, since 4 million pixels are located on a larger area, and therefore such a matrix will give best picture (better and less noisy). In another case, when two matrices are compared with the same linear dimensions, but different numbers of megapixels, for example, 6 and 7, preference should also be given first, as it will not only save money, but also get better pictures in the future. Note: This is true when comparing matrices of one manufacturer or one camera line, since different manufacturers can be different types Matrices with incomparable characteristics.
Matrix Sensitivity (ISO). It changes in the range from 50 to 3200. High sensitivity values \u200b\u200ballow you to make a clear snapshot at dusk or even at night, though at high sensitivity values \u200b\u200binevitably the appearance of digital noise.
Lens
It is thanks to the lens that the light enters the chamber and an image is formed on the matrix. The quality of the resulting image is largely dependent on the quality of the lens - clarity, sharpness, no distortion, etc. Important elements of the lens are lenses and aperture. The lenses are responsible for the nature of the light, and the diaphragm allows you to control the amount of this light. Close the diaphragm to the minimum values, we can reduce the amount of light on the matrix.
The main characteristics of the lens
Lights - This is the value of the maximum open diaphragm. The more lens light, the better the camera is more and more expensive. With the same conditions of illumination, the lens with a larger luminosity allows you to shoot on shorter excerpts.
Typically, the lens marking looks like this: 5.8-34.8mm 1: 2.8-4.8. The first pair of numbers is a focal length (the distance from the front lens lens to the matrix). The second pair of numbers is the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof the lens lights. For example, here in position 34.8mm (at the maximum zoom) lens has a lighting of 4.8. The smaller the number of luminosity, the better. The lens with the characteristics 5.8-34.8mm 1: 2-3.2 would be considered more thoroughly.
Focal length. From the focal length depends the angle of review of the lens and how far he sees. For digital cameras, the focal length also leads to 35mm equivalent. This is due to the fact that the diagonal of the matrix is \u200b\u200bless diagonally frame 35mm film, those there is a matrix covers not the entire frame field, from where and the concept of increasing the focal length (Focal Length Multiplier). At different cameras, this factor ranges from 1.3 to 1.6. The viewing angle. Directly depends on the focal length. An approximately appropriate angle view of a person's eye is considered a lens with a focal length of 50mm. Lenses with a smaller focal length - wide rollers, with large - telephoto lenses. In photo 1 shows the version of the photos of the Isakiev Cathedral shot on the lens with a focal length of 20mm (wirits), and in the photo 2 the same cathedral shot at 80mm (television).
Zoom (Zoom). The zoom lens is calculated very simply: for this you need a greater focal length divided into less. For the camera indicated above, the zoom is 34.8 / 5.8 \u003d 6. As indicated by the manufacturer. If the camera is equipped with a lens without zoom, then it indicates its focal length and lights: for example, 20mm 1: 2.8. The more camera zoom, the more complicated its design, and the manufacturer has to find a compromise between the cost and quality. Therefore, ultrazuma (6-12x) are usually given a worse picture compared to moderate zoys (up to 3x).
Stabilizer image. An image stabilizer is designed to fight with the so-called "coil" effect - caused by trembling of hands when photographing at sufficiently large excerpts or with a large zone.
Stabilization options:
Optical stabilization. It is based on the fact that a movable stabilizing element is built into the lens, which twists the path of light in the right direction. Also in the lens there are sensors that control the movement of this element. As a result, with minor oscillations of the camera, the projection of the picture on the matrix always remains fixed. However, she has its own minuses:
Reduced lens light
Increases cost
For its lenses, Canon has developed an Image Stabilizer stabilization system (IS), for example, Canon A570 IS. Nikon has a similar system indicated as VR.
Anti-Shake. In this technology of stabilization, unlike optical, movable element is the matrix itself. The main plus of this approach consists in independence of stabilization from the lens, respectively, such stabilization can work with any optics. The first stabilization was developed by Konica Minolta. The most striking example of the presence of the built-in Antishake is a novelty from Sony - model Alpha DSLR-A100.
Viewfinder
The viewfinder allows you to see a future picture before pressing the descent. In digital compact chambers, it may be missing at all, its role performs the display on which the image is formed in real time. The viewfinder can be:
Optical
Mirror
Electronic
The best is the mirror viewfinder. It allows you to see the real frame area without distortion. That is, the photographer sees through it exactly that in a moment it turns out to be a photo.
The optical viewfinder is just a pass-through hole in the camera body and does not correspond to the one that sees the lens, if only because it is shifted relative to it for a while, but in this case the display comes to the photographer.
Display Camera
On compact digital display, the display allows you to see a picture of which it will be in the photo and see the shortcomings in the composition, shadows, illumination (some cameras can show a histogram of the future image in real time). On the mirrors, the display can serve for viewing already taken frames. Also, the display serves as an interface to control the camera, therefore, than it is more and brighter, the better.
Flash
Usually, each camera is equipped with a built-in low-power flash that can highlight the forefront. Also, outbreaks are supplied with various functions of suppressing the effect of red eyes, etc. In professional and semi-professional cameras, there is also a contact for connecting an external flash - hot shoe. External flashes allow you to achieve much better results in all genres of shooting.
The ability to manual settings
An important condition for obtaining quality photos is the presence of manual settings in the camera. Namely, the possibility:
Adjust the diaphragm
Adjust excerpt
Set white balance
Change the sensitivity of the matrix
Other settings
The presence of these adjustments allows you to fully control the shooting process, because even the fastest camera processor may not know the plan of the photographer.
How to choose a mirror camera
With the advent of digital cameras, the photo has become truly universal passion. And recently, as prices are reduced, mirror cameras have become available for many, which allow you to get better pictures than compact soaps. With an increase in interest in semi-professional models, many people have a question - how to choose a mirror camera? In the article, I will try to give recommendations, adhering to which you can make the right choice and focus on really important aspects, and not on marketing tricks of camera manufacturers. To start a little about the mirror chambers themselves. The main difference between the remaining models is the ability to use removable lenses, i.e. The camera consists of a 2-piece "carcass" and an attached optics. In this article we will talk about the choice of carcasses, but in any case, the purchase of the SLR implies and select lens.
Mirror chamber and lens
Full frame or crop
The first question that is worth considering is what format to choose is a full-frame matrix or a trimmed (scratched) option. At the moment, for a non-professional (person who does not earn with the help of a camera) is preferable to the model with a reduced matrix. First of all, because of the lower price, and here it plays a role not only the price of carcass, but also optics. On the full-format matrix it is difficult to get good photos, using inexpensive lenses. Everyone is visible there, which will be practically invisible on the curf.
In addition, the "saved" money can be spent on the purchase of accessories, which sooner or a little later necessarily need, and then can go to the "inheritance" to a new carcass. Of course, if you are not constrained in the means and are ready to spend about 150- 200 thousand rubles, the purchase of a full-frame mirror chamber is preferable. The choice of cameras with a 35mm matrix is \u200b\u200bnow limited to 1-2 semi-professional models for each manufacturer, so further reasoning will be useful rather, theWho chooses a model with crop.
Manufacturing firm
The first echelon manufacturers enter Canon, Nikon and Sony (thanks to the purchase of Konica-Minolta). They are followed by Pentax, Olympus and Samsung. I would advise you to choose a camera out of 3 leaders, but when the budget is limited, you can also look at less famous manufacturers.
The leader in the quality of photos is canon. At the same time, the cost of photographic accessories of this company is the highest, and the convenience of use loses cameras, Sony and Nikon. An additional advantage of Sony cameras is a stabilization system built into a carcass, which significantly reduces the price of optics for these cameras.
Ecosystem Sony Alpha.
In any case, the quality of photos from the cameras of all three manufacturers is close enough, so the choice here is the case of individual preferences. I remove Canon, but if I took the camera now, perhaps it would be Sony α.
Marketing megapixels and real sensitivity.
For many, the matrix resolution is one of the most important characteristics when choosing a camera. I want to say that this is not entirely right. In order to print a photo of the size of A3 is enough to 10MP. Modern matrices give even higher values. But with the same size of the matrix, with an increase in the number of pixels, their size is naturally reduced. As a result, the noise of the matrix in high ISO values \u200b\u200bis growing. This trouble is trying to defeat more faded algorithms of noise cancellations, faster processors and other tricks.
Comparison of detailing and noise CANON 450D and 500D matrices with ISO 800
The noise reduction algorithms are almost always covered with a picture. And we have a stick about two ends - on the one hand, an increase in the resolution of the matrix increases the detail, with another noise reduction "eats" parts. Therefore, when choosing a camera, first of all, see megapixels, but on the quality of photos at high values \u200b\u200bof the matrix sensitivity.
Camera price and class.
Almost all manufacturers produce three rates of incomplete chambers: elementary level cameras, amateur cameras and semi-professional models. Entry-level cameras are the poorest in the technological plan. This trice is often compensated for automatic modes with prompts to novice photoelers. At the same time, the price of them is comparable to advanced soapovers. I would not advise you to take such models, except that, in the case of financial difficulties, but the unused desire to buy a mirror. The reduced price in this case does not justify the trimmed functionality.
Amateur cameras are the best option to buy the first camera when you are not yet familiar with all the features of digital photography. The relatively low price and compact sizes make these models with a good choice for people who often travel. Usually such cameras are brothers of senior models in smaller housings.
Semi-professional chambers - a choice of a person who is already familiar enough with a photo. Their main trump card is convenience. Whatever enough, but the larger the size of the camera, the more convenient to shoot it. In addition, the semi-professional models are usually improved by ergonomics compared to the younger. Usually there are additional controls, for quick access to one or another settings.
I use Canon 40D with the lens Canon EF 24-105 F / 4L IS USM
In this case, the main criterion of choice is, perhaps, finance, because With the growth of class, both the characteristics of cameras and their cost are growing. It should be mentioned that it is already necessary to take into account the cost of the lens. For example, it is better to take the amateur camera model and a high-quality lens than semi-professional with whale optics.
This is completed on this theoretical part of the camera selection. On the practical aspects of the choice of the camera, I will talk in the article about checking the camera when buying. I also advise you to read articles about what kit is And how to correct choose photogazine.
p.S. Dear visitors, I do not engage in the sale of cameras, so I can tell you only some moments that I know from your experience and relying on your common sense. I will gladly help you with a selection of a camera or lens, but it will be no more than my private opinion.
Now many many can afford to buy a mirror chamber. My opinion on this expense is such if you do not know the basis of the photo, then the purchase of expensive equipment will not improve your pictures.
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